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Journals at Walden | International Journal of Applied Management and Technology | Journals | Walden University
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/srv/sequoia/main/data/journals/scholarworks.waldenu.edu/ijamt/assets/journals_at_walden.inc --><h2>Journals at Walden University </h2> <h3>Our Vision</h3> <p>Walden University envisions a 21st century where scholars and practitioners engage in an open exchange of information that fosters solutions to the needs of local and global communities. Consistent with this vision, Walden University supports the collection and dissemination of scholarly output that promotes the university's historic mission of assuring positive social change. Hence, our journals support an interdisciplinary community of scholars and practitioners by providing interactive fora for the generation and dissemination of new ideas and practical solutions for local and global communities and practical solutions, resulting in positive social change. </p> <p>Journals sponsored by Walden University and its colleges include:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/ijamt/" >International Journal of Applied Management and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/jenhp" >Journal of Excellence in Nursing and Healthcare Practice</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/jerap/" >Journal of Educational Research and Practice</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/jsbhs/" >Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/jsc/" >Journal of Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/jswgc/" >Journal of Social Work in the Global Community</a></li> <br> <h3>Editorial Independence</h3> <p>Funding for hosting the journals is supplied by Walden University, but Walden University is not involved in editorial activities (such as selecting, reviewing, or editing manuscripts), which is the sole responsibility of the editors.</p> <h3>The University</h3> <p>Celebrating our 50th anniversary in 2020, Walden University has been serving the higher education needs of working professionals through advanced degrees that encourage positive social change. Offered online, areas of study include health, management, psychology, education, nursing, and public administration.</p> <!-- FILE: /srv/sequoia/main/data/journals/scholarworks.waldenu.edu/ijamt/assets/journals_at_walden.html (cont) --><!-- FILE /srv/sequoia/main/data/assets/site/ir_journal/footer.pregen --> <!-- FILE: /srv/sequoia/main/data/assets/site/ir_journal/footer_inherit_7_8.inc --> </div> <div class="verticalalign"> </div> <div class="clear"> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar"> <!-- FILE: /srv/sequoia/main/data/assets/site/ir_journal/ir_journal_sidebar_7_8.inc --> <!-- FILE: /srv/sequoia/main/data/journals/scholarworks.waldenu.edu/ijamt/assets/ir_journal_sidebar_links_7_8.inc --><ul class="sb-custom-journal"> <li class="sb-home"> <a href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/ijamt" title="International Journal of Applied Management and Technology" accesskey="1" > Journal Home </a> </li> <li class="sb-about"> <a href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/ijamt/about.html" > About This 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