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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory_and_rationale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_and_rationale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Theory and rationale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_rationale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Formation of industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-party_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-party_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Single-party system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-party_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Economics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Central planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Economy of the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_of_the_Eastern_Bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Economy of the Eastern Bloc </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_of_the_Eastern_Bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Economy of China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_challenges_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_challenges_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Economic challenges and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_challenges_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vladimir_Lenin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vladimir_Lenin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Vladimir Lenin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vladimir_Lenin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Stalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Joseph Stalin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Maoism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Maoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Maoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Post-Maoism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Maoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Arab world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_democratisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_democratisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Resistance to democratisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_democratisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trotskyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotskyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Trotskyism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trotskyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right-wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Right-wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Socialist economic-political system rejecting political liberalism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. 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Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Authoritarian socialism, or socialism from above,<a href="#cite_note-Two_Souls-1">[1]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> supporting some form of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economics</a> while rejecting <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">political pluralism</a>. As a term, it represents a set of economic-political systems describing themselves as "socialist" and rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-democratic">liberal-democratic</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party politics">multi-party politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, either due to fear of <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolution</a> or as a means to <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> ends. Journalists and scholars have characterised <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states"> several countries</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and their allies, as authoritarian socialist states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington1970-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwy1986264-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmandae2003-4">[4]</a> Contrasted to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anti-statist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian</a> forms of socialism, authoritarian socialism encompasses some forms of <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mushkat-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregor-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a><a href="#cite_note-Regimes_and_Resistance-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Latin American</a> socialism.<a href="#cite_note-CSMecuador-8">[8]</a> Although considered an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Illiberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiberal">illiberal</a> form of <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, often referred to and conflated as socialism by critics and argued as a form of <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> by left-wing critics, those states[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] were ideologically <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> and declared themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' state">workers' and peasants'</a> or <a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">people's democracies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nation_1992-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Academics, political commentators and other scholars tend to distinguish between authoritarian socialist and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> states, with the first represented in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> and the latter represented by <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> countries which have been democratically governed by socialist parties - such as Britain, France, Sweden and Western <a href="/wiki/Social-democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democracies">social-democracies</a> in general, among others.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Those who support authoritative socialist regimes are pejoratively known as <a href="/wiki/Tankie" title="Tankie">tankies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> While originating with the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a> advocated by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a> (1850-1898)<a href="#cite_note-Lipow-12">[12]</a> and identified by <a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a> (1914-1990) as a "socialism from above",<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Two_Souls-1">[1]</a> authoritarian socialism has been overwhelmingly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet model">Soviet model</a> and contrasted or compared to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">authoritarian capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Authoritarian socialism has been criticised by the left and right both theoretically and for its practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_roots">Political roots</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political roots">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism_from_above">Socialism from above</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Socialism from above">edit</a>]</div> Authoritarian socialism is derived from the concept of socialism from above. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a> defined socialism from above as the philosophy which employs an <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administration</a> to run the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>. The other side of socialism is a more democratic socialism from below.<a href="#cite_note-Two_Souls-1">[1]</a> The idea of socialism from above is much more frequently discussed in elite circles than socialism from below—even if that is the Marxist ideal—because it is more practical.<a href="#cite_note-History-16">[16]</a> Draper viewed socialism from below as being the purer, more <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> version of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-History-16">[16]</a> According to Draper, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> were devoutly opposed to any socialist institution that was "conducive to superstitious authoritarianism". Draper makes the argument that this division echoes the division between "reformist or revolutionary, peaceful or violent, democratic or authoritarian, etc."<a href="#cite_note-Two_Souls-1">[1]</a> and further identifies <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a> as being one of the six major varieties of socialism from above, among them "Philanthropism", "Elitism", "Pannism", "Communism", "Permeationism" and "Socialism-from-Outside".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> According to Arthur Lipow, Marx and Engels were "the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism", described as a form of "socialism from below" that is "based on a mass working-class movement, fighting from below for the extension of democracy and human freedom". This <a href="/wiki/Type_of_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type of socialism">type of socialism</a> is contrasted to that of the "authoritarian, antidemocratic creed" and "the various totalitarian collectivist ideologies which claim the title of socialism" as well as "the many varieties of 'socialism from above' which have led in the twentieth century to movements and state forms in which a despotic '<a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">new class</a>' rules over a statified economy in the name of socialism", a division that "runs through the history of the socialist movement". Lipow identifies <a href="/wiki/Bellamyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellamyism">Bellamyism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> as two prominent authoritarian socialist currents within the history of the socialist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Lipow,_Arthur_1991_p._1-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> struggles and disputes within the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist movement">socialist movement</a> go back to the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a> and the expulsion in 1872 of the <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>, who went on to lead the <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian_International" title="Anti-authoritarian International">Anti-authoritarian International</a> and then founded their own libertarian international, the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist St. Imier International">Anarchist St. Imier International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, who proclaimed himself to be an anarchistic socialist and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> in opposition to the authoritarian <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> and the compulsory communism, included the full text of a "Socialistic Letter" by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lesigne" title="Ernest Lesigne">Ernest Lesigne</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> in his essay on "State Socialism and Anarchism". According to Lesigne, there are two types of socialism: "One is dictatorial, the other libertarian".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Tucker's two socialisms were the authoritarian state socialism which he associated to the Marxist school and the libertarian anarchist socialism, or simply anarchism, that he advocated. Tucker noted that the fact that the authoritarian "State Socialism has overshadowed other forms of Socialism gives it no right to a monopoly of the Socialistic idea".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> According to Tucker, what those two schools of socialism had in common was the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> and the ends, by which anarchism pursued different means.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> turned "into a battleground over the issue of libertarian versus authoritarian socialism. Not only did they effectively present themselves as champions of minority rights; they also provoked the German Marxists into demonstrating a dictatorial intolerance which was a factor in preventing the British labour movement from following the Marxist direction indicated by such leaders as H. M. Hyndman".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> According to anarchists such as the authors of An Anarchist FAQ, forms of socialism from above such as authoritarian socialism or state socialism are the real oxymorons and the libertarian socialism from below represents true socialism. For anarchists and other anti-authoritarian socialists, socialism "can only mean a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs, either as individuals or as part of a group (depending on the situation). In other words, it implies self-management in all aspects of life", including at the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-McKay_2008-25">[25]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Osgood" title="Herbert L. Osgood">Herbert L. Osgood</a> described anarchism as "the extreme antithesis" of authoritarian communism and state socialism.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Socialists in general and socialist writers, including <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Volkogonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitri Volkogonov">Dimitri Volkogonov</a>, acknowledged that the actions of authoritarian socialist leaders have damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> While some right-wing authors have described <a href="/wiki/Conservative_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative socialism">conservative socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Prussian socialism</a>, among other forms of <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">paternalistic conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>, as authoritarian socialism,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> scholars have described their nature as decidedly <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> rather than socialist.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utopian_socialism">Utopian socialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Utopian socialism">edit</a>]</div> The economy of the 3rd century BCE <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> of India was described as "a socialized monarchy" and "a sort of state socialism".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Elements of authoritarian socialist thought were discerned in the politics of ancient Greek philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The first advocates of modern socialism favoured social levelling in order to create a <a href="/wiki/Meritocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritocratic">meritocratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Technocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocratic">technocratic</a> society based on individual talent. <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a> is regarded as the first individual to coin the term <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fsmitha.com-34">[34]</a> Saint-Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology and advocated a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and would be based on <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunities" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal opportunities">equal opportunities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> He advocated the creation of a society in which each person was <a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">ranked according to his or her capacities and rewarded according to his or her work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fsmitha.com-34">[34]</a> The key focus of Saint-Simon's socialism was on administrative efficiency and industrialism and a belief that science was the key to progress.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organised economy based on planning and geared towards large-scale scientific progress and material progress.<a href="#cite_note-fsmitha.com-34">[34]</a> The first major fictional work that proposed an authoritarian socialist state was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a> which depicted a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_utopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist utopia">socialist utopia</a>. Bellamy distanced himself from radical socialist values and in many ways his ideal society still imitated many of the systems in late 19th century United States. However, his book served as the inspiration for a mass political movement called nationalism within the United States in the late 1800s. Those <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Clubs</a>, so called because of their desire to nationalize <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>, were strong supporters of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">populists</a>, who wanted the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of the railroad and telegraph systems. Despite their propaganda and involvement in politics, the nationalist movement began to decline in 1893 due to the financial difficulties of its main publications and Bellamy's failing health and essentially disappeared by the turn of the century.<a href="#cite_note-History-16">[16]</a> In the society depicted in the novel, private property has been abolished in favor of state ownership, social classes were eliminated and all work which was minimal and relatively easy was done voluntarily by all citizens between the ages of 21 and 45. Workers were rewarded and recognized via a ranking system based on the army.<a href="#cite_note-Bellamy-37">[37]</a> The government is the most powerful and respected institution, necessary for providing and maintaining this <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History-16">[16]</a> Arthur Lipow identifies the bureaucratic ruling of this ideal society as a quasi-military organisation of both economic and social relations.<a href="#cite_note-Lipow-12">[12]</a> Bellamy elevated the modern military as a catalyst for national interest.<a href="#cite_note-Bellamy-37">[37]</a> The biggest critique of Bellamy's society is that it is based on the idea of socialism from above. The regime is imposed on the people by an expert elite and there is no democratic control or individual liberty. Lipow argues that this inherently leads to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, writing: "If the workers and the vast majority were a brutish mass, there could be no question of forming a political movement out of them nor of giving them the task of creating a socialist society. The new institutions would not be created and shaped from below but would, of necessity, correspond to the plan laid down in advance by the utopian planner".<a href="#cite_note-Lipow-12">[12]</a> In his preface to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a>, Kent Bromley considered the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialists">utopian socialists</a> such as the French <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">François-Noël Babeuf</a> and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a> to be representative of authoritarian socialism as opposed to the French socialist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>, described as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_and_Chicago_schools_of_economics">Austrian and Chicago schools of economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Austrian and Chicago schools of economics">edit</a>]</div> While distinguishing between "voluntary and coercive strands",<a href="#cite_note-Block_2013-39">[39]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicagoan</a> understanding and characterisation of socialism is one based on <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a>. One Austrian definition of socialism is based on the <a href="/wiki/State_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="State socialist">state socialist</a> notion of "state ownership of capital goods".<a href="#cite_note-Block_2013-39">[39]</a> Another is that socialism "must be conceptualized as an institutional interference with or aggression against private property and private property claims. Capitalism, on the other hand, is a social system based on the explicit recognition of private property and of nonaggressive, contractual exchanges between private property owners".<a href="#cite_note-Block_2013-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, an Austrian School economist, was one of the leading academic critics of <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivism</a> in the 20th century. He recognized and was acutely critical of the trends of socialism from above in collectivism, including theories that were based in voluntary cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Unlike Bellamy, who praised the idea of elites implementing policies, Hayek made the argument that socialism inherently leads to tyranny, claiming that "[i]n order to achieve their ends, the planners must create power – power over men wielded by other men – of a magnitude never before known. Democracy is an obstacle to this suppression of freedom which the centralized direction of economic activity requires. Hence arises the clash between planning and democracy".<a href="#cite_note-Hayek-43">[43]</a> Hayek argued that both <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">socialism</a> are based in central economic planning and value the state over the individual. According to Hayek, it is in this way that it becomes possible for <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> leaders to rise to power as happened in the years following World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Hayek-43">[43]</a> Austrian School economists such as Hayek and his mentor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> also used the word socialism as a synonym for authoritarian socialism, central planning and state socialism, falsely linking it to fascism,<a href="#cite_note-Mises-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> with Hayek writing that "[a]lthough our modern socialists' promise of greater freedom is genuine and sincere, in recent years observer after observer has been impressed by the <a href="/wiki/Unforeseen_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unforeseen consequence">unforeseen consequences</a> of socialism, the extraordinary similarity in many respects of the conditions under 'communism' and 'fascism'".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Chicago School economists such as <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> also equated socialism with centralized economic planning as well as authoritarian socialist states and command or state-directed economies, referring to capitalism as the free market.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, fascism and its variants such as <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, among other fascist-inspired military regimes, are considered by scholars to be a <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-socialist">anti-socialist</a> ideologies that largely adopted <a href="/wiki/Fascist_corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist corporatism">corporatist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">liberal market</a> economic policies, with <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> relegated to <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war efforts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bel,_Gat,_Fuchs,_Fuchs-49">[49]</a> Mises criticised <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">left-leaning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberal">social liberal</a> policies such as <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">progressive taxation</a> as socialism, getting up during a <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a> meeting and referring to those "expressing the view that there could be a justification" for them as "a bunch of socialists".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On the other hand, Hayek argued that the state can play a role in the economy, specifically in creating a <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> criticising <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">the right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> even inspiring some towards a form of <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a> or Hayekian socialism.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation due to circumstances beyond their control". Hayek argued that the "necessity of some such arrangement in an industrial society is unquestioned", be it "only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy",<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> with some also noting that "he advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state"<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and that "Hayek was adamant about this".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Mises also equated <a href="/wiki/Central_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banking">central banking</a> with socialism and central planning. According to Mises, central banks enable the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a> to fund loans at artificially low interest rates, thereby inducing an unsustainable expansion of bank credit and impeding any subsequent contraction.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> However, Hayek disagreed and stated that the need for central banking control was inescapable.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Similarly, Friedman concluded that the government does have a role in the monetary system<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and believed that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> should ultimately be replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-62">[62]</a> While critical of social welfare, especially <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, arguing that it had created <a href="/wiki/Welfare_dependency" title="Welfare dependency">welfare dependency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Capitalism_and_Freedom-63">[63]</a> Friedman was supportive of the state provision of some <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a> that private businesses are not considered as being able to provide,<a href="#cite_note-Capitalism_and_Freedom-63">[63]</a> advocated a <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a> in place of most welfare<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Capitalism_and_Freedom-63">[63]</a> and his views were grounded in a belief that while "market forces [...] accomplish wonderful things", they "cannot ensure a distribution of income that enables all citizens to meet basic economic needs.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Some Austrian School economists follows Mises in arguing that policies supported by Hayek and Friedman constituted a form of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Block_2013-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Austrian and <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> schools of economics agree in their criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, but they reach different conclusions regarding authoritarian socialist states. In <a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a>, Mises argued that there can be no mixture of capitalism and socialism—either market logic or economic planning must dominate an economy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Mises elaborated on this point by contending that even if a market economy contained numerous state-run or nationalized enterprises, this would not make the economy mixed because the existence of such organizations does not alter the fundamental characteristics of the market economy. These publicly owned enterprises would still be subject to market sovereignty as they would have to acquire <a href="/wiki/Capital_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital good">capital goods</a> through markets, strive to maximize profits or at the least try to minimize costs and utilize monetary accounting for economic calculation.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> theorists dispute the viability of a mixed economy as a middle ground between socialism and capitalism. Irrespective of enterprise ownership, either the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">law of value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accumulation_of_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Accumulation of capital">accumulation of capital</a> drives the economy or conscious planning and non-monetary forms of valuation such as <a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">calculation in kind</a> ultimately drive the economy. From the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> onward, extant mixed economies in the Western world are still functionally capitalist because they operate on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On this basis, some Marxists and non-Marxists alike, including academics, economists and intellectuals, argue that the Soviet Union et al. were state capitalist countries; and that rather than being socialist planned economies, they represented an <a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">administrative-command system</a>. Already in 1985, John Howard argued that the common description of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a> as <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> was misleading because while central planning did play an important role, the Soviet economy was de facto characterized by the priority of highly centralized management over planning and therefore the correct term would be that of an economy that is centrally managed rather than centrally planned.<a href="#cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-69">[69]</a> This has been attributed to both the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">economy of the Soviet Union</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">its allies</a> which closely followed the Soviet model.<a href="#cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellman_2007-70">[70]</a> On the other hand, while describing wealthy mixed economies as still "capitalist", Austrian School economists routinely describe mixed-economy policies as "socialism". Similarly, they describe fascist regimes such as <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as "socialist",<a href="#cite_note-Block_2013-39">[39]</a> although scholars describe them as being capitalist regimes.<a href="#cite_note-Bel,_Gat,_Fuchs,_Fuchs-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response">Response</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Response">edit</a>]</div> The Austrian and Chicagoan concept of authoritarian socialism has been criticised. In particular, it has been criticised for conflating <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> with authoritarian and <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>. In the United Kingdom, British <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> "loosely labelled socialism" and conflated what "others would call social democracy, corporatism, Keynesianism or the mixed economy" with authoritarian socialism, defined as "[g]overnment support for inefficient industries, punitive taxation, regulation of the labour market, price controls – everything that interfered with the functioning of the free economy".<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2012-71">[71]</a> This is particularly relevant in the United States, where the term socialization has been mistakenly used to refer to any state or government-operated industry or service (the proper term for such being either <a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">municipalization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>). It has also been incorrectly used to mean any tax-funded programs, whether privately run or government run.<a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt_2009-72">[72]</a> Similarly, socialism has become a pejorative used in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarians</a> to taint <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> policies, proposals and public figures.<a href="#cite_note-Truman_1952-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2012-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Astor_2019-75">[75]</a> People such as Hayek, Mises and Friedman have also been criticised for hypocrisy due to claiming to oppose authoritarian socialism yet supporting <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a> such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">military dictatorship of Chile</a> under <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>. Mises comments about fascism<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> have been criticized,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> although others have defended him.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Similarly, Hayek's involvement in dictatorships has been criticized.<a href="#cite_note-Farrant,_McPhail,_Berger-80">[80]</a> Hayek has stated: "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression – and this is valid for South America – is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Hayek defended himself arguing that he had "not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">[Salvador] Allende</a>",<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> the democratic socialist<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Chilean President democratically elected in 1970 as the first self-professed <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> to be elected president in a country with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and ousted in a <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">military coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> For Hayek, the distinction between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and he was at pains to emphasise his opposition to totalitarianism, noting that the concept of transitional dictatorship which he defended was characterised by authoritarianism, not totalitarianism. When he visited Venezuela in May 1981, Hayek was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing "totalitarianism with authoritarianism" and said that he was unaware of "any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende". For Hayek, totalitarian signifies something very specific, namely the intention to "organize the whole of society" to attain a "definite social goal" which is stark in contrast to "liberalism and individualism".<a href="#cite_note-Farrant,_McPhail,_Berger-80">[80]</a> Friedman's involvement in the Chilean military dictatorship has also been criticised as he served as economic advisor.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-IcelandTV-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Under Pinochet, Chile followed the economic policies of Friedmam and his <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Boys" title="Chicago Boys">Chicago Boys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> While Friedman did not criticize Pinochet's dictatorship at the time, nor the assassinations, illegal imprisonments, torture, or other atrocities that were well known by then,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> he defended his unofficial adviser position, arguing: "I do not consider it as evil for an economist to render technical economic advice to the Chilean Government, any more than I would regard it as evil for a physician to give technical medical advice to the Chilean Government to help end a medical plague".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Although Friedman criticized Chile's political system,<a href="#cite_note-IcelandTV-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> he argued that "free markets would undermine [Pinochet's] political centralization and political control",<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> that criticism over his role in Chile missed his main contention that freer markets resulted in freer people and that Chile's unfree economy had caused the military government. Friedman advocated for free markets which undermined "political centralization and political control".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Chile#Performance_on_economic_and_social_indicators" title="Miracle of Chile">some economists</a> have argued that the experience of Chile in this period indicated a failure of Friedman's policies, claiming that there was little net economic growth from 1975 to 1982 (during the so-called "pure <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">Monetarist</a> experiment"). After the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_1982" title="Crisis of 1982">crisis of 1982</a>, the state controlled more of the economy than it had under the previous socialist regime and sustained economic growth only came after the later reforms that privatized the economy while social indicators remained poor. Pinochet's dictatorship made the unpopular economic reorientation possible by repressing opposition to it. Rather than a triumph of the free market, it has been described as "combining neo-liberal sutures and interventionist cures".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> By the time of sustained growth, the Chilean government had "cooled its neo-liberal ideological fever" and "controlled its exposure to world financial markets and maintained its efficient copper company in public hands".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Another criticism is that proponents of the theory overstate the strength of their case by describing socialism as impossible rather than inefficient.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In explaining why he is not an <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economist, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a> argues that while the <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">economic calculation problem</a> is a problem for socialism, he denies that Mises has shown it to be fatal or that it is this particular problem that led to the collapse of authoritarian socialist states.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Kristen Ghodsee</a>, ethnographer and Professor of Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, posits that the triumphalist attitudes of Western powers at the end of the Cold War, in particular the fixation with linking all socialist political ideals with the excesses of authoritarian socialism such as Stalinism had marginalized the left's response to the fusing of democracy with neoliberal ideology which helped undermine the former. This allowed the anger and resentment that came with the ravages of neoliberalism (i.e. economic misery, hopelessness, unemployment and rising inequality throughout the former Eastern Bloc and much of the West) to be channeled into <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing nationalist">right-wing nationalist</a> movements in the decades that followed.<a href="#cite_note-Ghodsee_2014-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_L._Hoffmann" title="David L. Hoffmann">David L. Hoffmann</a>, Distinguished Professor of History at Ohio State University, raises the issue of whether authoritarian socialist practices of state violence derived from socialist ideology. Placing authoritarian socialist ideologies such as Stalinism in an international context, he argues that many forms of state interventionism used by the Stalinist government, including social cataloguing, surveillance and concentration camps, predated the Soviet regime and originated outside of Russia. He further argues that technologies of social intervention developed in conjunction with the work of 19th-century European reformers and were greatly expanded during World War I, when state actors in all the combatant countries dramatically increased efforts to mobilize and control their populations. As the Soviet state was born at this moment of total war, it institutionalized practices of state intervention as permanent features of governance.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Writing two <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> articles in 2002 and 2006, British journalist <a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Seumas Milne</a> wrote that the impact of the post-Cold War narrative that Stalin and Hitler were twin evils and therefore communism is as monstrous as Nazism "has been to relativize the unique crimes of Nazism, bury those of colonialism and feed the idea that any attempt at radical social change will always lead to suffering, killing and failure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne2002-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne2006-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_and_rationale">Theory and rationale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theory and rationale">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Category:Marxism–Leninism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Lenin_oval.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/100px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/150px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/200px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">Administrative-command system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Central_planning" title="Planned economy">Central planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Intensification of the class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labor aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">People's democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">Protracted people's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism#Socialist_Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kádárism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Khalid Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Lara" title="Lúcio Lara">Lúcio Lara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Alfonso Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpal_Brar" title="Harpal Brar">Harpal Brar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Ho_Chi_Minh%27s_Testament" title="President Ho Chi Minh's Testament">President Ho Chi Minh's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–92</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party#Forerunner_organizations_and_early_history" title="Cambodian People's Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity under communist regimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">State ideology of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Template:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Stalinism" title="Category:Stalinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/100px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/150px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/200px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="396" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_socialist_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet socialist patriotism">Soviet socialist patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Yaroslavsky" title="Yemelyan Yaroslavsky">Yemelyan Yaroslavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva" title="Nina Andreyeva">Nina Andreyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation in the Soviet Union">Collectivisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialisation in the Soviet Union">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and funeral of Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_of_Bolsheviks_(1991)" title="All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)">All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Party_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Party of Labour">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">Communist Party of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%94_For_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Bloc — For the USSR">Stalin Bloc — For the USSR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise of Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin and antisemitism">Stalin and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">Anti-Soviet agitation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authoritarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Soviet–Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Authoritarian socialism is a political-economic system that can be generally described as <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist</a>, but one that rejects the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-democratic">liberal-democratic</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party politics">multi-party politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>. Other features that are common to modern authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist states">socialist states</a> starting in the 20th century include an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> for <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Single-party_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-party state">single-party system</a> to propel the goals of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> forward, the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> to do the same and more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington1970-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwy1986264-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmandae2003-4">[4]</a> Soviet advocates and socialists responded to this type of criticism by highlighting the ideological differences in the concept of <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>. It was noted that "<a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> norms disparaged <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">individualism</a> (as when housing is determined by one's ability to pay)" and condemned "wide variations in personal wealth as the West has not" whilst emphasizing equality, by which they meant "free education and medical care, little disparity in housing or salaries, and so forth".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> When asked to comment on the claim that former citizens of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist states">socialist states</a> now enjoy increased freedoms, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kessler" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Kessler">Heinz Kessler</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(East_Germany)" title="Ministry of National Defence (East Germany)">East German Minister of National Defence</a>, replied: "Millions of people in Eastern Europe are now free from employment, free from safe streets, free from health care, free from social security".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsblackshirtsredsr00parepagen70_118]-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_industry">Formation of industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formation of industry">edit</a>]</div> As authoritarian powers enforce socialist economics, the process often goes hand in hand with supporting the growth of heavy industry as a means of reaching <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> (as can be seen with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s control of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>). Stalin's goals brought about a rapid industrialization of the Soviet economy that increased the urban population up by another 30 million people by 1930 and the production of automobiles to 200,000 per year by 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker_1992-116">[116]</a> Outside of the Soviet Union, two rising global participants of the early 20th century were the young states of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Although many of the policies put in place by <a href="/wiki/German_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="German fascist">German fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian fascist">Italian fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who also formed these <a href="/wiki/Cults_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Cults of personality">cults of personality</a>, were contradictory and poorly understood, there were a few centrally planned work projects under their states.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Reichsautobahn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was an example of this. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> and industries surrounding highway construction elevated the percentage of employed Germans throughout the construction.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Grain" title="Battle for Grain">Battle for Grain</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Land" title="Battle for Land">Battle for Land</a> are public work projects that socialism would traditionally support. However, the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, among other fascist regimes, favoured a <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> instead of socialism and were all radical <a href="/wiki/Anti-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communists">anti-communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">anti-Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">anti-socialists</a>. Rather, they have been described as an example of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">authoritarian</a><a href="#cite_note-Bel,_Gat,_Fuchs,_Fuchs-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian capitalism">totalitarian capitalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGat2007-119">[119]</a> with Mussolini choosing to link private businesses and the state to organize economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Common among authoritarian socialist regimes was <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a>. While also adopted by other authoritarian regimes, it was pursued for vastly different reasons. Authoritarian socialist states pursued autarky<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> to reach a <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">post-scarcity economy</a> to guarantee a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a> whereas fascist regimes pursued it for <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> goals such as for Nazi Germany's <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">living space</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> movements claiming to strive for autarky in <a href="/wiki/Political_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Political platform">platforms</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, but in practice they crushed existing movements towards self-sufficiency.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> They established extensive capital connections in efforts to ready for expansionist war and genocide<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> while allying with traditional <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> elites.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Authoritarian socialist states and fascist regimes also differed in that the latter shifted a focus on <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> to a focus on conflict between <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">races</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Marxist societal analysis</a> puts forth that the process of industrialization in the 19th century placed the current <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropoles</a> in their current positions of power. In theory, industrialization should allow the <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> of non-metropoles to raise the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> and competitiveness of their <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> to be on economic par with these metropoles.<a href="#cite_note-Keefe_2009-126">[126]</a> However, aside from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and a number of former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> members, many <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> and both former and current authoritarian socialist states are not categorized as <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized countries">industrialized countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-party_system">Single-party system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Single-party system">edit</a>]</div> Authoritarian socialist states often oppose the <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> to instill power of the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Single_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Single party">single party</a> that could be led by a single head of state. The rationale behind this being that elites have the time and resources to enforce socialist theory because in this socialist state the interests of the people are represented by the party or head of the party. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a> referred to this as socialism from above.<a href="#cite_note-Six_Strains-128">[128]</a> According to Draper, socialism from above comes in six strains or forms that rationalize and require an elite group at the top of a socialist system. This differs from a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> perspective that would advocate for socialism from below, a more pure and democratically run form of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Six_Strains-128">[128]</a> Outside of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> stand as examples of states that were socialist and ruled by a single-party at some point in the 20th century. In Eritrea, the ruling party emerging in 1970 was the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean People's Liberation Front">Eritrean People's Liberation Front</a> (EPLF) and with control of the state the EPLF began work on socialist ideals such as broadening women's rights and expanding education.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In Mozambique, the single-state rule of <a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a> occurred while the state was still ideologically socialist right after Portuguese rule was ending in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In Vietnam, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> considers itself to be in transition to socialism and also the "vanguard of the working people and the whole nation".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda">Propaganda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Propaganda">edit</a>]</div> Departments of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> are not at all rare in these <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regimes</a>. The extensive use of propaganda is spills into <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>. In the Soviet Union, a byproduct of strict <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> was the blossoming of <a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian science fiction and fantasy</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> represented and acted on the idea that socialism was an international struggle by operating <a href="/wiki/Radio_Rebelde" title="Radio Rebelde">Radio Rebelde</a> and having his station transmitted from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> to as far north as <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics#Elements_of_socialism_in_practice" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></div> There are several elemental characteristics of the authoritarian socialist economic system that distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, namely the communist party has a concentration of power in representation of the working class and the party's decisions are so integrated into public life that its economic and non-economic decisions are part of their overall actions; state ownership of the means of production in which natural resources and capital belong to society; central economic planning, the main characteristic of an authoritarian-state socialist economy; the market is planned by a central government agency, generally a state planning commission; and socially equitable distribution of the national income in which goods and services are provided for free by the state that supplement private consumption. This economic model is greatly characterized by the government's central planning.<a href="#cite_note-Wilczynski-134">[134]</a> Ideally, society would be the owner as in the social ownership of the means of production, but in practice the state is the owner of the means of production. If the state is the owner, the idea is that it would work for the benefit of the working class and society as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In practice, society is the owner only in theory and the political institutions governing society are completely set up by the state.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninists">Marxist–Leninists</a> maintain that workers in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a> had genuine control over the means of production through institutions such as trade unions,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian</a> socialists argue that these states had only a limited number of socialist characteristics and in practice were <a href="/wiki/State_capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="State capitalists">state capitalists</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_1986-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2015-140">[140]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Socialism:_Utopian_and_Scientific" title="Socialism: Utopian and Scientific">Socialism: Utopian and Scientific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> does not do away with capitalism by itself,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> but rather it would be the final stage of capitalism, consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and communication by the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois state">bourgeois state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-142">[142]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a> and Imperialism and World Economy, both <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, respectively, had similarly "identified the growth of state capitalism as one of the main features of capitalism in its imperialist epoch".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-CWO_2000-145">[145]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a>, Lenin wrote that "the erroneous bourgeois reformist assertion that monopoly capitalism or state-monopoly capitalism is no longer capitalism, but can now be called 'state socialism' and so on, is very common".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Several economists and scholars have argued that authoritarian socialist states did not follow a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, but were rather described as following an <a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">administrative-command system</a> and called <a href="/wiki/Command_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economies">command economies</a>, a term that highlights the central role of hierarchical administration and public ownership of production in guiding the allocation of resources in these economic systems,<a href="#cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimbalist_&_Sherman_1988-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellman_2007-70">[70]</a> where important allocation decisions are made by government authorities rather than by the workers themselves and are imposed by law.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> This goes against the Marxist understanding of conscious planning.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_planning">Central planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central planning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></div> In a <a href="/wiki/Centrally_planned_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrally planned economy">centrally planned economy</a>, there is a central planning authority usually named the State Planning Commission that is in charge of acting within the framework of social goals and the priorities designated by the party.<a href="#cite_note-Wilczynski-134">[134]</a> The planning was done under the idea that leaving market indicators would allow for social advancement.<a href="#cite_note-Sirc-151">[151]</a> The central planning authority is responsible for five specific tasks, namely determining the criteria for the economic calculations of the planning decisions; determining and quantifying targets to be achieved within the a specified period; "coordinating targets to ensure the plan is consistent and reliable; determining the methods to ensure the realization of the plan; and revising targets in accordance to changing economic calculations.<a href="#cite_note-Wilczynski-134">[134]</a> The planning process involved the creation of one-year plans, five-year plans and long-term plans. The one-year plans contained schedules and details that addressed current production and market equilibrium issues. The five-year plans integrated the political, military and economic strategy that would be pursued in the next five years as well as changes in capacity and production rates. It was done by a team of around the fifty leading experts from all the departments, ministries, professional and scientific organizations. The long-term plans encompassed a global strategy development. This plan was about goals for the state and society, not about individual responsibilities. Structural changes were a main theme.<a href="#cite_note-Wilczynski-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Nevertheless, centrally planned economies provided a better quality of life than market economies at the same level of economic development in nearly all cases.<a href="#cite_note-Cereseto-153">[153]</a> Some economists have argued that the major reason for the economic shortcomings of authoritarian socialist states which adopted Soviet-type planning was due to their <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> and administrative, <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command</a> nature rather than <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> itself or <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planning</a> as a whole and that both <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> and government direction of the economy through non-coercive means such as <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a> have been practiced with success during the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>. It has been argued that authoritarian socialist states failed because they did not create rules and operational criteria for the efficient operation of <a href="/wiki/State_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State enterprise">state enterprises</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">administrative-command</a> allocation of <a href="/wiki/Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources">resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in the political systems that the authoritarian socialist economies were combined with. A form of competitive socialism that rejects <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> and authoritarian allocation of resources in favour of <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> could work and prove superior to the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Others have argued that a central deficiency of such economic planning was that it was not premised on final consumer demand, but that such a system would be increasingly feasible with advances in information technology.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union">Economy of the Soviet Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy of the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy of the Soviet Union</a></div> The essence of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics#Soviet_Union" title="Socialist economics">Soviet economics</a> is that the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> is the sole authority of the national interest. The party makes all the decisions, but they should take into account the desires of the population and these desires were then to be weighted into the decision making. According to Article 11 of its <a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 constitution</a>, the main goal of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was to "raise the material and cultural standards of the working people". Marxist thought and its interpretation by the Soviet Union dictated that private ownership was to be banned and the nationalization of all aspects of production a necessity, yet some things were not nationalized for the sake of economic efficiency or production targets. There was an emphasis on rapid industrialization, the development of heavy industry, relegation of consumer production as non-essential and collectivization of agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economies</a> also used a larger proportion of their resources on investment than do market economies. The issue with this was that current consumption was undercut because of the over-investment. All these actions supported the purposes of the state, not the people.<a href="#cite_note-Ader-157">[157]</a> During the 1940s–1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">economy of the Soviet Union</a> grew at a rate that outpaced that of Western European nations, but by the 1980s the Soviet economy was in shambles. This has been attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a>, a more tolerant central government and increasing military spending caused by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> with the United States, especially under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, whose administration pursued more aggressive relations with the Soviet Union instead of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> that was preferred in the 1970s. The end to the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> in the 1970s and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a> in the 1980s also caused problems as they forced the Soviet Union and other countries to adapt and reform themselves. Unlike China, the Soviet's failure to do so further contributed to its dissolution in December 1991.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> A main problem of the Soviet Union was that it pushed agriculture to the bottom of its priorities and that its central planning scheme inhibited technological innovation.<a href="#cite_note-Ader-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Despite the attempts of the Soviet Union to guarantee employment to all of its labor force, it did not satisfy the human desires of its laborers because "people want land, not collectivization. Consumers want goods, not gigantic industrial enterprise. Workers want better wages and higher living standards, not citations and medals. [And] an economy cannot be politically tailored to perfection".<a href="#cite_note-Ader-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wellisz-160">[160]</a> The Soviet Union had a poor overall performance. Although it had high growth rates in productions, many enterprises operated with losses.<a href="#cite_note-Lavigne-161">[161]</a> Nevertheless, the Soviet Union's growth in GDP per capita compared favorably with Western Europe. In 1913, prior to both <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, the former Soviet Union had a GDP per capita of $1,488 in 1990 international dollars which grew 461% to $6,871 by 1990. After its dissolution in December 1991, this figure fell to $3,893 by 1998. By comparison, Western Europe grew from a higher base of $3,688 international dollars by a comparable 457% to $16,872 in the same period and reached $17,921 by 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Maddison-162">[162]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin era">Stalin era</a> to the early <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev era">Brezhnev era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet economy">Soviet economy</a> grew faster than the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a> and maintained itself as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_largest_historical_GDP" title="List of countries by largest historical GDP">second largest economy in both nominal and purchasing power parity values</a> for much of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> until 1988, when <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a> took the second place.<a href="#cite_note-Maddison-162">[162]</a> It is also claimed that the Soviet model provided a better <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(economics)" title="Human development (economics)">human development</a> than market economies at the same level of economic development in nearly all cases.<a href="#cite_note-Cereseto-153">[153]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a><a href="#cite_note-SovietNostalgia3-163">[163]</a> followed by a rapid decrease of the quality of life, there has been a growing <a href="/wiki/Soviet_nostalgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet nostalgia">Soviet nostalgia</a><a href="#cite_note-SovietNostalgia2-164">[164]</a> that has been most prominent in Russia<a href="#cite_note-SovietNostalgia1-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and with older people.<a href="#cite_note-SovietPoll3-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-SovietPoll5-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy_of_the_Eastern_Bloc">Economy of the Eastern Bloc</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy of the Eastern Bloc">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc#Economy" title="Eastern Bloc">Economy of the Eastern Bloc</a></div> The initial move for socialism was in 1963 after a Central Committee meeting, these countries became the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> countries. There were countries that chose to introduce the new economic system gradually (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>) and countries that decided to first prepare theoretically, then experimentation at different levels and then in a large scale (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>). <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> was set apart because the first stage of its transition consisted of economic recovery and then socialism was gradually implemented. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> differed from other Eastern European countries in that after 1950 it modified its economic system by making self-management the base of enterprise activity.<a href="#cite_note-Lavigne-161">[161]</a> There were also a few differences between the economic model of the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries such as East Germany and Poland. Czechoslovakia and East Germany were administered along regional lines. Poland retained a centralized system similar to the Stalinist centralization of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Wellisz-160">[160]</a> The Eastern European countries differed from the Soviet Union in that they had greater flexibility in the management of subordinate firms, the market was assigned a greater importance, accessible foreign trade and liberalization of the exchange of capital goods. There was also less bureaucracy than in the Soviet Union involved in the planning of the countries.<a href="#cite_note-Lavigne-161">[161]</a> The Eastern Bloc countries achieved high rates of economic and technical progress, promoted industrialization and ensured steady growth rates of labor productivity and rises in the standard of living<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> despite experiencing misdevelopment by central planners.<a href="#cite_note-Hardt&Kaufman-170">[170]</a> During the 1950s–1960s, growth rates were high,<a href="#cite_note-Turnock-171">[171]</a> progress was rapid by European standards and per capita growth within the Eastern European countries increased by 2.4 times the European average, accounting for 12.3 per cent of European production in 1950 and 14.4 in 1970,<a href="#cite_note-Turnock-171">[171]</a> but most of their economies were stagnant by the late 1970s and 1980s as the system was resistant to change and did not easily adapt to new conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Turnock-171">[171]</a> For political reasons, old factories were rarely closed, even when new technologies became available.<a href="#cite_note-Turnock-171">[171]</a> Growth rates within the Eastern Bloc experienced relative decline after the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Hardt&Kaufman-170">[170]</a> This has also been attributed to the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">1979 energy crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_displacement_of_Keynesianism" title="Post-war displacement of Keynesianism">post-war displacement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a>. Countries such as China that did not isolate and instead reformed themselves thrived, but this did not happen in most Eastern Bloc countries as they depended upon the Soviet Union, especially for significant amounts of materials.<a href="#cite_note-Hardt&Kaufman-170">[170]</a> From the end of the World War II to the mid-1970s, the economy of the Eastern Bloc steadily increased at the same rate as the economy in Western Europe, with the least none-reforming <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> nations of the Eastern Bloc having a stronger economy then the reformist-Stalinist states.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> While most Western European economies essentially began to approach the GDP per capita levels of the United States during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Eastern Bloc countries did not,<a href="#cite_note-Hardt&Kaufman-170">[170]</a> with per capita GDPs trailing significantly behind their comparable Western European counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Hardt&Kaufman-170">[170]</a> Following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, the economies of <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> quickly fell apart and took a long time to return to pre-1989 levels.<a href="#cite_note-Maddison-162">[162]</a> Not only growth plummeted following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in December 1991, but also living standards declined, drug use, homelessness and poverty skyrocketed and suicides increased dramatically. Growth did not begin to return to pre-reform-era levels for approximately fifteen years. Some scholars have claimed that the Soviet model's industrialization and modernization laid the groundwork for their later <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, without which their current market-oriented economy may have not thrived or growth as much, or that it provided a better quality of life than market economies.<a href="#cite_note-Cereseto-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">1991 Soviet Union referendum</a> (77% on an 80% turnout voted to preserve the Soviet Union and all <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a> voters voted in favor, with the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia Republic</a> showing the most support at 98% and the lowest in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Republic</a> at 73%)<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> has also been cited to argue that a vast majority of people did not want the Soviet Union dissolved, but rather more autonomy for the states within the union instead of a separation and the <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">massive privatizations</a> which had disastrous effects including giving rise to powerful <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchs</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ther-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Soviet_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet leader">Soviet leader</a>, supported Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In light of those results, post-Soviet states have seen a growing nostalgia and a constant high number of people have expressed a longing for the Soviet period and its values since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, although the level of Soviet nostalgia varies across the former republics and certain groups of people may blend the Soviet and post-Soviet experience in their daily lives.<a href="#cite_note-Kaprans-177">[177]</a> Polls have also showed that a majority of post-Soviet states viewed the collapse of the Soviet Union negatively<a href="#cite_note-SovietPoll1-178">[178]</a> and felt that it could have been avoided.<a href="#cite_note-SovietNostalgia3-163">[163]</a> An even greater number would openly welcome a revival of the Soviet system.<a href="#cite_note-SovietPoll5-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia for the Soviet Union</a> has appeared in the former Eastern Bloc,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> especially in eastern Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Nostalgia5-180">[180]</a> Poland,<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Romania<a href="#cite_note-Nostalgia10-182">[182]</a> and the former Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-Nostalgia2-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nostalgia8-184">[184]</a> The dissolution of the Soviet system was followed by a rapid increase in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet1-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet2-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet3-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet4-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet5-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet6-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet7-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet8-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet9-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet10-194">[194]</a> rates of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet11-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet12-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet13-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti1997107,_115-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti1997107,_115-198">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet14-199">[199]</a> along with decreases in <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> intake, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adult_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult literacy">adult literacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Post-Soviet15-200">[200]</a> Many people in post-Soviet states felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when capitalist markets were made dominant.<a href="#cite_note-PewGlobal1-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-PewGlobal2-202">[202]</a> Subsequent polls and qualitative research across post-Soviet states "confirmed these sentiments as popular discontent with the failed promises of free-market prosperity has grown, especially among older people".<a href="#cite_note-Anti-anti.communism-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy_of_China">Economy of China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy of China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> economic model of China was designed after the Stalinist principles of a <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centrally</a> administrated <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marangos-204">[204]</a> In the common program set up by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> in 1949, in effect the country's interim constitution, <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> meant an economic system of <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>. It provided the maxim "Whenever necessary and possible, private capital shall be encouraged to develop in the direction of state capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> condemned <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and the flaws in the <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> movement that peaked with the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Uprising_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Uprising of 1956">Hungarian Uprising of 1956</a>. This gave Mao space in which to experiment with departure from the Soviet socialist economy. The Maoist economic model was reliant on High Tide of Socialism in the Chinese Countryside, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Correct_Handling_of_Contradictions_Among_the_People" title="On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People">How to Handle Contradictions Among the People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ten_Major_Relationships" title="Ten Major Relationships">Ten Great Relationships</a>. Mao modeled the Chinese socialist economy in such a way that it led to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_commune" title="People's commune">Commune Movement</a>. In High Tide of Socialism in the Chinese Countryside, Mao focused on the industrialization and mechanization of the countryside. In How to Handle Contradictions Among the People, Mao wrote about his thoughts on the problems of socialist states as well as the conflicts of interest in the Chinese socialist society. In Ten Great Relationships, Mao wrote about his vision of China's economy.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The Maoist model had a dual economic goal, namely the industrialization of the countryside and the socialization of its people. It differed from the Soviet Union's goals in that Mao emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> while the Soviet Union started advocating <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful coexistence</a>. China also allowed for more flexibility and experimentation than the Soviet Union and the countryside was at the center of its policies.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Supporters argue that life expectancy greatly improved under Mao and that he rapidly industrialized China and laid the groundwork for the country's later rise to become an economic superpower<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien,_Gao,_Ebrey,_Galtung-208">[208]</a> while critics see many of Maoist economic policies as impediments to industrialization and modernization that delayed economic development and claim that China's economy underwent its rapid growth only after Maoist policies had been widely abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Biography-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_challenges_and_legacy">Economic challenges and legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economic challenges and legacy">edit</a>]</div> The problem with the central planning of authoritarian socialist states is that as the state develops, it also grows in complexity and the possible errors grow and the possibilities of dis-allocations and waste of resources.<a href="#cite_note-Wilczynski-134">[134]</a> As commented by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, capitalism works because it is a system of economic force, but in socialist economics this force is insufficient to provide enough incentive. Human needs should be taken into account to make a socialist society function, but there is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital and human satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Some of the issues that emerged during the socialist phase of Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and Maoist China included inflation, lagged consumption, fixed prices, production structure and disproportionality.<a href="#cite_note-Sirc-151">[151]</a> There was a lag between when products were fabricated and when they were accessed to by the population, goods tended to stockpile. Yugoslavia raised its industrial prices by 17% and its agricultural prices by 32% from 1964 to 1965 while Czechoslovakia raised the prices of foodstuffs and services by 20% in 1966 and by 1967 prices were up by 30%. The production of consumer products also diminished in Yugoslavia, where the share of consumer products fell from 70% before World War II to 31% in 1965. Prices were fixed under the premise that it would force producers to behave more efficiently and as such the price-controlled products were produced in lower quantities. In Yugoslavia, the market distortion caused by the price fixing was realized and led to the un-freezing of prices in 1967. Hungary also had frozen prices and slowly unfroze them over a period of ten to fifteen years because otherwise the structural disproportions of the Hungarian economy would spin prices out of control. Many factories were kept running through government subsidies and protection despite any economic losses of the factories. This decreased overall efficiency of the socialist economies, increased the financial losses of those economies and caused them to have a disproportionate amount of available jobs and manpower. As argued by Ljubo Sirc, the "Soviet Union and other communist countries have the worst of both worlds: some enterprises or operations are inefficient because they are too capital-intensive, other enterprises or operations because they are too labour-intensive".<a href="#cite_note-Sirc-151">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> economic model in which the socialist economies were based did not allow for a decrease in growth rates. It did not allow for the flexibility needed to keep up with growing economies.<a href="#cite_note-Marangos-204">[204]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Roderick_Gregory" title="Paul Roderick Gregory">Paul Roderick Gregory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> was due to the inherent drawbacks of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">administrative-command system</a>, namely poor planning, low expertise of planners, unreliable supply lines, conflict between planners and producers and the dictatorial chain of command. According to Gregory, "the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship". Once the enterprises <a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">gained some freedom</a> during <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, the rigid administrative-command system imploded.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Despite these shortcomings, the Soviet Union's growth in GDP per capita compared favorably with Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Maddison-162">[162]</a> It has also been noted that such states compared favorably with Western states in some health indicators such as <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> making some significant gains and that "one thought [...] bound to occur is that communism is good for poverty removal".<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> A lasting legacy of the Soviet Union remains physical infrastructure created during decades of policies geared towards the construction of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> and widespread <a href="/wiki/Environmental_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental destruction">environmental destruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Under the Soviet system, income, property and social equality was radically increased. <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">Income inequality</a> in Russia dropped, then rebounded after the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. Similarly, income inequality also dropped rapidly in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and after Eastern Europe went under the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> at the end of World War II. After the collapse of the Soviet system, economic and <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> went back up.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The breakdown of economic ties that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">living standards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> and the former Eastern Bloc<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> which was even worse than the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russia-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> surged between 1988–1989 and 1993–1995, with the <a href="/wiki/Gini_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gini ratio">Gini ratio</a> increasing by an average of 9 points for all former socialist states.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Even before Russia's <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">financial crisis</a> in 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Russia-219">[219]</a> In the decades following the end of the Cold War, only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the wealthy capitalist West while most are falling behind, some to such an extent that it will take over 50 years to catch up to where they were before the end of the Soviet system.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In a 2001 study by economist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Steven Rosefielde</a>, he calculated that there were 3.4 million premature deaths in Russia from 1990 to 1998, partly blaming on the "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>" that came with the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Klas-G%C3%B6ran_Karlsson" title="Klas-Göran Karlsson">Klas-Göran Karlsson</a>, discussion of the number of victims of authoritarian socialist regimes has been "extremely extensive and ideologically biased".<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Any attempt to estimate a total number of killings under authoritarian socialist regimes depends greatly on definitions,<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> ranging from a low of 10–20 millions to as high as 110 millions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The criticism of some of the estimates are mostly focused on three aspects, namely that the estimates were based on sparse and incomplete data when significant errors are inevitable; that the figures were skewed to higher possible values; and that those dying at war and victims of civil wars, <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> and other famines under authoritarian socialist governments should not be counted.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Critics also argue that <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies of <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> "had catastrophic effects on former Soviet Bloc countries" and that the imposition of Washington Consensus-inspired "shock therapy" had little to do with future economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Ther-174">[174]</a> It has been argued that the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a> in the West in the early 20th century could be partly a reaction by elites to the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> and its violence against the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> which feared violent revolution in its own backyard.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The welfare states gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_economic_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war economic boom">post-war economic boom</a>, where the United States, the Soviet Union and Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a>. Contrary to early predictions, this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war such as Japan (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_post-war_economic_miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese post-war economic miracle">Japanese post-war economic miracle</a>), West Germany and Austria (<a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a>), South Korea (<a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Han_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Han River">Miracle of the Han River</a>), France (<a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a>), Italy (<a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>) and Greece (<a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Michael Parenti</a> holds that the Soviet model played a role in "tempering the worst impulses of Western capitalism and imperialism" and that Western business interests are "no longer restrained by a competing system" in the post-Cold War era and are now "rolling back the many gains that working people in the West have won over the years".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsblackshirtsredsr00parepagen38_58]-236">[236]</a> For Parenti, there were clear differences between fascist and socialist regimes as the latter "made dramatic gains in literacy, industrial wages, health care and women's rights" and in general "created a life for the mass of people that was far better than the wretched existence they had endured under feudal lords, military bosses, foreign colonizers and Western capitalists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti1997xiii,_6–11,_59–67,_74–86-237">[237]</a> Other have criticized the linking of all leftist and socialist ideals to the excesses of Stalinism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailscommunisthorizon00deanpagen11_6–7]-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhms2014-239">[239]</a> by the elites in the West in hope to discredit and marginalize all political ideologies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne2002-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne2006-113">[113]</a> that could "threaten the primacy of private property and free markets",<a href="#cite_note-Ghodsee_2014-109">[109]</a> emphasising Stalin and other socialist leaders' crimes and neglecting legitimate achievements such as education, literacy, the modernisation of the economy, social security, the rise in the standard of living and women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-Ghodsee_2014-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhms2014-239">[239]</a> Similarly, it has been argued that there is a double standard in emphasising famines, labour camps, mass killings and purges under socialist regimes in a death toll body count,<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> but not applying the same standard to <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a>-<a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> regimes.<a href="#cite_note-Ghodsee_2014-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The collapse of the Soviet system, the Soviet Union in particular, is seen as the proof that communism and socialism can not work, allowing for all left-wing criticism of the excesses of neoliberal capitalism to be silenced,<a href="#cite_note-Anti-anti.communism-203">[203]</a> for the alternatives will supposedly inevitably result in economic inefficiency and violent authoritarianism.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Some Western academics argue that anti-communist narratives have exaggerated the extent of political repression and censorship in states under authoritarian socialist rule,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> or that those states provided <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">economic, social and cultural rights</a> not found under <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">capitalist states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Authoritarian socialism is best understood through an examination of its developmental history, allowing for the analysis and comparison of its various global examples. Although authoritarian socialism was by no means restricted to the Soviet Union, its ideological development occurred in tandem with the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman2006-248">[248]</a> As the Soviet Union was a developmental model for many socialist states in the post-World War II era, Soviet authoritarian socialism was adopted by a diverse range of states and continued to develop well into the 20th century in the Middle East and North African regions. Those regions, characterized by authoritarian traits such as uncontested party leadership, restricted civil liberties and strong unelected officials with non-democratic influence on policy, share many commonalities with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Departures_From_Post-Colonialism-249">[249]</a> Authoritarian socialist states were ideologically <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> (the <a href="/wiki/State_ideology_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="State ideology of the Soviet Union">state ideology of the Soviet Union</a> that arose in Imperial Russia within the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> faction of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a>) or one of its variants such as <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, among other national variants and updating, following the Soviet developmental model. While those socialist states saw themselves as a form of democracy opposed to that of Western states and claimed to be workers and peasants' states or people's democratic republics,<a href="#cite_note-Nation_1992-9">[9]</a> they are considered to be authoritarian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington1970-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwy1986264-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmandae2003-4">[4]</a> because they featured external controls such as violent repression and forms of artificial socialization.<a href="#cite_note-Authoritarianism-250">[250]</a> The implementation of authoritarian forms of socialism was accomplished with a dogmatized ideology reinforced by terror and violence. The combination of those external controls served to implement a normality within an authoritarian country that seemed like illusion or madness to someone removed from its political atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Authoritarianism-250">[250]</a> For many authoritarian socialist countries, their regimes were a mix of this form of external control-based <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> (for intellectually and ideologically active members of society) and traditional or cultural authoritarianism (for the majority of the population).<a href="#cite_note-Authoritarianism-250">[250]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">that of the Eastern Bloc</a>, most former authoritarian socialist regimes reformed themselves. Some of those in Eastern Europe underwent "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock doctrine</a>" and moved into a <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalist">free-market capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-democratic">liberal-democratic</a> direction, although some of them such as Hungary or Russia are described as "<a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiberal democracies">illiberal democracies</a>" and others as "<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">hybrid regimes</a>". In Africa, many ruling parties retained power and moved into a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> direction while others moved into liberal-democratic <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party politics">multi-party politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Other countries such as Cuba and Vietnam followed the Chinese development in applying economic reforms while maintaining centralised political control. They also include Chinese allies such as the Philippines and Thailand, who were not authoritarian socialist regimes, but are now favouring the "<a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a>" over the "<a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>" followed by Eastern European countries.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurlantzick_2013-254">[254]</a> Rather than moving in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">democratic capitalism</a> followed by the majority of Eastern European countries, China and its allies, including Hungary, Nicaragua, Russia, Singapore, Turkey and Venezuela, are described as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian capitalist">authoritarian capitalist</a> regimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs2017-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs2018-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> basis of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s socialism, the realities of his system were in direct opposition to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s belief in the emancipation and autonomy of the working class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman2006-248">[248]</a> Those contradictions stemmed primarily from Lenin's implementation of a vanguard or regimented party of committed revolutionaries "who knew exactly what history's mandate was and who were prepared to be its self-ordained custodians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> The function of this party was meant to be primarily transitional, given that Lenin believed that the working class was politically unprepared for rule and Russia was not yet industrially poised for socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> Lenin adopted state-capitalist policies.<a href="#cite_note-Lenin1-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenin2-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenin3-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pena-261">[261]</a> On seeing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s growing coercive power in 1923, a dying Lenin said Russia had reverted to "a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">tsarist machine</a> [...] barely varnished with socialism".<a href="#cite_note-Serge-262">[262]</a> Marx coined the term <a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">barracks communism</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Kasernenkommunismus) to refer to a form of authoritarian socialism in which all aspects of life are bureaucratically regimented and communal.<a href="#cite_note-bse-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenin_2001-265">[265]</a> Originally, Marx used the expression to criticize the vision of <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Sergey Nechayev</a> outlined in The Fundamentals of the Future Social System<a href="#cite_note-Lenin_2001-265">[265]</a> which had a major influence on other Russian revolutionaries like Lenin and others such as <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> The term itself did not refer to <a href="/wiki/Military_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Military barracks">military barracks</a>, but rather to the workers' barracks-type primitive dormitories in which industrial workers lived in many places in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> of the time.<a href="#cite_note-bm-267">[267]</a> Political theorists of the Soviet Union later applied the term to China under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bse-263">[263]</a> During the later <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> period, it was applied to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">history of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bm-267">[267]</a> Unlike Stalin, who first claimed to have achieved socialism with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Constitution_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Constitution of 1936">Soviet Constitution of 1936</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> and then confirmed it in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Lenin did not call the Soviet Union a socialist state, nor did he claim that it had achieved socialism.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> While Stalin's colleagues described him as Asiatic and Stalin himself told a Japanese journalist that "I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian",<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Lenin identified ethnically as Russian,<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> believed that other European countries, especially Germany, were culturally superior to Russia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000-280">[280]</a> which he described as "one of the most benighted, medieval and shamefully backward of Asian countries".<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> From his youth, Lenin had wanted Russia to become more culturally European and Western.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996-282">[282]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">his testament</a>, Lenin grow concerned about the rise of the bureaucracy and proposed changes to the structure of the Soviet governing bodies. He also made criticism of several Bolshevik leaders, including Stalin and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, warning of the possibility of a split developing in the party leadership between Trotsky and Stalin if proper measures were not taken to prevent it. In a post-script, Lenin suggested Stalin be removed from his position as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Russian Communist Party">General Secretary of the Russian Communist Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a>, a biographer of both Trotsky and Stalin, argued that "[t]he whole testament breathed uncertainty".<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Leninist socialists remain divided in their views on Stalin. Some view him as Lenin's authentic successor while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService20045-284">[284]</a> The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">bureaucratic collectivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> or a totally unique <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandle1999265–266-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vladimir_Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vladimir Lenin">edit</a>]</div> Marx chronicled a <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">history of development</a> through a capitalist age of industrialization that resulted in the manipulation of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>. This development culminated in the empowerment of a <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> which could benefit from the fruits of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> without being exploited. Although he meant his ideology to appeal to the disenfranchised working class of an industrialized society, it was widely accepted by developing countries that had yet to successfully industrialize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a> This resulted in stagnant economies and socialist states without the necessary organization and structure to industrialize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a> Seeing the failure of those models, Lenin concluded that socialism in Russia had to be constructed from above through party dictatorship that appealed to both the working class and peasants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> Because the working class accounted for only 15% of the population, Lenin was forced to appeal to the much greater peasant class (accounting for nearly 80%) to propel the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> faction of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> that under Lenin eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> due to a split within <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a> The Bolsheviks promised "Bread, Peace, and Land" to the peasants and delivered, redistributing land from the landlords and increasing the number of farms in Russia from 427,000 in 1917 to 463,000 in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a> For some, Lenin's legacy was one of violent terror and concentration of power in the hands of few.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> Lenin intentionally employed violence as a means to manipulate the population and tolerated absolutely no opposition, arguing that it was "a great deal better to 'discuss with rifles' than with the theses of the opposition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> He worked for the ideological destruction of society as a whole so that it could easily adopt the rhetoric and political ideals of the ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> Lenin's use of terror (instilled by a secret police apparatus) to exact social obedience, mass murder and disappearance, censoring of communications and absence of justice was only reinforced by his successor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> In contrast to those who support this thesis,<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> others have disputed this characterization and separated Lenin from Stalin and Leninism from Stalinism.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> A controversial figure, Lenin remains both reviled and revered,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012-288">[288]</a> a figure who has been both idolised and demonised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005-289">[289]</a> This has extended into academic studies of Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> which have often been polarised along political lines.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> While there have been both sympathetic and expressly hostile Lenin's biographies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005-289">[289]</a> some sought to avoid making either hostile or positive comments about Lenin, thereby evading politicized stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003-291">[291]</a> Some Marxist activists, who defend both the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">soviet democracy</a>, emphasise how the Bolsheviks wanted to avoid terror and argue that the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> was born in response to the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">White Terror</a> which has been downplayed.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Lenin has been variously described as "the century's most significant political leader",<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> "one of the undeniably outstanding figures of modern history"<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> and one of the 20th century's "principal actors"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000488-297">[297]</a> as well as "one of the most widespread, universally recognizable icons of the twentieth century"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005283-298">[298]</a> and "one of the most significant and influential figures of modern history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20125-299">[299]</a> Some historians have characterized Lenin's administration as <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shub-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leggett-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volkogonov1994-303">[303]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Leggett-302">[302]</a> or they have described it as a <a href="/wiki/One-party" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> with Lenin as its dictator,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shub-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1996-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> although noting differences between Lenin and Stalin in that under the first there was a dictatorship of the party and under the latter that of one man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volkogonov1994-303">[303]</a> Others have argued against the view that Lenin's government was a dictatorship, viewing it as an imperfect way of preserving elements of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> without some of the processes found in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal democratic">liberal democratic</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003-291">[291]</a> According to the latter view, "the personal qualities that led Lenin to brutal policies were not necessarily any stronger than in some of the major Western leaders of the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2012-288">[288]</a> Among sympathisers, Lenin was portrayed as having made a genuine adjustment of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a> that enabled it to suit Russia's particular socio-economic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200314-306">[306]</a> The Soviet view characterised him as a man who recognised the historically inevitable and accordingly helped to make the inevitable happen. Conversely, the majority of Western historians have perceived him as a person who manipulated events in order to attain and then retain political power, moreover considering his ideas as attempts to ideologically justify his pragmatic policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003123-307">[307]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionists</a> in both Russia and the West have highlighted the impact that pre-existing ideas and popular pressures exerted on Lenin and his policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003124-308">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joseph_Stalin">Joseph Stalin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Joseph Stalin">edit</a>]</div> Stalin sought to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-Tucker_1992-116">[116]</a> but perhaps in a way that was unrealistic, given the aggregate skill level and capital of the population<a href="#cite_note-Keefe_2009-126">[126]</a> and Stalin's argument that the Soviet Union had to accomplish in a decade what England had taken centuries to do in terms of economic development in order to be prepared for an invasion from the West.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> Acknowledging this inadequacy, Stalin ordered that resources slotted for consumption be redirected to production or exported as a temporary sacrifice on the part of the population for the sake of rapid growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a> The model was successful initially, with ideology and nationalism promoting morale despite shortages in resources such as food and construction materials for housing. Presumably, the exploited classes believed that once the rapid and successful industrialization of Russia had taken place, power would be relinquished by the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communism</a> would ensue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> However, Stalin continued to demand even more far-reaching sacrifices. Because of his control over both political and economic arenas which historians argue gave his vanguard party an amount of control surpassing that of <a href="/wiki/Russian_tsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian tsar">Russia's tzars or emperors</a>, citizens were unwilling to challenge his decrees, given that aspects of their lives such as medical care, housing and social freedoms could be restricted according to the discretion of the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a> Despite failures, Stalin's expectations remained uncontested by the working class and the model was adopted by a multitude of emerging socialist states during that era. The Soviet attempt to <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivize agriculture</a>, transforming the Soviet Union from one of the world's largest exporters of grain to the world's largest importer of grain, was widely replicated despite its failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a> Many historians claim that extermination was the fate of a wide variety of people during Stalin's regime such as political opponents, ideological rivals, suspect party members, accused military officers, kulaks, lower-class families, former members of the societal elites, ethnic groups, religious groups and the relatives and sympathizers of these offenders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent1992-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman2006-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">[257]</a> Those deaths occurred as a result of collectivization, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> However, it is far lower than the estimates of 20 million or above which were made before access to the archives.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, part of the greater <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–1933">Soviet famine of 1932–1933</a>,<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> the consensus argues that while Stalin's policies contributed significantly to the high mortality rate, it rejects the view that Stalin or the Soviet government consciously engineered the famine.<a href="#cite_note-Ghodsee_2014-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> It has been argued that Stalin's "purposive killings" fit more closely into the category of "execution" rather than "murder", given he thought the accused were indeed guilty of crimes against the state and insisted on documentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft19961319–1353-319">[319]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinist left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> Russians and Westerners, Stalin's legacy is largely negative,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006-320">[320]</a> with the Soviet Union under him characterised as a totalitarian state<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015-322">[322]</a> and Stalin as its authoritarian leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotkin2014-323">[323]</a> Various biographers have described Stalin as a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>,<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conquest-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volkogonov1991-326">[326]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_despot" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental despot">Oriental despot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conquest-325">[325]</a> or accused him of practicing <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Volkogonov1991-326">[326]</a> A man who "perhaps [...] determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual,<a href="#cite_note-Conquest-325">[325]</a> described as "one of the most notorious figures in history"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a> and possessing "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", the "ultimate politician" and the "most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2007-327">[327]</a> as well as "one of the most powerful figures in human history",<a href="#cite_note-Volkogonov1991-326">[326]</a> Stalin initially ruled as part of the party oligarchy which he turned into a personal dictatorship in 1934 and became absolute dictator between March and June 1937.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> Stalin later built a "personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotkin2014-323">[323]</a> concentrated an "unprecedented political authority in his hands"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006-320">[320]</a> and has been described as "closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a> Others argued that the campaigns of terror organized by Stalin were driven by his fear of counter-revolution.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> Other historians and scholars cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes" that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">repression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006-320">[320]</a> noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless" and that Stalin's rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a> It has been observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> at all times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotkin2014-323">[323]</a> It was noted that at various points, especially in his later years, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015-322">[322]</a> Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him as such did not understand the Soviet governance structure.<a href="#cite_note-Conquest-325">[325]</a> Several historians have criticized the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian twins">totalitarian twins</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghodsee_2014-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft19961319–1353-319">[319]</a> concept and comparisons between <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti1997-330">[330]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> concepts<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> that focus upon the upper levels of society and which use have obscured the reality of the system.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> Others further noted how the concept became prominent in Western anti-communist political discourse during the Cold War era as a tool to convert pre-war <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascism</a> into post-war anti-communism.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the release of the archives, some of the heat has gone out of the debate and politicization has been reduced. It has been argued that the Soviet political system was not completely controlled from the center and that both Lenin and Stalin only responded to political events as they arose.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> Some also questioned the previously published findings that Stalin organized himself the murder of <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a> to justify his campaign of Great Terror.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> Others stated that mass deaths from famines are not a "uniquely Stalinist evil" and compared the behavior of the Stalinist regime vis-à-vis the Holodomor to that of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> (towards Ireland and India) and even the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> in contemporary times, arguing that the latter "are guilty of mass manslaughter or mass deaths from criminal negligence because of their not taking obvious measures to reduce mass deaths" and that a possible defense of Stalin and his associates is that "their behaviour was no worse than that of many rulers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021152–1172-339">[339]</a> Despite the criticism, Stalin has been considered an outstanding and exceptional politician<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volkogonov1991-326">[326]</a> as well as a great statesman and state-builder,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006-320">[320]</a> with some suggesting that without Stalin the Soviet Union might have collapsed long before 1991 as he strengthened and stabilized the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a> In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volkogonov1991-326">[326]</a> one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a> Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> as mortality rates also declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021151–1172-341">[341]</a> Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">[321]</a> Citing those achievements and highlighting crimes committed by the Western world and its leaders during the colonization and imperialist period as well as war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the 20th century whilst arguing that Stalin's hatred came mainly from <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Secret_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Speech">Secret Speech</a>" read during the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in February 1956, some have attempted to rehabilitate Stalin and its legacy,<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> or otherwise gave a more neutral and nuanced view.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> However, those attempts have been criticized and most of its authors labelled as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Stalinist">neo-Stalinists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> In the 21st century, more than half of Russians view Stalin positively and many support restoration of his monuments either dismantled by leaders or destroyed by rioting Russians during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> Stalin's popularity has tripled among Russians in the last twenty years<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> and the trend accelerated since <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, who has been described as holding <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">neo-Soviet</a> views,<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> has come to power.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_sitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></figcaption></figure> Following the fall of the elite, <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">land-owning class</a> of the early 20th century, China began its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist Revolution</a> through the countryside. As relationships between agrarian masses and state-controlled programs splintered, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> began seizing power.<a href="#cite_note-Meeze-359">[359]</a> In his 1949 essay On People's Democratic Dictatorship, Mao committed himself and the Chinese state to the creation of a strong state power with increased economic control.<a href="#cite_note-Meeze-359">[359]</a> He stressed the importance of an authoritarian state, where political order and unity could be established and maintained. Mao committed himself to unification in the vein of complete system overthrow.<a href="#cite_note-Meeze-359">[359]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">party chairman</a>, Mao allowed himself complete control over the structure and execution of the party with his own <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, an almost mythical position as a guardian of wisdom and charisma.<a href="#cite_note-Meeze-359">[359]</a> With such power, Mao was able to influence popular opinions, allowing his agenda support without going through state-controlled measures. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, an initiative to develop China from an agrarian sector a major industrial powerhouse, Mao relied greatly on his prestige to influence the people.<a href="#cite_note-Meeze-359">[359]</a> However, the Great Leap Forward proved a failure as widespread crop and irrigation failures led to the 1959–1961 <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>. There was no suggested end to the revolution—it was meant to be a continuing process of empowerment of the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant class">peasant class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fetzer-360">[360]</a> With the aggressive failure of his <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Chinese support for the party and for Mao waned. Continuing struggles after his death would undermine his socialist system, allowing a more democratic yet still one-party ruled system to continue into today. As there is little agreement over his legacy both in China and abroad, Mao is a controversial figure who has been regarded as one of the most important and influential individuals in modern world history.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> Supporters credit Mao with driving <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> out of China,<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> modernizing the nation and building it into a <a href="/wiki/World_power" class="mw-redirect" title="World power">world power</a>, promoting the status of women and improving education and health care as well as increasing life expectancy as China's population grew from around 550 million to over 900 million under his leadership,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2002254-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010327-366">[366]</a> among other achievements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2008-367">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaltungStenslie2014-368">[368]</a> Conversely, his regime has been called <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> and condemned for bringing about mass repression and destroying religious and cultural artifacts and sites. It was additionally responsible for vast numbers of deaths, with estimates ranging from 30 to 70 million victims through starvation, prison labour and mass executions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2008351-370">[370]</a> While some critics argue that Mao was dismissive of the suffering and death caused by his policies, or that he was well aware that his policies would be responsible for the deaths of millions,<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> others have disputed this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan2009-372">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> Praised as a political intellect, theorist, military strategist, poet and visionary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001-369">[369]</a> Mao has been variously described as a "great historical criminal", "both monster and a genius", who was also "a great force for good",<a href="#cite_note-Biography-209">[209]</a> a "great leader in history" and a "great criminal"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan2009-372">[372]</a> as well as "one of the great tyrants of the twentieth century", comparable to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch2004230-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> with a death toll surpassing both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2008351-370">[370]</a> However, others reject those comparisons, arguing that whereas the deaths caused by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> were largely systematic and deliberate, the overwhelming majority of the deaths under Mao were unintended consequences of famine, noting that the <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_of_landlords_under_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong">landlord class</a> was not exterminated as a people due to his belief in redemption through thought reform. Mao has been compared to 19th-century Chinese reformers who challenged China's traditional beliefs in the era of China's clashes with <a href="/wiki/Western_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western colonialism">Western colonial powers</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2001-369">[369]</a> as well as to <a href="/wiki/United_States_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> Similarly, Maoist economics policies are controversial. Supporters argue that <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> greatly improved under Mao and that such policies rapidly industrialized China and laid the groundwork for the country's later rise to become an economic superpower.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien,_Gao,_Ebrey,_Galtung-208">[208]</a> Critics argue that policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> were impediments to industrialization and modernization that delayed economic development and claim that <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China's economy</a> underwent its rapid growth only after Maoist policies had been widely abandoned. All in all, both supporters and critics alike generally agree that the human cost has been staggering.<a href="#cite_note-Biography-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maoism">Maoism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Maoism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> is an adapted Sino-centric version of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Esh-377">[377]</a> While believing in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, where party decisions are brought about by scrutiny and debate and then are binding upon all members of the party once implemented, Mao did not accept dissenters to the party's decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Fetzer-360">[360]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a>, Mao attempted to purge any subversive idea—especially capitalist or Western threat—with heavy force, justifying his actions as the necessary way for the central authority to keep power.<a href="#cite_note-Fetzer-360">[360]</a> At the same time, Mao emphasized the importance of cultural heritage and individual choice as a way of creating this national unity. He described his ideal system as "a political situation in which there is both centralism and democracy, both discipline and freedom, both unity of purpose and personal ease of mind and liveliness to facilitate the socialist revolution".<a href="#cite_note-Fetzer-360">[360]</a> While the system advocates contradiction, Mao believed the state above all could provide the masses with the tools for their own expression, but his own brand of self-expression was wholly manufactured, built largely on replacing traditional practices and artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> with his own. Through this, transformation of the people towards an internal party collectiveness was possible.<a href="#cite_note-Fetzer-360">[360]</a> Notably, Mao's authoritarianism was rooted in a collective bottom-up style of empowerment. In his system, the proletariat and peasantry were responsible for rising up against the bureaucracy and capital of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Esh-377">[377]</a> Joining the peasant class with the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> of the countryside (the land-holding, local farmers), the group was able to stifle the claims to power by the wealthier, urban landowners through the banner of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. Only when this collection of <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petty_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty bourgeoisie">petty bourgeoisie</a> existed could Mao grow his own, custom bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-Esh-377">[377]</a> Once this unity was established, Mao argued that the people were the ones who could control the state, but his government's intense control over the citizenry emphasizes the contradiction in his theory—a contradiction, he maintained, was a necessary reality of their specialized system.<a href="#cite_note-Esh-377">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Maoism">Post-Maoism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Post-Maoism">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economic reforms">Chinese economic reforms</a> in the 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, most then current and former authoritarian socialist regimes have followed the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese model">Chinese model</a> while only leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> maintained their orthodox views. Countries such as Vietnam (<a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">socialist-oriented market economy</a>) and more recently Cuba have followed the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>" has been losing favour to the "Beijing Consensus". According to <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Kurlantzick" title="Joshua Kurlantzick">Joshua Kurlantzick</a>, the Chinese model "offer a viable alternative to the leading democracies. In many ways, their systems pose the most serious challenge to democratic capitalism since the rise of communism and fascism in the 1920s and early 1930s".<a href="#cite_note-Kurlantzick_2013-254">[254]</a> While arguing that "the 'China model' has become shorthand for <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> without political liberalization", Kurlantzick cautiones that "China's model of development is actually more complex. It builds on earlier, state-centered Asian models of development such as in South Korea and Taiwan, while taking uniquely Chinese steps designed to ensure that the Communist Party remains central to economic and political policy-making". Kurlantzick argues that "the Beijing government maintains a high degree of control over the economy, but it is hardly returning to socialism". China developed "a hybrid form of capitalism in which it has opened its economy to some extent, but it also ensures the government controls strategic industries, picks corporate winners, determines investments by state funds, and pushes the banking sector to support national champion firms". Although noting that "China privatized many state firms" in the 1980s and 1990s, he states that "the central government still controls roughly 120 companies. [...] Working through these networks, the Beijing leadership sets state priorities, gives signals to companies, and determines corporate agendas, but does so without the direct hand of the state appearing in public".<a href="#cite_note-Kurlantzick_2013-254">[254]</a> According to Kurlantzick, "government intervention in business is utilized, in a way not possible in a free-market democracy, to strengthen the power of the ruling regime and China's position internationally. [...] In short, the China model sees commerce as a means to promote national interests, and not just to empower (and potentially to make wealthy) individuals. And for over three decades, China's model of development has delivered staggering successes". Along with India, China is providing "virtually the only growth in the whole global economy" and in about thirty years the country has gone from a poor, mostly agrarian nation to the second-largest economy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kurlantzick_2013-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_world">Arab world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arab world">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></div> Socialism was introduced into the Middle East in the form of <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> policies designed to galvanize the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> into overthrowing <a href="/wiki/Colonial_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial powers">colonial powers</a> and their domestic allies. These policies were held by authoritarian states interested in the rapid industrialisation and social equalisation of Arab nations and often were characterised by redistributive or protectionist economic policies, lower class mobilization, charismatic leaders and promises to improve national living standards.<a href="#cite_note-New_Authoritarianism-378">[378]</a> Those states were progressive in terms of the colonial development that had occurred thus far. They allowed important political and economic gains to be made by workers, encouraged land redistribution, unseated oligarchical political powers and implemented <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import-substituting</a> industrialisation development strategies.<a href="#cite_note-New_Authoritarianism-378">[378]</a> With the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in December 1991 as well as the push for <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a>, many Arab states have moved toward a model of fiscal discipline proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Authoritarianism-378">[378]</a> Although authoritarian leaders of those states implemented democratic institutions during the 1980s and 1990s, their multi-party elections created an arena in which business elites could lobby for personal interests while largely silencing the lower class.<a href="#cite_note-New_Authoritarianism-378">[378]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalisation">Economic liberalisation</a> in these regions yielded economies that led to regimes built on the support of <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a> urban elites, with political opposition inviting the prospect of political marginalisation and even retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-New_Authoritarianism-378">[378]</a> While some Trotskyists such as the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International" title="Committee for a Workers' International">Committee for a Workers' International</a> have included countries such as Syria at times when they have had a <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a> economy as <a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformed workers' states">deformed workers' states</a>,<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> other socialists argued that the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Ba'athists">neo-Ba'athists</a> promoted capitalists from within the party and outside their countries.<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resistance_to_democratisation">Resistance to democratisation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Resistance to democratisation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WOSM-WAGGGS-Arab_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/WOSM-WAGGGS-Arab_Region.svg/220px-WOSM-WAGGGS-Arab_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/WOSM-WAGGGS-Arab_Region.svg/330px-WOSM-WAGGGS-Arab_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/WOSM-WAGGGS-Arab_Region.svg/440px-WOSM-WAGGGS-Arab_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></figcaption></figure> A great deal of debate has been paid by the field of comparative politics to how the Arab region was able to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Third_wave_of_democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave of democratisation">third wave of democratisation</a>. A number of arguments have been offered by professionals in the field, ranging from a discussion of prerequisites for <a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">democratisation</a> not supported by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a> to a lack of democratic actors initiating the necessary democratic transition. Marsha Pripstein Posusney argues that the "patriarchal and tribal mentality of the culture is an impediment to the development of pluralist values", rendering Arab citizens prone to accept patriarchal leaders and lacking the national unity that many argue is necessary for democratization to be successful.<a href="#cite_note-Regimes_and_Resistance-7">[7]</a> Eva Bellin concedes that the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is a distinguishing factor of the region and therefore must contribute to the region's exceptionalism, "given Islam's presumed inhospitality to democracy".<a href="#cite_note-Regimes_and_Resistance-7">[7]</a> Posusney argues that this "intrinsic incompatibility between democracy and Islam" remains unproven given that efforts to test this association quantitatively have failed to produce conclusive results.<a href="#cite_note-Regimes_and_Resistance-7">[7]</a> Ethnic divisions in the area have also been cited as a factor as well as a weak civil society, a state-controlled economy, poverty, low literacy rates and inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Regimes_and_Resistance-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debating-382">[382]</a> In his book Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes, Oliver Schlumberger has argued that there is in fact an international ambivalence toward authoritarianism in the Middle East given that stability is preferred over the uncertainty of democratisation due to the region's oil and gas supplies and the strategic importance of its geopolitical location.<a href="#cite_note-Debating-382">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A9opold_Senghor,_Pic,_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/L%C3%A9opold_Senghor%2C_Pic%2C_5.jpg/150px-L%C3%A9opold_Senghor%2C_Pic%2C_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/L%C3%A9opold_Senghor%2C_Pic%2C_5.jpg/225px-L%C3%A9opold_Senghor%2C_Pic%2C_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/L%C3%A9opold_Senghor%2C_Pic%2C_5.jpg/300px-L%C3%A9opold_Senghor%2C_Pic%2C_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">1945 Pan-African Conference</a>, calls for increased organization, development and self-determination in the poverty stricken African continent put the impetus on colonial powers to negotiate <a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">national sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mushkat-5">[5]</a> While there were few Marxist movements into the continent, Soviet Union activity spurred anti-imperialist and globalization movements from African countries. The congress established <a href="/wiki/African_independence_movements" title="African independence movements">national liberation</a> as the main topic of their sessions, emphasizing the elimination and exploitation by the imperialist powers over authentic national sovereignty. However, they did not establish clear social or political parameters for this new liberation.<a href="#cite_note-Mushkat-5">[5]</a> African leaders consistently viewed socialism as a direct rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">colonial system</a> and in turn dismissed the notion of creating independent capitalist systems throughout the continent. They attempted to infuse various forms of socialism—some Marxist–Leninist, others democratic—into tailored ideologies specific to each country.<a href="#cite_note-Mushkat-5">[5]</a> Once these systems were in place, countries developed towards a "focal institutional" society. According to sociologist William Friedland, societies adopted a totalitarian vision of rule, allowing one-party systems and institutions to "penetrate every sphere of private or public activity".<a href="#cite_note-Gregor-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senegal">Senegal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Senegal">edit</a>]</div> Senegalese President <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Sedar_Senghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold Sedar Senghor">Leopold Sedar Senghor</a> was among the first and most vocal African advocates for socialism. Before being elected president, Senghor served as one of nine African delegates to the 1945 French Constituent Assembly, negotiating for the transfer of self-governing and policy-making power through locally elected councils.<a href="#cite_note-France-383">[383]</a> The measure shortly failed, keeping autonomy from the colonies until the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#Decolonization" title="French colonial empire">independence movements</a> of the 1960s. After <a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal#Independence" title="History of Senegal">Senegalese independence</a> in 1960, Senghor's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Senegal" title="Socialist Party of Senegal">Union Progresiste Senegalaise</a>, a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Socialist Party">French Socialist Party</a>, grew massive support throughout the continent.<a href="#cite_note-Gregor-6">[6]</a> Much of his party's success hinged on his revisionist version of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, where he argued that "the major contradiction of Marxism is that it presents itself as a science, whereas, despite its denials, it is based on an ethic".<a href="#cite_note-Gregor-6">[6]</a> By framing it as an ethic, Senghor was able to remove the strict determinism from the ideology, allowing it to be molded towards an Afro-centric model. His revision proved similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> as he called on a national movement from and for his one-party-ruled government, arguing: "In a word, we must awaken the National Consciousness. [...] But the government cannot and must not do it all. It must be helped by the party. [...] Our party must be the consciousness of the masses".<a href="#cite_note-Gregor-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghana">Ghana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ghana">edit</a>]</div> In the same vein as Senghor, socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> sought to advance this one-party, nationalized form of socialist obedience. Nkrumah stressed the importance of government-owned property and resources. He maintained that "production for private profit deprives a large section of the people of the goods and services produced", advocating public ownership to fit the "people's needs".<a href="#cite_note-Kwame-384">[384]</a> To accomplish this, Nkrumah emphasized the importance of discipline and obedience towards the single socialist party. He argued that if people submitted and accepted the singular party's program, political independence would be possible.<a href="#cite_note-Kwame-384">[384]</a> By 1965, his one-party rule had produced an Assembly entirely made up of his own party members.<a href="#cite_note-Bretton-385">[385]</a> Nkrumah saw law as a malleable weapon of political power, not as a product of a complex system of political institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Bretton-385">[385]</a> Ghanaian power structures were dominated and controlled by his hand, but elite landowners questioned the legitimacy of Nkrumah's power. Those elites were only afforded one choice, namely to align with their government if they wanted access to the state. Gradually, those who were not granted or did not desire entrance into the party created regions blocs.<a href="#cite_note-Redl-386">[386]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Asante</a> emerged as a regional force capable political sway. With the power to set the agenda, the authoritarian party often clashed with these emerging regional groups, ultimately undermining the one-party system.<a href="#cite_note-Redl-386">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tanzania">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> attempted to socialist reform for <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> following those in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. The tenets of his initiatives were to promote the Tanzanian economy; secure state control over development; create a sole political party called the <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_African_National_Union" title="Tanganyika African National Union">Tanganyika African National Union</a> (TANU) which would be under his control; and share the benefits of all gathered income.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt-387">[387]</a> The system—called ujaama—became a tool for nationalization of the <a href="/wiki/Tanzanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian">Tanzanian</a> people. In the system, all Tanzanains were encouraged to run for office, with no campaign funding allowed. Speeches in the election would not focus on the national issues, but rather on the quality of the individual, each of whom would be closely controlled by TANU.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt-387">[387]</a> Structurally, the power was shared along regional boundaries, giving increased policy making power and resource allocation to these regions. Local institutions were downplayed, with leadership organizations often facing subversion from higher governmental structures.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> The first wave of elections in the <a href="/wiki/1965_Tanzanian_general_election" title="1965 Tanzanian general election">Tanzanian general election</a> produced a 100% voting rate for TANU officials.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a> is an interpretation of socialist principles first advocated by German sociologist and political analyst <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Dieterich" title="Heinz Dieterich">Heinz Dieterich</a> and taken up by a number of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin American</a> leaders. Dieterich argued in 1996 that both <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">20th-century authoritarian socialism</a> have failed to solve urgent problems of <a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanity</a> like <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_oppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic oppression">economic oppression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and the absence of a truly <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dieterich-391">[391]</a> While having <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> elements, it primarily resembles <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Marxist revisionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burbach-392">[392]</a> Leaders who have advocated for this form of socialism include <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PT-393">[393]</a> Because of the local unique historical conditions, it is often contrasted with previous applications of socialism in other countries, with a major difference being the effort towards a more decentralised and participatory planning process.<a href="#cite_note-Burbach-392">[392]</a> Critics claim that this form of socialism in Latin America acts as a façade for authoritarianism. The charisma of figures like Hugo Chávez and mottoes such as "Country, Socialism, or Death!" have drawn comparisons to the Latin American dictators and <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillos</a> of the past.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Steven Levitsky</a>, only under "the dictatorships of the past [...] were presidents reelected for life", with Levitsky further stating that while Latin America experienced democracy, citizens opposed "indefinite reelection, because of the dictatorships of the past".<a href="#cite_note-CSMecuador-8">[8]</a> Levitsky then noted how in Ecuador, Nicaragua and Venezuela "reelection is associated with the same problems of 100 years ago".<a href="#cite_note-CSMecuador-8">[8]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> also argued that "Bolivia's Evo Morales, David Ortega of Nicaragua and the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez [...] used the ballot box to weaken or eliminate term limits".<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> The sustainability and stability of economic reforms associated with governments adhering to such socialism have also been questioned. Latin American countries have primarily financed their <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">social programs</a> with extractive exports like petroleum, natural gas and minerals, creating a dependency that some economists claim has caused inflation and slowed growth.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> While some critics say the crisis is caused by "<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>" or the country's "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialist policies</a>",<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> its policies have been described as "<a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>"<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> or "hyper-populist"<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a> and the crisis has more to do with authoritarianism as well as anti-democratic governance, corruption and mismanagement of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> According to analysts and critics alike, the Bolivarian government has used those populist policies in order to maintain political power.<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> Although socialists have welcomed a socialism of the 21st century, they have been skeptical of Latin America's examples and criticized their authoritarian qualities and occasional cults of personality. While citing their progressive role, they argue that the appropriate label for these governments is populism rather than socialism.<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> Chávez and Maduro have been compared to Lenin and Stalin, respectively, including Chávez and Lenin's early deaths and the economic problems after their deaths. Maduro, who has joked about his similar appearance and <a href="/wiki/Walrus_moustache" title="Walrus moustache">walrus moustache</a> with Stalin,<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> argued he is not a new Stalin and claimed to be merely following Chávez.<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> Nonetheless, Maduro has been variously described by newspapers such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> as the "Stalin of the Caribbean" and the "tropical Stalin", respectively.<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>, Maduro has embraced the "tropical Stalin" moniker.<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Kurlantzick" title="Joshua Kurlantzick">Joshua Kurlantzick</a>, Latin American countries such as Nicaragua and Venezuela have been following the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese model">Chinese model</a> and are described as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian capitalist">authoritarian capitalist</a> regimes.<a href="#cite_note-Kurlantzick_2013-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_salute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_salute.jpg/220px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_salute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_salute.jpg/330px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_salute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_salute.jpg/440px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_salute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> under Chávez and his <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a> moved toward authoritarian socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-418">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-419">[419]</a> Chávez campaigned for a constituent assembly and to draft a new constitution, which was approved in 1999. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Venezuelan constitution</a> eliminated much of Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">checks and balances</a>, Chávez's government controlled every branch of the Venezuelan government for over 15 years after it passed until the <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015 parliamentary election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FH1999-420">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a> The 1999 constitution also brought the military closer to political power, allowing military officers the right to vote, eliminating its apolitical nature, and transferring the function of military promotions of high officers to the president, which in the 1961 constitution was the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela" title="Senate of Venezuela">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a> By January 2007, after being reelected in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">2006 presidential election</a> and swearing in as president, Chávez began openly proclaiming the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialism of the 21st century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> The Bolivarian government used "centralized decision-making and a top-down approach to policy formation, the erosion of vertical power-sharing and concentration of power in the presidency, the progressive deinstitutionalization at all levels, and an increasingly paternalist relationship between state and society" in order to hasten changes in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> In practice, Chávez's administration proposed and enacted <a href="/wiki/Economic_populism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic populism">populist</a> economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> Using record-high oil revenues of the 2000s, his government nationalized key industries, created <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">communal councils</a> and implemented social programs known as the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a> to expand access to food, housing, healthcare and education.<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-Devereux&Collitt-428">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> Venezuela received high oil profits in the mid-2000s,<a href="#cite_note-Nagel-436">[436]</a> resulting in improvements in areas such as poverty, literacy, income equality and quality of life occurring primarily between 2003 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Devereux&Collitt-428">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nagel-436">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> However, those gains started to reverse after 2012 and it has been argued that government policies did not address <a href="/wiki/Structural_inequalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural inequalities">structural inequalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a> On 2 June 2010, Chávez declared an economic war due to <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela">crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> By the end of Chávez's presidency in the early 2010s, economic actions performed by his government during the preceding decade such as <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Price_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Price control">price controls</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECONfood-446">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a> proved to be unsustainable, with the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">economy of Venezuela</a> faltering while <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Devereux&Collitt-428">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nagel-436">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a><a href="#cite_note-ECONfood-446">[446]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortage" title="Shortage">shortages</a> increased. His use of <a href="/wiki/Enabling_act" title="Enabling act">enabling acts</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> and his government's use of <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a> were also controversial.<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a> On the socialist development in Venezuela, Chávez argued with the second government plan (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_de_la_Patria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan de la Patria (page does not exist)">Plan de la Patria</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_de_la_Patria" class="extiw" title="es:Plan de la Patria">es</a>]) that "socialism has just begun to implant its internal dynamism among us" whilst acknowledging that "the socio-economic formation that still prevails in Venezuela is <a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">capitalist and rentier</a>".<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] This same thesis is defended by Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro,_president_of_Venezuela_(2016)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_president_of_Venezuela_%282016%29_cropped.jpg/220px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_president_of_Venezuela_%282016%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_president_of_Venezuela_%282016%29_cropped.jpg/330px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_president_of_Venezuela_%282016%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_president_of_Venezuela_%282016%29_cropped.jpg/440px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_president_of_Venezuela_%282016%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></figcaption></figure> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> argued that the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela—now under <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> after <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Chávez's death</a> in 2013—was devolving from <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> as opposition politicians were jailed for plotting to undermine the government, violence was widespread and independent media shut down.<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Chávez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_administration" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration">Maduro</a> administrations' economic policies led to shortages, a high inflation rate and a dysfunctional economy.<a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a> The government has attributed Venezuela's economic problems to the decline in oil prices, sanctions imposed by the United States and economic sabotage by the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a> Western media coverage of Chávez and other Latin American leaders from the 21st-century socialist movement has been criticized as unfair by their supporters and left-leaning media critics.<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> Broadly, <a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">chavismo</a> policies include <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> programs and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_neoliberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to neoliberalism">opposition to neoliberalism</a>, particularly the policies of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. According to Chávez, Venezuelan socialism accepts <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>,<a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a> but this socialism is a form of social democracy that seeks to promote <a href="/wiki/Social_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Social property">social property</a>.<a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a> In January 2007, Chávez proposed to build the communal state, whose main idea is to build self-government institutions like communal councils, communes and communal cities.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a> While Chávez remained relatively popular throughout his time in office, Maduro suffered unpopularity with the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela">deterioration of the economy</a> during his tenure and there was a decline of self-identified chavistas.<a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> Despite its socialist rhetoric, chavismo has been frequently described as being <a href="/wiki/State_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="State capitalist">state capitalist</a> by critics.<a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> Critics frequently point towards Venezuela's large private sector.<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> In 2009, roughly 70% of Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> was created by the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a> According to Asa Cusack, an expert on Latin America and frequent contributor to <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a>, Venezuela's economy remained "market-based and private-sector dominated" throughout Chávez's time in office. Although "the social economy and the public sector were heavily promoted", for example through nationalization, "the private sector was expected to remain dominant, and it did. A centrally planned socialist economy like Cuba's was neither the aim nor the reality".<a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a> Chavismo has been widely discussed in the media.<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> According to Kirk A. Hawkins, scholars are generally divided into two camps, namely a <a href="/wiki/Liberal-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-democratic">liberal-democratic</a> one that sees chavismo as an instance of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Radical-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical-democratic">radical-democratic</a> one that upholds chavismo as the fulfillment of its aspirations for participatory democracy. Hawkins argues that the most important division between these two groups is neither methodological nor theoretical, but ideological. It is a division over basic normative views of democracy, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radicalism</a>. Scholars in the first camp tended to adhere to a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> ideology that valued procedural democracy (<a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">competitive elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">widespread participation</a> defined primarily in terms of voting and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>) as the political means best suited to achieving human welfare. They saw chavismo in a mostly negative light as a case of democratic backsliding or even competitive <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> or electoral authoritarian regime. On the other hand, scholars in the second camp generally adhered to a classical socialist ideology that mistrusted market institutions in either the state or the economy. Although accepting the importance of liberal-democratic institutions, they saw procedural democracy as insufficient to ensure political inclusion and emphasized participatory forms of democracy and collective worker ownership in the economy.<a href="#cite_note-482">[482]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_reception">Analysis and reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Analysis and reception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-wing">Left-wing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Left-wing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Leninism">Anti-Leninism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></div> Left-wing critics argue that it is a form of <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> that followed <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. Rather than representing a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, the Soviet model has been described in practice as either a form of state capitalism<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_1986-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2015-140">[140]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">non-planned</a>, <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimbalist_&_Sherman_1988-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellman_2007-70">[70]</a> The fidelity of those varied socialist revolutionaries, leaders and parties to the work of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and that of other socialist thinkers is highly contested and has been rejected by many Marxists and other socialists alike.<a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a> Some academics, scholars and socialists have criticized the linking of all leftist and socialist ideals to the excesses of authoritarian socialism.<a href="#cite_note-484">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anarchism_and_Marxism">Anarchism and Marxism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Anarchism and Marxism">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> socialists, including <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalists">syndicalists</a>, deride it as <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> for its support of a <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' state">workers' state</a> instead of abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> state apparatus outright. They use the term in contrast with their own form of socialism which involves either <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collective ownership</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> without <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a> by the state. Those <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a> believe there is no need for a state in a socialist system because there would be no class to suppress and no need for an institution based on coercion and regard the state being a remnant of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_H-486">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_I-487">[487]</a> They hold that <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a> is antithetical to true socialism,<a href="#cite_note-McKay_2008-25">[25]</a> the goal of which is the eyes of libertarian socialists such as <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, who wrote as follows in a Commonweal article: "State Socialism? — I don't agree with it; in fact I think the two words contradict one another, and that it is the business of Socialism to destroy the State and put Free Society in its place".<a href="#cite_note-488">[488]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox</a> Marxists also view the term as an oxymoron, arguing that while an association for managing production and economic affairs would exist in socialism, it would no longer be a state in the <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">Marxist definition</a> which is based on <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism#General_categories" title="Anti-statism">domination by one class</a>. Preceding the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a>-led <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">revolution in Russia</a>, many socialist groups—including reformists, orthodox Marxist currents such as <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> as well as anarchists and other libertarian socialists—criticized the idea of using the state to conduct <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the means of production as a way to establish socialism.<a href="#cite_note-489">[489]</a> Lenin himself acknowledged his policies as state capitalism,<a href="#cite_note-Lenin1-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenin2-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenin3-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pena-261">[261]</a> defending them from left-wing criticism,<a href="#cite_note-490">[490]</a> but arguing that they were necessary for the future development of socialism and not socialist in themselves.<a href="#cite_note-491">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a> American Marxist <a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Raya Dunayevskaya</a> dismissed it as a type of state capitalism<a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a> because <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of the means of production is a form of state capitalism;<a href="#cite_note-496">[496]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single-party_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-party rule">single-party rule</a> is undemocratic;<a href="#cite_note-497">[497]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> is neither <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, but rather a composite ideology which socialist leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> used to expediently determine what is <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and what is not communism among the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-498">[498]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left_communism">Left communism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Left communism">edit</a>]</div> Critical of the economy and government of socialist states, <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communists</a> such as the Italian <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> was a form of political opportunism which preserved rather than destroyed <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalism</a> because of the claim that the exchange of commodities would occur under <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialism</a>; the use of <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> organisations by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Bordiga-499">[499]</a> and that a <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">political vanguard</a> organised by <a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">organic centralism</a> was more effective than a vanguard organised by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-500">[500]</a> For Bordiga and those left communists supporting his conception of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a> revolutionaries were great <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> revolutionaries, i.e. bourgeois revolutionaries. According to this view, the Stalinist regimes that came into existence after 1945 were extending the bourgeois nature of prior revolutions that degenerated as all had in common a policy of expropriation and agrarian and productive development which those left communist considered negations of previous conditions and not the genuine construction of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-501">[501]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>, it degenerated into a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">bourgeois revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-Otto_Rühle_and_the_German_Labour_Movement-502">[502]</a> and represented the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> taking <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>'s place.<a href="#cite_note-Bordiga-499">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[503]</a> Although most Marxist–Leninists distinguish between communism and socialism, Bordiga, who did consider himself a <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> and has been described as being "more Leninist than Lenin",<a href="#cite_note-504">[504]</a> did not distinguish between the two in the same way Marxist–Leninists do. Both Lenin and Bordiga did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communism</a>, but rather just as how communism looks as it emerges from capitalism before it has "developed on its own foundations".<a href="#cite_note-505">[505]</a> This is coherent with Marx and Engels, who used the terms communism and socialism interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-506">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a> Like Lenin, Bordiga used socialism to mean what Marx called the "<a href="/wiki/Lower-stage_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower-stage of communism">lower-stage of communism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-508">[508]</a> For Bordiga, both stages of communist or socialist society—with stages referring to <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>—were characterized by the gradual absence of money, the market and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage a system of rationing would be used to allocate goods to people while in communism this could be abandoned in favour of full free access. This view distinguished Bordiga from Marxist–Leninists, who tended and still tend to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories surviving into socialism, but Bordiga would have none of this. For him, no society in which money, buying and selling and the rest survived could be regarded as either socialist or communist—these exchange categories would die out before the socialist rather than the communist stage was reached.<a href="#cite_note-Bordiga-499">[499]</a> Stalin first made the claim that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had reached the lower stage of communism and argued that the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">law of value</a> still operated within a socialist economy.<a href="#cite_note-Stalin-509">[509]</a> Other left communists such as the <a href="/wiki/Councilists" class="mw-redirect" title="Councilists">councilists</a> explicitly reject the Leninist vanguard party and the organic centralism promoted by <a href="/wiki/Bordigists" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigists">Bordigists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a> saw the Soviet Union as a form of state capitalism that had much in common with the state-centred capitalism of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Otto_Rühle_and_the_German_Labour_Movement-502">[502]</a> While Rühle saw the Leninist vanguardist party as an appropriate form for the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">tsarist autocracy</a>, it was ultimately an inappropriate form for a proletarian revolution. For Rühle and others, no matter what the actual intentions of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, what they actually succeeded in bringing about was much more like the bourgeois revolutions of Europe than a proletarian revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Otto_Rühle_and_the_German_Labour_Movement-502">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[511]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libertarian_communism_and_socialism">Libertarian communism and socialism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Libertarian communism and socialism">edit</a>]</div> A variety of non-state, libertarian communist and socialist positions reject the concept of a socialist state altogether, believing that the modern state is a byproduct of capitalism and cannot be used for the establishment of a socialist system. They reason that a socialist state is antithetical to socialism and that socialism will emerge spontaneously from the <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> level in an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary manner</a>, developing its own unique political and economic institutions for a highly organized <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless society</a>. Libertarian communists, including <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">councilists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">leftists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Marxists</a>, also reject the concept of a socialist state for being antithetical to socialism, but they believe that socialism and communism can only be established through <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> and dissolving the existence of the state.<a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_H-486">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_I-487">[487]</a> Within the socialist movement, there is criticism towards the use of the term socialist state in relation to countries such as China and previously of Soviet Union and Eastern and Central European states before what some term the "collapse of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>" in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a> Anti-authoritarian communists and socialists such as anarchists, other democratic and libertarian socialists as well as revolutionary syndicalists and left communists<a href="#cite_note-CWO_2000-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-516">[516]</a> claim that the so-called socialist states cannot be called socialist because they actually presided over state capitalist<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_1986-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2015-140">[140]</a> or non-planned administrative economies.<a href="#cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellman_2007-70">[70]</a> Those socialists who oppose any system of state control whatsoever believe in a more decentralized approach which puts the means of production directly into the hands of the workers rather than indirectly through state bureaucracies<a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_H-486">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_I-487">[487]</a> which they claim represent a new <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-517">[517]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-520">[520]</a> This leads them to consider state socialism a form of state capitalism (an economy based on centralized management, capital accumulation and wage labor, but with the state owning the means of production)<a href="#cite_note-521">[521]</a> which Engels and other <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> stated would be the final form of capitalism rather than socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-CWO_2000-145">[145]</a> Similarly, others pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> have nothing to do with socialism by itself, having been historically carried out for various different purposes under a wide variety of different political and economic systems.<a href="#cite_note-522">[522]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Trotskyism">edit</a>]</div> Some <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a> following on from <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a> deny that it is socialism, calling it state capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-523">[523]</a> Other Trotskyists agree that these states could not be described as socialist,<a href="#cite_note-524">[524]</a> but they deny that those states were capitalist,<a href="#cite_note-525">[525]</a> supporting <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>'s analysis of pre-restoration Soviet Union as a workers' state that had <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">bureaucratic dictatorship</a> which rested on a largely nationalized industry run according to a plan of production.<a href="#cite_note-526">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-527">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-528">[528]</a> and claimed that the former Stalinist states of Central and Eastern Europe were <a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">deformed workers' states</a> based on the same relations of production as the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-529">[529]</a> Trotsky believed that regardless of their intellectual capacity, central planners operate without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy that can understand and respond to local conditions and changes in the economy. In advocating a <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">decentralised planned</a> socialist economy, Trotsky and some of his followers have criticized central state planning as being unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity.<a href="#cite_note-530">[530]</a> Some Trotskyists have emphasised Trotsky's <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary-democratic_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary-democratic socialism">revolutionary-democratic socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-531">[531]</a> and Trotskyists such as <a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a> described it as such.<a href="#cite_note-Lipow,_Arthur_1991_p._1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[532]</a> Those <a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">third camp</a> revolutionary-democratic Trotskyists and socialists supported a socialist <a href="/wiki/Political_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Political revolution">political revolution</a> that would establish or re-establish socialist democracy in deformed or degenerated workers' states.<a href="#cite_note-533">[533]</a><a href="#cite_note-534">[534]</a> Some such as Draper also compared <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> as two forms of socialism from above.<a href="#cite_note-Two_Souls-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-535">[535]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right-wing">Right-wing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Right-wing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></div> Right-wing criticism is mainly related to <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">communist party rule</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Marxism">anti-Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-socialism">anti-socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-15">[15]</a> Another criticism is that of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">economic calculation problem</a> as first outlined by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economists <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a><a href="#cite_note-536">[536]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-537">[537]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">socialist calculation debate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-538">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-539">[539]</a><a href="#cite_note-540">[540]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist states</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> are often conflated to and referred to by detractors simply as socialism. Austrian School economists such as Mises and Hayek continually used socialism as a synonym for authoritarian socialism and its <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hayek-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mises-44">[44]</a> The attributive state is usually added by socialists with a non-state-based method for achieving socialism to criticize state socialism.<a href="#cite_note-541">[541]</a> This is especially notable in the United States, where socialism is a pejorative term used to refer to either authoritarian socialist states,<a href="#cite_note-Astor_2019-75">[75]</a> any state or tax-funded industry, program and service,<a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt_2009-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Truman_1952-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2012-74">[74]</a> or the degree of government and <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> by the state.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2012-71">[71]</a> In their broader critique of socialism, right-wing commentators have emphasised the lack of democracy in socialist states that are considered to be authoritarian or undemocratic, arguing that democracy and socialism are incompatible. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> argued that a "society which is socialist cannot also be democratic" in the sense of "guaranteeing individual freedom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-15">[15]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Robert Nisbet</a>, a philosophical conservative who began his career as a leftist, argued in 1978 that there is "not a single free socialism to be found anywhere in the world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-15">[15]</a> For anti-communist academic <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>, the tendency to "merge political and economic power" is "implicit in socialism" and authoritarianism is "virtually inevitable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-15">[15]</a> According to the Hungarian-born political sociologist and communist-studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hollander" title="Paul Hollander">Paul Hollander</a>, a critic of communism and left-wing politics in general,<a href="#cite_note-542">[542]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> was one of the features of authoritarian socialist states that was so attractive to Western intellectuals that they quietly justified their authoritarianism and the murder of millions of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">capitalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Land_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Land Reform">landowners</a> and supposedly wealthy <a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">kulaks</a> in order to achieve this equality.<a href="#cite_note-543">[543]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Two_Souls-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Two_Souls_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_Souls_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_Souls_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_Souls_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_Souls_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDraper1970" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Hal (1970) [196 3]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120133501/http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/contemp/pamsetc/twosouls/twosouls.htm">Two Souls of Socialism</a> (revised ed.). Highland Park, Michigan: International Socialists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/contemp/pamsetc/twosouls/twosouls.htm">the original</a> on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Souls+of+Socialism&rft.place=Highland+Park%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=International+Socialists&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.edu.au%2Fpolsci%2Fmarx%2Fcontemp%2Fpamsetc%2Ftwosouls%2Ftwosouls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington1970-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington1970_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington1970_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington1970_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntington1970">Huntington 1970</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwy1986264-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöwy1986264_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöwy1986264_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöwy1986264_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLöwy1986">Löwy 1986</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmandae2003-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmandae2003_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmandae2003_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmandae2003_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmandae2003">Amandae 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mushkat-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mushkat_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mushkat_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mushkat_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mushkat_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMushkat1972" class="citation journal cs1">Mushkat, Marion (June 1972). "African Socialism Reappraised and Reconsidered". <a href="/wiki/Italian_Institute_for_Africa_and_the_Orient" title="Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient">Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente</a>. 2: 151–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istituto+Italiano+per+l%27Africa+e+l%27Oriente&rft.atitle=African+Socialism+Reappraised+and+Reconsidered&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=151-153&rft.date=1972-06&rft.aulast=Mushkat&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregor-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor1967" class="citation journal cs1">Gregor, A. James (July 1967). "African Socialism, Socialism and Fascism: An Appraisal". The Review of Politics. 29 (3): 324–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034670500032745">10.1017/s0034670500032745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144400114">144400114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=African+Socialism%2C+Socialism+and+Fascism%3A+An+Appraisal&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-353&rft.date=1967-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0034670500032745&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144400114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regimes_and_Resistance-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regimes_and_Resistance_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regimes_and_Resistance_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regimes_and_Resistance_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regimes_and_Resistance_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regimes_and_Resistance_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosusney2005" class="citation book cs1">Posusney, Marsha Pripstein (2005). Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-317-9"><bdi>978-1-58826-317-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarianism+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Regimes+and+Resistance&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-317-9&rft.aulast=Posusney&rft.aufirst=Marsha+Pripstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSMecuador-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSMecuador_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSMecuador_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSMecuador_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2014" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Tim (11 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2014/0411/Does-Ecuador-s-leader-aspire-to-a-perpetual-presidency">"Does Ecuador's leader aspire to a perpetual presidency?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Does+Ecuador%27s+leader+aspire+to+a+perpetual+presidency%3F&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAmericas%2FLatin-America-Monitor%2F2014%2F0411%2FDoes-Ecuador-s-leader-aspire-to-a-perpetual-presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nation_1992-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nation_1992_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nation_1992_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNation1992" class="citation book cs1">Nation, R. Craig (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackearthredsta00nati">Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackearthredsta00nati/page/85">85</a>–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801480072" title="Special:BookSources/9780801480072"><bdi>9780801480072</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Earth%2C+Red+Star%3A+A+History+of+Soviet+Security+Policy%2C+1917-1991&rft.pages=85-6&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780801480072&rft.aulast=Nation&rft.aufirst=R.+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackearthredsta00nati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrett1978">Barrett (1978)</a>: "If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy."; <a href="#CITEREFHeilbronerBarkanBrandCohen1991">Heilbroner et al. (1991)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKendall2011">Kendall (2011)</a>, pp. 125–127: "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have mixed economies, sometimes referred to as democratic socialism—an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations."; <a href="#CITEREFLi2015">Li (2015)</a>, pp. 60–69: "The scholars in the camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favour the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty." </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnet-research.org/2023/10/02/tankies-a-data-driven-understanding-of-left-wing-extremists-on-social-media/">"Tankies: A Data-driven Understanding of Left-Wing Extremists on Social Media"</a>. 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tankies%3A+A+Data-driven+Understanding+of+Left-Wing+Extremists+on+Social+Media&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgnet-research.org%2F2023%2F10%2F02%2Ftankies-a-data-driven-understanding-of-left-wing-extremists-on-social-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipow-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipow_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipow_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipow_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipow1991" class="citation book cs1">Lipow, Arthur (1991). Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520075436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520075436"><bdi>978-0520075436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarian+Socialism+in+America%3A+Edward+Bellamy+and+the+Nationalist+Movement&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0520075436&rft.aulast=Lipow&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper, Hal</a> (1963). The Two Souls of Socialism: Socialism from Below v. Socialism from Above. New York: Young People's Socialist League.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Souls+of+Socialism%3A+Socialism+from+Below+v.+Socialism+from+Above&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Young+People%27s+Socialist+League&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger1997">Berger (1997)</a>, pp. 853–854; <a href="#CITEREFLingleOwensRowley1998">Lingle, Owens & Rowley (1998)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBudhwar2004">Budhwar (2004)</a>, p. 221; <a href="#CITEREFBhasin2007">Bhasin (2007)</a>, pp. 39–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978_15-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrett1978">Barrett 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-History-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1988" class="citation book cs1">Young, James D. (1988). Socialism Since 1889: A Biographical History. Totowa: Barnes & Noble Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20813-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20813-6"><bdi>978-0-389-20813-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+Since+1889%3A+A+Biographical+History&rft.place=Totowa&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-389-20813-6&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1970" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Hal (1970) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120133501/http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/contemp/pamsetc/twosouls/twosouls.htm">Two Souls of Socialism</a> (revised ed.). Highland Park, Michigan: International Socialists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/contemp/pamsetc/twosouls/twosouls.htm">the original</a> on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016. <q>We have mentioned several cases of this conviction that socialism is the business of a new ruling minority, non-capitalist in nature and therefore guaranteed pure, imposing its own domination either temporarily (for a mere historical era) or even permanently. In either case, this new ruling class is likely to see its goal as an Education Dictatorship over the masses — to Do Them Good, of course — the dictatorship being exercised by an elite party which suppresses all control from below, or by benevolent despots or Savior-Leaders of some kind, or by Shaw's 'Supermen,' by eugenic manipulators, by Proudhon's 'anarchist' managers or Saint-Simon's technocrats or their more modern equivalents — with up-to-date terms and new verbal screens which can be hailed as fresh social theory as against 'nineteenth-century Marxism.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Souls+of+Socialism&rft.place=Highland+Park%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=International+Socialists&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.edu.au%2Fpolsci%2Fmarx%2Fcontemp%2Fpamsetc%2Ftwosouls%2Ftwosouls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipow,_Arthur_1991_p._1-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipow,_Arthur_1991_p._1_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipow,_Arthur_1991_p._1_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipow1991" class="citation book cs1">Lipow, Arthur (1991). Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520075436" title="Special:BookSources/9780520075436"><bdi>9780520075436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarian+Socialism+in+America%3A+Edward+Bellamy+and+the+Nationalist+Movement&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780520075436&rft.aulast=Lipow&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahnel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hahnel, Robin (2005). Economic Justice and Democracy. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93344-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93344-7"><bdi>0-415-93344-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Justice+and+Democracy&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-93344-7&rft.aulast=Hahnel&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Lesigne (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/liberty/1887/12/17/socialistic-letters">"Socialistic Letters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807090418/http://fair-use.org/liberty/1887/12/17/socialistic-letters">Archived</a> 2020-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Le Radical. Retrieved 20 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker, Benjamin</a> (1911) [1888]. State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree and Wherein They Differ. Fifield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Socialism+and+Anarchism%3A+How+Far+They+Agree+and+Wherein+They+Differ&rft.pub=Fifield&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker, Benjamin</a> (1893). Instead of a Book by a Man Too Busy to Write One. pp. 363–364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instead+of+a+Book+by+a+Man+Too+Busy+to+Write+One&rft.pages=363-364&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Susan Love (1997). "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Carrier, James G. (ed.). Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Berg Publishers. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859731499" title="Special:BookSources/9781859731499"><bdi>9781859731499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Free+Market+as+Salvation+from+Government&rft.btitle=Meanings+of+the+Market%3A+The+Free+Market+in+Western+Culture&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781859731499&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Susan+Love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Melbourne: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas+and+Movements&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay_2008-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2008_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2008_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2008" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?". An Anarchist FAQ. Vol. I. Stirling: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6"><bdi>978-1-902593-90-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isn%27t+libertarian+socialism+an+oxymoron%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182529204&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-90-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood1889" class="citation journal cs1">Osgood, Herbert L. (March 1889). "Scientific Anarchism". <a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a>. 4 (1). The Academy of Political Science: 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2139424">10.2307/2139424</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139424">2139424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Scientific+Anarchism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=1889-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2139424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2139424%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Herbert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1991" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dimitri (1991). Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297810803" title="Special:BookSources/9780297810803"><bdi>9780297810803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780297810803&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuerta_de_Soto2010" class="citation book cs1">Huerta de Soto, Jesús (2010). 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Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Van_Nostrand" title="Van Nostrand">Van Nostrand</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780442090579" title="Special:BookSources/9780442090579"><bdi>9780442090579</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/473936839">473936839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Free+and+Prosperous+Commonwealth%3A+An+Exposition+of+the+Ideas+of+Classical+Liberalism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F473936839&rft.isbn=9780442090579&rft.aulast=Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek, Friedrich</a> (1944). <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226320618" title="Special:BookSources/0226320618"><bdi>0226320618</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30733740">30733740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30733740&rft.isbn=0226320618&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek, Friedrich</a> (1944). "Security and Freedom". <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226320618" title="Special:BookSources/0226320618"><bdi>0226320618</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30733740">30733740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Security+and+Freedom&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30733740&rft.isbn=0226320618&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a> (1962). <a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226264004" title="Special:BookSources/9780226264004"><bdi>9780226264004</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/168498">168498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Freedom&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F168498&rft.isbn=9780226264004&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bel,_Gat,_Fuchs,_Fuchs-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bel,_Gat,_Fuchs,_Fuchs_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bel,_Gat,_Fuchs,_Fuchs_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bel,_Gat,_Fuchs,_Fuchs_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBel2006">Bel (2006)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGat2007">Gat (2007)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFuchs2017">Fuchs (2017)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFuchs2018">Fuchs (2018)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Doherty, Brian (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1995/06/01/best-of-both-worlds/">"Best of Both Worlds: An Interview with Milton Friedman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Reason Foundation. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Best+of+Both+Worlds%3A+An+Interview+with+Milton+Friedman&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F1995%2F06%2F01%2Fbest-of-both-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek, Friedrich</a> (1976). Law, Legislation and Liberty. Vol. 2. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32083-0"><bdi>978-0-226-32083-0</bdi></a>. <q>There is no reason why in a free society government should not assure to all, protection against severe deprivation in the form of an assured minimum income, or a floor below which nobody need to descend. To enter into such an insurance against extreme misfortune may well be in the interest of all; or it may be felt to be a clear moral duty of all to assist, within the organised community, those who cannot help themselves. So long as such a uniform minimum income is provided outside the market to all those who, for any reason, are unable to earn in the market an adequate maintenance, this need not lead to a restriction of freedom, or conflict with the Rule of Law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Legislation+and+Liberty&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32083-0&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein, Ezra</a> (9 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514092530/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/07/hayek_on_social_insurance.html">"Hayek on Social Insurance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/07/hayek_on_social_insurance.html">the original</a> on May 14, 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2019. <q>There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hayek+on+Social+Insurance&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fezra-klein%2F2010%2F07%2Fhayek_on_social_insurance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich; Hamowy, Ronald, ed. (2011) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/books/excerpt/2011/hayek_constitution.html">"Why I am Not a Conservative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a> (definitive ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226315393" title="Special:BookSources/9780226315393">9780226315393</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Cottrell, Allin; Cockshott, Paul (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/new_socialism.pdf">Towards a New Socialism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141117115309/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/new_socialism.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Spokesman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851245454" title="Special:BookSources/9780851245454">9780851245454</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Epstein, Richard A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2213&context=journal_articles">"Hayekian Socialism"</a>. Maryland Law Review. 58 (271). Retrieved 22 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich; Hamowy, Ronald, ed. (2011) [1960].The Constitution of Liberty (definitive ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 405. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226315393" title="Special:BookSources/9780226315393">9780226315393</a>. "There is no reason why in a society which has reached the general level of wealth which ours has attained [that security against severe physical privation, the certainty of a given minimum of sustenance for all; or more briefly, the security of a minimum income] should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom. There are difficult questions about the precise standard which should thus be assured [...] but there can be no doubt that some minimum of food, shelter, and clothing, sufficient to preserve health and the capacity to work, can be assured to everybody. Indeed, for a considerable part of the population of England this sort of security has long been achieved. Nor is there any reason why the state should not assist [...] individuals in providing for those common hazards of life against which, because of their uncertainty, few individuals can make adequate provision. Where, as in the case of sickness and accident, neither the desire to avoid such calamities nor the efforts to overcome their consequences are as a rule weakened by the provision of assistance – where, in short, we deal with genuinely insurable risks – the case for the state's helping to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance is very strong. [...] [And] there is no incompatibility in principle between the state's providing greater security in this way and the preservation of individual freedom. Wherever communal action can mitigate disasters against which the individual can neither attempt to guard himself nor make the provision for the consequences, such communal action should undoubtedly be taken." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWapshott2011" class="citation book cs1">Wapshott, Nicholas (2011). Keynes Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393083118" title="Special:BookSources/9780393083118"><bdi>9780393083118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keynes+Hayek%3A+The+Clash+That+Defined+Modern+Economics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780393083118&rft.aulast=Wapshott&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarcourt2012" class="citation news cs1">Harcourt, Bernard (12 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/12/paul-ryan-enslaves-friedrich-hayek-road-serfdom">"How Paul Ryan enslaves Friedrich Hayek's The Road to Serfdom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 27 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Paul+Ryan+enslaves+Friedrich+Hayek%27s+The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.aulast=Harcourt&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fsep%2F12%2Fpaul-ryan-enslaves-friedrich-hayek-road-serfdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/americas-great-depression">America's Great Depression</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Van_Nostrand" title="Van Nostrand">Van Nostrand</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173706">173706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+Depression&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173706&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Famericas-great-depression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1999" class="citation journal cs1">White, Lawrence H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cameroneconomics.com/white-hayek-hope.pdf">"Why Didn't Hayek Favor Laissez Faire in Banking?"</a> (PDF). History of Political Economy. 31 (4): 753–769. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-31-4-753">10.1215/00182702-31-4-753</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130412141059/http://cameroneconomics.com/white-hayek-hope.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Why+Didn%27t+Hayek+Favor+Laissez+Faire+in+Banking%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=753-769&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182702-31-4-753&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcameroneconomics.com%2Fwhite-hayek-hope.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanSchwartz1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a>; Schwartz, A. J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/chapters/c7507.pdf">"Has government any role in money?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Monetary_Economics" title="Journal of Monetary Economics">Journal of Monetary Economics</a>. 17 (1): 37–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-3932%2886%2990005-X">10.1016/0304-3932(86)90005-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Monetary+Economics&rft.atitle=Has+government+any+role+in+money%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-62&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-3932%2886%2990005-X&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fchapters%2Fc7507.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a> (30 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/mr-market">"Mr. Market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005629/https://www.hoover.org/research/mr-market">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mr.+Market&rft.date=1999-01-30&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fmr-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capitalism_and_Freedom-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capitalism_and_Freedom_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capitalism_and_Freedom_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capitalism_and_Freedom_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a> (2002) [1962]. Capitalism and Freedom (40th anniversary ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26421-9"><bdi>978-0-226-26421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Freedom&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=40th+anniversary&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-26421-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2006" class="citation news cs1">Frank, Robert H. (23 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/business/23scene.html?_r=2">"The Other Milton Friedman: A Conservative With a Social Welfare Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701055236/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/business/23scene.html?_r=2">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Other+Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Conservative+With+a+Social+Welfare+Program&rft.date=2006-11-23&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F23%2Fbusiness%2F23scene.html%3F_r%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2005" class="citation web cs1">Kinsella, Stephan (10 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/wire/friedman-and-socialism">"Friedman and Socialism"</a>. Mises Wire. <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Wire&rft.atitle=Friedman+and+Socialism&rft.date=2005-06-10&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fwire%2Ffriedman-and-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMises2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises, Ludwig von</a> (2007) [1949]. Human Action: A Treastise on Economics. Liberty Fund. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865976313" title="Special:BookSources/9780865976313"><bdi>9780865976313</bdi></a>. <q>There is no mixture of the two systems possible or thinkable; there is no such thing as a mixed economy, a system that would be in part capitalistic and in part socialist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Action%3A+A+Treastise+on+Economics&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780865976313&rft.aulast=Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMises2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises, Ludwig von</a> (2007) [1949]. Human Action: A Treastise on Economics. Liberty Fund. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865976313" title="Special:BookSources/9780865976313"><bdi>9780865976313</bdi></a>. <q>The fact that the state or municipalities own and operate some plants does not alter the characteristic features of a market economy. These publicly owned and operated enterprises are subject to the sovereignty of the market. They must fit themselves, as buyers of raw materials, equipment, and labour, and as sellers of goods and services, into the scheme of the market economy. They are subject to the laws of the market and thereby depend on the consumers who may or may not patronize them. They must strive for profits, or at least, to avoid losses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Action%3A+A+Treastise+on+Economics&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780865976313&rft.aulast=Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattick1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Mattick, Paul</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/mattick-paul/1969/marx-keynes/ch20.htm">"State-Sapitalism and the Mixed Economy"</a>. Marx and Keynes: The Limits of the Mixed Economy. Boston: Horizons Books/Porter Sargent Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875580692" title="Special:BookSources/9780875580692"><bdi>9780875580692</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <q>To be sure, 'orthodox Marxism' maintains that the mixed economy is still the capitalism of old, just as 'orthodox' bourgeois theory insists that the mixed economy is a camouflaged form of socialism. Generally, however, both the state-capitalist and mixed economies are recognized as economic systems adhering to the principle of progress by way of capital accumulation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State-Sapitalism+and+the+Mixed+Economy&rft.btitle=Marx+and+Keynes%3A+The+Limits+of+the+Mixed+Economy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Horizons+Books%2FPorter+Sargent+Publisher&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780875580692&rft.aulast=Mattick&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmattick-paul%2F1969%2Fmarx-keynes%2Fch20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985_69-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1985" class="citation journal cs1">Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Soviet Studies</a>. 37 (1): 118–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138508411571">10.1080/09668138508411571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+Has+an+Administered%2C+Not+a+Planned%2C+Economy&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-130&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668138508411571&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=John+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellman_2007-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellman_2007_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellman_2007_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellman_2007_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellman_2007_70-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllman2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transitionbeyond00estr">Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transitionbeyond00estr/page/n42">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230546974" title="Special:BookSources/9780230546974"><bdi>9780230546974</bdi></a>. <q>In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Socialist+Planning&rft.btitle=Transition+and+Beyond%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Mario+Nuti&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780230546974&rft.aulast=Ellman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransitionbeyond00estr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2012-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2012_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2012_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a> (2012) [2009]. The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher: From Grocer's Daughter to Iron Lady. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448130672" title="Special:BookSources/9781448130672"><bdi>9781448130672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Lady%3A+Margaret+Thatcher%3A+From+Grocer%27s+Daughter+to+Iron+Lady&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781448130672&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reinhardt_2009-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reinhardt_2009_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reinhardt_2009_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhardt2009" class="citation news cs1">Reinhardt, Uwe E. (8 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/what-is-socialized-medicine-a-taxonomy-of-health-care-systems/">"What Is 'Socialized Medicine'?: A Taxonomy of Health Care Systems"</a>. Economix. The New York Times Company. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economix&rft.atitle=What+Is+%27Socialized+Medicine%27%3F%3A+A+Taxonomy+of+Health+Care+Systems&rft.date=2009-05-08&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.aufirst=Uwe+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomix.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F08%2Fwhat-is-socialized-medicine-a-taxonomy-of-health-care-systems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truman_1952-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Truman_1952_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Truman_1952_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1952" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman, Harry S.</a> (10 October 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/289/rear-platform-and-other-informal-remarks-new-york">"Rear Platform and Other Informal Remarks in New York"</a>. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 15 July 2020. <q>The directive was drafted by Senator Taft at that famous breakfast in New York City a few weeks ago. Senator Taft left that meeting and told the press what the General stands for. Taft explained that the great issue in this campaign is "creeping socialism." Now that is the patented trademark of the special interest lobbies. Socialism is a scare word they have hurled at every advance the people have made in the last 20 years. Socialism is what they called public power. Socialism is what they called social security. Socialism is what they called farm price supports. Socialism is what they called bank deposit insurance. Socialism is what they called the growth of free and independent labor organizations. Socialism is their name for almost anything that helps all the people. When the Republican candidate inscribes the slogan "Down With Socialism" on the banner of his "great crusade," that is really not what he means at all. What he really means is, "Down with Progress—down with Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal," and "down with Harry Truman's Fair Deal." That is what he means.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Rear+Platform+and+Other+Informal+Remarks+in+New+York&rft.date=1952-10-10&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublic-papers%2F289%2Frear-platform-and-other-informal-remarks-new-york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_2012-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2012_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2012_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2012" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Samuel (6 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/johnson/2012/01/06/the-failure-of-american-political-speech">"The failure of American political speech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2020. <q>Socialism is not "the government should provide healthcare" or "the rich should be taxed more" nor any of the other watery social-democratic positions that the American right likes to demonise by calling them "socialist"—and granted, it is chiefly the right that does so, but the fact that rightists are so rarely confronted and ridiculed for it means that they have successfully muddied the political discourse to the point where an awful lot of Americans have only the flimsiest grasp of what socialism is.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+failure+of+American+political+speech&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fjohnson%2F2012%2F01%2F06%2Fthe-failure-of-american-political-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astor_2019-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Astor_2019_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Astor_2019_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstor2019" class="citation news cs1">Astor, Maggie (12 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/us/politics/democratic-socialism-facts-history.html">"What Is Democratic Socialism? Whose Version Are We Talking About?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Is+Democratic+Socialism%3F+Whose+Version+Are+We+Talking+About%3F&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F12%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fdemocratic-socialism-facts-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMises1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises, Ludwig von</a> (1985) [1927]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/liberalism-classical-tradition/html/p/29">"The Argument of Fascism"</a>. Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition. Translated by Raico, Ralph. Irvington, New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobden_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobden Press (page does not exist)">Cobden Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930439231" title="Special:BookSources/9780930439231"><bdi>9780930439231</bdi></a>. <q>It cannot be denied that Fascism and similar movements aiming at the establishment of dictatorships are full of the best intentions and that their intervention has, for the moment, saved European civilization. The merit that Fascism has thereby won for itself will live on eternally in history. But though its policy has brought salvation for the moment, it is not of the kind which could promise continued success. Fascism was an emergency makeshift. To view it as something more would be a fatal error.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Argument+of+Fascism&rft.btitle=Liberalism%3A+In+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Irvington%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cobden+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780930439231&rft.aulast=Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fliberalism-classical-tradition%2Fhtml%2Fp%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaico1996" class="citation journal cs1">Raico, Ralph (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mises.org/12_1_1_0.pdf">"Mises on Fascism, Democracy, and Other Questions"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a>. 12 (1): 1–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Libertarian+Studies&rft.atitle=Mises+on+Fascism%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Other+Questions&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Raico&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.mises.org%2F12_1_1_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour2010" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lCtbIPZbUTwC&pg=PA32">The Meaning of Cameron</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Zero_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero Books">Zero Books</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846944567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846944567"><bdi>978-1846944567</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Cameron&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1846944567&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlCtbIPZbUTwC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHülsmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Hülsmann, Jörg Guido (2007). Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism. <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-18-3"><bdi>978-1-933550-18-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mises%3A+The+Last+Knight+of+Liberalism&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-933550-18-3&rft.aulast=H%C3%BClsmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg+Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrant,_McPhail,_Berger-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrant,_McPhail,_Berger_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrant,_McPhail,_Berger_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrantMcPhailBerger2012" class="citation journal cs1">Farrant, Andrew; McPhail, Edward; Berger, Sebastian (2012). "Preventing the "Abuses" of Democracy: Hayek, the "Military Usurper" and Transitional Dictatorship in Chile?". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Economics_and_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Economics and Sociology">American Journal of Economics and Sociology</a>. 71 (3): 513–538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2012.00824.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.2012.00824.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2324518">2324518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Preventing+the+%22Abuses%22+of+Democracy%3A+Hayek%2C+the+%22Military+Usurper%22+and+Transitional+Dictatorship+in+Chile%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=513-538&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2012.00824.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2324518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Farrant&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=McPhail%2C+Edward&rft.au=Berger%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMontes2014" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, Bruce; Montes, Leonidas (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/63318/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Caldwell%2C%20B_Hayek%20and%20Chile_Cladwell_Hayek%20and%20Chile_2015.pdf">"Friedrich Hayek and his visits to Chile"</a> (PDF). The Review of Austrian Economics. 28 (3): 261–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11138-014-0290-8">10.1007/s11138-014-0290-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254986148">254986148</a> – via <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Austrian+Economics&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Hayek+and+his+visits+to+Chile&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-309&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11138-014-0290-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254986148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Montes%2C+Leonidas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F63318%2F1%2F__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Caldwell%252C%2520B_Hayek%2520and%2520Chile_Cladwell_Hayek%2520and%2520Chile_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvnôn1999" class="citation book cs1">Avnôn, Dan (1999). Liberalism and its Practice. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415193540" title="Special:BookSources/0415193540"><bdi>0415193540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+and+its+Practice&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0415193540&rft.aulast=Avn%C3%B4n&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Grandin, Greg</a> (2006). Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism. New York: Metropolitan. pp. 172–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805077383" title="Special:BookSources/0805077383"><bdi>0805077383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Workshop%3A+Latin+America%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+New+Imperialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172-173&rft.pub=Metropolitan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0805077383&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2004" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Peter (2004). Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 16. <q>The Allende government that Pinochet overthrew in 1973 had been elected in 1970 on a platform of pioneering a democratic road to a democratic socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victims+of+the+Chilean+Miracle%3A+Workers+and+Neoliberalism+in+the+Pinochet+Era%2C+1973%E2%80%932002&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatsouras2005" class="citation book cs1">Patsouras, Louis (2005). Marx in Context. <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. p. 265. <q>In Chile, where a large democratic socialist movement was in place for decades, a democratic socialist, Salvadore Allende, led a popular front electoral coalition, including Communists, to victory in 1970.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+in+Context&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Patsouras&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2014" class="citation book cs1">Medina, Eden (2014). Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 39. <q>[...] in Allende's democratic socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybernetic+Revolutionaries%3A+Technology+and+Politics+in+Allende%27s+Chile&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Eden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Mabry, Don (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=671">"Chile: Allende's Rise and Fall"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061030015859/http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=671">Archived</a> 30 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3089846.stm">"Profile of Salvador Allende"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 8 September 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile+of+Salvador+Allende&rft.date=2003-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F3089846.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, David (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199283279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199283279"><bdi>978-0199283279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199283279&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Letter from Arnold Harberger to Stig Ramel as reprinted in The Wall Street Journal on 12 October 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-IcelandTV-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IcelandTV_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IcelandTV_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Friedman, Milton (31 August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJNxg3ZhXf8#t=9m11s&feature=PlayList&p=EBBF6DB20C85145A&playnext_from=PL&index=3">Iceland Television Debate</a> (Flash video) (Television production). Reykjavík: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_State_Television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic State Television (page does not exist)">Icelandic State Television</a>. Event occurs at 009:48:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423164050/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJNxg3ZhXf8#t=9m11s&feature=PlayList&p=EBBF6DB20C85145A&playnext_from=PL&index=3">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland+Television+Debate&rft.place=Reykjav%C3%ADk&rft.pub=Icelandic+State+Television&rft.date=1984-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoJNxg3ZhXf8%23t%3D9m11s%26feature%3DPlayList%26p%3DEBBF6DB20C85145A%26playnext_from%3DPL%26index%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Friedman, Milton; Friedman, Rose D. (1998). Two Lucky People: Memoirs. pp. 598–599. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html">"Commanding Heights: Milton Friedman"</a>. PBS. 10 January 2000. Retrieved 22 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Mask II, William Ray (May 2013). The Great Chilean Recovery: Assigning Responsibility For The Chilean Miracle(s). Fresno: California State University. hdl:10211.3/105425. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/news/chiles-chicago-boys-and-latin-americas-other-market-reformers">"Chile's Chicago Boys and Latin America's Other Market Reformers"</a>. Hoover Institution. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2020. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810043651/http://hoohila.stanford.edu/friedman/chile-chicago.php">"Chile and the "Chicago Boys"</a>. Hoover Institution. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810043651/http://hoohila.stanford.edu/friedman/chile-chicago.php">Archived</a> 10 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/general-augusto-pinochet-427998.html">"General Augusto Pinochet"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 22 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1976" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a> (14 June 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://miltonfriedman.hoover.org/friedman_images/Collections/2016c21/NW_06_14_1976_b.pdf">"Are These Monetary Swings Necessary?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. p. 80. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Are+These+Monetary+Swings+Necessary%3F&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1976-06-14&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiltonfriedman.hoover.org%2Ffriedman_images%2FCollections%2F2016c21%2FNW_06_14_1976_b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Friedman, Milton (1980). <a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a>. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209233014/http://www.freetochoose.net/1980_vol5_transcript.html">"Created Equal"</a>. See also his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016091409/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQkdSj6arn0">1980 debate</a> on YouTube. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Friedman, Milton (1 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbe.csueastbay.edu/~sbesc/frlect.html">"Economic Freedom, Human Freedom, Political Freedom"</a>. The Smith Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922130830/http://www.cbe.csueastbay.edu/~sbesc/frlect.html">Archived</a> 22 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/ufd_reformliberty_full.html">"Interview with Jeffery Sachs on the "Miracle of Chile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222001124/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/ufd_reformliberty_full.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Jeffery+Sachs+on+the+%22Miracle+of+Chile&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Fshared%2Fminitextlo%2Fufd_reformliberty_full.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10">"Commanding Heights: Milton Friedman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228195520/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commanding+Heights%3A+Milton+Friedman&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Fshared%2Fminitext%2Fint_miltonfriedman.html%2310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_miltonfriedman.html">"Milton Friedman interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109040713/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_miltonfriedman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman+interview&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Fshared%2Fminitextlo%2Fint_miltonfriedman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiso2007" class="citation book cs1">Santiso, Javier (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericaspol00sant_0">Latin America's Political Economy of the Possible: Beyond Good Revolutionaries and Free-Marketeers</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericaspol00sant_0/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262693592" title="Special:BookSources/9780262693592"><bdi>9780262693592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Political+Economy+of+the+Possible%3A+Beyond+Good+Revolutionaries+and+Free-Marketeers&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780262693592&rft.aulast=Santiso&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinamericaspol00sant_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/f9d1f780-1fe7-11db-9913-0000779e2340">"How Chile cooled its ideological fever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 30 July 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=How+Chile+cooled+its+ideological+fever&rft.date=2006-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Ff9d1f780-1fe7-11db-9913-0000779e2340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Caplan, Bryan (January 2004). "Is socialism really "impossible"?". <a href="/wiki/Critical_Review_(American_journal)" title="Critical Review (American journal)">Critical Review</a>. 16 (10): 33–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08913810408443598">10.1080/08913810408443598</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143580702">143580702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Review&rft.atitle=Is+socialism+really+%22impossible%22%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=33-52&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08913810408443598&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143580702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, David (10 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/socialism-really-%E2%80%98impossible%E2%80%99-bryan-caplan">"Must Economies Be Rational?"</a>. Mises Review. 10 (3). <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mises+Review&rft.atitle=Must+Economies+Be+Rational%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2004-01-10&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fsocialism-really-%25E2%2580%2598impossible%25E2%2580%2599-bryan-caplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Boettke, Peter J.; Leeson, Peter T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220034701/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/94b2/457500a38ed35c60cb35f1f25ae1bbf08118.pdf">"Socialism: Still Impossible After All These Years"</a>. Mises Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan2003" class="citation web cs1">Caplan, Bryan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/whyaust.htm">"Why I Am Not an Austrian Economist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2020. <q>Austrians have overused the economic calculation argument. In the absence of detailed empirical evidence showing that this particular problem is the most important one, it is just another argument out of hundreds on the list of arguments against socialism. How do we know that the problem of work effort, or innovation, or the underground economy, or any number of other problems were not more important than the calculation problem?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Am+Not+an+Austrian+Economist&rft.pub=George+Mason+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmu.edu%2Fdepartments%2Feconomics%2Fbcaplan%2Fwhyaust.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghodsee_2014-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghodsee_2014_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghodsee_2014_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghodsee_2014_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghodsee_2014_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghodsee_2014_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghodsee_2014_109-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/history_of_the_present_galleys.pdf">"A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Present&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Present (page does not exist)">History of the Present</a>. 4 (2): 115–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fhistorypresent.4.2.0115">10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115">10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Present&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+%22Two+Totalitarianisms%22%3A+The+Crisis+of+Capitalism+and+the+Historical+Memory+of+Communism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-142&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fhistorypresent.4.2.0115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fhistorypresent.4.2.0115%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fkristenghodsee%2Ffiles%2Fhistory_of_the_present_galleys.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover">Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. xix–xx, 134, 197–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822369493" title="Special:BookSources/9780822369493"><bdi>9780822369493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Hangover%3A+Legacies+of+Twentieth-Century+Communism&rft.pages=xix-xx%2C+134%2C+197-199&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780822369493&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2Fred-hangover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, David (2011). 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Norton & Company</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393308693" title="Special:BookSources/9780393308693"><bdi>9780393308693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+in+Power%3A+The+Revolution+from+Above%2C+1928%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1992-05-05&rft.isbn=9780393308693&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/399484/Benito-Mussolini/5090/Dictatorship">"Benito Mussolini"</a>. 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Mussolini and Fascist Italy. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415262071" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415262071"><bdi>978-0415262071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+Fascist+Italy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415262071&rft.aulast=Blinkhorn&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Oudenaren1991" class="citation book cs1">Van Oudenaren, John (1991). "7: Economics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/detenteineuropes0000vano">Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West Since 1953</a>. Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/detenteineuropes0000vano/page/255">255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822311416" title="Special:BookSources/9780822311416"><bdi>9780822311416</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2019. <q>After veering toward autarky under war communism, in the 1920s the Soviet authorities began restoring business relations with traditional partners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+Economics&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9tente+in+Europe%3A+The+Soviet+Union+and+the+West+Since+1953&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780822311416&rft.aulast=Van+Oudenaren&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdetenteineuropes0000vano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Grand2000" class="citation book cs1">De Grand, Alexander J. (2000) [1938]. Italian fascism: Its Origins and Development (3rd ed.). 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IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0609607992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0609607992"><bdi>978-0609607992</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45896166">45896166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+and+the+Holocaust%3A+The+Strategic+Alliance+Between+Nazi+Germany+and+America%27s+Most+Powerful+Corporation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45896166&rft.isbn=978-0609607992&rft.aulast=Edwin&rft.aufirst=Black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Fascism" title="The Anatomy of Fascism">The Anatomy of Fascism</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400033911" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400033911"><bdi>978-1400033911</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58452991">58452991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58452991&rft.isbn=978-1400033911&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffascism0000paxt">Read online, registration required</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (1993). 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UMI Research Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780835715799" title="Special:BookSources/9780835715799"><bdi>9780835715799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Stars%3A+Political+Aspects+of+Soviet+Science+Fiction+%28Studies+in+Speculative+Fiction%29&rft.edition=1st+revised&rft.pub=UMI+Research+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780835715799&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Patrick+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredstarspolitica00mcgu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiorebelde.cu/english/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. 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New York: Macmillan. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140205787" title="Special:BookSources/9780140205787"><bdi>9780140205787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Communism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=9780140205787&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=R.+N.+Carew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Costello, Mick (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WorkersParticipationInTheSovietUnion">Workers' Participation in the Soviet Union</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_1986-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_1986_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_1986_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_1986_138-2">c</a> Chomsky, Noam (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/1986____/">"The Soviet Union Versus Socialism"</a>. Our Generation (Spring/Summer). Retrieved 29 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001_139-2">c</a> Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/34-A-08.pdf">"'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728140836/https://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/34-A-08.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Economics_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Economics Review (page does not exist)">History of Economics Review</a>. 34 (1): 110–126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10370196.2001.11733360">10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2015-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2015_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2015_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2015_140-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolff2015">Wolff 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Engels, Friedrich (1962) [1877]. Anti-Duhring. Foreign Languages Publishing House. pp. 329–330. "Just as at first the capitalist mode of production displaced the workers, so now it displaces the capitalists, relegating them to the superfluous population even if not in the first instance to the industrial reserve army. But neither the conversion into joint stock companies nor into state property deprives the productive forces of their character as capital. [...] The modern state, whatever its form, is then the state of the capitalists, the ideal collective body of all the capitalists. The more productive forces it takes over as its property, the more it becomes the real collective body of the capitalists, the more citizens it exploits. The workers remain wage-earners, proletarians. The capitalist relationship isn't abolished; it is rather pushed to the extreme." </li> <li id="cite_note-Engels-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engels_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels_142-1">b</a> Engels, Friedrich (1970) [1880]. <a href="/wiki/Socialism:_Utopian_and_Scientific" title="Socialism: Utopian and Scientific">Socialism: Utopian and Scientific</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch03.htm">"Historical Materialism"</a>. Marx/Engels Selected Works. 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 95–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Lenin, Vladimir (1948) [1915]. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. London: Lawrence and Wishart. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Bukharin, Nikolai (1929) [1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1917/imperial/">Imperialism and World Economy</a>. International Publishers. p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-CWO_2000-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CWO_2000_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CWO_2000_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CWO_2000_145-2">c</a> Communist Workers Organisation (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2000-10-01/trotsky-and-trotskyism">"Trotsky, Trotskyism, Trotskyists: From Revolution to Social Democracy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2000-10-01/trotsky-and-the-origins-of-trotskyism">"Trotsky and the Origins of Trotskyism"</a>. "The Nature of the USSR". Internationalist Communist Tendency. Retrieved 22 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Lenin, Vladimir (1964) [1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/">The State and Revolution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch04.htm">"Supplementary Explanations by Engels"</a>. Lenin Collected Works. 25. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 381–492. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimbalist_&_Sherman_1988-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimbalist_&_Sherman_1988_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimbalist_&_Sherman_1988_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimbalistSherman1988" class="citation book cs1">Zimbalist, Andrew; Sherman, Howard J. (October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/4">Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harcourt_College_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harcourt College Publishing (page does not exist)">Harcourt College Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-512403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-512403-5"><bdi>978-0-15-512403-5</bdi></a>. <q>Almost all industry in the Soviet Union is government owned and all production is directed, in theory, by a central plan (though in practice much is left for local discretion and much happens that is unplanned or not under government control).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Economic+Systems%3A+A+Political-Economic+Approach&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harcourt+College+Publishing&rft.date=1988-10&rft.isbn=978-0-15-512403-5&rft.aulast=Zimbalist&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Howard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosserRosser2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J. Barkley (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativeecono00jrjb">Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativeecono00jrjb/page/n18">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18234-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18234-8"><bdi>978-0-262-18234-8</bdi></a>. <q>In a command economy the most important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Economics+in+a+Transforming+World+Economy&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-18234-8&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Mariana+V.&rft.au=Rosser%2C+J.+Barkley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparativeecono00jrjb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel, Ernest</a> (September–October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/159/ernest-mandel-in-defence-of-socialist-planning">"In defense of socialist planning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a>. I (159): 5–37. <q>Planning is not equivalent to 'perfect' allocation of resources, nor 'scientific' allocation, nor even 'more humane' allocation. It simply means 'direct' allocation, ex ante. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is ex post.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+socialist+planning&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=159&rft.pages=5-37&rft.date=1986-09%2F1986-10&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F159%2Fernest-mandel-in-defence-of-socialist-planning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digamo.free.fr/mandelsp.pdf">PDF version</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweickartLawlerTicktinOllman1998" class="citation book cs1">Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hiller; Ollman, Bertell (1998). "Definitions of Market and Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91967-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91967-8"><bdi>978-0-415-91967-8</bdi></a>. <q>For an Anti-Stalinist Marxist, socialism is defined by the degree to which the society is planned. Planning here is understood as the conscious regulation of society by the associated producers themselves. Put it differently, the control over the surplus product rests with the majority of the population through a resolutely democratic process. [...] The sale of labour power is abolished and labour necessarily becomes creative. Everyone participates in running their institutions and society as a whole. No one controls anyone else.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+Market+and+Socialism&rft.btitle=Market+Socialism%3A+The+Debate+Among+Socialists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91967-8&rft.aulast=Schweickart&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lawler%2C+James&rft.au=Ticktin%2C+Hiller&rft.au=Ollman%2C+Bertell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirc-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sirc_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sirc_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sirc_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirc1969" class="citation book cs1">Sirc, Lujbo (1969). Economic Devolution in Eastern Europe. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582500150" title="Special:BookSources/9780582500150"><bdi>9780582500150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Devolution+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780582500150&rft.aulast=Sirc&rft.aufirst=Lujbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSejna1986" class="citation book cs1">Sejna, Jan (1986). Decision-Making in Communist Countries: An Inside View. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080336510" title="Special:BookSources/9780080336510"><bdi>9780080336510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision-Making+in+Communist+Countries%3A+An+Inside+View&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Pergamon-Brassey%27s&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780080336510&rft.aulast=Sejna&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cereseto-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cereseto_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cereseto_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cereseto_153-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCereseto1986" class="citation journal cs1">Cereseto, Shirley (June 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646771">"Economic Development, Political-Economic System, and the Physical Quality of Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a>. 76 (6): 661–666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.76.6.661">10.2105/ajph.76.6.661</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646771">1646771</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3706593">3706593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Economic+Development%2C+Political-Economic+System%2C+and+the+Physical+Quality+of+Life&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=661-666&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646771%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3706593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.76.6.661&rft.aulast=Cereseto&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryStuart2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First. <a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_College_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South-Western College Publishing (page does not exist)">South-Western College Publishing</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8"><bdi>0-618-26181-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Economic+Systems+in+the+Twenty-First&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=South-Western+College+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-618-26181-8&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel, Ernest</a> (September–October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/1986/09/planning.html">"In defense of socialist planning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a>. I (159): 5–37. Retrieved 2 April 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+socialist+planning&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=159&rft.pages=5-37&rft.date=1986-09%2F1986-10&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmandel%2F1986%2F09%2Fplanning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrellCockshott1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cottrell, Allin; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cockshott" title="Paul Cockshott">Cockshott, Paul</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428212435/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/soviet_planning.pdf">"Socialist Planning after the Collapse of the Soviet Union"</a> (PDF). Revue européenne des sciences sociales. 7 (31). Librairie Droz: 167–185. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40370022">40370022</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/soviet_planning.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+europ%C3%A9enne+des+sciences+sociales&rft.atitle=Socialist+Planning+after+the+Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=167-185&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40370022%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=Allin&rft.au=Cockshott%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricardo.ecn.wfu.edu%2F~cottrell%2Fsocialism_book%2Fsoviet_planning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ader-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ader_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ader_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ader_157-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAder1970" class="citation book cs1">Ader, Emile Bertrand (1970). Communism, Classic and Contemporary. Woodbury: Barron's Educational Series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812004038" title="Special:BookSources/9780812004038"><bdi>9780812004038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%2C+Classic+and+Contemporary&rft.place=Woodbury&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780812004038&rft.aulast=Ader&rft.aufirst=Emile+Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanislawYergin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanislaw, Joseph; Yergin, Daniel (2002). The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy (revised, updated, subsequent ed.). Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684835693" title="Special:BookSources/9780684835693"><bdi>9780684835693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commanding+Heights%3A+The+Battle+for+the+World+Economy&rft.edition=revised%2C+updated%2C+subsequent&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780684835693&rft.aulast=Stanislaw&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Yergin%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Bardhan, Pranab K.; Roemer, E. John (1993). Market Socialism: The Current Debate. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 191. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195080490" title="Special:BookSources/9780195080490">9780195080490</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellisz-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellisz_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellisz_160-1">b</a> Wellisz, Stanislaw (1964). The Economies of the Soviet Bloc: A Study of Decision Making and Resource Allocation. 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Levada-Center. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-SovietNostalgia2-164"><a href="#cite_ref-SovietNostalgia2_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Adam (21 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/12/21/why-do-so-many-people-miss-the-soviet-union/">"Why do so many people miss the Soviet Union?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Nation, State, and the Economy in History. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79278-3"><bdi>978-0-521-79278-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation%2C+State%2C+and+the+Economy+in+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79278-3&rft.aulast=Teichova&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Matis%2C+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=su011991">"Sowjetunion, 17. 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Picador. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312427993" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312427993"><bdi>978-0312427993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shock+Doctrine%3A+The+Rise+of+Disaster+Capitalism&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0312427993&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhymanBaimbridgeMullen2012" class="citation book cs1">Whyman, Philip; Baimbridge, Mark; Mullen, Andrew (2012). The Political Economy of the European Social Model. Routledge Studies in the European Economy. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415476294" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415476294"><bdi>978-0415476294</bdi></a>. <q>In short, Gorbachev aimed to lead the Soviet Union towards the Scandinavian social democratic model.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+European+Social+Model&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+European+Economy&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415476294&rft.aulast=Whyman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Baimbridge%2C+Mark&rft.au=Mullen%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaprans-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaprans_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaprans2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kaprans, Martins (7 March 2010). 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Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=End+of+Communism+Cheered+but+Now+with+More+Reservations&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2009%2F11%2F02%2Fend-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewGlobal2-202"><a href="#cite_ref-PewGlobal2_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2011/12/05/confidence-in-democracy-and-capitalism-wanes-in-former-soviet-union/">"Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Global Attitudes Project. 5 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520020300/http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/12/05/confidence-in-democracy-and-capitalism-wanes-in-former-soviet-union/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2018. 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Frankfurt am Main. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631574676" title="Special:BookSources/9783631574676"><bdi>9783631574676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Departures+From+Post-Colonial+Authoritarianism%3A+Analysis+of+System+Change+With+A+Focus+On+Tanzania&rft.pub=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783631574676&rft.aulast=Grawert&rft.aufirst=Elke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Authoritarianism-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Authoritarianism_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Authoritarianism_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Authoritarianism_250-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermani1978" class="citation book cs1">Germani, Gino (1978). Authoritarianism, Fascism, and National Populism. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-642-7"><bdi>978-0-87855-642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarianism%2C+Fascism%2C+and+National+Populism&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Transaction+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87855-642-7&rft.aulast=Germani&rft.aufirst=Gino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2008" class="citation book cs1">Sargent, Lyman Tower (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporarypoli00sarg_989">Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis</a> (14th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporarypoli00sarg_989/page/n135">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495569398" title="Special:BookSources/9780495569398"><bdi>9780495569398</bdi></a>. <q>Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Ideologies%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=117&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780495569398&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Lyman+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporarypoli00sarg_989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2015" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Peter (2015). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442258266" title="Special:BookSources/9781442258266"><bdi>9781442258266</bdi></a>. <q>In the 1990s, following the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union, social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties. Hence, parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Bulgarian Social Democrats, the Estonian Social Democratic Party, and the Romanian Social Democratic Party, among others, achieved varying degrees of electoral success. Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones, even though they retained their traditional titles [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Socialism&rft.pages=415&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442258266&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlantzick2013" class="citation book cs1">Kurlantzick, Joshua (2013). Democracy in Retreat: The Revolt of the Middle Class and the Worldwide Decline of Representative Government (Council on Foreign Relations Books ed.). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300175387" title="Special:BookSources/9780300175387"><bdi>9780300175387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Retreat%3A+The+Revolt+of+the+Middle+Class+and+the+Worldwide+Decline+of+Representative+Government&rft.edition=Council+on+Foreign+Relations+Books&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780300175387&rft.aulast=Kurlantzick&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurlantzick_2013-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurlantzick_2013_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurlantzick_2013_254-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurlantzick_2013_254-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurlantzick_2013_254-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurlantzick_2013_254-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlantzick2013" class="citation news cs1">Kurlantzick, Joshua (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/03/why-the-china-model-isnt-going-away/274237/">"Why the 'China Model' Isn't Going Away"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+the+%27China+Model%27+Isn%27t+Going+Away&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.aulast=Kurlantzick&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fchina%2Farchive%2F2013%2F03%2Fwhy-the-china-model-isnt-going-away%2F274237%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs2017-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuchs2017_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuchs2017">Fuchs 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs2018-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuchs2018_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuchs2018">Fuchs 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski1989_257-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrzezinski1989">Brzezinski 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin1-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin1_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin1_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, Vladimir</a> (1964) [1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch05.htm#s4">"The Economic Basis of the Withering Away of the State: The Higher Phase of Communist Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/">The State and Revolution</a>. Lenin Collected Works. Vol. 25. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 381–492. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Basis+of+the+Withering+Away+of+the+State%3A+The+Higher+Phase+of+Communist+Society&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Revolution&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=Lenin+Collected+Works&rft.pages=381-492&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1917%2Fstaterev%2Fch05.htm%23s4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin2-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin2_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin2_259-1">b</a> Lenin, Vladimir (1965) [1918]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/volume27.htm">Lenin Collected Works</a>. 27. Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 293. Quoted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/aufheben2/auf_6_ussr1.html">Aufheben</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040318182051/http://www.geocities.com/aufheben2/auf_6_ussr1.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin3-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin3_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin3_260-1">b</a> Lenin, Vladimir (1965) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/apr/21.htm">"The Tax in Kind"</a>. Lenin Collected Works (1st English ed.). 32. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 329–365. Retrieved 23 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pena-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pena_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pena_261-1">b</a> Pena, David S. (21 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/5869/">"Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-oriented Market Economy"</a>. Political Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905230042/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/5869/">Archived</a> 5 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Serge-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Serge_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerge1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge, Victor</a> (1937). From Lenin to Stalin. New York: Pioneer Publishers. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256449">256449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Lenin+to+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Pioneer+Publishers&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256449&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bse-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bse_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_263-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bovin, A. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article057568.html">"Kazarmennyy kommunizm" <bdi lang="ru">Казарменный коммунизм</bdi></a> [Barracks communism]. <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazarmennyy+kommunizm+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Bovin&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle057568.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1977" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Graeme Campbell (1977) [1973]. Marx and Mill: Two Views of Social Conflict and Social Harmony. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP Archive</a>. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521291309" title="Special:BookSources/9780521291309"><bdi>9780521291309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+and+Mill%3A+Two+Views+of+Social+Conflict+and+Social+Harmony&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780521291309&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Graeme+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin_2001-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_2001_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_2001_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngelsTrotskyWright2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_G._Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John G. Wright (page does not exist)">Wright, John G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, Vladimir</a> (2001). Marxism versus Anarchism. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistance Books (page does not exist)">Resistance Books</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781876646035" title="Special:BookSources/9781876646035"><bdi>9781876646035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+versus+Anarchism&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Resistance+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781876646035&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft.au=Trotsky%2C+Leon&rft.au=Wright%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Lenin%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimball1973">Kimball (1973)</a>, pp. 491–514; <a href="#CITEREFMcClellan1973">McClellan (1973)</a>, pp. 546–553; <a href="#CITEREFWallace1992">Wallace (1992)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMayer1993">Mayer (1993)</a>, pp. 249–263; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read (2005)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRakitin2019">Rakitin (2019)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bm-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bm_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bm_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusgalinMayer2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Busgalin, Alexander; Mayer, Günter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inkrit.de/e_inkritpedia/e_maincode/doku.php?id=k:kasernenkommunismus">"Kasernenkommunismus"</a> [Barracks Communism]. Historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus (in German). Vol. 7. Spalten. pp. 407–411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kasernenkommunismus&rft.btitle=Historisch-kritisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Marxismus&rft.pages=407-411&rft.pub=Spalten&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Busgalin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Mayer%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inkrit.de%2Fe_inkritpedia%2Fe_maincode%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dk%3Akasernenkommunismus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guentermayer.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/kasernenkommunismus-hkwm-7-i1.pdf">PDF text</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinalda2009" class="citation book cs1">Reinalda, Bob (2009). 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The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191667527" title="Special:BookSources/9780191667527"><bdi>9780191667527</bdi></a>. <q>The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Communism&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191667527&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuGillespieNicholasonPartlett2018" class="citation book cs1">Fu, Hualing; Gillespie, John; Nicholason, Penelope; Partlett, William Edmund, eds. 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Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 329–365. Retrieved 23 April 2020. "No one, I think, in studying the question of the economic system of Russia, has denied its transitional character. Nor, I think, has any Communist denied that the term Soviet Socialist Republic implies the determination of the Soviet power to achieve the transition to socialism, and not that the existing economic system is recognised as a socialist order." </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieber2005" class="citation book cs1">Rieber, Alfred J. (2005). "Stalin as Georgian: The Formative Years". In Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (eds.). Stalin: A New History. 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Year One of the Russian Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. pp. 95, 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608466092" title="Special:BookSources/9781608466092"><bdi>9781608466092</bdi></a>. <q>The revolution made the mistake of showing magnanimity to the leader of the Cossack attack. He should have been shot on the spot. [...] He was to go off to put the Don region to fire and the sword. [...] The Whites massacre the workers in the Arsenal and the Kremlin: the Reds release their mortal enemy, General Krasnov, on parole.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+One+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=95%2C+115&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781608466092&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2019" class="citation web cs1">Woods, Alan (7 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/the-russian-revolution-the-meaning-of-october.htm">"The Russian Revolution: The Meaning of October"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Tendency#Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="International Marxist Tendency">In Defence of Marxism</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Tendency" class="mw-redirect" title="International Marxist Tendency">International Marxist Tendency</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+The+Meaning+of+October&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Fthe-russian-revolution-the-meaning-of-october.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResis2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Resis, Albert (7 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619112253/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin">"Vladimir Ilich Lenin"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335881/Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin">the original</a> on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Ilich+Lenin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.aulast=Resis&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F335881%2FVladimir-Ilich-Lenin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation book cs1">White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave</a>. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333721575" title="Special:BookSources/9780333721575"><bdi>9780333721575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+The+Practice+and+Theory+of+Revolution.+European+History+in+Perspective&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780333721575&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000488-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000488_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2005283-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2005283_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan20125-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan20125_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan 2012</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_300-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_300-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1964" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Louis (1964). The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842122303" title="Special:BookSources/9781842122303"><bdi>9781842122303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Lenin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9781842122303&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shub-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shub_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shub_301-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShub1966" class="citation book cs1">Shub, David (1966). Lenin: A Biography (revised ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140208092" title="Special:BookSources/9780140208092"><bdi>9780140208092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Pelican&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780140208092&rft.aulast=Shub&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leggett-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leggett_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leggett_302-1">b</a> Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822552-2">978-0-19-822552-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Volkogonov1994-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volkogonov1994_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkogonov1994_303-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Volkogonov, Dmitri</a> (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255123-6"><bdi>978-0-00-255123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+Life+and+Legacy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255123-6&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan2012">Ryan (2012)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee (2003)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLewin1969">Lewin (1969)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRigby1979">Rigby (1979)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service (2000)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSandle1999">Sandle (1999)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1990). The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919. London: Collins Harvill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73660-8"><bdi>978-0-679-73660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+1899%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins+Harvill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-679-73660-8&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200314-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200314_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003123-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003123_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003124-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2003124_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Stalin, Joseph (1954) [1931]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1931/02/04.htm">"The Tasks of Business Executives"</a>. Collected Works. 13. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(Soviet_Union)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGettyRitterspornZemskov1993">Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov (1993)</a>, pp. 1017–1049; <a href="#CITEREFWheatcroft1996">Wheatcroft (1996)</a>, pp. 1319–1353; <a href="#CITEREFRosefielde1996">Rosefielde (1996)</a>, pp. 959–987; <a href="#CITEREFEllman2002">Ellman (2002)</a>, pp. 1152–1172; <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004">Davies & Wheatcroft (2004)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey2018" class="citation journal cs1">Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ou_press/golfo-alexopoulos-illness-and-inhumanity-in-stalin-s-gulag-i363rKPYOp">"Golfo Alexopoulos. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a>. 123 (3): 1049–1051. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F123.3.1049">10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049</a>. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and "inhumanity." The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Golfo+Alexopoulos.+Illness+and+Inhumanity+in+Stalin%27s+Gulag&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1049-1051&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F123.3.1049&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepdyve.com%2Flp%2Fou_press%2Fgolfo-alexopoulos-illness-and-inhumanity-in-stalin-s-gulag-i363rKPYOp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Bloodlands" title="Bloodlands">Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4070-7550-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4070-7550-1"><bdi>978-1-4070-7550-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4070-7550-1&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (10 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2011/03/10/hitler-vs-stalin-who-killed-more/">"Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Killed More?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Hitler+vs.+Stalin%3A+Who+Killed+More%3F&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F10%2Fhitler-vs-stalin-who-killed-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman M.</a> (2008). "Stalin and the Question of Soviet Genocide". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hollander" title="Paul Hollander">Hollander, Paul</a> (ed.). Political Violence: Belief, Behavior, and Legitimation. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 39–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60646-3"><bdi>978-0-230-60646-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+the+Question+of+Soviet+Genocide&rft.btitle=Political+Violence%3A+Belief%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Legitimation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39-48&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60646-3&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuromiya2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2008). "The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 60 (4): 663–675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130801999912">10.1080/09668130801999912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143876370">143876370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+Reconsidered&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=663-675&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130801999912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143876370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuromiya&rft.aufirst=Hiroaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004">Davies & Wheatcroft 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Tauger, Mark B. (2001). "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (1506). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FCBP.2001.89">10.5195/CBP.2001.89</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2163-839X">2163-839X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iakh/HIS2319/h16/pensumliste/stalin-and-the-soviet-famine-of-1932-33_-a-reply-to-ellman.pdf">"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 58 (4): 625–633. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130600652217">10.1080/09668130600652217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451229">20451229</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft19961319–1353-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft19961319–1353_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft19961319–1353_319-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheatcroft1996">Wheatcroft 1996</a>, pp. 1319–1353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006_320-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006_320-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006_320-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006_320-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2006_320-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2006">McDermott 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2004-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2004_321-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2004">Service 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhlevniuk2015_322-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhlevniuk2015">Khlevniuk 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotkin2014-323">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotkin2014_323-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotkin2014_323-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotkin2014_323-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotkin2014">Kotkin 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFService2004">Service (2004)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKhlevniuk2015">Khlevniuk (2015)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKotkin2014">Kotkin (2014)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2007">Montefiore (2007)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCauley2003">McCauley (2003)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conquest-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conquest_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conquest_325-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conquest_325-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conquest_325-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016953-9"><bdi>978-0-14-016953-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Breaker+of+Nations&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-016953-9&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volkogonov1991-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volkogonov1991_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkogonov1991_326-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkogonov1991_326-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkogonov1991_326-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkogonov1991_326-4">e</a> Volkogonov, Dimitri (1991). Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81080-3">978-0-297-81080-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2007-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2007_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2007">Montefiore 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Montefiore, Simon Sebag</a> (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-726-1"><bdi>978-1-84212-726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-726-1&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Harris, James (26 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/163498">"Historian James Harris says Russian archives show we've misunderstood Stalin"</a>. History News Network. Retrieved 1 December 2018. "So what was the motivation behind the Terror? The answers required a lot more digging, but it gradually became clearer that the violence of the late 1930s was driven by fear. Most Bolsheviks, Stalin among them, believed that the revolutions of 1789, 1848 and 1871 had failed because their leaders hadn't adequately anticipated the ferocity of the counter-revolutionary reaction from the establishment. They were determined not to make the same mistake". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParenti1997-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParenti1997_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParenti1997">Parenti 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraverso2001">Traverso (2001)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGeyesFitzpatrick2008">Geyes & Fitzpatrick (2008)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHobsbawm2012">Hobsbawm (2012)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMilne2012">Milne (2012)</a>, p. 40: "The impact of this cold-war victors' version of the past has been to relativise the unique crimes of Nazism, bury those of colonialism and feed the idea that any attempt at radical social change will always lead to suffering, killing and failure." </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Losurdo, Domenico (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pdfy-dfBD-isycOcvHvqS/mode/2up">"Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism"</a>. Historical Materialism. 12 (2): 25–55. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1569206041551663">10.1163/1569206041551663</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Fitzpatrick, Sheila (October 1986). "New Perspectives on Stalinism". <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a>. Wiley. 45 (4): 357–373. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F130466">10.2307/130466</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/130466">130466</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1986" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (October 1986). "Afterword: Revisionism Revisited". <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a>. 45 (4). Wiley: 409–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F130471">10.2307/130471</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/130471">130471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Afterword%3A+Revisionism+Revisited&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=409-413&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F130471&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F130471%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1987" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (1987). The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684189031" title="Special:BookSources/9780684189031"><bdi>9780684189031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Revolution%3A+Interpretations+of+Soviet+History+from+1917+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780684189031&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiegel1998">Siegel (1998)</a>, p. 200: "Concepts of totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War. Since the late 1940s, especially since the Korean War, they were condensed into a far-reaching, even hegemonic, ideology, by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify the Cold War constellation."; <a href="#CITEREFGuilhot2005">Guilhot (2005)</a>, p. 33: "The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood. The democratic, social, and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as "lies" and as the product of a deliberate and multiform propaganda. [...] In this context, the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset. As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism."; <a href="#CITEREFReisch2005">Reisch (2005)</a>, pp. 153–154; <a href="#CITEREFDefty2007">Defty (2007)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCaute2010">Caute (2010)</a>, pp. 95–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (8 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXo-0FUpZccC&pg=PA1">Stalin: A New History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44663-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44663-1"><bdi>978-1-139-44663-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-08&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44663-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Harris%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXo-0FUpZccC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenoe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lenoe, Matt (2002). "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does It Matter?". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Modern History">Journal of Modern History</a>. 74 (2): 352–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F343411">10.1086/343411</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142829949">142829949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Did+Stalin+Kill+Kirov+and+Does+It+Matter%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=352-380&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142829949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F343411&rft.aulast=Lenoe&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman20021152–1172-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman20021152–1172_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllman2002">Ellman 2002</a>, pp. 1152–1172. </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wheatcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen</a> (1999). 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Retrieved 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Venezuela+after+Ch%C3%A1vez%3A+Now+for+the+Reckoning&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbriefing%2F21573095-after-14-years-oil-fuelled-autocracy-hugo-ch%25C3%25A1vezs-successors-will-struggle-keep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroff2014" class="citation news cs1">Miroff, Nick (15 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ecuadors-popular-powerful-president-rafael-correa-is-a-study-in-contradictions/2014/03/15/452111fc-3eaa-401b-b2c8-cc4e85fccb40_story.html">"Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 10 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ecuador%27s+popular%2C+powerful+president+Rafael+Correa+is+a+study+in+contradictions&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft.aulast=Miroff&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fecuadors-popular-powerful-president-rafael-correa-is-a-study-in-contradictions%2F2014%2F03%2F15%2F452111fc-3eaa-401b-b2c8-cc4e85fccb40_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2013" class="citation news cs1">Roth, Charles (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2013/03/06/venezuelas-economy-under-chavez-by-the-numbers/">"Venezuela's Economy Under Chávez, by the Numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>. 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Retrieved 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Blame+It+On+the+Oil&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F05%2F07%2Fdont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabouin2018" class="citation news cs1">Rabouin, Dion (19 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/heres-cant-blame-socialism-venezuelas-crisis-154605494.html">"Here's why you can't blame socialism for Venezuela's crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2019. <q>Socialism can result in diverse outcomes that range from the economy of Norway to that of Venezuela, and socialist leaders who vary as widely as Bolivia's Evo Morales and France's former President François Hollande. [...] Venezuela's problems stem from corruption and egregious mismanagement, which can happen anywhere. Countries with socialist regimes such as China, Vietnam, Chile and many in Europe have managed to successfully grow their economies as Venezuela's has tumbled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Finance&rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+you+can%27t+blame+socialism+for+Venezuela%27s+crisis&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft.aulast=Rabouin&rft.aufirst=Dion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fheres-cant-blame-socialism-venezuelas-crisis-154605494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToro2018" class="citation news cs1">Toro, Francisco (21 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/08/21/no-venezuela-doesnt-prove-that-socialism-will-bring-about-a-zombie-apocalypse/">"No, Venezuela doesn't prove anything about socialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2019. <q>Since the turn of the century, every big country in South America except Colombia has elected a socialist president at some point. Socialists have taken power in South America's largest economy (Brazil), in its poorest (Bolivia) and in its most capitalist (Chile). Socialists have led South America's most stable country (Uruguay) as well as its most unstable (Ecuador). Argentina and Peru elected leftists who, for various reasons, didn't refer to themselves as socialists — but certainly governed as such. Mysteriously, the supposedly automatic link between socialism and the zombie apocalypse skipped all of them. Not content with merely not-collapsing, a number of these countries have thrived.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=No%2C+Venezuela+doesn%27t+prove+anything+about+socialism&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.aulast=Toro&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fglobal-opinions%2Fwp%2F2018%2F08%2F21%2Fno-venezuela-doesnt-prove-that-socialism-will-bring-about-a-zombie-apocalypse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/mundo/socialismo-de-maduro-ha-convertido-a-venezuela-en-un-estado-de-pobreza-y-desesperacion-trump">"Socialismo de Maduro ha convertido a Venezuela en un estado de pobreza y desesperación: Trump"</a>. El Financiero (in Spanish). 5 February 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Financiero&rft.atitle=Socialismo+de+Maduro+ha+convertido+a+Venezuela+en+un+estado+de+pobreza+y+desesperaci%C3%B3n%3A+Trump&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfinanciero.com.mx%2Fmundo%2Fsocialismo-de-maduro-ha-convertido-a-venezuela-en-un-estado-de-pobreza-y-desesperacion-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Maya2018" class="citation journal cs1">López Maya, Margarita (14 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0725513618818727">"Populism, 21st-century socialism and corruption in Venezuela"</a>. Thesis Eleven. 149: 67–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0725513618818727">10.1177/0725513618818727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thesis+Eleven&rft.atitle=Populism%2C+21st-century+socialism+and+corruption+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=149&rft.pages=67-83&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0725513618818727&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Maya&rft.aufirst=Margarita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0725513618818727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> Corrales, Javier (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/07/the-house-that-chavez-built/">"The House That Chavez Built"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/venezuelas-expensive-friendships">"Venezuela's Expensive Friendships"</a>. Stratfor. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinwoo2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minwoo, Nam (2 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/05/02/2018050201490.html">"Hwapyegyeongje muneojyeossneunde… Choejeoimgeum insang-e mogmaeneun benesuella" <bdi lang="ko">화폐경제 무너졌는데…최저임금 인상에 목매는 베네수엘라</bdi></a> [The currency economy has collapsed. [...] Venezuela struggling to raise minimum wage]. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 22 May 2018. [Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by the populist policy. [...] Venezuela, for decades, has increased the number of public sector employees and has promoted populist support to maintain the regime.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=Hwapyegyeongje+muneojyeossneunde%E2%80%A6+Choejeoimgeum+insang-e+mogmaeneun+benesuella+%ED%99%94%ED%8F%90%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C+%EB%AC%B4%EB%84%88%EC%A1%8C%EB%8A%94%EB%8D%B0%E2%80%A6%EC%B5%9C%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%84%EA%B8%88+%EC%9D%B8%EC%83%81%EC%97%90+%EB%AA%A9%EB%A7%A4%EB%8A%94+%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%88%98%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Minwoo&rft.aufirst=Nam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2018%2F05%2F02%2F2018050201490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2008" class="citation book cs1">Sargent, Lyman Tower (2008). Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis (14th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadsworth Publishing">Wadsworth Publishing</a>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495569398" title="Special:BookSources/9780495569398"><bdi>9780495569398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Ideologies%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780495569398&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Lyman+Tower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunck2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Munck" title="Ronaldo Munck">Munck, Ronaldo</a> (2012). Contemporary Latin America. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=at4cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">119</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>In a broad historical sense Chávez has undoubtedly played a progressive role but he is clearly not a democratic socialist [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Latin+America&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Munck&rft.aufirst=Ronaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_FariaLopes2016" class="citation journal cs1">De Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta; Lopes, Dawisson Belém (January–April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-8529.2016380100001">"When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America"</a>. Contexto Internacional (Literature review). 38 (1). Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro: 11–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-8529.2016380100001">10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001</a>. <q>The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contexto+Internacional&rft.atitle=When+Foreign+Policy+Meets+Social+Demands+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-53&rft.date=2016-01%2F2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0102-8529.2016380100001&rft.aulast=De+Faria&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Aur%C3%A9lio+Pimenta&rft.au=Lopes%2C+Dawisson+Bel%C3%A9m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0102-8529.2016380100001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> Iber, Patrick (Spring 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/path-democratic-socialism-lessons-latin-america">"The Path to Democratic Socialism: Lessons from Latin America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a>. "Most of the world's democratic socialist intellectuals have been skeptical of Latin America's examples, citing their authoritarian qualities and occasional cults of personality. To critics, the appropriate label for these governments is not socialism but populism". </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lopes, Arthur (Spring 2016). "¿Viva la Contrarrevolución? South America's Left Begins to Wave Goodbye". <a href="/wiki/Harvard_International_Review" title="Harvard International Review">Harvard International Review</a>. 37 (3): 12–14. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26445830">26445830</a>. <q>South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end. [...] This "pink tide" also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=%C2%BFViva+la+Contrarrevoluci%C3%B3n%3F+South+America%27s+Left+Begins+to+Wave+Goodbye&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=12-14&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26445830%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/internacional/20150313/abci-maduro-viaje-washington-201503130828.html">"Maduro: "El camarada Stalin se parecía a mí. Mira el bigote, igualito""</a> [Maduro: "Comrade Stalin looked a lot like me. Look at the mustache, it's just the same]. ABC (in Spanish). 13 March 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Maduro%3A+%22El+camarada+Stalin+se+parec%C3%ADa+a+m%C3%AD.+Mira+el+bigote%2C+igualito%22&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Finternacional%2F20150313%2Fabci-maduro-viaje-washington-201503130828.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/internacional/20140627/abci-maduro-ataque-201406271239.html">"Maduro, con el enemigo en casa: "No soy un nuevo Stalin, soy hijo de Hugo Chávez""</a> [Maduro, with the enemy at home: "I'm not a new Stalin, I'm the son of Hugo Chávez]. ABC (in Spanish). 27 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Maduro%2C+con+el+enemigo+en+casa%3A+%22No+soy+un+nuevo+Stalin%2C+soy+hijo+de+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%22&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Finternacional%2F20140627%2Fabci-maduro-ataque-201406271239.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> Campbell, Matthew (6 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/maduro-the-tropical-stalin-struts-as-hunger-and-violence-sweep-venezuela-95sx75zlz">"Maduro, the 'Tropical Stalin', struts as hunger and violence sweep Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. Retrieved 21 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> Eaton, George (6 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/south-america/2019/02/stalin-caribbean-how-nicol-s-maduro-betrayed-venezuelan-revolution">"The Stalin of the Caribbean: how Nicolás Maduro betrayed the Venezuelan revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. Retrieved 21 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreisler2019" class="citation news cs1">Freisler, Eduard (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/in-nicolas-maduros-venezuela-its-beginning-to-look-a-lot-like-christmas-but-only-if-youve-got-us-dollars">"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas in Maduro's Venezuela, but Only if You've Got U.S. Dollars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=It%27s+Beginning+to+Look+a+Lot+Like+Christmas+in+Maduro%27s+Venezuela%2C+but+Only+if+You%27ve+Got+U.S.+Dollars&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.aulast=Freisler&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fin-nicolas-maduros-venezuela-its-beginning-to-look-a-lot-like-christmas-but-only-if-youve-got-us-dollars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-418"><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_418-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2015" class="citation book cs1">Block, Elena (2015). Political Communication and Leadership: Mimetisation, Hugo Chavez and the Construction of Power and Identity. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317439561" title="Special:BookSources/9781317439561"><bdi>9781317439561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Communication+and+Leadership%3A+Mimetisation%2C+Hugo+Chavez+and+the+Construction+of+Power+and+Identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317439561&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-419"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_419-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2013" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Lawrence E. (2013). Jews, Confucians, and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism. Lanham: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442219632" title="Special:BookSources/9781442219632"><bdi>9781442219632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Confucians%2C+and+Protestants%3A+Cultural+Capital+and+the+End+of+Multiculturalism&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781442219632&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FH1999-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FH1999_420-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728033454/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/1999/venezuela">"Venezuela Country report Freedom in the World 1999"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. 28 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/1999/venezuela">the original</a> on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Country+report+Freedom+in+the+World+1999&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2F1999%2Fvenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa2015" class="citation news cs1">Ma, Alexandra (19 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/venezuela-elections-david-smilde_56745723e4b0b958f6567bd8?ir=Latino+Voices&section=latino-voices">"Will A Venezuelan Opposition Party's Election Victory Bring Real Change?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Will+A+Venezuelan+Opposition+Party%27s+Election+Victory+Bring+Real+Change%3F&rft.date=2015-12-19&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fvenezuela-elections-david-smilde_56745723e4b0b958f6567bd8%3Fir%3DLatino%2BVoices%26section%3Dlatino-voices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMárquezSanabria2018">Márquez & Sanabria 2018</a>, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMárquezSanabria2018">Márquez & Sanabria 2018</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaingonWelsch2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maingon, Thais; Welsch, Friedrich (2009). 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Retrieved 2 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela+vote+puts+%27Chavismo%27+to+critical+test&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fvenezuela-vote-puts-chavismo-critical-test-172039207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devereux&Collitt-428">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devereux&Collitt_428-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devereux&Collitt_428-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devereux&Collitt_428-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereuxCollitt2013" class="citation news cs1">Devereux, Charlie; Collitt, Raymond (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-07/venezuelans-quality-of-life-improved-in-un-index-under-chavez.html">"Venezuelans' Quality of Life Improved in UN Index Under Chavez"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107050220/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-07/venezuelans-quality-of-life-improved-in-un-index-under-chavez.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Venezuelans%27+Quality+of+Life+Improved+in+UN+Index+Under+Chavez&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Devereux&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft.au=Collitt%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-03-07%2Fvenezuelans-quality-of-life-improved-in-un-index-under-chavez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37627/S1420728_en.pdf?sequence=4">Social Panorama of Latin America 2014</a> (PDF). ECLAC. March 2014. pp. 91–92. 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Retrieved 29 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Banco+de+la+Vivienda+transfiri%C3%B3+66+millardos+para+subsidios&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com%2F2006%2F11%2F10%2Feco_art_64504A.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagel-436">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel_436-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel_436-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel_436-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel2014" class="citation news cs1">Nagel, Juan Cristóbal (4 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/06/04/poverty-shoots-up-in-venezuela/">"Poverty Shoots Up in Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. 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Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Lula+says+he+is+not+like+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.date=2006-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.eluniversal.com%2F2006%2F08%2F22%2Fen_pol_art_22A769509.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantora2006" class="citation news cs1">Santora, Marc (26 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/nyregion/22chomsky.html">"Chomsky is Alive, Actually, and Hungry for Debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chomsky+is+Alive%2C+Actually%2C+and+Hungry+for+Debate&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft.aulast=Santora&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F22%2Fnyregion%2F22chomsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2007" class="citation news cs1">Grandin, Greg (6 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112657/https://www.thenation.com/article/chavismo-and-democracy/">"Chavismo and Democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. No. 24 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/chavismo-and-democracy/">the original</a> on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2020. <q>Chavismo is not an adequate description of the social movement that makes up Chávez's political base, since many organizations predate his rise to political power, and their leaders and cadre have a sophisticated understanding of their relationship with Chávez. Over the last couple of years, a number of social scientists have done field work in urban barrios, and their findings confirm that this synergy between the central government and participatory local organizations has expanded, not restricted, debate and that democracy is thriving in Venezuela. Chavismo has ripped open the straitjacket of post–Cold War Latin American discourse, particularly the taboo against government regulation of the economy and economic redistribution. Public policy, including economic policy, is now open to discussion and, importantly, popular influence. This is in sharp contrast to Costa Rica, where a few months ago its Supreme Court, with the support of its executive branch, prohibited public universities from not just opposing but even debating the Central American Free Trade Agreement, which soon won a national referendum by a razor-thin margin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Chavismo+and+Democracy&rft.issue=24+December+2007&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fchavismo-and-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaím2014" class="citation news cs1">Naím, Moisés (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/02/the-tragedy-of-venezuela/284062/">"The Tragedy of Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2020. <q>Hugo Chávez based his popularity on his extraordinary charisma, lots of discretionary money, and a key and well-tested political message: denouncing the past and promising a better future for all. The country's widespread student protests now symbolize the demise of this message. Venezuelans younger than 30 years of age (the majority of the population) have not known any government other than that of Chávez or Maduro. For them, "Chavismo" is the past. As for the promises of a better future: The results are in. The catastrophic consequences of Chávez's 21st-century socialism are impossible to mask any longer and the government has run out of excuses. Blaming the CIA, the "fascist opposition", or "dark international forces", as Maduro and his allies customarily do, has become fodder for parodies flooding YouTube. The concrete effects of 15 years of Chavismo are all too visible in empty shelves and overflowing morgues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Tragedy+of+Venezuela&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Na%C3%ADm&rft.aufirst=Mois%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F02%2Fthe-tragedy-of-venezuela%2F284062%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisbrot2014" class="citation news cs1">Weisbrot, Mark (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/10/opinion/why-chavez-was-re-elected.html">"Why Chávez Was Re-elected"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Ch%C3%A1vez+Was+Re-elected&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Weisbrot&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F10%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-chavez-was-re-elected.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21646272-despite-epidemic-scandal-region-making-progress-against-plague-democracy">"Democracy to the rescue?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2020. <q>The viceroys of the colonial era set the pattern. They centralised power and bought the loyalty of local interest groups. [...] Caudillos, dictators and elected presidents continued the tradition of personalising power. Venezuela's Chavismo and the Kirchnerismo of Ms Fernández are among today's manifestations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Democracy+to+the+rescue%3F&rft.date=2015-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F21646272-despite-epidemic-scandal-region-making-progress-against-plague-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, Kirk A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-072314-113326">"Chavismo, Liberal Democracy, and Radical Democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Political_Science" title="Annual Review of Political Science">Annual Review of Political Science</a>. 19 (1): 311–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-072314-113326">10.1146/annurev-polisci-072314-113326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Chavismo%2C+Liberal+Democracy%2C+and+Radical+Democracy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=311-329&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-072314-113326&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Kirk+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-072314-113326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1981" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Ben (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-7/cpml-ussr.htm">"USSR: Capitalist or Socialist?"</a>. The Call. 10 (8). Retrieved 15 July 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Call&rft.atitle=USSR%3A+Capitalist+or+Socialist%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Ferol%2Fncm-7%2Fcpml-ussr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2012">Dean (2012)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communisthorizon00dean/page/n11">6–7</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEhms2014">Ehms (2014)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMilne2002">Milne (2002)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMilne2006">Milne (2006)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter2008" class="citation book cs1">Schumpeter, Joseph (2008) [1942]. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Harper Perennial. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-156161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-156161-0"><bdi>978-0-06-156161-0</bdi></a>. <q>But there are still others (concepts and institutions) which by virtue of their nature cannot stand transplantation and always carry the flavor of a particular institutional framework. It is extremely dangerous, in fact it amounts to a distortion of historical description, to use them beyond the social world or culture whose denizens they are. Now ownership or property – also, so I believe, taxation – are such denizens of the world of commercial society, exactly as knights and fiefs are denizens of the feudal world. But so is the state (a denizen of commercial society).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-156161-0&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFAQ_H-486">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_H_486-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_H_486-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_H_486-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2012" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "Why do anarchists oppose state socialism?". An Anarchist FAQ. Vol. II. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6"><bdi>978-1-902593-90-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+do+anarchists+oppose+state+socialism%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182529204&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-90-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFAQ_I-487">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_I_487-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_I_487-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_I_487-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2012" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "What would an anarchist society look like?". An Anarchist FAQ. Vol. II. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6"><bdi>978-1-902593-90-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+would+an+anarchist+society+look+like%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182529204&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-90-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> William Morris (17 May 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1890/commonweal/05-eight-hours.htm">"The 'Eight Hours' and the Demonstration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(newspaper)" title="Commonweal (newspaper)">Commonweal</a>. 6 (227). p. 153. Retrieved 4 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrepantiZamagni2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti, Ernesto</a>; Zamagni, Stefano (2005). An Outline on the History of Economic Thought (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 295. <q>It should not be forgotten, however, that in the period of the Second International, some of the reformist currents of Marxism, as well as some of the extreme left-wing ones, not to speak of the anarchist groups, had already criticised the view that State ownership and central planning is the best road to socialism. But with the victory of Leninism in Russia, all dissent was silenced, and socialism became identified with 'democratic centralism', 'central planning', and State ownership of the means of production.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+on+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=295&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Screpanti&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Zamagni%2C+Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> Lenin, Vladimir (1972) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/lwc/index.htm">"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a>. Collected Works. 31. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 17–118. Retrieved 10 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> Lenin, Vladimir (1972) [1918]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/apr/29.htm">"Session of the All-Russia C.E.C."</a>. Collected Works (4th English ed.). 27. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 279–313. "Reality tells us that state capitalism would be a step forward. If in a small space of time we could achieve state capitalism in Russia, that would be a victory." Retrieved 10 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> Lenin, Vladimir (1965) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/apr/21.htm">"The Tax in Kind"</a>. Translated by Sdobnikov, Tury. Collected Works (1st English ed.). 32. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 329–365. "State capitalism would be a step forward as compared with the present state of affairs in our Soviet Republic. If in approximately six months' time state capitalism became established in our Republic, this would be a great success and a sure guarantee that within a year socialism will have gained a permanently firm hold and will have become invincible in this country." Retrieved 10 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunayevskaya1941" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Dunayevskaya, Raya</a> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/dunayevskaya/works/1941/ussr-capitalist.htm">"The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a Capitalist Society"</a>. Internal Discussion Bulletin of the Workers Party. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internal+Discussion+Bulletin+of+the+Workers+Party&rft.atitle=The+Union+of+Soviet+Socialist+Republics+is+a+Capitalist+Society&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Dunayevskaya&rft.aufirst=Raya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fdunayevskaya%2Fworks%2F1941%2Fussr-capitalist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> Dunayevskaya, Raya (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/dunayevskaya/works/1946/statecap.htm">"The Nature of the Russian Economy"</a>. The New International. XII (10): 313–317. XIII (1/January 1947): 27–30. Retrieved 23 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> Boggs, Grace Lee; Dunayevskaya, Ray; James, C. L. R. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/files/State%20capitalism%20and%20world%20revolution%20-%20CLR%20James.pdf">State Capitalism and World Revolution</a>. Chicago: Charles H. R. Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882860794" title="Special:BookSources/9780882860794">9780882860794</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Lichtenstein, Nelson (2011). American Capitalism: Social Thought and Political Economy in the Twentieth Century. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. pp. 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812202632" title="Special:BookSources/9780812202632"><bdi>9780812202632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Capitalism%3A+Social+Thought+and+Political+Economy+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780812202632&rft.aulast=Lichtenstein&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshay2007" class="citation book cs1">Ishay, Micheline (2007). 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Retrieved 25 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Capitalism&rft.pub=International+Communist+Current&rft.date=2004-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.internationalism.org%2Fnode%2F609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐilas1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Đilas, Milovan</a> (1983) [1957]. The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System (paperback ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-665489-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-665489-X"><bdi>0-15-665489-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Class%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Communist+System&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-15-665489-X&rft.aulast=%C4%90ilas&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐilas1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Đilas, Milovan</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unperfectsociety00djil">The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class</a>. Translated by Cooke, Dorian. New York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-693125-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-693125-7"><bdi>0-15-693125-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unperfect+Society%3A+Beyond+the+New+Class&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-15-693125-7&rft.aulast=%C4%90ilas&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funperfectsociety00djil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐilas1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Đilas, Milovan</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofnewclasshi00djil">Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction</a> (hardcover ed.). <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-43325-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-43325-2"><bdi>0-679-43325-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+New+Class%3A+A+History+of+Communism%27s+Self-Destruction&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-679-43325-2&rft.aulast=%C4%90ilas&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofnewclasshi00djil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1991) [1937]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1936-rev/index.htm">The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?</a> (paperback ed.). Detroit: Labor Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929087-48-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-929087-48-8"><bdi>0-929087-48-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Betrayed%3A+What+is+the+Soviet+Union+and+Where+is+it+Going%3F&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Labor+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-929087-48-8&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2Fworks%2F1936-rev%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams, Raymond</a> (1985) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich">"Capitalism"</a>. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Oxford paperbacks (revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195204698" title="Special:BookSources/9780195204698"><bdi>9780195204698</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 30, 2017. <q>A new phrase, state-capitalism, has been widely used in mC20, with precedents from eC20, to describe forms of state ownership in which the original conditions of the definition – centralized ownership of the means of production, leading to a system of wage-labour – have not really changed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitalism&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+paperbacks&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780195204698&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeywordsvocabula00willrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlistairPyper2000" class="citation book cs1">Alistair, Mason; Pyper, Hugh (21 December 2000). Hastings, Adrian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/677">The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/677">677</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198600244" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198600244"><bdi>978-0198600244</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 December 2019. <q>At the heart of its vision has been social or common ownership of the means of production. Common ownership and democratic control of these was far more central to the thought of the early socialists than state control or nationalization, which developed later. [...] Nationalization in itself has nothing particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a 'co-operative commonwealth' could not be the result of the 'general nationalization of all industries' unless there was a change in 'the character of the state'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Christian+Thought&rft.pages=677&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000-12-21&rft.isbn=978-0198600244&rft.aulast=Alistair&rft.aufirst=Mason&rft.au=Pyper%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hast%2Fpage%2F677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Cliff, Tony</a> (1988) [1948]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1948/xx/burcoll.htm">"The Theory of Bureaucratic Collectivism: A Critique"</a>. State Capitalism in Russia. London: Bookmarks. pp. 333–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906224441" title="Special:BookSources/9780906224441"><bdi>9780906224441</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Bureaucratic+Collectivism%3A+A+Critique&rft.btitle=State+Capitalism+in+Russia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=333-353&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780906224441&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcliff%2Fworks%2F1948%2Fxx%2Fburcoll.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel, Ernest</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/works/txt/1979/soviet_bureaucracy.htm">"Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>. 3: 63–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14452%2FMR-031-03-1979-07_6">10.14452/MR-031-03-1979-07_6</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=Why+The+Soviet+Bureaucracy+is+not+a+New+Ruling+Class&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=63-86&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14452%2FMR-031-03-1979-07_6&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ernestmandel.org%2Fen%2Fworks%2Ftxt%2F1979%2Fsoviet_bureaucracy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaafee1995" class="citation book cs1">Taafee, Peter (1995). "Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". The Rise of Militant: Thirty Years of Militant. Militant Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906582473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0906582473"><bdi>978-0906582473</bdi></a>. <q>The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trotsky+and+the+Collapse+of+Stalinism&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Militant%3A+Thirty+Years+of+Militant&rft.pub=Militant+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0906582473&rft.aulast=Taafee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> Trotsky, Leon (2004) [1936]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/revbet/index.htm">The Revolution Betrayed</a>. Translated by Eastman, Max. Dover Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486433981" title="Special:BookSources/9780486433981">9780486433981</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> Trotsky, Leon (1977) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/tp/tia38.htm">"The USSR and Problems of the Transitional Epoch"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/tp/transprogram.pdf">Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution</a>. (1st ed.). Translated by Eastman, Max. <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathfinder Press">Pathfinder Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/tp/transprogram.pdf">39–42</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873485241" title="Special:BookSources/9780873485241">9780873485241</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> Trotsky, Leon [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1939/12/abc.htm">"The ABC of Materialist Dialectics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Tendency#Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="International Marxist Tendency">In Defense of Marxism</a>: Against the Petty-Bourgeois Opposition in the Socialist Workers Party (4th revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathfinder Press">Pathfinder Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873487894" title="Special:BookSources/9780873487894">9780873487894</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1951" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Pierre (November–December 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/frank/1951/08/eeurope.htm">"Evolution of Eastern Europe"</a>. Fourth International. 12 (6): 176, 213–218. Retrieved 11 November 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fourth+International&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=176%2C+213-218&rft.date=1951-11%2F1951-12&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fwriters%2Ffrank%2F1951%2F08%2Feeurope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1972). Writings 1932–1933. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathfinder Press">Pathfinder Press</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873482288" title="Special:BookSources/9780873482288"><bdi>9780873482288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780873482288&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaaffe2019" class="citation web cs1">Taaffe, Peter (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialistworld.net/2019/03/01/new-introduction-to-trotsky-s-classic-work-in-defence-of-marxism/">"New introduction to Trotsky's classic work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Tendency#Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="International Marxist Tendency">In Defence of Marxism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International" title="Committee for a Workers' International">Committee for a Workers' International</a>/<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party Scotland">Socialist Party Scotland</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020. <q>[Leon Trotsky] also touches on many other vital issues for Marxists: on the absolute necessity for democratic control and management of the future workers' state as well as the necessary instrument to create that state: a mass party of the working class. Indeed, if there was one central theme of the book it is this: what kind of party is necessary to replace capitalism with a worldwide democratic socialist revolution?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=New+introduction+to+Trotsky%27s+classic+work&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.aulast=Taaffe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistworld.net%2F2019%2F03%2F01%2Fnew-introduction-to-trotsky-s-classic-work-in-defence-of-marxism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_LeBlanc_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul LeBlanc (historian) (page does not exist)">LeBlanc, Paul</a> (2014). Marx, Lenin, and the Revolutionary Experience: Studies of Communism and Radicalism in an Age of Globalization. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317793526" title="Special:BookSources/9781317793526"><bdi>9781317793526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%2C+Lenin%2C+and+the+Revolutionary+Experience%3A+Studies+of+Communism+and+Radicalism+in+an+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317793526&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/theory-deformed-workers-states.htm">"Deformed Workers' States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Tendency#Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="International Marxist Tendency">In Defence of Marxism</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Tendency" class="mw-redirect" title="International Marxist Tendency">International Marxist Tendency</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=Deformed+Workers%27+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Ftheory-deformed-workers-states.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGliniecki2018" class="citation web cs1">Gliniecki, Ben (22 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/50-years-after-prague-spring.htm">"50 years after the Prague Spring – what are the lessons for today?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Tendency#Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="International Marxist Tendency">In Defence of Marxism</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Tendency" class="mw-redirect" title="International Marxist Tendency">International Marxist Tendency</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020. <q>The Prague Spring was a movement with the potential to develop into a socialist political revolution against the Communist Party (CP) bureaucracy [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=50+years+after+the+Prague+Spring+%E2%80%93+what+are+the+lessons+for+today%3F&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft.aulast=Gliniecki&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2F50-years-after-prague-spring.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistworker.org/2014/05/23/socialism-and-democracy">"Socialism and democracy"</a>. Socialist Worker. <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a>. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2020. <q>These two self-styled socialisms are very different, but they have more in common than they think. The social democracy has typically dreamed of "socializing" capitalism from above. Its principle has always been that increased state intervention in society and economy is per se socialistic. It bears a fatal family resemblance to the Stalinist conception of imposing something called socialism from the top down, and of equating statification with socialism. Both have their roots in the ambiguous history of the socialist idea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Worker&rft.atitle=Socialism+and+democracy&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistworker.org%2F2014%2F05%2F23%2Fsocialism-and-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMises1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises, Ludwig von</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth_Vol_2_3.pdf">Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Calculation+in+the+Socialist+Commonwealth&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FEconomic%2520Calculation%2520in%2520the%2520Socialist%2520Commonwealth_Vol_2_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1935). "The Nature and History of the Problem"; "The Present State of the Debate". Collectivist Economic Planning. pp. 1–40, 201–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurlaufBlume1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., eds. (1987). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddleSamuelsDavis2006" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Jeff; Samuels, Warren; Davis, John (2006). A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 319. <q>What became known as the socialist calculation debate started when von Mises (1935 [1920]) launched a critique of socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Warren&rft.au=Davis%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyPeart2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Levy, David M.; Peart, Sandra J. (2008). "Socialist calculation debate". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 685–692. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230226203.1570">10.1057/9780230226203.1570</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333786765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333786765"><bdi>978-0333786765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialist+calculation+debate&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.pages=685-692&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230226203.1570&rft.isbn=978-0333786765&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Peart%2C+Sandra+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker, Benjamin</a> (1985). State Socialism and Anarchism and Other Essays: Including the Attitude of Anarchism Toward Industrial Combinations and Why I Am an Anarchist. Ralph Myles Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879260156" title="Special:BookSources/9780879260156"><bdi>9780879260156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Socialism+and+Anarchism+and+Other+Essays%3A+Including+the+Attitude+of+Anarchism+Toward+Industrial+Combinations+and+Why+I+Am+an+Anarchist&rft.pub=Ralph+Myles+Publisher&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780879260156&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlinger2004" class="citation news cs1">Nordlinger, Jay (22 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811012059/http://old.nationalreview.com/nordlinger/nordlinger200407221016.asp">"Hollander's Clear Eye"</a>. National Review Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.nationalreview.com/nordlinger/nordlinger200407221016.asp">the original</a> on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Hollander%27s+Clear+Eye&rft.date=2004-07-22&rft.aulast=Nordlinger&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.nationalreview.com%2Fnordlinger%2Fnordlinger200407221016.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander1998" class="citation book cs1">Hollander, Paul (1998). Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society (4th ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-954-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-954-3"><bdi>1-56000-954-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36470253">36470253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Pilgrims%3A+Western+Intellectuals+in+Search+of+the+Good+Society&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36470253&rft.isbn=1-56000-954-3&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmandae2003" class="citation book cs1">Amandae, Sonja (2003). 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Routledge Historical Biographies. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao&rft.series=Routledge+Historical+Biographies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárquezSanabria2018" class="citation book cs1">Márquez, Laureano; Sanabria, Eduardo (2018). Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro (1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7328777-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7328777-1-9"><bdi>978-1-7328777-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historieta+de+Venezuela%3A+De+Macuro+a+Maduro&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Gr%C3%A1ficas+Pedrazas&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7328777-1-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1rquez&rft.aufirst=Laureano&rft.au=Sanabria%2C+Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Robert (Summer 1993). "Lenin and the Concept of the Professional Revolutionary". <a href="/wiki/History_of_Political_Thought" title="History of Political Thought">History of Political Thought</a>. 14 (2): 249–263. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-781X">0143-781X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26214357">26214357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Thought&rft.atitle=Lenin+and+the+Concept+of+the+Professional+Revolutionary&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-263&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26214357%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0143-781X&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley2003" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, Martin (2003). Stalin and Stalinism (3rd ed.). Harlow and London: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50587-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50587-2"><bdi>978-0-582-50587-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+Stalinism&rft.place=Harlow+and+London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-582-50587-2&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClellan1973" class="citation journal cs1">McClellan, Woodford (September 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495409">"Nechaevshchina: An Unknown Chapter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 32 (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 546–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495409">10.2307/2495409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2495409">2495409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Nechaevshchina%3A+An+Unknown+Chapter&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=546-553&rft.date=1973-09&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2495409%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2495409&rft.aulast=McClellan&rft.aufirst=Woodford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2495409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2006" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Kevin (2006). 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Leninism and Western Socialism. <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805271041" title="Special:BookSources/9780805271041"><bdi>9780805271041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism+and+Western+Socialism&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780805271041&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Milne, Seumas</a> (12 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/sep/12/highereducation.historyandhistoryofart">"The battle for history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+battle+for+history&rft.date=2002-09-12&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Seumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2002%2Fsep%2F12%2Fhighereducation.historyandhistoryofart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Milne, Seumas</a> (16 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Columnists/Column/0,,1710891,00.html">"Communism may be dead, but clearly not dead enough"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Communism+may+be+dead%2C+but+clearly+not+dead+enough&rft.date=2006-02-16&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Seumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FColumnists%2FColumn%2F0%2C%2C1710891%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Milne, Seumas</a> (2012). 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Boulder: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8524-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-8524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Leninism+to+Freedom%3A+The+Challenges+of+Democratization&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-8524-2&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Latus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA254">Atlas of World History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-521921-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-521921-X"><bdi>0-19-521921-X</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-521921-X&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffZy5tDjaUkC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti, Michael</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackshirtsredsr00pare">Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism</a>. 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Three "Whys" of the Russian Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679776468" title="Special:BookSources/9780679776468"><bdi>9780679776468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+%22Whys%22+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780679776468&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (2003) [2001]. Communism: A History. Modern Library Chronicles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812968644" title="Special:BookSources/9780812968644"><bdi>9780812968644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Modern+Library+Chronicles&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780812968644&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrusikLewicka2016" class="citation journal cs1">Prusik, Monika; Lewicka, Maria (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pops.12330">"Nostalgia for Communist Times and Autobiographical Memory: Negative Present or Positive Past?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Political_Psychology" title="Political Psychology">Political Psychology</a>. 37 (5): 677–693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpops.12330">10.1111/pops.12330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=Nostalgia+for+Communist+Times+and+Autobiographical+Memory%3A+Negative+Present+or+Positive+Past%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=677-693&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpops.12330&rft.aulast=Prusik&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft.au=Lewicka%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1111%2Fpops.12330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadzinsky1997" class="citation book cs1">Radzinsky, Edvard (1997) [1996]. 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Mirtesen (in Russian). Finam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finam.info/blog/43949786224/Sergey-Nechayev:-%C2%ABtemnyiy-chulanchik%C2%BB-russkoy-revolyutsii">the original</a> on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mirtesen&rft.atitle=Sergey+Nechayev%3A+%22temnyy+chulanchik%22+russkoy+revolyutsii+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%22%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%22+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Rakitin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinam.info%2Fblog%2F43949786224%2FSergey-Nechayev%3A-%25C2%25ABtemnyiy-chulanchik%25C2%25BB-russkoy-revolyutsii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2005" class="citation book cs1">Read, Christopher (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415206495" title="Special:BookSources/9780415206495"><bdi>9780415206495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Historical+Biographies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780415206495&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisch2005" class="citation book cs1">Reisch, George A. (2005). How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science: To the Icy Slopes of Logic. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521546898" title="Special:BookSources/9780521546898"><bdi>9780521546898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Cold+War+Transformed+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+To+the+Icy+Slopes+of+Logic&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521546898&rft.aulast=Reisch&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby1979" class="citation book cs1">Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22281-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22281-5"><bdi>978-0-521-22281-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Government%3A+Sovnarkom+1917%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22281-5&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2012" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-81568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-81568-1"><bdi>978-1-138-81568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Terror%3A+The+Ideological+Origins+of+Early+Soviet+State+Violence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-138-81568-1&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosefielde1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rosefielde, Steven (1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 48 (6). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 959–987. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139608412393">10.1080/09668139608412393</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/152635">152635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Stalinism+in+Post-Communist+Perspective%3A+New+Evidence+on+Killings%2C+Forced+Labour+and+Economic+Growth+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=959-987&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139608412393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F152635%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rosefielde&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachno2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sachno, Sergiusz O. (14 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wprost.pl/kraj/41936/Kapitan-Zbik-na-tropie-oranzady.html">"Kapitan Żbik na tropie oranżady"</a> [Captain Żbik on the trail of orangeade]. Wprost (in Polish). Retrieved 26 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.atitle=Kapitan+%C5%BBbik+na+tropie+oran%C5%BCady&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft.aulast=Sachno&rft.aufirst=Sergiusz+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Fkraj%2F41936%2FKapitan-Zbik-na-tropie-oranzady.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandle1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sandle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Sandle (page does not exist)">Sandle, Mark</a> (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: <a href="/wiki/UCL_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="UCL Press">UCL Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203500279">10.4324/9780203500279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857283556" title="Special:BookSources/9781857283556"><bdi>9781857283556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Soviet+Socialism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203500279&rft.isbn=9781857283556&rft.aulast=Sandle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schulman, Jason (2006). "The Case for Socialism in the Twenty-First Century". Democratic Left. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratic+Left&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Socialism+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.volume=47&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (1990). 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London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72625-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72625-9"><bdi>978-0-333-72625-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-72625-9&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2004). Stalin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72627-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72627-3"><bdi>978-0-333-72627-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-333-72627-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2001" class="citation book cs1">Short, Philip (2001). Mao: A Life. 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Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042005525" title="Special:BookSources/9789042005525"><bdi>9789042005525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Totalitarian+Paradigm+after+the+End+of+Communism%3A+Towards+a+Theoretical+Reassessment&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789042005525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, A. (9 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/09/calls-for-a-return-to-stalingrad-name-test-the-limits-of-putins-soviet-nostalgia/">"Calls for a return to 'Stalingrad' name test the limits of Putin's Soviet nostalgia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Post-communist Nostalgia. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-671-9"><bdi>978-1-84545-671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-communist+Nostalgia&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-671-9&rft.aulast=Todorova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Gille%2C+Zsuzsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraverso2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Traverso, Enzo (2001). Le Totalitarisme: Le XXe siècle en débat [Totalitarianism: The 20th century in debate] (in French). Poche. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2020378574" title="Special:BookSources/978-2020378574"><bdi>978-2020378574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Totalitarisme%3A+Le+XXe+si%C3%A8cle+en+d%C3%A9bat&rft.pub=Poche&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2020378574&rft.aulast=Traverso&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1992" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Ian G. (June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/12014/1/fulltext.pdf">"The Influences of Chernyshevsky, Tkachev, and Nechaev on the Political Thought of V.I. Lenin"</a> (PDF). Hamilton, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Influences+of+Chernyshevsky%2C+Tkachev%2C+and+Nechaev+on+the+Political+Thought+of+V.I.+Lenin&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=McMaster+University&rft.date=1992-06&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Ian+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacsphere.mcmaster.ca%2Fbitstream%2F11375%2F12014%2F1%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2005" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Jonathan (2 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/02/china.jonathanwatts">"China must confront dark past, says Mao confidant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 10 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+must+confront+dark+past%2C+says+Mao+confidant&rft.date=2005-06-02&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fjun%2F02%2Fchina.jonathanwatts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-German_Soviet.pdf">"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 48 (8): 1319–1353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139608412415">10.1080/09668139608412415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/152781">152781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Scale+and+Nature+of+German+and+Soviet+Repression+and+Mass+Killings%2C+1930%E2%80%9345&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1319-1353&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139608412415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F152781%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsovietinfo.tripod.com%2FWCR-German_Soviet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff, Richard D.</a> (27 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311070639/http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees">"Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthout" title="Truthout">Truthout</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees">the original</a> on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truthout&rft.atitle=Socialism+Means+Abolishing+the+Distinction+Between+Bosses+and+Employees&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truth-out.org%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Authoritarian_socialism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Authoritarian socialism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Authoritarian+socialism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Authoritarian+socialism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArato1982" class="citation book cs1">Arato, Andrew (1982). "Critical Sociology and Authoritarian State Socialism". In Held, David; Thompson, John (eds.). Habermas (paperback ed.). <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 196–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-16763-0_12">10.1007/978-1-349-16763-0_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27551-1"><bdi>978-0-333-27551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Critical+Sociology+and+Authoritarian+State+Socialism&rft.btitle=Habermas&rft.pages=196-218&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16763-0_12&rft.isbn=978-0-333-27551-1&rft.aulast=Arato&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArato1983" class="citation journal cs1">Arato, Andrew (1983). "Immanent Critique and Authoritarian Socialism". <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Political_and_Social_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory">Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory</a>. 7 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41801955">41801955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+and+Social+Theory&rft.atitle=Immanent+Critique+and+Authoritarian+Socialism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41801955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arato&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArato1991" class="citation book cs1">Arato, Andrew (1991). "Social Theory, Civil Society, and the Transformation of Authoritarian Socialism". In Arato, Andrew; Feher, Ferenc (eds.). Crisis and Reform in Eastern Europe. New Brunswick, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp. 1–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412820677" title="Special:BookSources/9781412820677"><bdi>9781412820677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Theory%2C+Civil+Society%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+Authoritarian+Socialism&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Reform+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=1-26&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781412820677&rft.aulast=Arato&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArato2016" class="citation book cs1">Arato, Andrew (2016). From Neo-Marxism to Democratic Theory: Essays on the Critical Theory of Soviet-type Societies: Essays on the Critical Theory of Soviet-type Societies. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315487717" title="Special:BookSources/9781315487717"><bdi>9781315487717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Neo-Marxism+to+Democratic+Theory%3A+Essays+on+the+Critical+Theory+of+Soviet-type+Societies%3A+Essays+on+the+Critical+Theory+of+Soviet-type+Societies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315487717&rft.aulast=Arato&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2003" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Ian (2003). "A fascist Trojan horse: Maurice Bardegraceche, fascism and authoritarian socialism". Patterns of Prejudice. 37 (2): 177–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322032000084697">10.1080/0031322032000084697</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144887261">144887261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=A+fascist+Trojan+horse%3A+Maurice+Bardegraceche%2C+fascism+and+authoritarian+socialism&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-194&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322032000084697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144887261%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingle1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lingle, Christopher (1990). "Strategies of structural reform of authoritarian socialism: The role of private property and markets". Communist Economics. 2 (4): 499–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14631379008427660">10.1080/14631379008427660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+Economics&rft.atitle=Strategies+of+structural+reform+of+authoritarian+socialism%3A+The+role+of+private+property+and+markets&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=499-507&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14631379008427660&rft.aulast=Lingle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer2002" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Roel (2002). The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945–1958. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700712472" title="Special:BookSources/9780700712472"><bdi>9780700712472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Modernity%3A+Secular+Liberal+and+Left-wing+Political+Thought+in+Egypt%2C+1945%E2%80%931958&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780700712472&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Roel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwilling1992" class="citation journal cs1">Swilling, Mark (May 1992). "Socialism, Democracy and Civil Society: The Case for Associational Socialism". Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory (79). <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>: 75–82. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41801955">41801955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoria%3A+A+Journal+of+Social+and+Political+Theory&rft.atitle=Socialism%2C+Democracy+and+Civil+Society%3A+The+Case+for+Associational+Socialism&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=75-82&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41801955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Swilling&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthoritarian+socialism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template talk:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">Benevolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_dictatorship" title="Constitutional dictatorship">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">Dictablanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Proletarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authoritarian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing authoritarianism">Left-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_strongman" title="Political strongman">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_totalitarian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of totalitarian states">List of totalitarian states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authoritarian</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Socialism_from_above">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Categories</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">Socialism WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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[\"CITEREFAstor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvnôn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzzellini\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallGready2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalmforth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarone2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarreiro_C.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartmanski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellamy1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhasin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiddleSamuelsDavis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlinkhorn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlock2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoesche2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordiga\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordiga1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBovin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremmer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBretton1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromley1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrzezinski1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudhwar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurbachFoxFuentes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusgalinMayer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwellMontes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaute2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCereseto1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangHalliday2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliff1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConquest1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCottrellCockshott1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtoisWerthPannePaczkowski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaum2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesHarris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_FariaLopes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Grand2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDefty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereuxCollitt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikötter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoherty1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper1970\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDulić2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunayevskaya1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurlaufBlume1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbenstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhms2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkmanLinde2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscheMossiahTopalska2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsherick1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspovaRay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvangelisti2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaiola2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrantMcPhailBerger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFetzer1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreisler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmanSchwartz1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuGillespieNicholasonPartlett2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalazkaa2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaltungStenslie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGat2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerberHout1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermani1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettyRitterspornZemskov1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeyesFitzpatrick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGhodseeMead2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodseeSehon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiacomini2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGliniecki2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolinowska2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrawert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregor1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryStuart2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilhot2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahnel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalvorssen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarcourt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardtKaufman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1944\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilbronerBarkanBrandCohen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeritage2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobsbawm2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoepller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollander1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudisVidalSmithRotta2018–2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuerta_de_Soto2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHydenAnthony1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHülsmann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJünke2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJünke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJünke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaprans2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlssonSchoenhals2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhlevniuk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimball1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotkin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurlantzick2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKuromiya2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuromiya2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaidler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakshmanan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanda2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeBlanc2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeggett1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenin1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenoe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyPeart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewin1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtenstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebman,_Marcel1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindstrom2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingle1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingleOwensRowley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipow1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLopes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosurdo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosurdoGiacomini1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutharPuznik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez_Maya2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez_Maya2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöwy1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddison2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaingonWelsch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarangos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarglinSchor1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarxEngelsTrotskyWright2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattick1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattick1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMayer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaza2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAaley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCauley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClellan1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFarlandAgeyevAbalakina-Paap1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuire1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMedina2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedvedev1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeisner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilanović2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilne2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilne2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinwoo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiroff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMises1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMises1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMises1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMises1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMises2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMoloney2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMommen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontefiore2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontefiore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontilla_K.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerji\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurawska2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMushkat1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMárquez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMárquezSanabria2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNation1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaím2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikitin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNkrumah1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNohlenKrennerichThibaut1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordlinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoveNuti1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovokmetPikettyZucman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNugent1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOllmanSchweickartLawlerTicktin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsgood1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaczkowski2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParenti1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartido_dos_Trabalhadores\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatsouras2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiccone1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollock2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosusney2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPozdnyaevIzvestia2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrusikLewicka2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabouin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadzinsky1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaico1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRakitin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamana1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinalda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhardt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRieber2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigby1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosefielde1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosefielde2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosserRosser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothbard1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRühle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachno2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmerón2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantiso2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantora2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFScharfenberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheidel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlumberger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumpeter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweickartLawlerTicktinOllman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrepantiZamagni2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSejna1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerge1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSewell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymour2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiryayevSokolov1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShort2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShub1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShubnikov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSirc1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivaramakrishnan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlade2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmilde2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmitha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmorodinskaya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStalin1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanislawYergin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStossel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwilling1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzymanski1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaafee1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaaffe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTebbleMeadowcroft2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeichovaMatis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodorovaGille2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraverso2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnock1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentino2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Oudenaren1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkogonov1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkogonov1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWapshott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasserstrom2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisbrot2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisbrotRosnick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerge2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhartonVitek1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhymanBaimbridgeMullen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilpert2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWinn2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcock1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoody2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYing2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimbalistSherman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐilas1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐilas1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐilas1998\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authoritarian types of rule\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 251,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 88,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 51,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 7,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 82,\n [\"Harvsp\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Marxism–Leninism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pages needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 117,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Stalinism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Toc limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Which?\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","480","13.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","10.7"],["?","340","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","340","9.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","240","6.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","180","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","120","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","2.3"],["type","80","2.3"],["[others]","1080","30.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75c465f4c6-mhtx2","timestamp":"20241125094745","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Authoritarian socialism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Authoritarian_socialism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16835891","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16835891","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-10-25T15:08:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T03:20:36Z","headline":"type of socialism"}</script> </body> </html>