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<ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Disponível em 28 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="تبعثر رذرفورد — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبعثر رذرفورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Формула Рэзерфарда — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Формула Рэзерфарда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Разсейване на Ръдърфорд — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разсейване на Ръдърфорд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersi%C3%B3_de_Rutherford" title="Dispersió de Rutherford — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dispersió de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford-Streuung" title="Rutherford-Streuung — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rutherford-Streuung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering" title="Rutherford scattering — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rutherford scattering" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersi%C3%B3n_de_Rutherford" title="Dispersión de Rutherford — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dispersión de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherforden_sakabanatzea" title="Rutherforden sakabanatzea — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutherforden sakabanatzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پراکندگی رادرفورد — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراکندگی رادرفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_Rutherford" title="Diffusion Rutherford — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diffusion Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="रदरफोर्ड प्रकीर्णन — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रदरफोर्ड प्रकीर्णन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordovo_raspr%C5%A1enje" title="Rutherfordovo raspršenje — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutherfordovo raspršenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D6%87" title="Ռեզերֆորդի բանաձև — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեզերֆորդի բանաձև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_Rutherford" title="Scattering Rutherford — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scattering Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%95%A3%E4%B9%B1" title="ラザフォード散乱 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラザフォード散乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Атомның ядролық үлгісі. Резерфорд тәжірибесі — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атомның ядролық үлгісі. Резерфорд тәжірибесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%94%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%82%B0%EB%9E%80" title="러더퍼드 산란 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러더퍼드 산란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streeexperiment_vum_Rutherford" title="Streeexperiment vum Rutherford — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Streeexperiment vum Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstrooiing_van_Rutherford" title="Verstrooiing van Rutherford — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verstrooiing van Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford-spredning" title="Rutherford-spredning — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutherford-spredning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Формула Резерфорда — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Формула Резерфорда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordovo_raspr%C5%A1enje" title="Rutherfordovo raspršenje — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rutherfordovo raspršenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering" title="Rutherford scattering — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rutherford scattering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordovo_sipanje" title="Rutherfordovo sipanje — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rutherfordovo sipanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford-spridning" title="Rutherford-spridning — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rutherford-spridning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ரூதர்போர்டு சிதறல் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரூதர்போர்டு சிதறல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Резерфордівське розсіяння — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Резерфордівське розсіяння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E7%A6%8F%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="拉塞福散射 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉塞福散射" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom"><span style="color:#655900;font-weight:bold;">(Redirecionado de <u><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espalhamento_de_Rutherford&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Espalhamento de Rutherford">Espalhamento de Rutherford</a></u>)</span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><p>Em <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a>, a <b>dispersão de Rutherford</b> é um fenômeno que foi explicado por <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> em <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> e levou ao desenvolvimento da <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo_de_Bohr" title="Átomo de Bohr">teoria orbital</a> do <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo">átomo</a>. É agora explorado pela técnica de análise de materiais <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espectrometria_de_dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espectrometria de dispersão de Rutherford (página não existe)">espectrometria de dispersão de Rutherford</a>. A dispersão de Rutherford é também referida às vezes como <b>dispersão de Coulomb</b> porque baseia-se em <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a" title="Força">forças</a> <a href="/wiki/Eletricidade_est%C3%A1tica" title="Eletricidade estática">eletrostáticas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">Coulomb</a>). Um processo similar provou o interior do núcleo nos anos 1960, chamado <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_profunda_inel%C3%A1stica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dispersão profunda inelástica (página não existe)">dispersão profunda inelástica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destaques_da_experiência_de_Rutherford"><span id="Destaques_da_experi.C3.AAncia_de_Rutherford"></span>Destaques da experiência de Rutherford</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Destaques da experiência de Rutherford" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Destaques da experiência de Rutherford"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Um feixe de partículas alfa é direcionado a uma folha de ouro fina.</li> <li>Muitas das partículas passaram através da película sem sofrer desvio.</li> <li>Outras foram desviadas por diversos ângulos.</li> <li>Algumas inverteram o sentido do movimento.</li></ul> <p>A partir destes resultados, Rutherford concluiu que a maioria da massa era concentrada numa região minúscula, positivamente carregada (o núcleo), rodeada por electrões. Quando uma <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_alfa" title="Partícula alfa">partícula alfa</a> (positiva) se aproximava o suficiente do núcleo, era fortemente repelida.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> O pequeno tamanho do núcleo explicou a pequena quantidade de partículas alfa que foram repelidas em ângulos maiores. Rutherford demonstrou usando o método abaixo, que o tamanho do núcleo era inferior do que cerca de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 10^{-14}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 10^{-14}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c60fa6617e29b20eecdda9cbcbaa9452f53ab989" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.181ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 10^{-14}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teoria_de_Dispersão"><span id="Teoria_de_Dispers.C3.A3o"></span>Teoria de Dispersão</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Teoria de Dispersão" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Teoria de Dispersão"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68971778">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.tmbox-move{border:2px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmbox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style><table class="box-Sem_fontes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/40px-Question_book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/60px-Question_book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/80px-Question_book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta seção <b>não cita <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">fontes confiáveis</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">inserir referências</a>. Conteúdo não <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">verificável</a> pode ser removido.—<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford&oq=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford">A</a>)</span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Maio de 2020</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Dispers%C3%A3o_de_rutherford.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dispers%C3%A3o_de_rutherford.png/400px-Dispers%C3%A3o_de_rutherford.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Dispers%C3%A3o_de_rutherford.png 1.5x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Geometria de dispersão de Rutherford.</figcaption></figure> <p>Principais pressupostos: </p><p>• Colisão entre uma carga pontual, mais um núcleo pesado com carga Q=Ze é um <a href="/wiki/Proj%C3%A9til" title="Projétil">projétil</a> leve com carga q=ze é considerada como sendo elástica. </p><p>• Momento e energia são conservados. </p><p>• As partículas interagem através da força de Coulomb. </p><p>• A distância vertical onde o projétil se encontra a partir do centro do alvo, o parâmetro de impacto <i>b</i> , determinam o ângulo de dispersão <i>θ</i>. </p><p>A relação entre o ângulo de dispersão <i>θ</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Energia_cin%C3%A9tica" title="Energia cinética">energia cinética</a> inicial </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=z{\frac {1}{2}}m.v_{o}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>.</mo> <msubsup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=z{\frac {1}{2}}m.v_{o}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4e466ea8c9849bc234c851b63bf91837a4c7cf2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.217ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=z{\frac {1}{2}}m.v_{o}^{2}}"></span> </p><p>e o parâmetro de impacto <i>b</i> é dado pela relação </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b={\frac {zZ}{2K}}.{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\text{cot}}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cot</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b={\frac {zZ}{2K}}.{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\text{cot}}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/215449ee1ff242f8767c9ca51dc0f9e0dfa784c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:23.418ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b={\frac {zZ}{2K}}.{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\text{cot}}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}"></span> (1,1) </p><p>onde z = 2, para partículas-α e Z = 79 de ouro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedução_da_Transversal_Diferencial"><span id="Dedu.C3.A7.C3.A3o_da_Transversal_Diferencial"></span>Dedução da Transversal Diferencial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Dedução da Transversal Diferencial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Dedução da Transversal Diferencial"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na Figura , uma partícula que atinge o anel entre <i>b</i> e <i>b</i> + <i>db</i> é desviada num ângulo sólido dΩ entre θ e θ + dθ. </p><p>Por definição, a secção transversal é a constante de proporcionalidade </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi b.db=-\sigma (\theta ).2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mn>.2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>sen</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi b.db=-\sigma (\theta ).2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f8a7eca165de36771b9c48e4cd940645ece2c62c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.11ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi b.db=-\sigma (\theta ).2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }"></span> </p><p>então </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d\sigma =2\pi b|db|={\Bigg (}{\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}{\Bigg )}.d\Omega }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d\sigma =2\pi b|db|={\Bigg (}{\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}{\Bigg )}.d\Omega }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94b490c73e107d6407e91b6ede7c960285e9ddde" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:27.081ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d\sigma =2\pi b|db|={\Bigg (}{\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}{\Bigg )}.d\Omega }"></span> (1,2) </p><p>onde <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d\Omega =2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>sen</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d\Omega =2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc8634ae095d6f0ae0f8fc8f2618fdcfd44cb7ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:17.58ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d\Omega =2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }"></span> </p><p>A seção transversal diferencial torna-se então </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}={\frac {2\pi b|db|}{2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>sen</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}={\frac {2\pi b|db|}{2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78782c984d329375ad1298a62b46e6f2c2b7cd82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.252ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}={\frac {2\pi b|db|}{2\pi .\operatorname {sen} \theta .d\theta }}}"></span> (1,3) </p><p>A partir da Equações 1,1 e 1,3 nós temos </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}={\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\Bigg )}^{2}{\Bigg (}{\frac {qQ}{4K_{\alpha }}}{\Bigg )}^{2}.{\frac {1}{\operatorname {sen} ^{4}}}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>sen</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}={\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\Bigg )}^{2}{\Bigg (}{\frac {qQ}{4K_{\alpha }}}{\Bigg )}^{2}.{\frac {1}{\operatorname {sen} ^{4}}}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e2e69a7fb8cd89758407c1caa1123310c03c763" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:38.844ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}={\Bigg (}{\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\Bigg )}^{2}{\Bigg (}{\frac {qQ}{4K_{\alpha }}}{\Bigg )}^{2}.{\frac {1}{\operatorname {sen} ^{4}}}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}"></span> (1.4) </p><p>A Eq.1.4, é chamada seção transversal diferencial para a dispersão de Rutherford. </p><p>Nos cálculos acima, considera-se apenas uma única partícula alfa. Num experimento de dispersão, é preciso considerar vários eventos de dispersão e medir-se a fracção de partículas desviadas num determinado ângulo. </p><p>Para um detector em um ângulo específico em relação ao feixe incidente, o número de partículas por unidade de superfície, colidindo o detector, é dado pela fórmula de Rutherford: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N(\theta )={\frac {N_{i}.nLZ^{2}k^{2}.e^{4}}{4.r^{2}k.E^{2}\operatorname {sen} ^{4}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>L</mi> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4.</mn> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>k</mi> <mo>.</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>sen</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N(\theta )={\frac {N_{i}.nLZ^{2}k^{2}.e^{4}}{4.r^{2}k.E^{2}\operatorname {sen} ^{4}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/354820b14d1603a207f7b0bd2b610229f84a5445" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.338ex; width:28.312ex; height:11.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N(\theta )={\frac {N_{i}.nLZ^{2}k^{2}.e^{4}}{4.r^{2}k.E^{2}\operatorname {sen} ^{4}{\Bigg (}{\frac {\theta }{2}}{\Bigg )}}}}"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ruthd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ruthd.png/300px-Ruthd.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Ruthd.png 1.5x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Verificação da fórmula de Rutherford</figcaption></figure> <p>Onde: </p><p>Ni = número de partículas alfa incidentes; </p><p>n = átomos por unidade de volume no alvo; </p><p>L = espessura do alvo; </p><p>Z = número atómico do alvo; </p><p>e = carga electrónica; </p><p>k = constante de Coulomb; </p><p>r = distância entre o alvo e o detector; </p><p>KE = energia cinética das partículas alfa; </p><p>θ = ângulo de dispersão. </p><p>A variação prevista, de partículas alfa detectadas, com ângulo é seguida de perto podados do contador de Geiger-Marsden, mostrados na Figura abaixo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cálculo_do_tamanho_nuclear_máximo"><span id="C.C3.A1lculo_do_tamanho_nuclear_m.C3.A1ximo"></span>Cálculo do tamanho nuclear máximo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Cálculo do tamanho nuclear máximo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cálculo do tamanho nuclear máximo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68971778"><table class="box-Sem_fontes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/40px-Question_book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/60px-Question_book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/80px-Question_book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta seção <b>não cita <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">fontes confiáveis</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">inserir referências</a>. Conteúdo não <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">verificável</a> pode ser removido.—<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford&oq=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Dispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford">A</a>)</span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Maio de 2020</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Espalhamento_com_diferentes_par%C3%A2metros_de_impacto..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Espalhamento_com_diferentes_par%C3%A2metros_de_impacto..png/300px-Espalhamento_com_diferentes_par%C3%A2metros_de_impacto..png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Espalhamento_com_diferentes_par%C3%A2metros_de_impacto..png 1.5x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Espalhamento com diferentes parâmetros de impacto.</figcaption></figure> <p>Para colisões frontais cabeças entre partículas alfa e o núcleo, toda a energia cinética <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle E=z{\frac {1}{2}}m.v_{o}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>.</mo> <msubsup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle E=z{\frac {1}{2}}m.v_{o}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08f9b9301c2e7d3e383bff350210f49fcec5883f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.336ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle E=z{\frac {1}{2}}m.v_{o}^{2}}"></span> da partícula alfa é transformada em energia potencial e a partícula está em repouso. </p><p>A distância entre o centro da partícula alfa e o centro do núcleo (b) neste momento é um valor máximo para o raio, se é evidente a partir da experiência que as partículas não atingiram o núcleo. </p><p>Aplicando a energia potencial de Coulomb entre as cargas nos electrões e no núcleo, pode-se escrever: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}.m.v^{2}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}.{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{b}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>.</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}.m.v^{2}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}.{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{b}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/95b7d53c34cffa422a0ad4ddfbc2027d0f46ef53" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:22.883ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}.m.v^{2}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}.{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{b}}}"></span> </p><p>Reorganizando, </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\frac {2.q_{1}q_{2}}{m.v^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2.</mn> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>.</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\frac {2.q_{1}q_{2}}{m.v^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92317bf4e3a6826b1a874d6c8c8becda79d22b21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.272ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}}{\frac {2.q_{1}q_{2}}{m.v^{2}}}}"></span> (1,6) </p><p>Para uma partícula alfa: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m\;({\text{massa}})=6,7\times 10^{-27}\;kg}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>massa</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m\;({\text{massa}})=6,7\times 10^{-27}\;kg}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d782675982bd7c1389bc70da9f8b917b00862664" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.338ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m\;({\text{massa}})=6,7\times 10^{-27}\;kg}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{1}=2\times (1,6\times 10^{-19})C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{1}=2\times (1,6\times 10^{-19})C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3149012c122b763ed251fa86a573d0e628c6bdbd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.447ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{1}=2\times (1,6\times 10^{-19})C}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{2}\;({\text{para ouro}})=79\times (1,6\times 10^{-19})C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>para ouro</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>79</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{2}\;({\text{para ouro}})=79\times (1,6\times 10^{-19})C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c54abccca2ca93dbd5710817326f138d246ccb8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.703ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{2}\;({\text{para ouro}})=79\times (1,6\times 10^{-19})C}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\;}({\text{velocidade inicial}})=2\times 10^{7}m/s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>velocidade inicial</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\;}({\text{velocidade inicial}})=2\times 10^{7}m/s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12dacc0da1db8125879b2f70ef9f097b42e24c69" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.772ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\;}({\text{velocidade inicial}})=2\times 10^{7}m/s}"></span></li></ul> <p>Substituindo estes valores na eqn.1,6, dá o valor do parâmetro de impacto de cerca de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 2,7\times 10^{14}m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 2,7\times 10^{14}m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/83e98284ab15340afe030d72785fb25c4c1a7d0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.966ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 2,7\times 10^{14}m}"></span> . </p><p>O verdadeiro raio é cerca de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 7\times 10^{-15}m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mn>7</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 7\times 10^{-15}m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b1f1b6d8aef68edac7b3d12b5367062c6f43b8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.724ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 7\times 10^{-15}m}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colis%C3%A3o_de_Coulomb" title="Colisão de Coulomb">Colisão de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_da_dispers%C3%A3o" title="Teoria da dispersão">Teoria da dispersão</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Rutherford, "The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom", Philos. Mag., vol 6, pp.21, 1909</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">KIWANGA, Christopher Amelye (2013). Christopher Amelye. KIWANGA, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110214308/http://pt.scribd.com/doc/48312717/Fisica-Atomica"><i>Física Nuclear</i></a>. Introdução à Física Nuclear. <b>1</b> 1 ed. Reino Unido: [s.n.] 133 páginas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de agosto de 2013</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pt.scribd.com/doc/48312717/Fisica-Atomica">original</a> em 10 de janeiro de 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ADispers%C3%A3o+de+Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Amelye&rft.aulast=KIWANGA&rft.btitle=F%C3sica+Nuclear&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Reino+Unido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpt.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F48312717%2FFisica-Atomica&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispers%C3%A3o_de_Rutherford&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bibliografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>E. Rutherford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawebdefisica.com/arts/structureatom.pdf"><i>The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom</i></a><i>, Philosophical Magazine. Séries 6, vol. <b>21</b>. maio 1911</i></li> <li>H. Geiger and E. Marsden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424085231/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/GM-1909.html"><i>On a Diffuse Reflection of the α-Particles</i></a><i>, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1909 A vol. <b>82</b>, p. 495-500</i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nuvola_apps_katomic.png" title="Portal da física"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nuvola_apps_katomic.png/25px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nuvola_apps_katomic.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nuvola_apps_katomic.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:F%C3%ADsica" title="Portal:Física">Portal da física</a></span></span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dispersão_de_Rutherford&oldid=66341650">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dispersão_de_Rutherford&oldid=66341650</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:F%C3%ADsica_at%C3%B4mica_e_molecular" title="Categoria:Física atômica e molecular">Física atômica e molecular</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Mec%C3%A2nica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Categoria:Mecânica quântica">Mecânica quântica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ernest_Rutherford" title="Categoria:Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias ocultas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_que_necessitam_de_refer%C3%AAncias_adicionais_desde_maio_de_2020" title="Categoria:!Artigos que necessitam de referências adicionais desde maio de 2020">!Artigos que necessitam de referências adicionais desde maio de 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Artigos_que_necessitam_de_refer%C3%AAncias_adicionais_sem_indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_tema" title="Categoria:!Artigos que necessitam de referências adicionais sem indicação de tema">!Artigos que necessitam de referências adicionais sem indicação de tema</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 20h54min de 30 de julho de 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pt">Atribuição-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0) da Creative Commons</a>; pode estar sujeito a condições adicionais. 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