CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.oecd.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9138db305cfda07e',cH: 'Guz74Gh1rOLdyTVrrI3IFyzC4T1f4PL32jK_on91.xM-1739827591-1.2.1.1-_LOzu7qxKFzaU0MQSRzFvBV4qvKuqY2f6TFuP.Mssv3T1aCwFqBHatWc_9LhPdvf',cUPMDTk: "\/en\/topics\/nuclear-energy.html?__cf_chl_tk=Jx0xzXz_RnLr3Y0oqyslz2YN3trImnS7w8g0RMIr0YE-1739827591-1.0.1.1-J2vy5ES84_cslt0nVVWEmERCfQDxHpIcFoPV20dmAWI",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739827591',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/en\/topics\/nuclear-energy.html?__cf_chl_f_tk=Jx0xzXz_RnLr3Y0oqyslz2YN3trImnS7w8g0RMIr0YE-1739827591-1.0.1.1-J2vy5ES84_cslt0nVVWEmERCfQDxHpIcFoPV20dmAWI",md: "4ZHx4nbPYY782lnPnlwGXcm6lyxFylzj1P4Pa5xULTE-1739827591-1.2.1.1-vRkJc6XGmfnasTtEQ518TqjyP_RFMbJwORHezFRN2P1qniyJ_aps7qQlfBmdL1H4k0Vymuvh5tQDE85KTQLKZdk.2aalxJ2ru5yuvXl49xw2z22xS94Kk3UTORW2_bqlZqhFlukf6pkDa1CO28acrwroiVI4bAg4JmohQrmGQjtxe5o1AITAm8kM7rPZqFJSbyG36GOS4vt09oZp0mRfC5Tf6vm7dZxJdWPHZwJk3h__ND7o2QcXT0yFbLPrRyrylR1eWz5awkUtYZYnCryWCJHBsRxg723lVpscK7KBZlOkNR.T4I7I72GztlQ4b2Mb2njQvCPxhLK4BUdBR9cBypaIAINAqTYxh8amtxH2hqc2VxAg3gdyIHnacXxa417JBrWCJ4ouhsXNa1Qt3CCAQjPXXum1IBjuSR00rx1Pw.6ZRYKaY5096hHLVWOlBJnnV6scUvLyksjKP.8rO2l0eybrVOchEjuDb86LX9K80tu6cKp09LtjIeydHxPBh.h.XAmvQ68FUJJKhjXO55PEGxZrCZIsD.pLox.POPnKk_JwJz1VVaNXZFDx.7vtIav37VFauWLgJ45pVVlyhQFwnQKuHpfU88NpSEJ6eO9sYQ9rTwVUHbisKr2LPh2yP2wsSrew9dc824om.pBpmfPG6CSnfyHF7sE6LRW2UGt6D1pg8q34fljQIrfrZFNDRWtvkC4_2rRX9izfidN7NfeMAzN.iYPSYrfoz0BOwxpfnK4AvEg1lrxzrQbexGGJbw.7lInFP2E0OXAW1toAEVGIhEPSy5AnK5EV8DbOOxD_kDxaKw3dw3cZss36cEFRwBankniOW2RpcBcNrISeYOrcoAJaAe7D5jmD72Q0UnrG0hM9MZfXpLxDdMO8UDvyweXwBG4OP3S4H.t94J7q3pi9dbfYcK0Zlo9mz41wXqGicxvg6H6xy8WKiMW3NyTWD70dWANGO0bL0w3lw999e0.x1hQCaCM4JF6paMq6zdrP_I7AR76hP6pNymjPqdZfBvG3OPCFtKXyfZCS6e9Lg7m0Vx_20BoDyBsn4fgQT0phqAa4D_hFaaFEpUh6OPdPQt4FpYJboR7EVpttTk7XC91ImV286DkSHvIJ7qhASNXZ5Y6AY6WxrKagD_VSb0MyOmjReo6I3cKYiX9Ap1zMlBoAlPe9BEJQ2tZ3a69UzLGa650mnNBjPXUttknCaJiZ0ytuXc_n8vp2qosrwo2ISS1GPTNM8.n9tcqMISGhj8_XgtOKMhnKx0ZSnTSzDbKn3fReV1CzQcnY7xl2oDJI.AC753MIXDW0A3jEu_7PZgPukzi6oRrzGyf1jqOW3YXZs7ZKTvT34GC4_qmB3hZNkZVMptwQ54O5vhUVX2zQ68q36Sm8YPr1_epXNJBfZrKSpJ4nfjIlwJvXxyY4p9lxZxZ8Io4tAjqz3jNzzpgFixxoewgJFFkuyTG0JdSAfK15MZib0SdIYVINh9_beidiu1i75CIsOgT9xHFzeel0sJ2InwvFFWL6CCiQV823Sbkyc3tSSGmP4Y.bfaG2XFoDZJAbYs5j7to4TB8S5yb0a5x3DX6SMeNpzYEztZWsfMkeEnA40yIt6FDIviP_ibXj4Mo5RLFEO.GoW5B76tVaJ853U_1y0WjVw1bxwraII.IGRY2cifDossH7p47psCH56AECcnUZMuLHI_WtVTZ0Tx_Xl70rldXezeU4Nfy0O6fq4kOsmjZqZuRUxZ1.t5Ju6i.gAvne8ZDXtM.lCk.95JLd94xNcDzLQNqZp2JtPs_74Nbm2j9aiNPqUI0UapSOq9YgIm29WASeAHv_rziYJeVZLBDZOVtTZeaPdvzX9G0cHBXdDHaxDW.IacQ5N7Tcr.4miEaGtjgoWZ8x3KTqr1qE6AuQguI7ChXQEdQDwh.KjjIwBnBVZyrpDyaaBxvmXCdvOI6s9S.8pB87.WFX45iKKffmJFS3C90OvOM6thoQ19nMiOV89DRAkLc1AMQPZp6WdR8M9Da7cd0GNfDFldrQcKwM.xtkaJzoWgo4wTrsbGJnk0Jd1hZuZThG0wBMV5Tl2vG4E2JRBnccXk0.DNOauMaJ1oYf8bI.9JwIoDyscqbJs68KkMNliga6vmQgEZwHZj_AVCe99eESE6QMDXRJgQXb2l0GlStaVLv2jQqG_ku5YHD7yoqIcHOZzqYogB30SIzJvBtUyakqsvAks48YTMrv3VUs_kgDM_E.F6.kpQ5riYHZNMKhRAWctegSPrmGTFyvHf3ojsrWVRPzbSEQKs7urYnaLnw2BC11tktPnXbbecbN.ndfhdlZcheh7vhutK7eWfWSRt0zNYzbVd9IbXY8bwQH9h4wx_EbTbK6fOx.gdo_am2gIf8jn8rYNXc37exjbSI8y28U2JXZLH_C_3KJK7iISxs2_m4.CHJ6VIUhZh5OjTlsGghETbUp8mSMX9F7NxQAQeAlTabGzRxD.UhSX63ht7QLYyk1v15qDNmhyAsmo3fLLAWhPzcq9YVZFS3YPV.k9gbs2HlVANuo7arI8zKoFEpilO1HKYu6e5Xz",mdrd: "aYkM5f.s1ExIFql0BZhnAwvxz1Ih7tb.aeRGpl_0EBs-1739827591-1.2.1.1-qXaj12W2GwlbYx1KSzB3TCEtFfuKosmzI9u9ub2vP.PiS3sUXAO5.dI_1Btlv9olX33Npt5AdKdpJaB38vPmhQN925Fph66iJuOvxcUEa6xsTAy45scUSdN1.jXiW.Tu_NtU61fUUIlnmw.WpkME.8EKeZONZcDPIe529sgb5d1S6.nX91RgOw.0m219cdSxTRQQ8QDLlkZzBPcOUNqhnOxn.ltbXDj8PlfvYQjnwbn_aaCrAEehCrBHd.7agghLVtkEQQLBvy_DT4iqB2.VdZpXpBH786tAtRyCArQGGCQLLMdUhYc5txXInVPYLMT5BsVaA1zbFcCwE4NQWebYISR5C2tDRkCYUsksOQRNi8ZGl1t4gItsj2evlhYQ.ai6WAxyjm.xMDBJJRnXR8frHo9dM.w.hqTb83Rquv.K8GFsdg0zaIFL8QNtm.sUY.DX6jo3pEulSDim3Nrs9WWYHxnPARWva6n4uPBISPKpdSj4pv36FvqqiEGydHrKQ6.7z8u1x2PHlR6.pTgcIHofZCRy8Jy2Fx.sEJAWvK2aS1gYVbqVcbML7u7Hhttuj07DkFM_CDYMKjTOJvs_u3sf0RJ09KsJ7Kne.43cw4JFBS1XG51ee0rVIjTnJptRL2bxU_eRcrCSkL597XtWNqGyC.iwWIBkyfNd8m18g717rqQ7s4fkoQQTUTorql0hC.64KuKXknxgjTN8KURtUolKQnGcKVvWbyh2DyMlZStQ.UN8VqDs4Y5BwT5NY3DTgLtTSwHk1b0Oe.tP.oYfOhrDf1rLhqlkjfr8x1TeJ4j51ydwazgSly5mAgPn0a3jrSnerTEbEbc5iyNsZSXMeztRvtuKU1FmqNnR5yCgQ7Xvn5OQWiz3fDCG.RG6Y8BbLI7kVj.B6VF42mPjtE3q4VBSf1ASGbIVX3pFeRyatUck1Qu2oO0OHlR3Ki0GowagBIX6KlZ8x4rlhr_pP4u23QOOtjYafhYXu5ARpFslDUmo4PyzXQGaR7nNr1M.qI0AFkxn4YGb2nxhOCMvPJK9OjhJXCkDCIqydV.4alZTh3bl0249.zrIqfMlYzXjplr8.UjCy_jiBOrWEgTw5Zl6ChbxZProSoY921F0klI_AqInx4uHj3kUC1xBU0sev4KT5JooehDHFsHNfrJkz8eJhvngRxd8NG5Rdm1p0oRzYXKkvjO6spuuMoz30nKsckZMHqFw_6.jHfJ_3WCXAX7ILEkRoNThrpFkDX_vV.PSezyr6H5L_8T0Ed4qmJIKdaia5KG5.kfsoJWpuelo3si.so_6P1ocuSQwCHsDd2pxz8vWBh03sjOl1qbOKWWKz1StQ04hztIsPzRiPG.PDa8ALEoNeFa.F3miFtHnWnAxRwQJTGQqYFNiTwnFRDodLtbqMhY_PfVnpD2pRwgJB_eyrPhWZPQ2i8Cq_M9h9_g0OpHUkqyVjmSn43gH3GQwF3DpDlG97Yod6QfZzcZ8L49RvgMuoMKzhXbpNICVkyNG27mX9wAx1kEYD99GtVTPir0Ul1BZtU_jTZ0vj.fkvZEIVbe8ryXk7SEH4gfvmlJ6CgzRGHQ5LtJ34ro.qM3iYaE.HoGqL9GUCEMEYyIot_X1CAvZSwQ3cBaUIZZ.rAukO4VY2wvCaGuJEQmAJoO9509FNhVRA8iYY8CfCVFl5Ya401dIJRpMkHtP.J5gO.SqIRPapOrgWUawQLcHD8ZXDrBPMdXFBk_krcEWBPmNe7QxKSqwioGOEabJMEs6eVqAA2Cq3fTboqU4.NGmamoVieo0jACtYbTMS0_gxktbGr13K4zbylMnav1u3JJpQiUnHVyd6eYsKqZXwln75MJu.1ooppEX7ziFq5tGDSC7I2LcTffFaW_TazjsMmFmXN9UioCZRoWddWLqFdWYiDPXOPvTsRb5cDjjsbgNbVCEEhXXsS1J01G1ksAN5pHzwZmJj7dw_5c"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9138db305cfda07e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/en\/topics\/nuclear-energy.html?__cf_chl_rt_tk=Jx0xzXz_RnLr3Y0oqyslz2YN3trImnS7w8g0RMIr0YE-1739827591-1.0.1.1-J2vy5ES84_cslt0nVVWEmERCfQDxHpIcFoPV20dmAWI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>