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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Darwinian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Darwinian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Darwinian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Darwinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Darwinian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Darwinian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-Darwinian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Darwinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_phylogenetics_and_the_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_phylogenetics_and_the_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Molecular phylogenetics and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_phylogenetics_and_the_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Subdivision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_and_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_and_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Articles and chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_and_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_symposia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_symposia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Books and symposia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_symposia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>APG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dioscoreales</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ديسقوريات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديسقوريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskoreya%C3%A7i%C3%A7%C9%99klil%C9%99r" title="Dioskoreyaçiçəklilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dioskoreyaçiçəklilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Диоскореецветни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диоскореецветни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreals" title="Dioscoreals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dioscoreals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanom_nga_ubi" title="Tanom nga ubi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tanom nga ubi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smldincotvar%C3%A9" title="Smldincotvaré – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smldincotvaré" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yams-ordenen" title="Yams-ordenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yams-ordenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamswurzelartige" title="Yamswurzelartige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yamswurzelartige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorealoj" title="Dioskorealoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dioskorealoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تمیس‌سانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمیس‌سانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%AA%A9" title="마목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blju%C5%A1tolike" title="Bljuštolike – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bljuštolike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskoreju_rinda" title="Dioskoreju rinda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dioskoreju rinda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamszgy%C3%B6k%C3%A9rvir%C3%A1g%C3%BAak" title="Jamszgyökérvirágúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jamszgyökérvirágúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡയസ്കൊറിയേൽസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡയസ്കൊറിയേൽസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ديسقوريات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديسقوريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="ヤマノイモ目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤマノイモ目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamsrotordenen" title="Yamsrotordenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yamsrotordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamsrotordenen" title="Yamsrotordenen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yamsrotordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochrzynowce" title="Pochrzynowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pochrzynowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Диоскореецветные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диоскореецветные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsordningen" title="Jamsordningen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jamsordningen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="อันดับกลอย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันดับกลอย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Dioscoreales" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeg_Maenzbya" title="Moeg Maenzbya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Moeg Maenzbya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_C%E1%BB%A7_n%C3%A2u" title="Bộ Củ nâu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Củ nâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of lilioid monocotyledonous flowering plants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_Spanish plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" class="extiw" title="es:Dioscoreales">the corresponding article</a> in Spanish</b>.  <i><small>(January 2016)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDioscoreales&sl=es&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Spanish#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Spanish">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 1,070 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Dioscoreales]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|es|Dioscoreales}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dioscoreales" title="Talk:Dioscoreales">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Dioscoreales<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Mid <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> – Recent <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">116–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:179.04615384615px; width:40.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:180.73846153846px; width:39.261538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:181.73846153846px; width:37.261538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamus_communis02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tamus_communis02.jpg/220px-Tamus_communis02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tamus_communis02.jpg/330px-Tamus_communis02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tamus_communis02.jpg/440px-Tamus_communis02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_communis" title="Dioscorea communis">Dioscorea communis</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Dioscoreales" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dioscoreales</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Mart." class="mw-redirect" title="Mart.">Mart.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tropicos_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tropicos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-martius_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martius-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_villosa" title="Dioscorea villosa">Dioscorea villosa</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Families </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Blume" title="Carl Ludwig Blume">Blume</a></small> (45)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELAPGIII2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELAPGIII2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/R.Br." class="mw-redirect" title="R.Br.">R.Br.</a></small> (46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Fr.</a> ex Bjurzon</small> (44)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Burmanniales <small><a href="/wiki/August_Heintze" title="August Heintze">Heintze</a></small></li> <li>Nartheciales <small><a href="/wiki/James_Reveal" class="mw-redirect" title="James Reveal">Reveal</a> & Zomlefer</small></li> <li>Taccales <small><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Dumortier</a></small></li> <li>Tamales <small>Dumortier</small></li> <li>Dioscoreanae <small>Reveal & Doweld</small></li> <li>Burmanniidae <small>Heintze</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Dioscoreales</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocotyledonous</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, organized under modern <a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="List of systems of plant classification">classification systems</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Web">Angiosperm Phylogeny Web</a>. Among monocot plants, Dioscoreales are grouped with the <a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">lilioid monocots</a>, wherein they are a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a>. In total, the order Dioscoreales comprises three families, 22 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> and about 850 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. </p><p>Dioscoreales contains the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a>, which notably includes the <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i>) and several other <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tuberous</a> plants, some of which are heavily cultivated as staple food sources in certain countries. </p><p>Certain species are found solely in arid climates (incl. parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>), and have adapted to this harsh environment as <a href="/wiki/Caudex" title="Caudex">caudex</a>-forming, <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> caudiciformes, including <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_elephantipes" title="Dioscorea elephantipes">Dioscorea elephantipes</a></i>, the "elephant's foot" or "elephant-foot yam". </p><p>Older systems tended to place all lilioid monocots with <a href="/wiki/Reticulate_veined" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticulate veined">reticulate veined</a> leaves (such as <a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a> together with Dioscoraceae) in Dioscoreales; as currently <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscribed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a>, using combined <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular</a> methods, Dioscreales now contains many reticulate-veined <a href="/wiki/Vines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vines">vines</a> within the Dioscoraceae, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Myco-heterotrophic">myco-heterotrophic</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autotrophic">autotrophic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dioscoreales are <a href="/wiki/Vines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vines">vines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> forest floor plants. They may be <a href="/wiki/Achlorophyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Achlorophyllous">achlorophyllous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saprophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saprophytic">saprophytic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphies" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphies">Synapomorphies</a> include tuberous roots, glandular hairs, <a href="/wiki/Seed_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed coat">seed coat</a> characteristics and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxalate" title="Calcium oxalate">calcium oxalate</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystals">crystals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other characteristics of the order include the presence of <a href="/wiki/Saponin" title="Saponin">saponin</a> <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a>, annular <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular bundles">vascular bundles</a> that are found in both the <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a>. The leaves are often unsheathed at the base, have a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reticulate_veined" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticulate veined">reticulate veined</a> lamina. Alternatively they may be small and scale-like with a sheathed base. The <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a> are <a href="/wiki/Actinomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomorphic">actinomorphic</a>, and may be <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">bisexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>, while the flowers or <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> bear glandular hairs. The <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> may be conspicuous or reduced and the <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)#Style" title="Stigma (botany)">style</a> is short with well developed style branches. The <a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a> persist in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, which is a dry <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">capsule</a> or <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berry</a>. In the seed, the <a href="/wiki/Seed#seed_coat" title="Seed">endotegmen</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tanniferous</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">embryo</a> short.<sup id="cite_ref-apwdioscoreales_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apwdioscoreales-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of the species except the genera placed in <a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a> express simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Microsporogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporogenesis">microsporogenesis</a>. Plants in <a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a> show successive <a href="/wiki/Microsporogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporogenesis">microsporogenesis</a> which is one of the traits indicating that the family is sister to all the other members included in the order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Darwinian">Pre-Darwinian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Darwinian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the early history from <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley</a> (1853)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1853_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> onwards, see Caddick <i>et al.</i> (2000) Table 1,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caddick et al. (2002a) Table 1<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Table 2 in Bouman (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> classification of Dioscoreales has been complicated by the presence of a number of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> features reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledons">dicotyledons</a>, leading some authors to place the order as intermediate between the monocotyledons and the dicotyledons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorea_-_Hooker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dioscorea_-_Hooker.jpg/220px-Dioscorea_-_Hooker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dioscorea_-_Hooker.jpg/330px-Dioscorea_-_Hooker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dioscorea_-_Hooker.jpg/440px-Dioscorea_-_Hooker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Male <i>Dioscorea batatas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_polystachya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorea polystachya"><i>D. polystachya</i></a>) in Hooker's <i>A General System of Botany</i> 1873 </figcaption></figure> <p>While Lindley did not use the term "Dioscoreales", he placed the family Dioscoraceae together with four other families in what he referred to as an Alliance (the equivalent of the modern Order) called Dictyogens. He reflected the uncertainty as to the place of this Alliance by placing it as a class of its own between Endogens (monocots) and Exogens (dicots)<sup id="cite_ref-Lindleydictyogens_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindleydictyogens-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Botanical_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical authority">botanical authority</a> is given to <a href="/wiki/Von_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Martius">von Martius</a> (1835) by APG for his description of the family Dioscoreae or <i>Ordo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-martius_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martius-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other sources<sup id="cite_ref-taxonomicon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxonomicon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cite Hooker (Dioscoreales <a href="/wiki/Hook.f." class="mw-redirect" title="Hook.f.">Hook.f.</a>) for his use of the term "Dioscorales" in 1873<sup id="cite_ref-hooker_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hooker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a single family, Dioscoreae.<sup id="cite_ref-hookerdioscoreae_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hookerdioscoreae-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in his more definitive work, the <i>Genera plantara</i> (1883), he simply placed Dioscoraceae in the Epigynae "Series".<sup id="cite_ref-bhdiosc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhdiosc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Darwinian">Post-Darwinian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Darwinian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a> (1859) preceded Bentham and Hooker's publication, the latter project was commenced much earlier and <a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">George Bentham</a> was initially sceptical of <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuessy_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuessy-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/Phyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyletic">phyletic</a> approach changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary">evolutionary</a> information into their schemata, but this did little to further define the <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscription</a> of Dioscoreaceae. The major works in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century employing this approach were in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> literature. Authors such as <a href="/wiki/August_Eichler" class="mw-redirect" title="August Eichler">Eichler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eichler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler</a><sup id="cite_ref-Engler_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wettstein" title="Richard Wettstein">Wettstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wettstein_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wettstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placed this family in the <a href="/wiki/Liliiflorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliiflorae">Liliiflorae</a>, a major subdivision of monocotyledons. it remained to <a href="/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(botanist)" title="John Hutchinson (botanist)">Hutchinson</a> (1926)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1959_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1959-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to resurrect the Dioscoreales to group Dioscoreaceae and related families together. Hutchinson's circumscription of Dioscoreales included three other families in addition to Dioscoreaceae, <a href="/wiki/Stenomeridaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenomeridaceae">Stenomeridaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichopodaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichopodaceae">Trichopodaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roxburghiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxburghiaceae">Roxburghiaceae</a>. Of these only Trichopodaceae was included in the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> (APG) classification (see below), but was subsumed into Dioscoraceae. Stenomeridaceae, as <i><a href="/wiki/Stenomeris" title="Stenomeris">Stenomeris</a></i> was also included in Dioscoreaceae as subfamily Stenomeridoideae, the remaining genera being grouped in <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> Dioscoreoideae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roxburghiaceae on the other hand was segregated in the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister order</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a> as <a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a>. Most taxonomists in the twentieth century (the exception was the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system</a> which placed most such plants in order <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a>, subclass <a href="/wiki/Liliidae" title="Liliidae">Liliidae</a>, class <a href="/wiki/Liliopsida" title="Liliopsida">Liliopsida</a>=monocotyledons, division <a href="/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a>=angiosperms) recognised Dioscoreales as a distinct order, but demonstrated wide variations in its composition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren</a>, in the second version of his taxonomic classification (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raised the Liliiflorae to a <a href="/wiki/Superorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Superorder">superorder</a> and placed Dioscoreales as an order within it. In <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_system" title="Dahlgren system">his system</a>, Dioscoreales contained only three families, Dioscoreaceae, <a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a> (<i>i.e.</i> Hutchinson's Roxburghiaceae) and <a href="/wiki/Trilliaceae" title="Trilliaceae">Trilliaceae</a>. The latter two families had been treated as a separate order (<a href="/wiki/Stemonales" class="mw-redirect" title="Stemonales">Stemonales</a>, or Roxburghiales) by other authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Huber_(botanist)" title="Herbert Huber (botanist)">Huber</a> (1969).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuber1969_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuber1969-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The APG would later assign these to Pandanales and <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> respectively. Dahlgren's construction of Dioscoreaceae included the Stenomeridaceae and Trichopodaceae, doubting these were distinct, and Croomiaceae in Stemonaceae. Furthermore, he expressed doubts about the order's homogeneity, especially Trilliaceae. The Dioscoreales at that time were marginally distinguishable from the <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>. In his examination of Huber's Stemonales, he found that the two constituent families had as close an affinity to Dioscoreaceae as to each other, and hence included them. He also considered closely related families and their relationship to Dioscoreales, such as the <a href="/wiki/Monogeneric" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogeneric">monogeneric</a> Taccaceae, then in its own order, Taccales. Similar considerations were discussed with respect to two Asparagales families, Smilacaceae and Petermanniaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Dahlgren's third and final version (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that broader circumscription of Dioscoreales was created within the superorder <a href="/wiki/Lilianae" title="Lilianae">Lilianae</a>, subclass <a href="/wiki/Liliidae" title="Liliidae">Liliidae</a> (monocotyledons), class <a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a> (angiosperms) and comprised the seven families <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taccaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Taccaceae">Taccaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichopodaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichopodaceae">Trichopodaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trilliaceae" title="Trilliaceae">Trilliaceae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thismiaceae" title="Thismiaceae">Thismiaceae</a> has either been treated as a separate family closely related to <a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> (Thismieae) within a more broadly defined Burmanniaceae, forming a separate order, <a href="/wiki/Burmanniales" title="Burmanniales">Burmanniales</a>, in the Dahlgren system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related <a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a> were treated as tribe Narthecieae within the <a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a> in a third order, the <a href="/wiki/Melanthiales" title="Melanthiales">Melanthiales</a>, by Dahlgren.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dahlgren considered the Dioscoreales to most strongly resemble the ancestral monocotyledons, and hence sharing "dicotyledonous" characteristics, making it the most central monocotyledon order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these seven families, Bouman considered Dioscoreaceae, Trichopodaceae, Stemonaceae and Taccaceae to represent the "core" families of the order. However, that study also indicated both a clear delineation of the order from other orders particularly Asparagales, and a lack of homogeneity within the order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_phylogenetics_and_the_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group">Molecular phylogenetics and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Molecular phylogenetics and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increasing availability of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a> methods in addition to morphological characteristics in the 1990s led to major reconsiderations of the relationships within the monocotyledons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that large multi-institutional examination of the <a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubisco"><i>rbc</i>L</a> the authors used <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren%27s_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahlgren's system">Dahlgren's system</a> as their basis, but followed <a href="/wiki/Robert_F_Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F Thorne">Thorne</a> (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1992-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in altering the <a href="/wiki/Suffixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixes">suffixes</a> of the superorders from "<i>-iflorae</i>" to "<i>-anae</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-suffix_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suffix-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This demonstrated that the Lilianae comprised three lineages corresponding to Dahlgren's orders Dioscoreales, Liliales, and Asparagaless. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> <a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">system</a> of 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which took Dahlgren's system as a basis, the order was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocot</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> and comprised the five families <a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a>, Dioscoreaceae, Taccaceae, <a href="/wiki/Thismiaceae" title="Thismiaceae">Thismiaceae</a> and Trichopodaceae. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/APG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="APG II">APG II</a> (2003),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of changes were made to Dioscoreales, as a result of an extensive study by Caddick and colleagues (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002b_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002b-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using an analysis of three <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a>, <a href="/wiki/RuBisCO" title="RuBisCO"><i>rbc</i>L</a>, <i>atp</i>B and <a href="/wiki/18S_rDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="18S rDNA">18S rDNA</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>. These studies resulted in a re-examination of the relationships between most of the genera within the order. Thismiaceae was shown to be a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to Burmanniaceae, and so was included in it. The <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> families Taccaceae and Trichopodaceae were included in Dioscoreaceae, while <a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a> could also be grouped within Dioscoreales. <a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III</a> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not change this, so the order now comprises three families Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Nartheciaceae. </p><p>Although further research on the deeper relationships within Dioscoreales continues,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/APG_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="APG IV">APG IV</a> (2016) authors felt it was still premature to propose a restructuring of the order. Specifically these issues involve conflicting information as to the relationship between <i><a href="/wiki/Thismia" title="Thismia">Thismia</a></i> and Burmanniaceae,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence whether Thismiaceae should be subsumed in the latter, or reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a> in Dioscoreales poses special problems due to the absence of <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a> <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a> in mycoheterotrophs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2009_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioscoreales is <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> and is placed as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister order</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a>, as shown in Cladogram I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;"><span class="anchor" id="Clad2"></span>Cladogram I: The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> composition of the monocots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:92%;line-height:100%;;width:500px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">monocots </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Dioscoreales</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">commelinids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The data for the evolution of the order is collected from molecular analyses since there are no such fossils found. It is estimated that Dioscoreales and its sister clade <a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a> split up around 121 million years ago during Early Cretaceous when the <a href="/wiki/Stem_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem group">stem group</a> was formed. Then it took 3 to 6 million years for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> to differentiate in Mid <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subdivision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three families of Dioscreales constitutes about 22 genera and about 849 species<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it one of the smaller monocot orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, the largest group is <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i> (yams) with about 450 species. By contrast the second largest genus is <i><a href="/wiki/Burmannia_(plant)" title="Burmannia (plant)">Burmannia</a></i> with about 60 species, and most have only one or two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preferring the original APG (1998)families, continue to treat Thismiaceae separately from Burmanniaceae and Taccaceae from Dioscoreaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the 2015 study of Hertwerk and colleagues, seven genera representing all three families were examined with an eight gene dataset. Dioscoreales was monophyletic and three subclades were represented corresponding to the APG families. Dioscoreaceae and Burmanniaceae were in a sister group relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;"><span class="anchor" id="Clad2"></span>Cladogram II: Relationship of Dioscoreales families<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (number of genera)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:92%;line-height:100%;;width:500px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Dioscoreales </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a> (9) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a> (8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a> (5) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Named after the <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i>, which in turn was named by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in 1753 to honour the Greek physician and botanist <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Species from this order are distributed across all of the continents except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. They are mainly <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> representatives, but some members of families <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a> are found in cooler regions of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Order Dioscoreales contains plants that are able to form an underground organ for reservation of <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritions</a> as many other <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocots</a>. An exception is the family <a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a> which is entirely myco-heterotrophic and contains species that lack <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> abilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bog_Asphodel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1402752.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bog_Asphodel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1402752.jpg/220px-Bog_Asphodel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1402752.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bog_Asphodel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1402752.jpg/330px-Bog_Asphodel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1402752.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bog_Asphodel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1402752.jpg/440px-Bog_Asphodel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1402752.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Narthecium_ossifragum" title="Narthecium ossifragum">Narthecium ossifragum</a></i> - bog asphodel</figcaption></figure> <p>The three families included in order Dioscoreales also represent three different ecological groups of plants. <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a> contains mainly vines (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i>) and other crawling species (<i><a href="/wiki/Epipetrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipetrum">Epipetrum</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a> on the other hand is a family composed of herbaceous plants with a rather lily-like appearance (<i><a href="/wiki/Aletris" title="Aletris">Aletris</a></i>) while <a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a> is entirely <a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Myco-heterotrophic">myco-heterotrophic</a> group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many members of <a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Tuberous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberous">tuberous</a> <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>) which form <a href="/wiki/Staple_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple foods">staple foods</a> in tropical regions. They have also been the source of <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a>, including the production of <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptives">contraceptives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-suffix-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suffix_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed discussion on this nomenclature, see <a href="/wiki/Lilianae" title="Lilianae">Lilianae</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_IV2016">APG IV 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tropicos-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tropicos_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTropicos2015">Tropicos 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100000970?projectid=7">Dioscoreales Mart.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martius-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martius_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martius_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartius1835">Martius 1835</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32164#page/35/mode/1up">Ordo 42. Dioscore R. Br. p. 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELAPGIII2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELAPGIII2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLAPGIII2009">LAPGIII 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002a_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaddick_et_al2002a">Caddick et al 2002a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apwdioscoreales-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apwdioscoreales_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens2016">Stevens 2016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/dioscorealesweb.htm#Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley1853-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley1853_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1853">Lindley 1853</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2000_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaddick_et_al2000">Caddick et al 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman1995-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman1995_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouman1995">Bouman 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindleydictyogens-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindleydictyogens_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindley1853">Lindley 1853</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/321/mode/1up">Dictyogens p. 211</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taxonomicon-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taxonomicon_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands2015">Brands 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonList.aspx?subject=Entity&by=ScientificName&search=Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales (Order)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hooker-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hooker_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_MaoutDecaisne1873">Le Maout & Decaisne 1873</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924001400484#page/n1035/mode/2up">Cohort VI. Dioscorales p. 1018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hookerdioscoreae-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hookerdioscoreae_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_MaoutDecaisne1873">Le Maout & Decaisne 1873</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118909#page/812/mode/1up">XV Dioscoreae p. 794</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhdiosc-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhdiosc_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenthamHooker1862–1883">Bentham & Hooker 1862–1883</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/302/mode/1up">vol. 3 part 2 Ordo Dioscoreaceae p. 741</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuessy-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuessy_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuessy2009">Stuessy 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC&pg=PA47">Natural classification p. 47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eichler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eichler_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEichler1886">Eichler 1886</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35">Dioscoreaceae p. 35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engler-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engler_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngler1903">Engler 1903</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/133/mode/1up">Dioscoreaceae p. 99</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wettstein-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wettstein_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettstein1924">Wettstein 1924</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/wettstein/botanik/high/IMG_5946.html">Dioscoreaceae p. 880</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1959-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1959_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutchinson1959">Hutchinson 1959</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenClifford1982_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlgrenClifford1982">Dahlgren & Clifford 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuber1969-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuber1969_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuber1969">Huber 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985">Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckxSmets2014_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerckxSmets2014">Merckx & Smets 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase_et_al1993_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase_et_al1993">Chase et al 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne1992-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorne1992_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorne1992">Thorne 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_I1998_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_I1998">APG I 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_II2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_II2003">APG II 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002b-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddick_et_al2002b_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaddick_et_al2002b">Caddick et al 2002b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_III2009_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_III2009">APG III 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2009-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2009_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2009_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerckx_et_al2009">Merckx et al 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerckx_et_al2010_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerckx_et_al2010">Merckx et al 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertweck_et_al2015_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHertweck_et_al2015">Hertweck et al 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenhuszByng2016_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristenhuszByng2016">Christenhusz & Byng 2016</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_chapters">Articles and chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Articles and chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBouman1995" class="citation book cs1">Bouman, F. <i>Seed Structure and Systematics in Dioscoreales</i>. pp. 139–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seed+Structure+and+Systematics+in+Dioscoreales&rft.pages=139-156&rft.aulast=Bouman&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span>, In <a href="#CITEREFRudall_et_al1995">Rudall et al (1995)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaddick_et_al2000" class="citation book cs1">Caddick, LR; <a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, PJ</a>; Wilkin, P; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Chase">Chase, MW</a>. <i>Yams and their allies: systematics of Dioscoreales</i>. pp. 475–487.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yams+and+their+allies%3A+systematics+of+Dioscoreales&rft.pages=475-487&rft.aulast=Caddick&rft.aufirst=LR&rft.au=Rudall%2C+PJ&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+P&rft.au=Chase%2C+MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span>, In <a href="#CITEREFWilsonMorrison2000">Wilson & Morrison (2000)</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&pg=PA476">Excerpts</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaddick_et_al2002a" class="citation cs2">Caddick, Lizabeth R.; <a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, Paula J.</a>; Wilkin, Paul; Hedderson, Terry A. J.; <a href="/wiki/Mark_W_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W Chase">Chase, Mark W.</a> (February 2002), "Phylogenetics of Dioscoreales based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data", <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>, <b>138</b> (2): 123–144, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2002.138002123.x">10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.138002123.x</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Phylogenetics+of+Dioscoreales+based+on+combined+analyses+of+morphological+and+molecular+data&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-144&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2002.138002123.x&rft.aulast=Caddick&rft.aufirst=Lizabeth+R.&rft.au=Rudall%2C+Paula+J.&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Paul&rft.au=Hedderson%2C+Terry+A.+J.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaddick_et_al2002b" class="citation cs2">Caddick, Lizabeth R.; Wilkin, Paul; <a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, Paula J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_W_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W Chase">Hedderson, Terry A. J.</a>; Chase, Mark W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cretaceous+origins+of+mycoheterotrophic+lineages+in+Dioscoreales&rft.pages=39-53&rft.aulast=Merckx&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Huysmans%2C+S&rft.au=Smets%2C+EF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binco.eu%2Fburmannia%2FVincent_Merckx%2FPublications_files%2FMonocots%25202010%2520Merckx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span>, In <a href="#CITEREFSeberg_et_al2010">Seberg et al (2010)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholsFurnessMerckxWilkin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schols, Peter; Furness, Carol A.; Merckx, Vincent; Wilkin, Paul; Smets, Erik (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/351560">"Comparative Pollen Development in Dioscoreales"</a>. <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>166</b> (6): 909–924. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F449316">10.1086/449316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54761804">54761804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Comparative+Pollen+Development+in+Dioscoreales&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=909-924&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F449316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54761804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schols&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Furness%2C+Carol+A.&rft.au=Merckx%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Paul&rft.au=Smets%2C+Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.naturalis.nl%2Fdocument%2F351560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeberg_et_al2010" class="citation book cs1">Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Barfod, Anders; Davis, Jerrold I., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/d/diversity,-phylogeny,-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons/"><i>Diversity, phylogeny, and evolution in the Monocotyledons: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution</i></a>. Århus: <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University_Press" title="Aarhus University Press">Aarhus University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7934-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7934-398-6"><bdi>978-87-7934-398-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity%2C+phylogeny%2C+and+evolution+in+the+Monocotyledons%3A+proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Conference+on+the+Comparative+Biology+of+the+Monocotyledons+and+the+Fifth+International+Symposium+on+Grass+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.place=%C3%85rhus&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-87-7934-398-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.unipress.dk%2Fudgivelser%2Fd%2Fdiversity%2C-phylogeny%2C-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Thorne">Thorne, R. F.</a> (1992). "Classification and geography of the flowering plants". <i>The Botanical Review</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 225–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858611">10.1007/BF02858611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40348158">40348158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Botanical+Review&rft.atitle=Classification+and+geography+of+the+flowering+plants&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-348&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02858611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40348158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_symposia">Books and symposia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books and symposia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenthamHooker1862–1883" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham, G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker, J.D.</a> (1862–1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary"><i>Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</i></a> (in Latin). London: L Reeve & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+plantarum+ad+exemplaria+imprimis+in+herbariis+kewensibus+servata+definita&rft.place=London&rft.pub=L+Reeve+%26+Co.&rft.date=1862%2F1883&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Hooker%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F747%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlgrenClifford1982" class="citation book cs1">Dahlgren, Rolf; Clifford, H. T. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=coXwAAAAMAAJ"><i>The monocotyledons: A comparative study</i></a>. London and New York: Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+monocotyledons%3A+A+comparative+study&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.au=Clifford%2C+H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcoXwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren, R.M.</a>; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC"><i>The families of the monocotyledons</i></a>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5"><bdi>978-3-642-64903-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+of+the+monocotyledons&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-642-64903-5&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft.au=Clifford%2C+H.T.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+P.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3iGndTFY0skC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichler1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/August_W._Eichler" title="August W. Eichler">Eichler, August W.</a> (1886) [1876]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ"><i>Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik</i></a> (in German) (4th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syllabus+der+Vorlesungen+%C3%BCber+specielle+und+medicinisch-pharmaceutische+Botanik&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Borntraeger&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Eichler&rft.aufirst=August+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXE0bAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngler1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Engler" title="Adolf Engler">Engler, Adolf</a> (1903) [1892]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/7/mode/1up"><i>Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik</i></a> (in German) (3rd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syllabus+der+Pflanzenfamilien+%3A+eine+%C3%9Cbersicht+%C3%BCber+das+gesamte+Pflanzensystem+mit+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+Medicinal-+und+Nutzpflanzen+nebst+einer+%C3%9Cbersicht+%C3%BCber+die+Florenreiche+und+Florengebiete+der+Erde+zum+Gebrauch+bei+Vorlesungen+und+Studien+%C3%BCber+specielle+und+medicinisch-pharmaceutische+Botanik&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Borntraeger&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F63778%23page%2F7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(botanist)" title="John Hutchinson (botanist)">Hutchinson, John</a> (1959) [1926–1934]. <i>The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols</i> (2nd ed.). Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+of+flowering+plants%2C+arranged+according+to+a+new+system+based+on+their+probable+phylogeny.+2+vols.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_MaoutDecaisne1873" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Maout" title="Emmanuel Le Maout">Le Maout, Emmanuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Decaisne" title="Joseph Decaisne">Decaisne, Joseph</a> (1873) [1867]. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker, Joseph Dalton</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924001400484"><i>A General System of Botany, Descriptive and Analytical in two parts</i></a> [<i>Traité général de botanique</i>]. trans. Frances Harriet Hooker. London: Longmans Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+System+of+Botany%2C+Descriptive+and+Analytical+in+two+parts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans+Green&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Le+Maout&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Decaisne%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924001400484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley, John</a> (1853) [1846]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary"><i>The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system</i></a> (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vegetable+Kingdom%3A+or%2C+The+structure%2C+classification%2C+and+uses+of+plants%2C+illustrated+upon+the+natural+system&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.pub=Bradbury+%26+Evans&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F95459%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartius1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Martius">Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7730#/summary"><i>Conspectus regni vegetabilis: secundum characteres morphologicos praesertim carpicos in classes ordines et familias digesti...</i></a> (in Latin and German). <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>: Schrag<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspectus+regni+vegetabilis%3A+secundum+characteres+morphologicos+praesertim+carpicos+in+classes+ordines+et+familias+digesti...&rft.place=Nuremberg&rft.pub=Schrag&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Martius&rft.aufirst=Karl+Friedrich+Philipp+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F7730%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudall_et_al1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, P.J.</a>; Cribb, P.J.; Cutler, D.F.; Humphries, C.J., eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/M/bo9856357.html"><i>Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993)</i></a>. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947643-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947643-85-0"><bdi>978-0-947643-85-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monocotyledons%3A+systematics+and+evolution+%28Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium+on+Monocotyledons%3A+Systematics+and+Evolution%2C+Kew+1993%29&rft.place=Kew&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-947643-85-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fdistributed%2FM%2Fbo9856357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuessy2009" class="citation book cs1">Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC"><i>Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14712-5"><bdi>978-0-231-14712-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Taxonomy%3A+The+Systematic+Evaluation+of+Comparative+Data&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14712-5&rft.aulast=Stuessy&rft.aufirst=Tod+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bYs8F0Mb9gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettstein1924" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wettstein" title="Richard Wettstein">Wettstein, Richard</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218170153/http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/library/authors/author_00267_de.html"><i>Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik 2 vols</i></a> (in German) (3rd ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/library/authors/author_00267_de.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Systematischen+Botanik+2+vols.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Wettstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiolib.mpipz.mpg.de%2Flibrary%2Fauthors%2Fauthor_00267_de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonMorrison2000" class="citation cs2">Wilson, K. L.; Morrison, D. A., eds. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm"><i>Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)</i></a>, Collingwood, Australia: <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06437-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06437-9"><bdi>978-0-643-06437-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monocots%3A+Systematics+and+evolution+%28Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Conference+on+the+Comparative+Biology+of+the+Monocotyledons%2C+Sydney%2C+Australia+1998%29&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+Australia&rft.pub=CSIRO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06437-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2Fpid%2F2424.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases">Databases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2015" class="citation web cs1">Brands, S.J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211060359/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/Default.aspx">"The Taxonomicon"</a>. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 11 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Taxonomicon&rft.pub=Universal+Taxonomic+Services%2C+Zwaag%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaxonomicon.taxonomy.nl%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2016" class="citation cs2">Stevens, P.F. (2016) [2001], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/"><i>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</i></a>, Missouri Botanical Garden<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=P.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2Fmobot%2Fresearch%2FAPWeb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTropicos2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Home.aspx">"Tropicos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropicos&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tropicos.org%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPNI2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_International_Plant_Names_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/index.html">"The International Plant Names Index"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Plant+Names+Index&rft.date=2015&rft.au=IPNI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APG">APG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: APG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG_I1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG I</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/2234">"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</a></i>. <b>85</b> (4): 531–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2992015">10.2307/2992015</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2992015">2992015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=An+ordinal+classification+for+the+families+of+flowering+plants&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=531-553&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2992015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2992015%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=APG+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F2234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG_II2003" class="citation journal cs1">APG II (2003). "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>141</b> (4): 399–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x">10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+Update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+Classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+II&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-436&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x&rft.au=APG+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG_III2009" class="citation journal cs1">APG III (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">"An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>161</b> (2): 105–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F18083">10654/18083</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+Update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F18083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rft.au=APG+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG_IV2016" class="citation journal cs1">APG IV (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>181</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">10.1111/boj.12385</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+IV&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fboj.12385&rft.au=APG+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fboj.12385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscoreales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/monocots/liliflorae/dioscoreales.html">Dioscoreales: Air potatoes and Bat flowers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/plant/Dioscoreales">Kress WJ. Dioscoreales. Encyclopædia Britannica 2016</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dioscoreales" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_orders" title="Template:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_orders" title="Template talk:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_orders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm orders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orders_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Orders of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborella" title="Amborella">Amborellales</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiosperms</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorus" title="Acorus">Acorales</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviales</a>³</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dioscoreales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Core_eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Core eudicots">Core eudicots</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahlia" title="Vahlia">Vahliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_poster_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/140px-Flower_poster_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/210px-Flower_poster_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg/280px-Flower_poster_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4462" data-file-height="5932" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>¹<a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li>²<a href="/wiki/Alismatid_monocots" title="Alismatid monocots">Alismatids</a></li> <li>³<a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">Lilioids</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dioscoreales</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747698" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q747698">Q747698</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dioscoreales" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/214966">214966</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id100029">100029</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=148675">148675</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/34W">34W</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8154">8154</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1DIOO">1DIOO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/1171">1171</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51878">51878</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11270">11270</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=810114">810114</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020824588">NHMSYS0020824588</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=40548">40548</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/c516afa6-1d70-464e-8cc7-0077ef25cc5e">c516afa6-1d70-464e-8cc7-0077ef25cc5e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=538762">538762</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54969">54969</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100000970">100000970</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5952441">5952441</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/23">23</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/8b4b07db-ba91-41d8-87f8-7ee1db0a407c">8b4b07db-ba91-41d8-87f8-7ee1db0a407c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-9000000177">wfo-9000000177</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=886419">886419</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&oldid=1217828025">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioscoreales&oldid=1217828025</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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