Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice

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this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script><meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0" /><meta name="DCSext.FullHTMLview" content="1" /><meta name="WT.cg_n" content="njcp" /><meta name="WT.cg_s" content="Articles,Open Access Articles" /><meta name="wkhealth_journal_title" content="Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice" /><meta name="wkhealth_journal_title_legacy" content="Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice" /><meta name="wkhealth_issue" content="1" /><meta name="wkhealth_article_publication_date" content="January 31, 2023" /><meta name="wkhealth_volume" content="26" /><meta name="wkhealth_ovid_accession_number" content="01253091-202301000-00002" /><meta name="wkhealth_issn" content="1119-3077" /><meta name="wkhealth_title" content="Self-Medication for Acne among Saudi Undergraduate University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study" /><meta name="wkhealth_authors" content="Alnaim, L;Alshahrani, A" /><meta name="wkhealth_doi" content="10.4103/njcp.njcp_587_20" /><meta name="wkhealth_abstract_html_url" content="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/abstract/2023/01000/self_medication_for_acne_among_saudi_undergraduate.2.aspx" /><meta name="wkhealth_fulltext_html_url" content="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2023/01000/self_medication_for_acne_among_saudi_undergraduate.2.aspx" /><meta name="wkhealth_toc_section" content="Original Article" /><meta name="wkhealth_toc_sub_section" /><meta name="wkhealth_eJpId" content="njcp:2023:01000:00002" /><meta name="wkhealth_firstpage" content="16" /><meta name="wkhealth_date" content="January 2023" /><meta name="wkhealth_pdf_url" content="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/_layouts/15/oaks.journals/downloadpdf.aspx?trckng_src_pg=Other&an=01253091-202301000-00002" /><meta name="Description" content="Background: Understanding the perceptions and practices associated with self-medication among und" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="LWW" /><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:title" content="Self-Medication for Acne among Saudi Undergraduate... : Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice" /><meta property="og:description" content="erceptions and extent of self-medication among undergraduate university students as well as assess their knowledge and patterns of self-medication for acne. A cross-sectional study was conducted with undergraduate university students aged between 18 and 25 years. Materials and Methods: Students were briefed about the purpose of the study, and a pretested questionnaire was used for assessment. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25. Results: Five hundred and nineteen students participated in this study. Approximately 55.3% had self-medicated, and 38.2% of the participants reported self-medicating because they thought the situation was simple and did not require a doctor's visit. Adapalene was the most commonly administered medication (53%). Furthermore, 74.7% of the respondents said that they saw improvement after treatment. Conclusions: A high percentage of students self-medicate their acne, many of whom use medication without a prescription. However, inappropriate use of drugs can increase the risk of adverse effects...." /><meta property="og:image" content="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/SocialThumb.01253091-202301000-00002.T1.jpeg" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="488" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="947" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2023/01000/self_medication_for_acne_among_saudi_undergraduate.2.aspx" /><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="robots" content="index, follow, noarchive" /><meta name="WT.sv" content="ZUSE1PEJPWEB02" /><meta name="Title" content="Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice" /><style id="SPThemeHideForms" type="text/css">body {opacity:0 !important}</style>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Arvo:400,400i,700|Fira+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,600,600i,700,700i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> <script> // temporary workaround for Bug 316328:[Stage][Registration][Regression 05.04] - 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UNvdW50AgVkZGQFJmdfYzI2ZGJkZjVfNTU1ZV80MTQzXzk5MGVfOWQwNTM1MTY5MDM1D2QWAmYPZBYCAgIPFgQfAwUtZWotYWR2ZXJ0aXNlbWVudCBlai1hZHZlcnRpc2VtZW50LWJhbm5lcmNvbWJvHwBnFgICAQ8WBB8CBeADPGRpdiBpZD0iZ2FfNGEzYTU1NDQtZDg3OC00OGM3LWI2OTctMjk2Y2I2NTY5OWM3IiBjbGFzcz0iYWQtc2xvdC1jb250YWluZXIgYWQtc2xvdC1jb250YWluZXItZ2FfNGEzYTU1NDQtZDg3OC00OGM3LWI2OTctMjk2Y2I2NTY5OWM3IiBkYXRhLXNpemVtYXA9IltbWzEwNTAsIDIwMF0sIFtbMzAwLCA2MDBdLCBbMzAwLCAyNTBdLCBbMTYwLCA2MDBdXV0sIFtbNzMwLCA2MDBdLCBbWzMwMCwgNjAwXSwgWzMwMCwgMjUwXV1dLCBbIFsgMCwgMCBdLCBbIFszMDAsIDI1MF0gXSBdIF0iIGRhdGEtYWRwYXRoPSIvMTU3MjY3MDI3NjEvRGVza3RvcC9uamNwL0FydGljbGUvUmlnaHQxIiBkYXRhLWF1dG9sb2FkPSJubyIgZGF0YS1vdXRvZnBhZ2U9Im5vIiBkYXRhLXN0aWNreT0ibm8iIGRhdGEtc2xvdHRhcmdldGluZz0nJyBkYXRhLWRpc3BsYXlzbHVnPSJ5ZXMiIGRhdGEtc3RpY2t5LWR1cmF0aW9uPSIwIiBkYXRhLW5hbWU9IlJpZ2h0MSI+PC9kaXY+HwBnZAIJDxYCHwBoFgICBQ9kFgICAw8WAh8AaBYCZg9kFgQCAg9kFgYCAQ8WAh8AaGQCAw8WAh8AaGQCBQ8WAh8AaGQCAw8PFgIeCUFjY2Vzc0tleQUBL2RkAgsPZBYCAgEPDxYCHwBoZGQCEw9kFgICAQ9kFgJmD2QWAgICDxYEHwMFKmVqLWFkdmVydGlzZW1lbnQgZWotYWR2ZXJ0aXNlbWVudC10b3Bjb21ibx8AZxYCAgEPFgQfAgWRAzxkaXYgaWQ9ImdhXzJiNzIyMzFlLTI5NWEtNGUzNC1hOWY5LTc5MzQ3MGE4YWNkNSIgY2xhc3M9ImFkLXNsb3QtY29udGFpbmVyIGFkLXNsb3QtY29udGFpbmVyLWdhXzJiNzIyMzFlLTI5NWEtNGUzNC1hOWY5LTc5MzQ3MGE4YWNkNSIgZGF0YS1zaXplbWFwPSJbW1s3MzAsIDUwMF0sIFtbNzI4LCA5MF1dXSwgW1swLCAwXSwgW1szMDAsIDUwXV1dXSIgZGF0YS1hZHBhdGg9Ii8xNTcyNjcwMjc2MS9EZXNrdG9wL25qY3AvQXJ0aWNsZS9Ub3AiIGRhdGEtYXV0b2xvYWQ9InllcyIgZGF0YS1vdXRvZnBhZ2U9Im5vIiBkYXRhLXN0aWNreT0ibm8iIGRhdGEtc2xvdHRhcmdldGluZz0nJyBkYXRhLWRpc3BsYXlzbHVnPSJ5ZXMiIGRhdGEtc3RpY2t5LWR1cmF0aW9uPSI1IiBkYXRhLW5hbWU9IlRvcCI+PC9kaXY+HwBnZAIVD2QWAmYPZBYQZg9kFgRmD2QWCgIBDxYCHwBoFgQCAw9kFhACAQ8WAh8AaBYCAgEPDxYCHgtOYXZpZ2F0ZVVybAWiAWh0dHBzOi8vam91cm5hbHMubHd3LmNvbS9uamNwL3NlY3VyZS9wYWdlcy9teWFjY291bnQuYXNweD9Db250ZXh0VXJsPSUyZm5qY3AlMmZmdWxsdGV4dCUyZjIwMjMlMmYwMTAwMCUyZnNlbGZfbWVkaWNhdGlvbl9mb3JfYWNuZV9hbW9uZ19zYXVkaV91bmRlcmdyYWR1YXRlLjIuYXNweGRkAgMPFgIfAGgWAgIBDw8WAh8rBcMBaHR0cHM6Ly9qb3VybmFscy5sd3cuY29tL25qY3Avc2VjdXJlL3BhZ2VzL215YWNjb3VudC5hc3B4P0NvbnRleHRVcmw9JTJmbmpjcCUyZmZ1bGx0ZXh0JTJmMjAyMyUyZjAxMDAwJTJmc2VsZl9tZWRpY2F0aW9uX2Zvcl9hY25lX2Ftb25nX3NhdWRpX3VuZGVyZ3JhZHVhdGUuMi5hc3B4JmVkaXRXZWJQYXJ0PWVkaXRDaGFuZ2VQYXNzd29yZFdQZGQCBQ8WAh8AaBYCAgEPDxYCHysFpAFodHRwczovL2pvdXJuYWxzLmx3dy5jb20vbmpjcC9zZWN1cmUvcGFnZXMvbXlmYXZvcml0ZXMuYXNweD9Db250ZXh0VXJsPSUyZm5qY3AlMmZmdWxsdGV4dCUyZjIwMjMlMmYwMTAwMCUyZnNlbGZfbWVkaWNhdGlvbl9mb3JfYWNuZV9hbW9uZ19zYXVkaV91bmRlcmdyYWR1YXRlLjIuYXNweGRkAgcPZBYCAgEPDxYCHysFvQFodHRwczovL2pvdXJuYWxzLmx3dy5jb20vbmpjcC9zZWN1cmUvcGFnZXMvbXlmYXZvcml0ZXMuYXNweD9Db250ZXh0VXJsPSUyZm5qY3AlMmZmdWxsdGV4dCUyZjIwMjMlMmYwMTAwMCUyZnNlbGZfbWVkaWNhdGlvbl9mb3JfYWNuZV9hbW9uZ19zYXVkaV91bmRlcmdyYWR1YXRlLjIuYXNweCZjb2xsZWN0aW9uPVNhdmVkU2VhcmNoZXNkZAILD2QWAgIBDw8WAh8rBZoBaHR0cHM6Ly9qb3VybmFscy5sd3cuY29tL25qY3AvcGFnZXMvcmVnaXN0ZXIuYXNweD9Db250ZXh0VXJsPSUyZm5qY3AlMmZmdWxsdGV4dCUyZjIwMjMlMmYwMTAwMCUyZnNlbGZfbWVkaWNhdGlvbl9mb3JfYWNuZV9hbW9uZ19zYXVkaV91bmRlcmdyYWR1YXRlLjIuYXNweGRkAg0PZBYCAgEPFgIfAQUZaHR0cDovL2hlYWx0aGpvYnNwbHVzLmNvbWQCDw8WAh8AZxYCAgEPDxYGHysFtwFodHRwczovL2pvdXJuYWxzLmx3dy5jb20vbmpjcC9wYWdlcy9sb2dpbi5hc3B4P0NvbnRleHRVcmw9JTJmbmpjcCUyZmZ1bGx0ZXh0JTJmMjAyMyUyZjAxMDAwJTJmc2VsZl9tZWRpY2F0aW9uX2Zvcl9hY25lX2Ftb25nX3NhdWRpX3VuZGVyZ3JhZHVhdGUuMi5hc3B4JlJlcXVlc3RGb3I9QWN0aXZhdGVTdWJzY3JpcHRpb24eB0VuYWJsZWRnHwBnZGQCEw8WAh8AaBYCAgEPDxYCHysFiwFodHRwczovL2pvdXJuYWxzLmx3dy5jb20vbmpjcC9fbGF5b3V0cy8xNS9vYWtzLmpvdXJuYWxzL2xvZ291dC5hc3B4P0NvbnRleHRVcmw9aHR0cHMlM2ElMmYlMmZqb3VybmFscy5sd3cuY29tJTJmbmpjcCUyZnBhZ2VzJTJmZGVmYXVsdC5hc3B4ZGQCBQ8WAh8AaBYCAgEPFCsAAmRkZAIDDxYCHwBnZAIED2QWAgIBDw8WCB8kBSB1c2VyLW1lbnVfX2xpbmsganMtcmVnaXN0ZXItbGluax8rBZoBaHR0cHM6Ly9qb3VybmFscy5sd3cuY29tL25qY3AvcGFnZXMvcmVnaXN0ZXIuYXNweD9Db250ZXh0VXJsPSUyZm5qY3AlMmZmdWxsdGV4dCUyZjIwMjMlMmYwMTAwMCUyZnNlbGZfbWVkaWNhdGlvbl9mb3JfYWNuZV9hbW9uZ19zYXVkaV91bmRlcmdyYWR1YXRlLjIuYXNweB8lAgIfAGcWAh8nBVR7ImV2ZW50TmFtZSI6IlJlZ2lzdGVyIiwiZXZlbnREZXRhaWwiOnsic291cmNlIjoiTWFzdGhlYWQgRHJvcGRvd24ifSwiaXNOdWxsIjpmYWxzZX1kAggPZBYCAgEPDxYEHwIFE1N1Ym1pdCBhIE1hbnVzY3JpcHQfKwU8aHR0cHM6Ly9wcmVmbGlnaHQucGFwZXJwYWwuY29tL3BhcnRuZXIvd2ttZWRrbm93L25qY3Avc3VibWl0ZGQCCw9kFgICBg9kFgICAQ9kFgICBQ8PFgQfKwVBaHR0cHM6Ly9qb3VybmFscy5sd3cuY29tL25qY3AvX2xheW91dHMvb2Frcy5qb3VybmFscy9wcml2YWN5LmFzcHgfAgUOUHJpdmFjeSBQb2xpY3lkZAIBD2QWBmYPEA8WBh4NRGF0YVRleHRGaWVsZAUEVGV4dB4ORGF0YVZhbHVlRmllbGQFBFRleHQfKGdkEBUGA0FsbAhBcnRpY2xlcwZJbWFnZXMGVmlkZW9zCFBvZGNhc3RzBUJsb2dzFQYDQWxsCEFydGljbGVzBkltYWdlcwZWaWRlb3MIUG9kY2FzdHMFQmxvZ3MUKwMGZ2dnZ2dnZGQCBQ8PFgIfKwU3aHR0cHM6Ly9qb3VybmFscy5sd3cuY29tL25qY3AvcGFnZXMvYWR2YW5jZWRzZWFyY2guYXNweGRkAgYPDxYCHyxoZGQCAQ8PFgIfAGhkZAICDw8WAh8rBZoBaHR0cHM6Ly9qb3VybmFscy5sd3cuY29tL25qY3AvcGFnZXMvcmVnaXN0ZXIuYXNweD9Db250ZXh0VXJsPSUyZm5qY3AlMmZmdWxsdGV4dCUyZjIwMjMlMmYwMTAwMCUyZnNlbGZfbWVkaWNhdGlvbl9mb3JfYWNuZV9hbW9uZ19zYXVkaV91bmRlcmdyYWR1YXRlLjIuYXNweGRkAgMPDxYEHysFogFodHRwczovL2pvdXJuYWxzLmx3dy5jb20vbmpjcC9zZWN1cmUvcGFnZXMvbXlhY2NvdW50LmFzcHg/Q29udGV4dFVybD0lMmZuamNwJTJmZnVsbHRleHQlMmYyMDIzJTJmMDEwMDAlMmZzZWxmX21lZGljYXRpb25fZm9yX2FjbmVfY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<section class="wk-modal-content"> <header class="wk-modal-header ejp-modal-header"> <div class="wk-modal-title ejp-modal-title"></div> <button aria-label="close dialog" class="js-close primary-button wk-button-icon wk-modal-close ejp-modal-close "><i class="fa fa-times"></i></button> </header> <div class="wk-modal-body"> <div class="wk-field-item"> <p> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage"></span> </p> <div class="wk-button-bar"> <div class="wk-button-group-left"> <p id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons" Style="display: none;"> <input type="submit" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$btnContinue" value="Yes" onclick="javascript:WebForm_DoPostBackWithOptions(new WebForm_PostBackOptions("ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$btnContinue", "", true, "", "", false, false))" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_btnContinue" class="primary-button" /> <input type="button" value="No" id="btnCancel" aria-label="close dialog" class="js-close secondary-button" /> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ej-clear-float"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenUnsubscribeMessage" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenTopicalCollectionId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenTopicalCollectionId" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenOvidId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenOvidId" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenJournalId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId" /> <script type="text/javascript"> function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCPopup(title, alertType, journalId) { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); var lblUnsubscribeMessage = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage'); lblUnsubscribeMessage.innerHTML = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType').value = alertType; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage').value = title; $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons').show(); if (document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value == null || document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value == '') { document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value = journalId; } if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCPopup_Root(title, journalId, alertType) { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); var lblUnsubscribeMessage = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage'); lblUnsubscribeMessage.innerHTML = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage').value = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType').value = alertType; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId').value = journalId; $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons').show(); if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCPopup_Citation(title, journalId, ovidId) { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); var lblUnsubscribeMessage = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage'); lblUnsubscribeMessage.innerHTML = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage').value = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType').value = 'Citation'; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId').value = journalId; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenOvidId').value = ovidId; $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons').show(); if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCPopup_Topical(title, journalId, topicalCollectionId) { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); var lblUnsubscribeMessage = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage'); lblUnsubscribeMessage.innerHTML = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage').value = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType').value = 'Topical'; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId').value = journalId; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenTopicalCollectionId').value = topicalCollectionId; $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons').show(); if (document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value == null || document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value == '') { document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value = journalId; } if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCSuccessPopup() { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } $('.js-close').on('click', function() { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.hide(); } return false; }); </script> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_dummyTargetControl"></span> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$hiddenSubscribeToEtocPopupState" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscribeToEtocPopupState" value="showemail" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$hiddenConfirmSubscriptionPageUrl" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenConfirmSubscriptionPageUrl" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$hiddenJournalId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenJournalId" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$hiddenSubscriptionType" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscriptionType" /> <div id="divPopupOverLay" class="Popup-Overlay" style="display: none; position: fixed; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 3800; width: 1920px; height: 4517px;"></div> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlSubscribeToEtoc" class="etoc-popup ej-box-modal-drop-shadow" style="display: none;"> <div tabindex="-1" role="dialog" class="wk-modal horizontally-centered small wk-modal-with-overlay wk-modal-small ejp-modal"> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlMain" onkeypress="javascript:return WebForm_FireDefaultButton(event, 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_btnContinue')"> <section class="wk-modal-content"> <header class="wk-modal-header ejp-modal-header"> <div class="wk-modal-title ejp-modal-title"> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblTitle"></span> </div> <button aria-label="close dialog" class="js-close primary-button wk-button-icon wk-modal-close ejp-modal-close "> <i class="fa fa-times"></i> </button> </header> <div class="wk-modal-body"> <div class="wk-field-item"> <div class="wk-field-body"> <strong> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblThankYouMessage"></span></strong> </div> <div class="wk-field-body"> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_cvEmailError" style="color:Black;display:none;"> <div class="ej-error-message"> <p class="ej-error-message-icon error-red"> </p> </div> </span> <label for="Email input">Enter your Email address:</label> <div class="wk-field-body"> <input name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$txtEmailAddress" type="text" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_txtEmailAddress" class="ej-box-modal-style-1-input" /> </div> </div> <div class="wk-button-bar"> <div class="wk-button-group-left"> <input type="submit" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$btnContinue" value="Continue" onclick="javascript:WebForm_DoPostBackWithOptions(new WebForm_PostBackOptions("ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$btnContinue", "", true, "", "", false, false))" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_btnContinue" class="primary-button" /> <input type="button" value="Cancel" id="btnCancel" class="js-close secondary-button" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wk-field-item"> <div class="wk-field-body"> <a id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hypPrivacy" href="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/_layouts/oaks.journals/privacy.aspx" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlAuthenticatedUser" style="display: none;"> <section class="wk-modal-content"> <header class="wk-modal-header ejp-modal-header"> <div class="wk-modal-title ejp-modal-title"></div> <button aria-label="close dialog" class="js-close primary-button wk-button-icon wk-modal-close ejp-modal-close "><i class="fa fa-times"></i></button> </header> <div class="wk-modal-body"> <div class="wk-field-item"> <p> <strong> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblAuthenticatedUserTitle"></span> </strong> </p> </div> <p id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pAuthenticatedUserMessage"> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ej-clear-float"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function alerts_SaveSubscriptionTypeInHiddenField(url, subscriptionType, journalId, yearId, issueId, articleId) { if (journalId && yearId && issueId && articleId) { logCounterDataAlertWhenCitedSynchronously(journalId, yearId, issueId, articleId); } $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscriptionType').val(subscriptionType); $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenJournalId').val(journalId); if (url) window.location = url; else __doPostBack('hypSubscribeToAlerts'); return false; } function alerts_ShowSubscribeeTOCPopup(journalTitle, journalId, subscriptionType, displaySubscriptionType) { $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscriptionType').val(subscriptionType); var subscribeToEtocPopup = $find('subscribeToEtoc'); subscribeToEtocPopup.show(); document.getElementsByTagName( 'html' )[0].classList.add('no-scroll'); var modelPopupState = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscribeToEtocPopupState'); var emailTextBox = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_txtEmailAddress'); var thanksPanel = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlAuthenticatedUser'); var mainPanel = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlMain'); var thankYouMessageUnAuthenticated = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblThankYouMessage'); var thankYouMessageAuthenticated = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblAuthenticatedUserTitle'); if (!displaySubscriptionType) { displaySubscriptionType = subscriptionType; } if (modelPopupState.value == 'showthanksmessage') { thanksPanel.style.display = "block"; mainPanel.style.display = "none"; thankYouMessageAuthenticated.innerHTML = "Thank you for subscribing to the " + displaySubscriptionType + " for " + journalTitle + "."; } if (modelPopupState.value == 'showemail') { thanksPanel.style.display = "none"; mainPanel.style.display = "block"; thankYouMessageUnAuthenticated.innerHTML = "Thank you for choosing to subscribe to the " + displaySubscriptionType + " for " + journalTitle + "."; } if ($('.etoc-popup') != null) { document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenJournalId').value = journalId; if (modelPopupState.value == 'showemail') emailTextBox.focus(); } } $('.js-close').on('click', function () { document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_txtEmailAddress').value = ""; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_cvEmailError').style.display = "none"; var pageUrl = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenConfirmSubscriptionPageUrl'); var subscribeeTocPopup = $find('subscribeToEtoc'); if (subscribeeTocPopup != null) { subscribeeTocPopup.hide(); document.getElementsByTagName( 'html' )[0].classList.remove('no-scroll'); if (pageUrl.value !== '' && pageUrl.value !== window.location.pathname) window.location = pageUrl.value; } return false; }); </script> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_eTocTopContainer"> <div id="eTocTop" style="display: none;"> <a rel="nofollow" title href="javascript:javascript: alerts_ShowSubscribeeTOCPopup('Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice','njcp','eTOC', 'eTOC');;" onclick="javascript: alerts_ShowSubscribeeTOCPopup('Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice','njcp','eTOC', 'eTOC');"><span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_alertLinkControlTop_defaultText" class="hideOnFixed">Subscribe to eTOC</span></a> </div> </div> <script> $(function () { //find recent searches link and move container var recentSearchesControl = $("a[id$='RecentSearches']"); if (recentSearchesControl.length) { recentSearchesControl.click(function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); if ($("#ResentSearchContainer").is(":hidden")) { $("#ResentSearchContainer").slideDown("slow"); recentSearchesControl.addClass('open'); } else { $("#ResentSearchContainer").hide(); recentSearchesControl.removeClass('open'); } }); } var eTocAccountLink = $("ul.js-user-action-toolbar__dropdown>li>a[id='SubscribeToEToc']"); if (eTocAccountLink.length) { eTocAccountLink.parent().html($("#eTocTop>a")); } }); </script> <a class="logo-secondary white" href="http://wolterskluwer.com/" target="_blank"> <h3 class="logo-secondary-text">Secondary Logo</h3> </a> <a href="#" class="sticky-search"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></a> </div> <div class="header__layout-bottom wk-grid-page-container"> <a id="hypJournals" class="logo-main" href="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/pages/default.aspx"> <h3 class="logo-main-text">Journal Logo </h3> </a> <div class="search-v2"> <div class="search-wrapper"> <select name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$ddlContentScope" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_ddlContentScope"> <option value="All">All</option> <option selected="selected" value="Articles">Articles</option> <option value="Images">Images</option> <option value="Videos">Videos</option> <option value="Podcasts">Podcasts</option> <option value="Blogs">Blogs</option> </select> <div class="input-group" id="globalSearch"> <input name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$txtKeywords" type="text" value="Search" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_txtKeywords" class="form-control searchText" /> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearchMagnifier" type="submit" class="btn btn-default"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </span> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$IsAutoCompleteEnabled" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_IsAutoCompleteEnabled" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$AutocompleteApiUrl" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_AutocompleteApiUrl" value="https://platformservices.wolterskluwerhealth.com/autocomplete/njcp/shingle/" /> </div> </div> <div class="advance-search" style=""> <a id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_lnkAdvanceSearch" href="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/pages/advancedsearch.aspx">Advanced Search</a> <input type="submit" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$btnGlobalSearch" value="" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearch" disabled="disabled" class="aspNetDisabled btnGlobalSearch" style="display: none;" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$hfldKeywords" type="hidden" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_hfldKeywords" class="hfldKeywords" value="disableButton" /> </div> </div> <script> $(function() { try { var objSearchBox = { btnGlobalSearchMagnifierId: 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearchMagnifier', searchButtonId: 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearch', txtKeywordsId: 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_txtKeywords', hfldKeywordsHiddenId: 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_hfldKeywords', defaultSearchText: 'Search' }; new Searchbox(objSearchBox).Init(); } catch (e) { console.error(e); } }); //autocomplete functionality for basic search //this functionality will call the SBA url and start suggesting after typing 3rd character var textKeywords = null; var hiddenAutocompleteApiUrl = null; var buttonGlobalSearch = null; $(function () { try { var objAutocomplete = { hiddenIsAutoCompleteEnabled: $('#ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_IsAutoCompleteEnabled'), textKeywords: $('#ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_txtKeywords'), hiddenAutocompleteApiUrl: $('#ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_AutocompleteApiUrl'), buttonGlobalSearch: $('#ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearch'), enableNewAutoComplete: true, newAutoCompleteUrl: 'https://dxg-search-na-prd.wkgposvc.cloud/Query.svc/Query_Expand', newAutoCompleteMaxSuggestions: '10', newAutoCompleteDictionaryIds: 'ovid_sted28_mesh22' }; autoComplete(objAutocomplete); } catch (e) { console.error(e); } }); $(function () { let searchSelect = $('select[id$="ddlContentScope"]');; if (searchSelect.length){ searchSelect.selectize(); } }); </script> </div> <div id="main-nav-container-v2"> <nav id="main-nav" class="navbar navbar-default yamm wk-grid-page-container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button id="fatJuicy" type="button" class="navbar-hamburger-button navbar-toggle collapsed pull-left" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#zz1_TopNavigationMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar"> <span class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="navbar-hamburger-button__text"></span> </button> </div> <div id="navActionButtons" class="btn-group navbar-hover-color" role="group" aria-label="..."> <a id="ctl00_ctl51_lnkRegister" class="btn btn-default navbar-button" href="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/pages/register.aspx?ContextUrl=%2fnjcp%2ffulltext%2f2023%2f01000%2fself_medication_for_acne_among_saudi_undergraduate.2.aspx">Register</a> <button class="user-menu__link user-menu__link--login js-ejp-login-btn btn btn-default navbar-button" type="button" data-config="{"eventName":"login","eventDetail":{},"isNull":false}"> <span>Login</span> </button> </div> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_TopNavigationMenuConfiguration" style="display:none" class="js-top-navigation-menu-configuration" data-config="{"browsingHistory":{"isEnabled":true,"serviceUrl":"https://apim-hlrp-ejp-prod.azure-api.net/ee","pdfDownloadUrl":"/_layouts/15/oaks.journals/downloadpdf.aspx?trckng_src_pg=HistoryTab"}}"></div> <div id="zz1_TopNavigationMenu" class="navbar-collapse collapse js-top-navigation-menu noindex ms-core-listMenu-horizontalBox"> <ul id="zz2_RootAspMenu" class="root ms-core-listMenu-root static"> <li class="static selected"><a class="static selected menu-item ms-core-listMenu-item ms-displayInline ms-core-listMenu-selected ms-navedit-linkNode" href="/NJCP/pages/default.aspx" accesskey="1"><span class="additional-background ms-navedit-flyoutArrow"><span class="menu-item-text">Home</span><span class="ms-hidden">Currently selected</span></span></a></li><li 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for Acne among Saudi Undergraduate University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study', '01312023', 'L Alnaim and A Alshahrani', '26', '1', 'Copyright: \u00A9 2023 Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice', '01253091-202301000-00002', '', true, ''); } </script> <div id="ArticleContainer"> <article id="ej-article-view" class="js-article-view ej-article-view" xmlns:ssr="http://ssr-eus-go-csi.cloudapp.net/v1/assets" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><section class="ejp-r-article-subsection"><div class="ejp-r-article-subsection__text">Original Article</div></section><header class="ejp-article-header"><h1 class="ejp-article-title">Self-Medication for Acne among Saudi Undergraduate University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study</h1></header><section id="ejp-article-authors"><p id="P7">Alnaim, L; Alshahrani, A</p><section><a href="#" id="ejp-article-authors-link"> Author Information <i class="wk-icon-arrow-down-r"></i></a></section></section><section id="ejp-article-authors-info" class="ejp-article-authors-info ejp-article-authors-info--hidden"><div class="ejp-article-authors-info-holder"> <p id=""><em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</em></p> <p id="cor1"><strong xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><em>Address for correspondence:</em></strong> Dr. L Alnaim, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: <span><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0d616c61636c64604d667e7823686978237e6c" onclick="javascript:window.open('mailto:lalnaim@ksu.edu.sa');return false"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="066a676a68676f6b466d757328636273287567">[email protected]</span></a></span></p> <p id="">This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p> </div></section><section id="article-journal-info"><div class="ej-journal-info"><span class="ej-journal-name">Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice </span><span id="ej-journal-date-volume-issue-pg"><a href="/njcp/toc/2023/01000">26(1):p 16-22, January 2023.</a></span><span> | </span><span class="ej-journal-doi">DOI: </span>10.4103/njcp.njcp_587_20<a id="ej-article-indicators-ccl" onmouseover="javascript:Tooltip_CCL('Creative Commons License Information')" onmouseout="javascript:Tooltip_MouseOut()" href="" target="_blank"><span class="ejp-article-indicators__ccl"></span></a></div></section><section id="ejp-article-indicators" class="ejp-article-indicators"><ul class="ejp-article-indicators__list"> <li id="ej-article-indicators-open" class="ejp-article-indicators__list-item" onmouseover="javascript:Tooltip_Open()" onmouseout="javascript:Tooltip_MouseOut()"><span class="ejp-indicator">Open</span></li> </ul><button id="openArticleMetricsPopupButton" type="button" class="wk-button wk-button-ghost wk-button-icon-left ejp-article-metrics-btn" data-articleMetricsEndpoint="//services.journals.lww.com/IntegrationServices/ArticleMetricsService.svc" data-articleMetricsDetailsUrl="https://wolterskluwer.altmetric.com/details/" data-doi="10.4103/njcp.njcp_587_20" data-suiteId="vrs_woltere_journalsglobalvrs" data-articlePublicationDate="2023-01-31" data-articlePublicationDateString="January 31, 2023" data-receivedDate="2020-09-22" data-revisionReceivedDate="2022-04-26" data-acceptedDate="2022-05-27" data-crossrefRefLinkRoot="https://doi.org/" data-medlineRefLinkRoot="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/" data-pubMedId=""><i class="wk-icon-filled-chart-r"></i><i class="wk-icon-filled-chart-white-r"></i> Metrics </button></section><section class="ejp-article-tabs" id="abstractWrap"><h2 class="ejp-article-tabs-heading">Abstract</h2> <div class="ejp-article-tabs__tabpanel" id="panel1" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <div id="article-abstract-content1"> <div class="ejp-article-text-abstract"> <h3>Background: </h3> <p>Understanding the perceptions and practices associated with self-medication among undergraduate university students is of significant importance since there is evidence showing that self-medication is prevalent among this group.</p> <h3>Aims: </h3> <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the perceptions and extent of self-medication among undergraduate university students as well as assess their knowledge and patterns of self-medication for acne. A cross-sectional study was conducted with undergraduate university students aged between 18 and 25 years.</p> <h3>Materials and Methods: </h3> <p>Students were briefed about the purpose of the study, and a pretested questionnaire was used for assessment. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.</p> <h3>Results: </h3> <p>Five hundred and nineteen students participated in this study. Approximately 55.3% had self-medicated, and 38.2% of the participants reported self-medicating because they thought the situation was simple and did not require a doctor's visit. Adapalene was the most commonly administered medication (53%). Furthermore, 74.7% of the respondents said that they saw improvement after treatment.</p> <h3>Conclusions: </h3> <p>A high percentage of students self-medicate their acne, many of whom use medication without a prescription. However, inappropriate use of drugs can increase the risk of adverse effects.</p> </div> </div> </div></section><div class="ejp-fulltext-content js-ejp-fulltext-content"><section id="ArticleBody"><h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="intro">I<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">NTRODUCTION</span></h2> <p id="JCL-P-5">One of the most common skin diseases that have chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous gland is acne vulgaris, which is clinically classified as pustules, nodules, scarring, comedones, and papules. Its prevalence among the population of people aged between 12 and 24 years is 85%, mainly because of its association with hormonal changes.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R1">1</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Although it is merely a cosmetic disability, its emotional, social, and psychological effects inflict significant stress on physicians and the general population.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R2">2</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Part of the reason for this distress is that acne lesions are usually seen on the face, regardless of disease severity. It can also result in different types of morphological disabilities such as blackheads, nodules, pustules, cysts, and whiteheads. As such, the social and psychological effects of acne have been the driving force behind comprehensive efforts to find a cure, irrespective of its severity.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R3">3</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-6">Self-medication is defined as the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs without consulting a professional healthcare practitioner. This involves obtaining medication without a prescription, sharing medications with others, using a medication that is already available in the residence, and resubmitting an old prescription to obtain medication.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R4">4</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> This practice has become highly prevalent in both rural and urban populations, with prevalence rates ranging from 32.5% to 81.5%, despite there being a probability of risk between food materials, prescribed drugs, and OTC drugs. There is also a risk of disease worsening if the medication is not adequately used. In particular, across Asian countries such as India, the use of combination preparations consisting of hidden classes of food supplements and drugs or value tonics is also commonly found.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R5">5</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-7">Previous studies have reported an increase in financial expenses associated with self-medication among the young population. For instance, Biswas <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R6">6</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> reported that the use of antimicrobial medication among Bangladeshi students increased by 24%–50%. Since acne vulgaris is prevalent among the population (it is found in 91% of men and 79% of women, whereas it varies from 56% to 62% among medical students<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R7">7</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup>), identifying the perceptions and knowledge of acne among the youth can provide a platform for education and treatment counseling. Since knowledge about medicine use is one of the factors that contributes to self-medication practice, educating young people on the pathophysiology of acne can increase their compliance with treatments.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R8">8</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> For example, some people might practice self-medication as it is easy to procure fundamental health information from websites or people around them, such as physicians or relatives, even if they don’t have a health education background themselves. Another important factor that encourages the use of self-medication is having a mild illness<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R9">9</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup>; For example, one study showed that 44% of university students had inappropriate knowledge regarding acne and most assumed that hormones and stress were the factors causing it. Additionally, students had misbeliefs or inappropriate knowledge of acne.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R9">9</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-8">Evidence has shown that self-medication is practiced by adults, parents, students, and teenagers across Saudi Arabia.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R10">10</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> The stigma toward self-medication is often reduced by the fact that it is normalized within families, which emphasize the importance of educating parents about this problem. At the community level, a pharmacist or doctor can effectively contribute to this situation. However, this is less clear among Saudi pharmacists and medical students, although they expect to be more educated about the rational use of medications than the general population. This group should be educated about the issues and phenomena associated with this practice, since undergraduate students of medicine will go on to prescribe medicines in the future. Likewise, pharmacy students could become future pharmacists and might find themselves counseling patients on the safe use of medicines. Therefore, both kinds of professionals contribute to patient care, particularly in terms of self-medication.</p> <p id="JCL-P-9">Understanding the perceptions and practices associated with self-medication among undergraduate university students is important. However, evidence shows that self-medication affects this proportion of the population too.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R11">11</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">-</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R13">13</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> A number of studies have reported varying prevalence of self-medication among Saudi undergraduate students, although they failed to report the determinants (such as severity, types, effects, doses, duration, and expiry date). Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the perceptions and determine the extent of self-medication among undergraduate university students based on their knowledge and patterns of self-medication for acne.</p> <h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="materials|methods">M<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ATERIALS AND</span> M<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ETHODS</span></h2> <p id="JCL-P-10">A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted to evaluate the perceptions and extent of self-medication among undergraduate students between 18 and 25 years old based on their knowledge and pattern of self-medication for acne. The study was conducted in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, which is the capital city of the Kingdom. The study was conducted over a 6-month period from November 2019 to April 2020. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee of the King Saud University Medical City.</p> <p id="JCL-P-11">The sample used in this study was undergraduate students in Riyadh's university. This group was purposively sampled in this study based on their knowledge and use of self-medication in treating acne. Based on the 0.05 confidence interval, a population of 700,000, and a 95% confidence level, the minimum sample required for this study was 384 undergraduate students. After obtaining informed consent, the final sample was made up of 519 undergraduate students.</p> <p id="JCL-P-12">A self-administered closed-ended questionnaire comprising of 31 items was created. The first part included demographic information, and the second part included questions related to the severity of acne, type of medication used, dose, duration, the result of self-treatment, adverse effects, knowledge about contraindications and expiry dates, and the type of drug formulation. Questions about the choice of treatment and reasons for self-medication provided multiple answer options.</p> <p id="JCL-P-13">Data were collected face-to-face from undergraduate university students after obtaining permission from the university registrar office. The principal investigator informed the students about the objective of the survey and asked them to fill out the questionnaire. Their identity and participation in the survey were maintained anonymous.</p> <p id="JCL-P-14">A pre-test was performed on the questionnaire to measure its reliability before obtaining the data. A pilot test was conducted on 20 undergraduate students who were asked to complete the questionnaire but not included in the final sample. The responses collected from the pilot sample were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha, with 70% as the standard benchmark for questionnaire reliability. Initially, the questionnaire was validated by two researchers at the same university, who approved the questionnaire after making several corrections.</p> <p id="JCL-P-15">Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used to analyze the data. Demographic information of the respondents was illustrated through graphs, whereas descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentages, were used to present questions related to acne and self-medication.</p> <h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="results">R<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ESULTS</span></h2> <p id="JCL-P-16">The results for self-medication treatment, use of drugs for acne, and associated adverse effects are presented in the following section. <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T1', '01253091-202301000-00002');">Table 1</a> presents the demographic characteristics of the university students who participated in this study. 23.6% of them were enrolled in the Faculty of Business, and 20.3% were in the 3<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">rd</sup> year of their undergraduate degree. Moreover, 49.3% of the students were studying at King Saud University.</p><section class="ejp-r-article-images"><figure class="ejp-r-article-images__figure"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__image-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T1', '01253091-202301000-00002')"><img class="ejp-r-article-images__img js-lazy-load lazy-load" src="javascript:void(0);" data-src="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview.01253091-202301000-00002.T1.jpeg" data-srcset="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview@2.01253091-202301000-00002.T1.jpeg 2x" srcset="" alt="T1"></a><figcaption class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T1', '01253091-202301000-00002')">Table 1: </a><div class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-text">Demographics (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">n</em>=519)</div></figcaption></figure></section><p id="JCL-P-17"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T2', '01253091-202301000-00002');">Table 2</a> shows the university students’ self-diagnosis attitude. The majority of them (92.9%) suffered from acne on the face or body, which accounted for 88.7% of the male sample. The majority of the female students’ acne was diagnosed by a doctor (55.7%), whereas only 42.3% of the male students consulted a doctor for their acne. The majority of female students (57.1%) had diagnosed their acne more than a year ago, while 69.1% of the students had diagnosed their acne more than a year ago. 47.2% of the female students and 43.3% of the male students considered their acne to be of medium severity.</p><section class="ejp-r-article-images"><figure class="ejp-r-article-images__figure"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__image-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T2', '01253091-202301000-00002')"><img class="ejp-r-article-images__img js-lazy-load lazy-load" src="javascript:void(0);" data-src="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview.01253091-202301000-00002.T2.jpeg" data-srcset="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview@2.01253091-202301000-00002.T2.jpeg 2x" srcset="" alt="T2"></a><figcaption class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T2', '01253091-202301000-00002')">Table 2: </a><div class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-text">Attitudes toward self-diagnosis among university students</div></figcaption></figure></section><p id="JCL-P-18"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T3', '01253091-202301000-00002');">Table 3</a> presents information about university students’ attitudes toward self-medication. 48.6% of the female students had received a treatment plan from a doctor, while 38.1% of male students had consulted their doctor for a treatment plan. The majority (57.1%) of female students used self-medication for acne on their own, while 45.4% of male students self-medicated. Most (55.4%) female students occasionally self-medicated, whereas this figure was only 46.4% for the sample of men. The majority of university students preferred not to go to specialist doctors to treat their acne, and the associated cost of treatment was the most commonly reported reason for this [<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T4', '01253091-202301000-00002');">Table 4</a>]. Although most university students used more than one treatment simultaneously, adapalene was the most commonly used among both the female (45.7%) and male (25.8%) students.</p><section class="ejp-r-article-images"><figure class="ejp-r-article-images__figure"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__image-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T3', '01253091-202301000-00002')"><img class="ejp-r-article-images__img js-lazy-load lazy-load" src="javascript:void(0);" data-src="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview.01253091-202301000-00002.T3.jpeg" data-srcset="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview@2.01253091-202301000-00002.T3.jpeg 2x" srcset="" alt="T3"></a><figcaption class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T3', '01253091-202301000-00002')">Table 3: </a><div class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-text">Attitude toward self-medication</div></figcaption></figure><figure class="ejp-r-article-images__figure"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__image-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T4', '01253091-202301000-00002')"><img class="ejp-r-article-images__img js-lazy-load lazy-load" src="javascript:void(0);" data-src="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview.01253091-202301000-00002.T4.jpeg" data-srcset="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview@2.01253091-202301000-00002.T4.jpeg 2x" srcset="" alt="T4"></a><figcaption class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T4', '01253091-202301000-00002')">Table 4: </a><div class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-text">Attitude toward self-treatment of acne</div></figcaption></figure></section><p id="JCL-P-19"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T5', '01253091-202301000-00002');">Table 5</a> shows the status of university students regarding their awareness of the dosage amount, adverse effects, warnings, and treatment preferences. The majority of female (67.9%) and male (58.1%) students knew the correct dose for the treatment. Most females (60.2%) also knew of the possible side effects of the drugs, although 77.9% did not experience any side effects following self-medication. Similarly, 51.5% of the male students were aware of the possible side effects, although 81.4% of them did not experience any.</p><section class="ejp-r-article-images"><figure class="ejp-r-article-images__figure"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__image-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T5', '01253091-202301000-00002')"><img class="ejp-r-article-images__img js-lazy-load lazy-load" src="javascript:void(0);" data-src="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview.01253091-202301000-00002.T5.jpeg" data-srcset="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview@2.01253091-202301000-00002.T5.jpeg 2x" srcset="" alt="T5"></a><figcaption class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T5', '01253091-202301000-00002')">Table 5: </a><div class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-text">Dosage and adverse effects or side effects of drugs</div></figcaption></figure></section><h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="discussion">D<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ISCUSSION</span></h2> <p id="JCL-P-20">Acne is a multifactorial problem that is commonly observed among adolescents. Furthermore, it is a problem that is shrouded by several misconceptions, wrong practices, and a lack of knowledge. Since patients’ awareness of their condition plays an essential role in treatment compliance and management, this topic should not be overlooked.</p> <p id="JCL-P-21">The present findings indicate that the prevalence of acne is 88.7% in men and 92.9% in women. Most patients experience acne on their face rather than on their body. This finding is supported by Allayali <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al.</em>,<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R14">14</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> who showed that 55% of medical students had acne on the face. Whereas a study by Raikar and Manthale<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R2">2</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> found that there was a higher ratio of acne in females compared to males, the opposite was found to be true in Li <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.’s<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R15">15</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> research. In contrast, this study found no significant difference between the prevalence of acne across sexes (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> > 0.001). Additionally, Karamata <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R1">1</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> found a significantly higher prevalence of acne among female students than among male students as well as significantly more self-medication among students with facial lesions. Babar and Mobeen<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R16">16</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> observed poor awareness and knowledge about acne prevalence and related aggravating factors, in addition to a strong association between acne and both sexes. El-Nimr<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R17">17</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> also observed various defects in antibiotic use patterns, including duration of indication and course completion. The study also identified that the majority of adults had poor knowledge of antibiotics or self-medication, while only a few had neutral or positive attitudes.</p> <p id="JCL-P-22">In regard to seeking medical attention, 55.7% of women and 42.3% of men consulted with doctors about their acne. Malik <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.’s<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R3">3</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> study supported this finding and asserted that students with facial lesions consult dermatologists more than those with lesions on other parts of their body. From a cosmetic viewpoint, the face is one of the most essential parts of the human body, and any apparent lesion causes the patient significant distress. Al-Natour<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R18">18</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> indicated that the majority of participants consulted doctors, specifically general practitioners or family physicians. The preference for obtaining knowledge from the Internet or family members was lower than that of dermatologists or general practitioners. Yousaf <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R19">19</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> found that social media has an impact on the prevalence of acne treatment among adolescents, young adults, and women. In this regard, Instagram and YouTube were the most commonly used platforms. In terms of treatment, topical medication was the most commonly used by almost half of the students. Although one-third did not read the instructions of the medication because they thought it was unnecessary, almost 80% did check the expiry date before using the medication.</p> <p id="JCL-P-23">In the present study, only 8.1% of women and 3.6% of men relied on their knowledge about self-medication, which is a lower rate than other studies. For instance, Pokharel<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R20">20</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> found that almost 90% of the participants considered their knowledge to be sufficient. A similar study in Nigeria showed that 80% of participants had sufficient knowledge of acne.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R21">21</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-24">In this study, the main reason for self-medication was financial circumstances, followed by inappropriate treatment, self-knowledge, and saving time and effort. The study conducted by Yousef <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R22">22</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> supported this study's finding of the financial situation. However, a study conducted by Malik <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R3">3</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> asserted that mildness of acne was the most common reason for self-medication. The findings of Malik <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R3">3</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> were also supported by those of previous studies.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R1">1</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R23">23</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Pal <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al</em>.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R24">24</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> showed that self-medication would be harmful if taken with inappropriate knowledge of drugs and diseases. In the present study, 77.9% of women and 81.4% of men were aware of the side effects of self-medication despite having insufficient knowledge.</p> <p id="JCL-P-25">One limitation of this study had missing data and incorrectly answered questions. The underlying causes of the self-medication trends were not reported in this study. Furthermore, undergraduate students were only selected from five universities, and data were retrospectively collected, which makes them more prone to bias. Therefore, it is important to educate teenagers on factors that positively or negatively influence the course of acne. The evidence base for recommendations is insufficient in Saudi Arabia; therefore, additional research is required to address this gap. The high acne prevalence in this study compared to other studies might be due to the fact that it was conducted in a university setting and was not clinical based, which allowed the researcher to recruit many students with financial issues who cannot seek medical advice.</p> <p id="JCL-P-26">This descriptive study demonstrated that the practice of self-medication is very common among undergraduate students, which was facilitated by the availability of drugs and information from previous prescriptions. Inappropriate use of medications may increase the risk of adverse effects. Furthermore, 74.7% of participants reported improvements after treatment. While 66.2% of the respondents were aware of the right dose of the drug, 41.4% of patients did not know enough about the adverse effects of self-medication. Self-medication is a common practice among university students, particularly medical students, because of pharmacological knowledge and the availability of drugs from different sources.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="JCL5">Ethical approval and consent to participate</h3> <p id="JCL-P-27">Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee of King Saud University Medical City.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="JCL6">Declaration of patient consent</h3> <p id="JCL-P-28">The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="JCL7">Financial support and sponsorship</h3> <p id="JCL-P-29">Nil.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="JCL8">Conflicts of interest</h3> <p id="JCL-P-30">There are no conflicts of interest.</p></section><section id="article-references" class="article-references js-article-references"><h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="JCL9">Acknowledgement</h2> <p id="JCL-P-31">This research project was supported by a grant from the “Research Center of the Female Scientific and Medical Colleges”, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University.</p> <p id="JCL-P-32">The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship as stated earlier in this document have been met, and each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work.</p> <h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="JCL-L-0">R<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">EFERENCES</span></h2> <div id="R1" class="article-references__item js-article-reference">1. 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Int J Community Med Public Health 2017;4:3619–24.<div> <ul class="article-references__item-links"> <li class="internal-links"><a href="#JCL-P-24"> Cited Here</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="article-references__button-container"></div></section><div><strong>Keywords:</strong><p id=""><em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Acne</em>; <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">self-medication</em>; <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">self-medication practice</em>; <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">self-treatment</em>; <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">undergraduate students</em></p> </div><section class="ej-article-copyright">Copyright: © 2023 Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice</section></div><button class="ejp-toggle-fulltext-button js-ejp-toggle-fulltext-button">View full article text</button></article> </div> </div> <div id="article-metrics"> <div id="article-metrics-container"> </div> 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