CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134cdae3e2c89a1',cH: 'ih54f0ytaHcskY9dvmaxZ5oQjq7QJhrzIyibD4Y3ZS0-1739785095-1.2.1.1-9.U7smtTtpuf8NJeFJPhFMjQb5pQymopM1keQtWgTignOAW.3TXxjCgkCWvWw2Mf',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Engineering%20Design&__cf_chl_tk=fyjVO6AOdBLkYyJcQOxKZPAjGE9iQUID4ljnnpiM7rA-1739785095-1.0.1.1-2eiAQuSZpPU7dENcs0m4VV6kVf_QLd5h0achmkypQic",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739785095',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=Engineering%20Design&__cf_chl_f_tk=fyjVO6AOdBLkYyJcQOxKZPAjGE9iQUID4ljnnpiM7rA-1739785095-1.0.1.1-2eiAQuSZpPU7dENcs0m4VV6kVf_QLd5h0achmkypQic",md: "JVTqzkFpHuLvVohiM39HEW9zff8sWrEbnstDc23OpK4-1739785095-1.2.1.1-paS08y8ktIZueB0h9h7_2P844VjAOF1nocXd5znpZnk7q4POmniW5S5HxGlbCIBVDkH29IPdV5RKgbyrYDYGBokO.E4fOz_mjr78MTG0kF_JkxhChCbbytk.tFjKhokjoyy_rUfT01fFJwkmj4JEG_y84Iq8aqiebCx9EefFCSW4GonfVqnF8UMwuuiV55E_fRoDMesLdd2Et6AZE70.vBbUYghdQGbKzz1Ay2scydiDBmoEAOD3LmYdrIvxbFOkSpslCDIlV.4Ycqqt8XkCQmm.id_8Hfnuv86r7kmEf1G7hXdqlnJK6W6kjncOLJ4_IOX1mKdNT8zLwa.nCbW5YXOv10HNmupfooXDBlA329g8rGJbQ0GWiL0NcHwe_EV1ovTEr9FkvvEe_S3vpHsBlmD8EqdKV5Vp3VR7AcTYHWVd2svdG2SYsZjJppHMMFyUR76hZ3qmi3g5_4Y6cjbDz7KO64cDqmIBUqF28LD8if7_shb3YxCDR8Kn3gjAeNFQ5lilXC.PfhgHOdSaZmGMrI__9fm44wxyjGx8IF6wQZJtQqI8lZThbHGSc531U_iG2j4pJkFHQhPfGL.f3mx9fXQqCy6VtvdxIsqFRE8_JY.prLlNYuUBPDy16nBLtauEF8wK6ZaeqNsLjKf_Qqq1Z7JkKEBb2J6zIvGfwt2bOv3C9h2_2BbMLWBS6ReozLgauUFcqMc.qxsoBuYgzf5siY10c6fcIhi2JU1s.vURJBXGSo5OJCRCTS_m.mClQ5ZFZZ3.mcGNGYzB2pxehcvOyvcpynKIvJdJ1iGOUZ9xGh.NvB5J69cOSF7yjZCW3aSIAN_Cv41A8MfT4f2CIbj6qojEmTALWY7E2SG6XukLs6Lgstb1dDT4Uwpju.oxTyOaf7dJCrE2u5e9fmEYpIfCoLvFMw6AxSz.eH1B9kftXqC2eilaCtpPb5VickQk1c.N8kEnYQ5FEUhtyciJzWonHyxPXQQu_jUnZfrMiE9H0UXWyCJM.1HxgIKt8aV_S1eMFMfqVvT9CMEZU3gVtEJhLNJ3zu9yqIFnAgq.KqQyCkdFlIdChDEkTIDve1pvl36fdpB6akHRFrCVvidgl.UmHpnNImfWcj9Caf4ATBcWWDqOo7VLE2HduOcPTs2tRTSEJjCXmLDn5IjjS.nbfSaDBUtow0pDDN06gWFf3DH5CPznLPBlCQdoi15if19mCeI_RcP_Z4WWYKAsFhL7Vv4D008v..5ixn5l_c5XNOmLyHvNRV8wohRmSOYXQdKSI0EMFDFBZ.XJMFDJFSTcElFBJ.G6_6w1jYyJ4uUCtEtu06whbAyP9uqQg7KwrSAh_0.6iPMfUEi7VzhD4VGHyK8sLmhOnBEdAx.7ebh3xnljCKfDIkDRgTxqItIyRt81pRvleutCc4p9QuAFBYUTfNPeoApF28bN9zLsK2MlYb.oBsK1QJWL2.1Fh35HW3aDFfHx.dFOLJ1oBbTV7oBKrUtBFpBfTzcbT0FtYNeZuZWF18Y339PjcqhqR6hAtVxsK3jDDbvS.D0dnHY_WnkiNz_SJ1Nu76_5SCKoAlwrG213zM5PLVBjdPBy5GPY.evaUwWsv2blkSd46is95ULjmV4goRtJfWfQkj3AWVptiWU92z7bQVEpVvLnPIfesq.hI0yO71qjaJu.pxgYxXMRsiz8nQlq0SDWiC08FAPXUW_Kfk.TSqpljH6xhfDqDxgso.g1DySUVymQlDdaHFPbKZDeQLomR_E.F55BqMpezRkzjXVXauTAc4ur2AvQw1v7IZGNSEG0MZDpItMIE.Bm6JEOLDicUB6pqU1PaIX6lPOx8HufbQwXTDxSYdHaHt4gsRYOz8HlfcXT0W2upzzLjUaPpXbrivOs0h40rAlc1KtuT0UJwbj6B3UFkEgYnIvo3fWcede7Abe4YaEymm.arX5A6w",mdrd: "NvP0xpUHuhfvmyHlKK8PyB7wJU8VCFoVs6t_8Ton2IM-1739785095-1.2.1.1-0gafiR0O8hDx7WmWrNiEFpGAvsREGgZqivh.xCKQ_X608fMvp9kq_2ij8DzX_LoQ2CI6AqhNdRHXelw0VhssMak9q_Fe6j7JuV59W4TtbUXM2nSbk9KB5oSQ2H82mbutFa4Q9IpNT5k8V0li3lUgDb9sYZeTpOZu2VlgFJBuT8Z01UzRVKv2tppgZ1SbwrMueT_4hXSrxOGAlITFJQvkB1MsQ.wQw5Pm58_FPPPctIl0uZUCPVUDc8Ae_dkCNBCNUnOB0.N7tCJ99Mwg8eO8V0B9ufrKMfmNIzpnd8YanEfiBuiYligKMnJaMHoD8NnbEusXbciywTqcuAtAbXKCiht3iZoLo1n8GhycHLr4QCOgEOGJ9LJbRGu.Dt8vUGdz3AeWUMayxqJFUMVmojfOjag5.iMap6fWPzDiNRqYP1IExj1ma9JJmMEM0ohvSocGea9Zf846y9biWjJW0EOg1gWW4ZEZb.d5I1B7Q4Oac7.5VyKWF4d_bD7eFPtQCiA6nDXxdGDVTfkovCWN5o8tqAJRfjzw3JIpPeY8SXEXJxlj8of3rmG8ehZGGt_LoEHtcQkiCtr.2PQtT8TE9LkHlKb4R.7YmyAvjOWR_lIgJfWC3kDXCaSjZPZ37Q6SeEdxO6I16NvKA3e.PA8ikz8i0pHqkEF4oJ_2nhx_.rNT00qZy02LMLblUGuMt9jOhJXysvnhTYPfPIMAP.fjSML3gktYOIigsyy9n9TKdaJPYhg39_6P98lKbMHMVMwFpzYoZuc4aRO9MmJaQxWm7ijGcMdRch8pRi9qHdR7RiOpT5wVikdfLHT2Xxz8SlAB2fFmd6iw.VPtwveTOQKyiTUX4if3rU.._8c4pondRTcAmO6x4BBWlRz5K2yukma23_83pbU4oeDe_kAaEVayDHmxnn5Dlxrtynp3fgf8ng_nVTt.VzIszRA49nm5M9vMFh3JU1exxlLhPJLR1BPviY_2h3Jcrz3N4gmkST.OeOxkxHrYOZVqx.hFtv5pziAAV1VL.3NQGrUS3KANZIGTUieHEuaJGZwW7oRMiERHzQv3J.HAxBzO57s0lnDxvK36wqldcDRT.CDOUqZMJt2JDcKSLTivRZN5jA98LyuPXnZp1IdWwraGhbwb.rzFX41KS6R2I8jx2irgfmjqo80UdM6aP8mwUCpyac47ngNMs_gmOS8_eeBrNw.nH49.gIglZgUQ1NhAneSSWzICVdCYayn_csQZz5dhXW3_7m8KHHzwl1lxjAmASS7b0CnRJWtvdSz8eg8jIh7wYvbE6B6jAWuwd0DXxSGSwCwn6U4NVaHp_d875MJCXC2dO0MV7FbG29NOWFGjKl9tGQ8lCZWKxmDMbmDWAFsQJfpX1RkFtgM382iJhH0O7VpZEbzobAyCWD5mbav14iX2MBZ9jjyfwSJRdAZXKTJR4_Xg4rVUMFQpn2tkCguRIR8G6sGvBq.alGILPt0nStUVOqZ1CHyge6TFPBH6b0LP2xvHnxSncKZnvvxXlxQvpEyLFvdWmxBqYztJU13Oty8RYB5T84HwlPT.IDrcqQBNHWVqcPHP0bFafiWyKO.WeG_rZOZZDASUBqJ8cXya3Wal8qIwPuBg5So9RPxHpSOadOQ_SuWb.3ZfAI4zWAV0CLVHkE2JDSLoWa4h9KEjblAqp9UeHPbuKIP3AhdpaRZ4mVSA2XyYUYGueD_DAFOWysygH06vsqTQfAAen_rj7p2vdfv0zJc0vvvWST0rNym3WwYx8ExjJKmkisb_V8RCJ8Ft5gru4K_NZdhWd4ytYShTkhTQ2EgklYTPsC5Z74dM9xFMGw4SoAHHNCISZwlBRH7ydm6GwkhRBwQsTPlcCtONt1a2vBdlre4Nu94C2vxpbBBevp4qBxjmxQ5qAPOekJ1rxEQjiKnLtqwS7LcEIz3W4qB8C5CToYuT5n7RHMQcOOsgOFdXBvt4TfLbp.XBU_LS79aOpoSlG0t5FU6PJvDGHMU76_9OoaypCw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134cdae3e2c89a1';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Engineering%20Design&__cf_chl_rt_tk=fyjVO6AOdBLkYyJcQOxKZPAjGE9iQUID4ljnnpiM7rA-1739785095-1.0.1.1-2eiAQuSZpPU7dENcs0m4VV6kVf_QLd5h0achmkypQic" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>