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aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_am.wikipedia.org&uselang=am" class=""><span>መዋጮ ለመስጠት</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:CreateAccount&returnto=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>የብዕር ስም ለማውጣት</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="በብዕር ስም መግባትዎ ጠቃሚ ቢሆንም አስፈላጊ አይደለም [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ለመግባት</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="የኔ መሣርያዎች" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">የኔ መሣርያዎች</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_am.wikipedia.org&uselang=am"><span>መዋጮ ለመስጠት</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:CreateAccount&returnto=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>የብዕር ስም ለማውጣት</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="በብዕር ስም መግባትዎ ጠቃሚ ቢሆንም አስፈላጊ አይደለም [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ለመግባት</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%B3:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:MyTalk" title="ለቁ. አድራሻዎ የውይይት ገጽ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>የኔ ውይይት</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003E\u0026lt;-- ይህን 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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-አካባቢው(_ከ1890_በፊት)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#አካባቢው(_ከ1890_በፊት)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>አካባቢው( ከ1890 በፊት)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-አካባቢው(_ከ1890_በፊት)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle አካባቢው( ከ1890 በፊት) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-አካባቢው(_ከ1890_በፊት)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ክዴቭ_ፓሻ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ክዴቭ_ፓሻ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>ክዴቭ ፓሻ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ክዴቭ_ፓሻ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ሦስቱ_ማዕከላት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ሦስቱ_ማዕከላት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>ሦስቱ ማዕከላት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ሦስቱ_ማዕከላት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-አጼ_ዮሐንስ፣_ግብጾች፣_መሃዲስቶች_እና_ጣሊያኖች" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#አጼ_ዮሐንስ፣_ግብጾች፣_መሃዲስቶች_እና_ጣሊያኖች"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>አጼ ዮሐንስ፣ ግብጾች፣ መሃዲስቶች እና ጣሊያኖች</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-አጼ_ዮሐንስ፣_ግብጾች፣_መሃዲስቶች_እና_ጣሊያኖች-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ኮሎኒያ_ኤርትራ_(፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ኮሎኒያ_ኤርትራ_(፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ኮሎኒያ ኤርትራ (፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ኮሎኒያ_ኤርትራ_(፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ኮሎኒያ ኤርትራ (፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ኮሎኒያ_ኤርትራ_(፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-የጣሊያኖች_መስፋፋት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የጣሊያኖች_መስፋፋት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>የጣሊያኖች መስፋፋት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የጣሊያኖች_መስፋፋት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-በጊዜው፣_የኤርትሪያ_ሕዝብ_ስብጥር" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#በጊዜው፣_የኤርትሪያ_ሕዝብ_ስብጥር"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>በጊዜው፣ የኤርትሪያ ሕዝብ ስብጥር</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-በጊዜው፣_የኤርትሪያ_ሕዝብ_ስብጥር-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የጣሊያኖች_አገዛዝ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የጣሊያኖች_አገዛዝ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>የጣሊያኖች አገዛዝ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የጣሊያኖች_አገዛዝ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ጣሊያኖች_ግዛታቸውን_አጸኑ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ጣሊያኖች_ግዛታቸውን_አጸኑ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>ጣሊያኖች ግዛታቸውን አጸኑ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ጣሊያኖች_ግዛታቸውን_አጸኑ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የቅኝ_ግዛቱ_አስተዳደር" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የቅኝ_ግዛቱ_አስተዳደር"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>የቅኝ ግዛቱ አስተዳደር</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የቅኝ_ግዛቱ_አስተዳደር-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-የትምህርት_ፖሊሲ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የትምህርት_ፖሊሲ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.1</span> <span>የትምህርት ፖሊሲ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የትምህርት_ፖሊሲ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ጣሊያኖችና_አገሬው" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ጣሊያኖችና_አገሬው"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>ጣሊያኖችና አገሬው</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ጣሊያኖችና_አገሬው-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-የአፓርታይድ_ስርዓት_እና_ፋሽዝም" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የአፓርታይድ_ስርዓት_እና_ፋሽዝም"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.1</span> <span>የአፓርታይድ ስርዓት እና ፋሽዝም</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የአፓርታይድ_ስርዓት_እና_ፋሽዝም-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የኢኮኖሚ_እድገትና_የልዩ_ማንነት_መፈጠር" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የኢኮኖሚ_እድገትና_የልዩ_ማንነት_መፈጠር"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.2</span> <span>የኢኮኖሚ እድገትና የልዩ ማንነት መፈጠር</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የኢኮኖሚ_እድገትና_የልዩ_ማንነት_መፈጠር-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የእንግሊዝ_ወታደራዊ_አገዛዝ_(1941_-1952)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የእንግሊዝ_ወታደራዊ_አገዛዝ_(1941_-1952)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>የእንግሊዝ ወታደራዊ አገዛዝ (1941 -1952)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-የእንግሊዝ_ወታደራዊ_አገዛዝ_(1941_-1952)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle የእንግሊዝ ወታደራዊ አገዛዝ (1941 -1952) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-የእንግሊዝ_ወታደራዊ_አገዛዝ_(1941_-1952)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ሕግና_ስርዓት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ሕግና_ስርዓት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>ሕግና ስርዓት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ሕግና_ስርዓት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ሁለተኛው_የአለም_ጦርነት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ሁለተኛው_የአለም_ጦርነት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>ሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ሁለተኛው_የአለም_ጦርነት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ከጦርነቱ_በኋላ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ከጦርነቱ_በኋላ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>ከጦርነቱ በኋላ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ከጦርነቱ_በኋላ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ማህበር_ፍቅሪ_ሐገር" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ማህበር_ፍቅሪ_ሐገር"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>ማህበር ፍቅሪ ሐገር</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ማህበር_ፍቅሪ_ሐገር-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ኢትዮጵያ_ኤርትራ_ፌዴሬሽን_(1952-1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ኢትዮጵያ_ኤርትራ_ፌዴሬሽን_(1952-1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>ኢትዮጵያ ኤርትራ ፌዴሬሽን (1952-1962)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ኢትዮጵያ_ኤርትራ_ፌዴሬሽን_(1952-1962)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ኢትዮጵያ ኤርትራ ፌዴሬሽን (1952-1962) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ኢትዮጵያ_ኤርትራ_ፌዴሬሽን_(1952-1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-የኤርትራ_ምክር_ቤት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የኤርትራ_ምክር_ቤት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>የኤርትራ ምክር ቤት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የኤርትራ_ምክር_ቤት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የኢትዮጵያ_ክፍለ_ሐገር_(1962-1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የኢትዮጵያ_ክፍለ_ሐገር_(1962-1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>የኢትዮጵያ ክፍለ ሐገር (1962-1991)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-የኢትዮጵያ_ክፍለ_ሐገር_(1962-1991)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle የኢትዮጵያ ክፍለ ሐገር (1962-1991) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-የኢትዮጵያ_ክፍለ_ሐገር_(1962-1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-የዘውድ_ዘመናት_(1962-1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የዘውድ_ዘመናት_(1962-1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>የዘውድ ዘመናት (1962-1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የዘውድ_ዘመናት_(1962-1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-መላው_አረባዊነት_እና_ጀብሃ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#መላው_አረባዊነት_እና_ጀብሃ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>መላው አረባዊነት እና ጀብሃ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-መላው_አረባዊነት_እና_ጀብሃ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የጀብሃ_መፈረካከስና_የኤርትራ_ህዝብ_ነጻነት_ግንባር" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የጀብሃ_መፈረካከስና_የኤርትራ_ህዝብ_ነጻነት_ግንባር"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>የጀብሃ መፈረካከስና የኤርትራ ህዝብ ነጻነት ግንባር</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የጀብሃ_መፈረካከስና_የኤርትራ_ህዝብ_ነጻነት_ግንባር-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የደርግ_ዘመናት_(1974-1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የደርግ_ዘመናት_(1974-1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>የደርግ ዘመናት (1974-1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የደርግ_ዘመናት_(1974-1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ሃገረ_ኤርትራ_(ከ1991_በኋላ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ሃገረ_ኤርትራ_(ከ1991_በኋላ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>ሃገረ ኤርትራ (ከ1991 በኋላ)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ሃገረ_ኤርትራ_(ከ1991_በኋላ)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ሃገረ ኤርትራ (ከ1991 በኋላ) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ሃገረ_ኤርትራ_(ከ1991_በኋላ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-አጠቃላይ_የአገሪቱ_ሁናቴ፣_በተለይ_የውጭ_ግንኙነት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#አጠቃላይ_የአገሪቱ_ሁናቴ፣_በተለይ_የውጭ_ግንኙነት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>አጠቃላይ የአገሪቱ ሁናቴ፣ በተለይ የውጭ ግንኙነት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-አጠቃላይ_የአገሪቱ_ሁናቴ፣_በተለይ_የውጭ_ግንኙነት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ፖለቲካዊ_አደረጃጀት፣_በተለይ_የአገር_ውስጥ_አደረጃጀት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ፖለቲካዊ_አደረጃጀት፣_በተለይ_የአገር_ውስጥ_አደረጃጀት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>ፖለቲካዊ አደረጃጀት፣ በተለይ የአገር ውስጥ አደረጃጀት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ፖለቲካዊ_አደረጃጀት፣_በተለይ_የአገር_ውስጥ_አደረጃጀት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የአስተዳደር_ክፍሎች" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የአስተዳደር_ክፍሎች"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>የአስተዳደር ክፍሎች</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የአስተዳደር_ክፍሎች-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ኢኮኖሚ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ኢኮኖሚ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>ኢኮኖሚ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ኢኮኖሚ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የሕዝብ_ስብጥር" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የሕዝብ_ስብጥር"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>የሕዝብ ስብጥር</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የሕዝብ_ስብጥር-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ታዋቂ_ኤርትራውያን" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ታዋቂ_ኤርትራውያን"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>ታዋቂ ኤርትራውያን</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ታዋቂ_ኤርትራውያን-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ኤርትራ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 249 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">249 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Еритреиа – አብሐዚኛ" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Еритреиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="አብሐዚኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – አቻይንኛ" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="አቻይንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5" title="Эритрее – አድይግሄ" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Эритрее" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="አድይግሄ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – አፍሪካንኛ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="አፍሪካንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ስዊዝ ጀርመንኛ" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ስዊዝ ጀርመንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – አራጎንስ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="አራጎንስ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ri%C3%BErea" title="Æriþrea – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æriþrea" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरीट्रिया – አንጊካ" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इरीट्रिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="አንጊካ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إرتريا – ዓረብኛ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرتريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ዓረብኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إيريطيريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيريطيريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اريتريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريتريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – አስቱሪያን" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="አስቱሪያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertra" title="Ertra – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ertra" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – አዘርባጃንኛ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="አዘርባጃንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اریتره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اریتره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ባስኪርኛ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ባስኪርኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ritr%C3%A9a" title="Éritréa – ባሊኔስ" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éritréa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="ባሊኔስ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ባቫሪያን" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="ባቫሪያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Eritrėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Eritrėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Эрытрэя – ቤላራሻኛ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрытрэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ቤላራሻኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Эрытрэя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрытрэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ritr%C3%A9a" title="Èritréa – ቤታዊ" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èritréa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="ቤታዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Еритрея – ቡልጋሪኛ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еритрея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ቡልጋሪኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरीट्रिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इरीट्रिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ቢስላምኛ" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="ቢስላምኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtra" title="Irtra – ባንጃር" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Irtra" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="ባንጃር" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritere" title="Eritere – ባምባርኛ" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Eritere" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="ባምባርኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইরিত্রিয়া – ቤንጋሊኛ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরিত্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ቤንጋሊኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་རི་ཏྲའ། – ቲቤታንኛ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་རི་ཏྲའ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ቲቤታንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইরিত্রিয়া – ቢሹንፑሪያ" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরিত্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="ቢሹንፑሪያ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ብሬቶንኛ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ብሬቶንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – ቦስኒያንኛ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ቦስኒያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ካታላንኛ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ካታላንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – ችችን" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ችችን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – ካቡዋኖ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="ካቡዋኖ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئێریتریا – የሶራኒ ኩርድኛ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێریتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="የሶራኒ ኩርድኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኮርሲካኛ" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="ኮርሲካኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – ክሪሚያን ተርኪሽ" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="ክሪሚያን ተርኪሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ቼክኛ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ቼክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%80%D1%B7%D1%B3%D1%80%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Єрѷѳрїꙗ – ቸርች ስላቪክ" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єрѷѳрїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="ቸርች ስላቪክ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ቹቫሽ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ቹቫሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ወልሽ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ወልሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ዴኒሽ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ዴኒሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ጀርመንኛ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ጀርመንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriteria" title="Eriteria – ዲንካ" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Eriteria" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="ዲንካ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – የታችኛው ሰርቢያኛ" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="የታችኛው ሰርቢያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरिट्रया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इरिट्रया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="އެރިތުރިއާ – ዲቬሂ" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެރިތުރިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ዲቬሂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኢዊ" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ኢዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ερυθραία – ግሪክኛ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερυθραία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ግሪክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – እንግሊዝኛ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="እንግሊዝኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ምርጥ ፅሑፎች"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreo" title="Eritreo – ኤስፐራንቶ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eritreo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ኤስፐራንቶ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ስፓኒሽ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ስፓኒሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኢስቶኒያንኛ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ኢስቶኒያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ባስክኛ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ባስክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اریتره – ፐርሺያኛ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریتره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ፐርሺያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritereya" title="Eritereya – ፉላ" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Eritereya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="ፉላ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ፊኒሽ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ፊኒሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ፋሮኛ" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ፋሮኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e" title="Érythrée – ፈረንሳይኛ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Érythrée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ፈረንሳይኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ritr%C3%AA" title="Èritrê – አርፒታን" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èritrê" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="አርፒታን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሰሜናዊ ፍሪስያን" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ሰሜናዊ ፍሪስያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritre%C3%A4" title="Eritreä – ምዕራባዊ ፍሪሲኛ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eritreä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ምዕራባዊ ፍሪሲኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eiritr%C3%A9" title="An Eiritré – አይሪሽ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eiritré" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="አይሪሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – ጋጉዝኛ" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="ጋጉዝኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ritr%C3%A9" title="Éritré – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Éritré" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eartra" title="Eartra – ስኮቲሽ ጋይሊክ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eartra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="ስኮቲሽ ጋይሊክ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ጋሊሽያዊ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ጋሊሽያዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erityr%C3%A9a" title="Erityréa – ጓራኒኛ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Erityréa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ጓራኒኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरिट्रिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ማንክስ" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="ማንክስ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሃውሳኛ" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ሃውሳኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሃካ ቻይንኛ" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="ሃካ ቻይንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBElikilea" title="ʻElikilea – ሃዊያኛ" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻElikilea" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="ሃዊያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="אריתריאה – ዕብራይስጥ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריתריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ዕብራይስጥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरित्रिया – ሒንዱኛ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इरित्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ሒንዱኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – ክሮሽያንኛ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ክሮሽያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – የላይኛው ሶርቢያንኛ" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="የላይኛው ሶርቢያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritre" title="Eritre – ሃይትኛ ክሮሌ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eritre" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ሃይትኛ ክሮሌ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሀንጋሪኛ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ሀንጋሪኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1" title="Էրիթրեա – አርመናዊ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրիթրեա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="አርመናዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኢንቴርሊንጓ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ኢንቴርሊንጓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኢንዶኔዥያኛ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ኢንዶኔዥያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C3%A9a" title="Eritréa – እንተርሊንግወ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Eritréa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="እንተርሊንግወ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኢግቦኛ" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ኢግቦኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኢሎኮ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ኢሎኮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኢዶ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ኢዶ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – አይስላንድኛ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="አይስላንድኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ጣሊያንኛ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ጣሊያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="エリトリア – ጃፓንኛ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリトリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ጃፓንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erichriya" title="Erichriya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Erichriya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ritr%C3%A9a" title="Éritréa – ጃቫኒዝ" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Éritréa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ጃቫኒዝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ერიტრეა – ጆርጂያዊ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერიტრეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ጆርጂያዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iritirya" title="Iritirya – ካብይል" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iritirya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="ካብይል" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriitree" title="Eriitree – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eriitree" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ታያፕ" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="ታያፕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኮንጎኛ" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="ኮንጎኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ካዛክኛ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ካዛክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%81" title="អេរីត្រេ – ክመር" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេរីត្រេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ክመር" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಎರಿಟ್ರಿಯ – ካናዳ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎರಿಟ್ರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ካናዳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84" title="에리트레아 – ኮሪያኛ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에리트레아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ኮሪያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%AEtrea" title="Erîtrea – ኩርድሽ" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erîtrea" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ኩርድሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኮርኒሽ" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="ኮርኒሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ክይርግይዝ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ክይርግይዝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythraea" title="Erythraea – ላቲንኛ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Erythraea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ላቲንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ላዲኖ" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ላዲኖ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሉክሰምበርግኛ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ሉክሰምበርግኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertra" title="Ertra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ertra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ጋንዳኛ" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ጋንዳኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሊምቡርጊሽ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ሊምቡርጊሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitr%C3%A9" title="Elitré – ሊንጋላ" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Elitré" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="ሊንጋላ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດອິຣີເຕຣຍ – ላኦኛ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິຣີເຕຣຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ላኦኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C4%97ja" title="Eritrėja – ሉቴንያንኛ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eritrėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ሉቴንያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – ላትቪያን" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ላትቪያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ማዱረስ" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="ማዱረስ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एरिट्रिया – ማይቲሊ" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ማይቲሊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Эритрэя – ሞክሻ" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эритрэя" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="ሞክሻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ማላጋስይ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ማላጋስይ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erit%C4%93ria" title="Eritēria – ማኦሪ" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Eritēria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="ማኦሪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሚናንግካባኡ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="ሚናንግካባኡ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еритреја – ሜቄዶንኛ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еритреја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ሜቄዶንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="എരിട്രിയ – ማላያላም" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എരിട്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ማላያላም" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – ሞንጎሊያኛ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ሞንጎሊያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯌꯥ – ማኒፑሪ" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="ማኒፑሪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरिट्रिया – ማራቲ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ማራቲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ማላይ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ማላይ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ማልቲስ" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="ማልቲስ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရီထရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – ቡርማኛ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရီထရီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ቡርማኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اریتره – ማዛንደራኒ" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اریتره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="ማዛንደራኒ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኒአፖሊታን" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="ኒአፖሊታን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – የታችኛው ጀርመንኛ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="የታችኛው ጀርመንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – የታችኛው ሳክሰን" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="የታችኛው ሳክሰን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरित्रिया – ኔፓሊኛ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इरित्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ኔፓሊኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरिट्रिया – ኒዋሪ(ኔፓል)" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ኒዋሪ(ኔፓል)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ደች" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ደች" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – የኖርዌይ ናይኖርስክ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="የኖርዌይ ናይኖርስክ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – የኖርዌይ ቦክማል" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="የኖርዌይ ቦክማል" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሰሜናዊ ሶቶ" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="ሰሜናዊ ሶቶ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nteel_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tónteel Łichííʼí Dineʼé Bikéyah – ናቫጆ" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tónteel Łichííʼí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="ናቫጆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C3%A8a" title="Eritrèa – ኦሲታን" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eritrèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ኦሲታን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrei" title="Eritrei – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Eritrei" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeritiraa" title="Eeritiraa – ኦሮሚኛ" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Eeritiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ኦሮሚኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଇରିଟ୍ରିଆ – ኦዲያ" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରିଟ୍ରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ኦዲያ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – ኦሴቲክ" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ኦሴቲክ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਇਰੀਤਰੀਆ – ፑንጃብኛ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰੀਤਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ፑንጃብኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ፓምፓንጋ" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="ፓምፓንጋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ፓፒያሜንቶ" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="ፓፒያሜንቶ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एरिट्रिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erytrea" title="Erytrea – ፖሊሽ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erytrea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ፖሊሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اریٹریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اریٹریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اېريتريا – ፓሽቶ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېريتريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ፓሽቶ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreia" title="Eritreia – ፖርቹጋልኛ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eritreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ፖርቹጋልኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iritriya" title="Iritriya – ኩዌቹዋ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iritriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ኩዌቹዋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሮማንሽ" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="ሮማንሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreea" title="Eritreea – ሮማኒያኛ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eritreea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ሮማኒያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – አሮማንያን" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="አሮማንያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ራሽያኛ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ራሽያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritereya" title="Eritereya – ኪንያርዋንዳ" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Eritereya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ኪንያርዋንዳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरीट्रिया – ሳንስክሪት" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इरीट्रिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="ሳንስክሪት" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ሳክሃ" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ሳክሃ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟ – ሳንታሊ" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="ሳንታሊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሳርዲንያን" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="ሳርዲንያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritria" title="Eritria – ሲሲሊያንኛ" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eritria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ሲሲሊያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ስኮትስ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ስኮትስ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اريٽيريا – ሲንዲ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اريٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="ሲንዲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሰሜናዊ ሳሚ" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="ሰሜናዊ ሳሚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C3%ABe" title="Eritrëe – ሳንጎ" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Eritrëe" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="ሳንጎ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – ሰርቦ-ክሮኤሽያኛ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="ሰርቦ-ክሮኤሽያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iritriyya" title="Iritriyya – ታቼልሂት" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iritriyya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ታቼልሂት" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢႄႇရီႇထရီးယႃး – ሻን" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႄႇရီႇထရီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="ሻን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="එරිත්‍රියාව – ሲንሃላ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එරිත්‍රියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ሲንሃላ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ስሎቫክኛ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ስሎቫክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اریٹریا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اریٹریا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – ስሎቬንኛ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ስሎቬንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሳሞኣን" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="ሳሞኣን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ኢናሪ ሳሚ" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="ኢናሪ ሳሚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriteriya" title="Eriteriya – ሾና" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Eriteriya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="ሾና" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratareya" title="Eratareya – ሱማልኛ" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Eratareya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ሱማልኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – አልባንያንኛ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="አልባንያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еритреја – ሰርብያኛ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еритреја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ሰርብያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRitheya" title="IRitheya – ስዋቲ" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IRitheya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="ስዋቲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ደቡባዊ ሶቶ" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="ደቡባዊ ሶቶ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ritr%C3%A9a" title="Éritréa – ሱዳንኛ" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éritréa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ሱዳንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ስዊድንኛ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ስዊድንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ስዋሂሊኛ" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ስዋሂሊኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erytryja" title="Erytryja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Erytryja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="எரித்திரியா – ታሚል" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரித்திரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ታሚል" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఎరిత్రియా – ተሉጉ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎరిత్రియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ተሉጉ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ታጂክ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ታጂክ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศเอริเทรีย – ታይ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเอริเทรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ታይ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="ኤርትራ – ትግርኛ" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኤርትራ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="ትግርኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritre%C3%BDa" title="Eritreýa – ቱርክሜን" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Eritreýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ቱርክሜን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ታጋሎገኛ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ታጋሎገኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrej%C9%99" title="Eritrejə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Eritrejə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritre" title="Eritre – ቱርክኛ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eritre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ቱርክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ታሮኮ" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="ታሮኮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – ጾንጋ" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="ጾንጋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ታታር" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ታታር" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ቱምቡካ" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="ቱምቡካ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – ኡድሙርት" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="ኡድሙርት" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئېرىترېيە – ኡይግሁር" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېرىترېيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ኡይግሁር" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Еритрея – ዩክሬንኛ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еритрея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ዩክሬንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ارتریا – ኡርዱኛ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارتریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ኡርዱኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – ኡዝቤክኛ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ኡዝቤክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrei" title="Eritrei – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Eritrei" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ቪየትናምኛ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ቪየትናምኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ler%C3%BCtr%C3%A4n" title="Lerüträn – ቮላፑክኛ" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lerüträn" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ቮላፑክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ዋራይ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ዋራይ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritere" title="Eritere – ዎሎፍኛ" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Eritere" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="ዎሎፍኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="厄立特里亚 – ዉ ቻይንኛ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="厄立特里亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ዉ ቻይንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ერიტრეა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერიტრეა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%90" title="עריטרעא – ይዲሽኛ" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עריטרעא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ይዲሽኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ritr%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%C3%A0" title="Ẹritrẹ́à – ዮሩባዊኛ" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹritrẹ́à" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ዮሩባዊኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ዡዋንግኛ" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ዡዋንግኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵉⵔⵉⵜⵔⵢⴰ – መደበኛ የሞሮኮ ታማዚግት" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵔⵉⵜⵔⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="መደበኛ የሞሮኮ ታማዚግት" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="厄立特里亚 – ቻይንኛ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="厄立特里亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ቻይንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%88%A9%E5%9E%82%E4%BA%9E" title="厄利垂亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="厄利垂亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – ሚን ኛን ቻይንኛ" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="ሚን ኛን ቻይንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="mergedtoprow" colspan="3" align="center" style="line-height:1.2em; padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size: 125%;"> <p>ሃገረ ኤርትራ <br /> State of Eritrea <br /> <i>ስቴት ኦፍ ኤሪትሪያ</i><br /> دولة إرتريا <br /><i>ዳውላት ኢሪትሪያ</i> </p> </th> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <table align="center" style="width:100%; background:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="የኤርትራ ሰንደቅ ዓላማ"><img alt="የኤርትራ ሰንደቅ ዓላማ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/125px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/188px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/250px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Emblem_of_Eritrea_(or_argent_azur).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="የኤርትራ አርማ"><img alt="የኤርትራ አርማ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%85_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤርትራ ሰንደቅ ዓላማ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰንደቅ ዓላማ</a></small></td> <td align="center"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤርትራ አርማ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አርማ</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%94%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%99%E1%88%AD" title="ብሔራዊ መዝሙር">ብሔራዊ መዝሙር</a>: </b> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ">ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding:0.6em 0.6em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Eritrea_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="የኤርትራመገኛ"><img alt="የኤርትራመገኛ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eritrea_in_its_region.svg/250px-Eritrea_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eritrea_in_its_region.svg/375px-Eritrea_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eritrea_in_its_region.svg/500px-Eritrea_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>የኤርትራመገኛ</figcaption></figure> <div style="position:relative; top:0.3em;"><small>ኤርትራ በቀይ ቀለም</small></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>ዋና ከተማ</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="አስመራ">አስመራ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>ብሔራዊ ቋንቋዎች</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ትግርኛ">ትግርኛ</a>፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="አረብኛ">አረብኛ</a>፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%9B" title="እንግሊዝኛ">እንግሊዝኛ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>መንግሥት</b> <br /> {{{ፕሬዝዳንት</td> <td> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ኢሳይያስ አፈወርቂ">ኢሳይያስ አፈወርቂ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>ዋና ቀናት</b><br /> ግንቦት ፲፮ ቀን ፲፱፻፹፫ ዓ.ም. <br /> (May 24, 1991 እ.ኤ.አ.) <br /> ግንቦት ፲፮ ቀን ፲፱፻፹፭ ዓ.ም. <br /> (May 24, 1993 እ.ኤ.አ.)</td> <td> <br />የነፃነት ቀን ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢትዮጵያ">ኢትዮጵያ</a> (<i>በተግባር</i>) <br /><br /><br /> የነፃነት ቀን ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢትዮጵያ">ኢትዮጵያ</a> (<i>በሕግ</i>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>የመሬት ስፋት</b><br /> አጠቃላይ (ካሬ ኪ.ሜ.)<br />ውሀ (%)</td> <td>  <br />፲፪፼፲፫፻፳ (<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%B5" title="የዓለም የመሬት ስፋት">፻፲ኛ</a>)<br />0.14</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>የሕዝብ ብዛት</b><br />የ፳፻፲፪ እ.ኤ.አ. ግምት <br />የ2008 እ.ኤ.አ. ቆጠራ</td> <td> <br />፮፻፰፼፷፬፻፺፭ (<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%95%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A5_%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="የዓለም የሕዝብ ብዛት">107ኛ</a>)<br />5,291,370</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>ገንዘብ</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%93%E1%89%95%E1%8D%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ናቕፋ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ናቕፋ</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%93%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%8D" title="ሰዓት ክልል">ሰዓት ክልል</a></b></td> <td>UTC +3</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="የስልክ መግቢያ">የስልክ መግቢያ</a></b></td> <td>+፪፻፺፩</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>ከፍተኛ ደረጃ ዶሜን</b></td> <td>.er</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ">ኤርትራ</a></b> በምስራቅ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="አፍሪካ">አፍሪካ</a> ከሚገኙ አገሮች አንዷ ስትሆን: በስሜን-ምዕራብ ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ሱዳን">ሱዳን</a>፣ በሰሜን-ምስራቅ ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ቀይ ባህር">ቀይ ባህር</a>፣ በደቡብ ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢትዮጵያ">ኢትዮጵያ</a>፣ በደቡብ-ምስራቅ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%85%E1%89%A1%E1%89%B2" title="ጅቡቲ">ጅቡቲ</a> ጋር ድንበር ትካለላለች። ኤርትራ የሚለው ስም ከላቲኑ «Mare Eritreum» የተወሰደ እና ስረ-መሰረቱ የግሪኩ Ἐρυθρὰ θάλαττα ሐረግ ሲሆን ትርጉሙም <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD" title="ቀይ ባሕር">ቀይ</a> ማለት ነው። ይህን ስም ለአካባቢው የሰጡት ጣሊያኖች በጥር ፲፰፻፺ ቅኝ ግዛታቸውን ሲያውጁ ነበር (ተመሳሳይ ስም በጀርመኖች 1870 እና ግብጾች ፲፰፻፷ወቹ በጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል፣ ነገር ግን የትኛውን ክፍል ስሙ እንደሚመለከት ግልጽ አልነበረም)። ኤርትራ፣ እንደ ሐገር፣ በጣሊያኖች ከተመሰረተች በኋላ በ5 ልዩ ሂደቶች ውስጥ በማለፍ ነው ያሁኑን ቁመናዋን የያዘችው። ከ1890 በፊት የነበረው የአካባቢው ታሪክ በ«ኤርትራ» ስር የሚጠና ባህይሆንም ስለአዲሱ ኤርትራ ግንዛቤ ስለሚያስጨብጥ ታሪክ ተመራማሪዎች ከ፲፰፻፺ በፊት ያለውንም ታሪክ ማጥናት ተገቢ እንደሆነ ይስማማሉ። ማንም የአፍሪካ ሃገር በቀኛ ገዥወች ስም አልተጠራም ከኤርትራ በስተቀር </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="አካባቢው(_ከ1890_በፊት)"><span id=".E1.8A.A0.E1.8A.AB.E1.89.A3.E1.89.A2.E1.8B.8D.28_.E1.8A.A81890_.E1.89.A0.E1.8D.8A.E1.89.B5.29"></span>አካባቢው( ከ1890 በፊት)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=1" title="አካባቢው( ከ1890 በፊት) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: አካባቢው( ከ1890 በፊት)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Eritrea_Train_Mountain_Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eritrea_Train_Mountain_Tunnel.jpg/300px-Eritrea_Train_Mountain_Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eritrea_Train_Mountain_Tunnel.jpg/450px-Eritrea_Train_Mountain_Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eritrea_Train_Mountain_Tunnel.jpg/600px-Eritrea_Train_Mountain_Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2734" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption><center></center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ክዴቭ_ፓሻ"><span id=".E1.8A.AD.E1.8B.B4.E1.89.AD_.E1.8D.93.E1.88.BB"></span>ክዴቭ ፓሻ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=2" title="ክዴቭ ፓሻ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: ክዴቭ ፓሻ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>በ1860ዎቹ መጀመሪያ አካባቢ፣ የግብጹ መሪ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%A8%E1%8B%B4%E1%89%AD_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኢስማኤል ከዴቭ ፓሻ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኢስማኤል ከዴቭ ፓሻ</a> በናይል ተፋሰስ ላይ ሰፊ የግብጽ ቅኝ ግዛት ለማበጀት ተነሳ። ለዚህ አዲሱ ግዛቱ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B1%E1%88%9D" title="ካርቱም">ካርቱም</a>ን ዋና ከተማው በማድረግ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ሱዳን">ሱዳን</a> ግዛቱን አጸና። ቀጥሎም የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ቀይ ባህር">ቀይ ባህር</a>ን ጠረፎች በ1865 ከተቆጣጠረ በኋላ በ1870ዎቹ መጀመሪያ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%90%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AD" title="ሐረር">ሐረር</a>ንና ተሻግሮ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="ሕንድ ውቅያኖስ">ሕንድ ውቅያኖስ</a> ውስጥ ግዛቶችን አበጀ። እንግዲህ በኒህ ግዛቶቹና በሱዳን መካከል የነበረው ብቸኛ መገናኛ መንገድ ካርቱም-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%88%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ከሰላ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ከሰላ</a>- <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ከረን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ከረን</a> -<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%85%E1%8B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ምፅዋ">ምፅዋ</a> ብሎ የሚዘልቅ ነበር። ስለሆነም በ1872 ይህን ስልታዊ መንገድ የክዴቭ ፓሻ ሰራዊቶች ተቆጣጠሩ። </p><p>መቆጣጠር ብቻ አይደለም በየመንገዱ ምሽግ እየሰሩና የአውሮጳ ምስዮናውያንን እርሻ ቦታ እየሰጡ ቅኝ ግዛት አበጁ። በዚህ ሳይቆጠቡ፣ የመንገዱን ደህንነት ዋስትና ለማስጠበቅ ሲሉ የአካባቢውን ደጋማ ክፍል መያዝ ግድ አላቸው። ደጋማው ክፍል በዚህ ወቅት በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%BC_%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%90%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="አጼ ዮሐንስ">አጼ ዮሐንስ</a> ግዛት ስር ነበር። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ሦስቱ_ማዕከላት"><span id=".E1.88.A6.E1.88.B5.E1.89.B1_.E1.88.9B.E1.8B.95.E1.8A.A8.E1.88.8B.E1.89.B5"></span>ሦስቱ ማዕከላት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=3" title="ሦስቱ ማዕከላት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: ሦስቱ ማዕከላት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ግብጾቹ አካባቢውን ለቅኝ ግዛታቸው ብለው አንድ ከማድረጋቸው በፊት በዚህ መልክዓ ምድር ሦስት እራሳቸውን የቻሉ ማዕከላት በታሪክ ይጠቀሳሉ። ታሪክ አጥኝው ካህሳይ ብርሐኔ እኒህን ሦስት ማዕከላት የጋራ ታሪክ የሌላቸው፣ ኢ-ጥገኛ ህዝቦች ይላቸዋል። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Alula_Engida2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alula_Engida2.JPG/200px-Alula_Engida2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alula_Engida2.JPG/300px-Alula_Engida2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alula_Engida2.JPG/400px-Alula_Engida2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%89%E1%88%8B_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ራስ አሉላ እንግዳ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ራስ አሉላ እንግዳ</a>(1827-1897)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:House_ras_alula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/House_ras_alula.jpg/200px-House_ras_alula.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/House_ras_alula.jpg/300px-House_ras_alula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/House_ras_alula.jpg/400px-House_ras_alula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>የራስ አሉላ መኖሪያ፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="አስመራ">አስመራ</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>የመጀመሪያው ማዕከል በምዕራብ ቆላማ ክፍል የሚገኘው ሲሆን፣ ከመልክዓምድር አንጻር ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%88%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ከሰላ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ከሰላ</a> እስከ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A6%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቦጎስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቦጎስ</a> ያለውን ቦታ ያካልላል። በተለምዶ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባርካ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባርካ</a> የሚባለው ነው። ይህ ክፍል <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ትግረ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ትግረ</a> ቋንቋ በሚናገሩ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%92_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9A%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቤኒ አሚር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቤኒ አሚር</a> ጎሳዎች የሚመራ ቢሆንም በውስጡ ሌሎች ብሔሮችን አጠቃሎ ይዟል። አካባቢው ከደጋው የአሁኑ ኤርትራ ክፍል ይበልጥ ከሱዳኖች ጋር የበለጠ ጥብቅ ትሥሥር ነበርው። ለዚህ ምክንያቱ በ1820ዎቹ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9A%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሚርጋኒያ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሚርጋኒያ</a>ን የእስልምና እምነትን ለቤኒ አሚሮች በመስበክ ስላስፋፉ ነበር። ሚርጋኒያ ወየም የሚርጋኒያ ቤተሰቦች ከሰላ ውስጥ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%83%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9A%E1%8B%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሃትሚያ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሃትሚያ</a> በተባለ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B1%E1%8D%8A_%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93_%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%95%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሱፊ እስልምና ማዕከል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሱፊ እስልምና ማዕከል</a> ውስጥ ከፍተኛ እንቅስቃሴ የሚያደርጉ የአንድ ቤተሰብ ሰወች ነበሩ። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Ras_Woldemichael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/8/86/Ras_Woldemichael.jpg/140px-Ras_Woldemichael.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/8/86/Ras_Woldemichael.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>ራስ ወልደሚካኤል ሰሎሞን</figcaption></figure> <p>ሁለተኛው ማዕከል ከምዕራቡ ክፍል በቋንቋም ሆነ በብሔር በጣም የተለየ ነው፣ የሚገኘውም በስተምስራቅ፣ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%8D%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቀይ ባሕር ጠረፍ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቀይ ባሕር ጠረፍ</a> አካባቢ ነው። መጀመሪያ ደረጃ፣ ይህ የጠረፍ አካባቢ በስመ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%8A%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አዱሊስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አዱሊስ</a> የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B1%E1%88%9D" title="አክሱም">አክሱም</a> ዋና ግዛት ነበር። ሆኖም ከ8ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ጀምሮ አካባቢው በእስልምና ምህዋር ስር በመውደቁ (የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%85%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዳህላክ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዳህላክ</a> ሡልጣኔት፣ ለምሳሌ)፣ ከመካከለኛው የኢትዮጵያ ግዛት አፈነገጠ። ምንም እንኳ የኢትዮጵያ ነገሥታት (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%90%E1%8D%84_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%93_%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%95%E1%89%86%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዐፄ ዘርዓ ያዕቆብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዐፄ ዘርዓ ያዕቆብ</a> ለምሳሌ) አልፎ አልፎ አካባቢውን በማስመለስ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባሕር ምድር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባሕር ምድር</a> ስም የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%A8_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባሕረ ነጋሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባሕረ ነጋሽ</a> ግዛት አድርገው ቢያስተዳድሩትም ከ8ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ጀምሮ የያዘውን መልክ ሊቀይር አልቻለም ። የዚህ አካባቢ ዋና ማዕከል <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%85%E1%8B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ምፅዋ">ምፅዋ</a> የነበረ ሲሆን በምጽዋ አረቦች ቤታቸውን ሰርተው የእስልምና ማዕከል አድርገውት ነበር። ይህን የእስልምና ማንነት በሚያፀና መልኩ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ኦቶማን">ኦቶማን</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ቱርክ">ቱርኮች</a> ምጽዋን ከ1557 እስከ 1578 ባደረጉት ዘመቻ ተቆጣጥረው የቀይባሕር እስላማዊ ቅኝ ግዛታቸው አካል አደረጉት። በአካባቢው በረሃወች የሚኖሩት <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%AD_(%E1%89%A5%E1%88%94%E1%88%AD)" title="አፋር (ብሔር)">አፋሮች</a> የእስልምናን ስርዓት መያዝ የጀመሩት በዚሁ ዘመን፣ በ16ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ነበር። </p><p>ሦስተኛው ማዕከል በሁለቱ መሃል የሚገኘው ተራራማው የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%90%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B4%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሐማሴን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሐማሴን</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰራየ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰራየ</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%88_%E1%8C%89%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አካለ ጉዛይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አካለ ጉዛይ</a> ግዛት ሲሆን በዚህ ቦታ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ትግርኛ">ትግርኛ</a> ተናጋሪ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%89%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ክርስቲያኖች">ክርስቲያኖች</a> ይገኙበታል። በተለምዶ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5_%E1%88%9D%E1%88%8B%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መረብ ምላሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መረብ ምላሽ</a> የሚባለው ነው። ይህ ክፍል ከጥንት ጀምሮ የኢትዮጵያ ዋና ክፍል የነበረ ነው። በአክሱም ዘመነ መንግስት የግዛቱ አይነተኛ ክፍል፣ እንዲሁም የሥርዓተ ገዳምና የክርስትና ዋና ማዕከል ነበር። ከአክሱም በኋላም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባሕር ምድር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባሕር ምድር</a> ተብሎ የሚታወቀው ግዛት ዋና እምብርት ነበር። ክፍሉ በኢትዮጵያ ከሚገኘው ሌላው የትግርኛ ተናጋሪ ጋር ካለው ቁርኝት አንጻር የሚለየው የነበር በሁለቱ ክፍሎች መካከል በሚጓዘው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መረብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መረብ</a> ወንዝ ነበር። ስለሆነም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5_%E1%88%9D%E1%88%8B%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መረብ ምላሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መረብ ምላሽ</a> ተብሎ ይታወቅ ነበር። እንደማንኛው ሌላው የኢትዮጵያ ክፍል፣ የዚህ አካባቢ ታሪክ የሚያጠነጥነው ከመካከለኛው የኢትዮጵያ መንግስት ጋር በነበረው ግንኙነት ዙሪያ ነበር። የመረብ ምላሽ ዋና ክፍል <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%90%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B4%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሐማሴን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሐማሴን</a> ሲሆን ይህ ክፍል ለዘመናት ይተዳደር የነበረው በሁለት ተፎካካሪ ቤተሰቦች ነበር፡ እነርሱም <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%93%E1%8B%9B%E1%8C%8B" title="ሓዛጋ">ሓዛጋ</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%9B%E1%8C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሳዛጋ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሳዛጋ</a> በመባል ይታወቃሉ። ይህ ክፍል አንድ አንድ ዘመቻወችን ወደ ቆላው ቢያደርግም፣ አልፎ አልፎም ከውጭ ሃይሎች እርዳታ ቢያገኝም፣ በአጠቃላይ ግን የአስተዳደሩ ስርዓት ሙሉ በሙሉ ኢትዮጵያዊ ባህልንና ትውፊትን የተከተለ ነበር። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="አጼ_ዮሐንስ፣_ግብጾች፣_መሃዲስቶች_እና_ጣሊያኖች"><span id=".E1.8A.A0.E1.8C.BC_.E1.8B.AE.E1.88.90.E1.8A.95.E1.88.B5.E1.8D.A3_.E1.8C.8D.E1.89.A5.E1.8C.BE.E1.89.BD.E1.8D.A3_.E1.88.98.E1.88.83.E1.8B.B2.E1.88.B5.E1.89.B6.E1.89.BD_.E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.93_.E1.8C.A3.E1.88.8A.E1.8B.AB.E1.8A.96.E1.89.BD"></span>አጼ ዮሐንስ፣ ግብጾች፣ መሃዲስቶች እና ጣሊያኖች</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=4" title="አጼ ዮሐንስ፣ ግብጾች፣ መሃዲስቶች እና ጣሊያኖች ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: አጼ ዮሐንስ፣ ግብጾች፣ መሃዲስቶች እና ጣሊያኖች"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ይህ በዚህ እንዳለ ነበር ግብጾች (ክዴቭ ፓሻ) እኒህን ሶስት ክፍሎች አንድ በማድረግ ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢትዮጵያ">ኢትዮጵያ</a> ለይተው ለመግዛት የሞከሩት። ከላይ እንደተጠቀሰው ግብጾች ከከሰላ ምጽዋ የሚዘልቀውን መንገድ ቅኝ አድርገው ነበር ሆኖም ግን ለጸጥታ ሲሉ የደጋውን ክርስቲያን ክፍል ለመቆጣጠር ሞክሩ። በዚህ ምክንያት ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር ጦርነት ገቡ። በኖቬምበር 16፣ 1875 ላይ የአጼ ዮሐንስን ሰራዊት <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%89%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጉንደት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጉንደት</a> በተባለ ቦታ ገጥመው ተሸነፉ። ማርች 1-9፣ 1876 ላይ እንደገና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%88%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ጉራ">ጉራ</a> በተባለ ቦታ ገጥመው ከፍተኛ ሽንፈት ገጠማቸው። ይህን አይነት ክስረት ከገጠማቸው በኋላ ደጋውን ክፍል ትተው ድሮ በነበሩበት ምጽዋ-ከሰላ፣ በተለይ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A6%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቦጎስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቦጎስ</a> ፣ መንገድ ላይ ተወሰነው በኢትዮጵያውያን ላይ የደፈጣ ውጊያ ማድረግ ቀጠሉ። ጠንክረው ለመከላከል ሲሉ፣ አጼ ዮሐንስ መረብ ምላሽን ለመያዝ አሰቡ፤ ስለሆነም በ1876 ዓ.ም. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%89%E1%88%8B_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ራስ አሉላ እንግዳ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ራስ አሉላ እንግዳ</a>ን የመረብ ምላሽ ገዥ አድርገው ሰየሟቸው። ራስ አሉላ በአገሬው ሰው እንደ ጸጉረ ልውጥ ተደርገው በመቆጠራቸው ነገሩ ቅሬታን ፈጠረ። ስለሆነም የመረብ ምላሽ የቀደመ ገዥ የነበሩት <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ራስ ወልደሚካኤል">ራስ ወልደሚካኤል</a> በግብጾች እርዳታ ሐማሴንን ለተወሰነ ጊዜ መቆጣጠር ችለው ነበር። ራስ ወልደሚካኤል በ1879 ተማርከው ለእስር ተዳረጉ። ነገሮች እንዲህ ከተደላደሉ በኋላ ራስ አሉላ በግብጾች ምሽጎች ላይ አልፎ አልፎ ዘመቻ በማድረግ ጥቃት ማድረስ ጀመሩ። በመካለሉ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%88%83%E1%8B%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማሃዲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማሃዲ</a> ሱዳኖች በግብጾች ላይ በመነሳታቸው ግብጾች ከሁለት ጎን አጣብቂኝ ውስጥ ገቡ። ከአጣብቂኙ ለመገላገልና ከአካባቢው በሰላም ለመውጣት ሲሉ ግብጾቹ በ1884 ከአሉላ ጋር የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%84%E1%8B%8C%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሄዌት ስምምነት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሄዌት ስምምነት</a> የተባለውን ውል ተፈራረሙ። </p><p>ብዙም ሳይቆይ፣ ከአመት በኋላ፣ ታኅሣሥ 1885 ላይ ጣሊያኖች ምፅዋ ላይ መልህቃቸውን ጥለው ወደ መሃል መስፋፋታቸውን ጀመሩ። መስከረም 1885 ላይ አሉላና የሱዳን መሃዲስቶች <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A9%E1%8D%8A%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኩፊት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኩፊት</a> በተባለ ቦታ ተገናኝተው ራስ አሉላ ጦርነቱን በድል ቢደመድሙም ከሰላን ለመቆጣጠር የነበራቸው እቅድ በጣሊያኖች ወደ ምጽዋ ዘልቆ መግባት ተዘናጋ። ፊታቸውን ከምዕራቡ ግንባር በመመለስ፣ ራስ አሉላ፣ ጣሊያኖችን በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B6%E1%8C%88%E1%88%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዶገሊ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዶገሊ</a> (1887) ጦርነት እንዲሁም በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%AE%E1%8B%93%E1%89%B2%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኮዓቲት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኮዓቲት</a>(1888) ጦርነት ድል አደርጓቸው። ይሁንና የጣሊያኖች መስፋፋት ሊገታ አልቻለም። ለዚህ ምክንያቱ በምዕራብ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%83%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መሃዲስት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መሃዲስቶች</a> ጦርነትና እንዲሁም የጣሊያኖች በሃይል መጠናከር ነበር። በኒህ ድርብ ጫናዎች ምክንያት 1888 ላይ የኢትዮጵያ ሠራዊት አፈግፍጎ መረብ ወንዝን ተሻገረ። 1889 ዓ.ም. ያለመንም ጦርነት የጣሊያን ሰራዊት <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="አስመራ">አስመራ</a> ገባ። </p><p>እንግዲህ በዚህ ዘመን የተፈጠረው የምዕራብ ኤርትራ(ባርካ)፣ የምጽዋዕ እስላሞች፣ የሱዳንና የግብጽ ግንኙነት ነበር በኋላ በ1950ወቹ ለተነሳው የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BB%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤርትራ ነጻነት ግንባር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤርትራ ነጻነት ግንባር</a> <i>ጀብሃ</i> የሚለውን አላማ መሰረት የሆነው። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%88%85%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A6%E1%89%BD_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BB%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤርትራ ህዝቦች ነጻነት ግንባር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤርትራ ህዝቦች ነጻነት ግንባር</a>ም የአሉላን ጸጉረ ልውጥነትና በህዝቡ ዘንድ ያስነሳውን ማንጎራጎር እንደ-የመረብ ምላሽ ህዝብ ነጻነት ጥያቄ መነሻ አድርጎ ይወስደዋል። ይህ የታሪክ ክፍል የቱን ያክል ለ20ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የኢትዮጵያና የኤርትራ ታሪክ ሚና እንደነበረው ለመገንዘብ አዳጋች አይደለም። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Coat_of_arms_of_Eritrea_(1919-1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Eritrea_%281919-1936%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eritrea_%281919-1936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Eritrea_%281919-1936%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eritrea_%281919-1936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Eritrea_%281919-1936%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eritrea_%281919-1936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ኮሎኒያ_ኤርትራ_(፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩)"><span id=".E1.8A.AE.E1.88.8E.E1.8A.92.E1.8B.AB_.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AB_.28.E1.8D.B2.E1.8D.B0.E1.8D.BB.E1.8D.BA-.E1.8D.B2.E1.8D.B1.E1.8D.BB.E1.8D.B5.E1.8D.A9.29"></span>ኮሎኒያ ኤርትራ (፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=5" title="ኮሎኒያ ኤርትራ (፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: ኮሎኒያ ኤርትራ (፲፰፻፺-፲፱፻፵፩)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የጣሊያኖች_መስፋፋት"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8C.A3.E1.88.8A.E1.8B.AB.E1.8A.96.E1.89.BD_.E1.88.98.E1.88.B5.E1.8D.8B.E1.8D.8B.E1.89.B5"></span>የጣሊያኖች መስፋፋት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=6" title="የጣሊያኖች መስፋፋት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: የጣሊያኖች መስፋፋት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>የጣሊያን መንግስት በደቡብ ምዕራብ ቀይ ባህር ጠረፍ ላይ ከአንድ የመርክብ ኩባንያ ቦታዎችን በመግዛት በመሬቱ ላይ የሕጋዊ ይገባኛልን አጸና። እንዲሁም ከአካባቢው መሪዎች ጋር ውል በመፈራረም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አሰብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አሰብ</a>ንና ቅርብ ደሴቶቿን ሐምሌ 1882 ቅኝ ግዛቶቹ እንደሆኑ አወጀ። ይህ እንግዴህ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኮሎኒያ አሰብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኮሎኒያ አሰብ</a> የሚባለው ነው። ከሶስት አመት በኋላ፣ የካቲት 1885 በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%9E%E1%89%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እንግሊዞች (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እንግሊዞች</a> መልካም ፈቃድ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%85%E1%8B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ምፅዋ">ምፅዋ</a>ን ከግብጾች በመንጠቅ ተቆጣጠረ። ቀጥሎም ከጎሳ መሪዎች ጋር ውሎች በመፈራረም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9D%E1%88%90%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰምሐር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰምሐር</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B3%E1%88%85%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሳህል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሳህል</a> የሚባሉትን የሰሜን ምዕራብ ክፍሎች በሰላማዊ መንገድ ወደ ግዛታቸው ጠቀለሉ። ወደ ደቡብ ግን በጦርነትና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%8B%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8E_%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B8%E1%8A%90%E1%8D%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ክፋፍሎ ማሸነፍ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ክፋፍሎ ማሸነፍ</a> በሚለው የቅኝ ግዛት መንገድ መስፋፋት ጀመሩ። የመሃዲስቶችን፣ ኢትዮጵያውያንና በኢትዮጵያውን መካከል ያለውን ፉክክር በመጠቀም ሐማሴንን፣ ሰራየንና አካለ ጉዛይን ገንዘባቸው አደረጉ። <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%BC_%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%95%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ዳግማዊ አጼ ምንሊክ">ዳግማዊ አጼ ምንሊክ</a> የአጼ ዮሐንስ ተተኪ ንጉስ እንዲሆኑ በመርዳት በቀይ ባህር ጠረፍ ላይ ያላቸውን ግዛት ህጋዊነት እንዲቀበሉ አደረጉ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%AB%E1%88%8C_%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የውጫሌ ውል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የውጫሌ ውል</a>)። የውጫሌን ውል፣ አንቀጽ 3፣ የጣሊያኖችን ግዛት በምስራቃዊው ጠለል ላይ የወሰነ ቢሆንም እነርሱ ግን ውሉን በመጣስ ግዛታቸውን እስከ መረብ ወንዝ ድረስ አስፋፉ። 1890 ላይ ይህን ግዛታቸውን ኤሪትራ ብለው ሰየሙት። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="በጊዜው፣_የኤርትሪያ_ሕዝብ_ስብጥር"><span id=".E1.89.A0.E1.8C.8A.E1.8B.9C.E1.8B.8D.E1.8D.A3_.E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AA.E1.8B.AB_.E1.88.95.E1.8B.9D.E1.89.A5_.E1.88.B5.E1.89.A5.E1.8C.A5.E1.88.AD"></span>በጊዜው፣ የኤርትሪያ ሕዝብ ስብጥር</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=7" title="በጊዜው፣ የኤርትሪያ ሕዝብ ስብጥር ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: በጊዜው፣ የኤርትሪያ ሕዝብ ስብጥር"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Asmara1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/6/69/Asmara1895.jpg/200px-Asmara1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/6/69/Asmara1895.jpg/300px-Asmara1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/6/69/Asmara1895.jpg/400px-Asmara1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="አስመራ">አስመራ</a> ፲፰፻፺፭</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Asmara-Governor%27sPalace1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/0/0a/Asmara-Governor%27sPalace1905.jpg/200px-Asmara-Governor%27sPalace1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/0/0a/Asmara-Governor%27sPalace1905.jpg/300px-Asmara-Governor%27sPalace1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/0/0a/Asmara-Governor%27sPalace1905.jpg/400px-Asmara-Governor%27sPalace1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption> የጣሊያናዊው አስመራ ገዢ ቢሮ - 1896 ዓ.ም.</figcaption></figure> <p>ኤርትራን ካወጁ በኋላ ጣሊያኖች በ3ኛው አመት ህዝብ ቆጠራ አደረጉ። በዚህ ወቅት የህዝቡ ብዛት 191፣127 እንደሆነ ሊታወቅ ቻለ። በዘመኑ ከአርሶ አደሩ ክርስቲያን ደገኛ ትግርኛ ተናጋሪዎች በተጨማሪ በምዕራብ፣ ዘላን መስሊሞች ፡ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%92_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9A%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቤኒ አሚር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቤኒ አሚር</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብሌን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብሌን</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%90%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሐባብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሐባብ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መንሳ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መንሳ</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማርያ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማርያ</a> እንዲሁም ዘላንና አርሶ አደር የሆኑት <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9B" title="ኩናማ">ኩናማ</a>ና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%93%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ናራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ናራ</a> የተሰኙ ብሔሮች እንደሚኖሩ ታወቀ። በምስራቅና በደቡብ የባህር ጠረፎች ደግሞ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%AD_(%E1%89%A5%E1%88%94%E1%88%AD)" title="አፋር (ብሔር)">አፋር</a>ና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B3%E1%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሳሆ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሳሆ</a> የተሰኙ አርብቶ አደሮች እንደሚኖሩበት ተመዘገበ። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የጣሊያኖች_አገዛዝ"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8C.A3.E1.88.8A.E1.8B.AB.E1.8A.96.E1.89.BD_.E1.8A.A0.E1.8C.88.E1.8B.9B.E1.8B.9D"></span>የጣሊያኖች አገዛዝ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=8" title="የጣሊያኖች አገዛዝ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: የጣሊያኖች አገዛዝ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ጣሊያኖች የግዛታቸውን ማዕከል <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%85%E1%8B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ምፅዋ">ምፅዋ</a> ላይ በማድርገ የቢሮክራሲ ስርዓት ዘርግተው በራሱ ላይ ወታደራዊ ገዥወች ሾሙበት። ቆይተውም ከአገሬው ወሰደው 300+ሺህ ሄክታር የሚሆነውን መሬት ለአውሮጳውያን ገበሬዎች ለመስጠት ያሰቡት እቅድ ከህዝቡ ዘንድ ከፍተኛ ተቃውሞ ደርሶበት ተቋረጠ። ሚያዚያ 1894 በደጃዝማች <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%89%B3_%E1%88%90%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ባህታ ሐጎስ">ባህታ ሐጎስ</a> የተነሳው አመጽ ጣሊያኖች ወደ ኢትዮጵያ፣ ትግራይ የማጥቃት ጦርነት እንዲከፍቱ አደረገ። ነገር ግን በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%92%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD" title="ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ">ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ</a> የተመራው የኢትዮጵያ ሰራዊት ጣሊያኖችን በተደጋጋሚ ድል አደረጋቸው (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አምባላጌ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አምባላጌ</a>-ታህሳስ 1895፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B5%E1%8B%8B" title="አድዋ">አድዋ</a> - መጋቢት 1896)። በኒህ ጦርነቶች ጣሊያኖች ወደ 10፣000 ወታደሮችና 500 ሚሊዮን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8A%E1%88%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሊሬ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሊሬ</a> በመክሰራቸው ከዚህ በኋላ ለቅኝ ግዛታቸው የሚያወጡትን ወጭ ቀነሱ።በዚህ ጦርነት የማይረሳው ብዙ ወታደሮችም ተማርኳል የጣልያን ምርኮኛችን በካሳ እንዲለቀቁ ተስማምቷል ለኤርትራውያን የጣልያን ወታደሮች ግን ኣንድ እግራቸው እና ኣንድ እጃቸውን በመቁረጥ እንዲለቀቁ ተደርጓል የማይረሳው የኢትዮጵያ ጥቁር ታሪክ የነበረውን ጸብ ከዚህ ይጀምራል፣ከዚያ ወዲህ ጣልያኖች ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር መልካም ጉርብትና ፈለጉ እንጂ በቀደመው አጥቂነታቸው ለመቀጠል አልፈለጉም። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ጣሊያኖች_ግዛታቸውን_አጸኑ"><span id=".E1.8C.A3.E1.88.8A.E1.8B.AB.E1.8A.96.E1.89.BD_.E1.8C.8D.E1.8B.9B.E1.89.B3.E1.89.B8.E1.8B.8D.E1.8A.95_.E1.8A.A0.E1.8C.B8.E1.8A.91"></span>ጣሊያኖች ግዛታቸውን አጸኑ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=9" title="ጣሊያኖች ግዛታቸውን አጸኑ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: ጣሊያኖች ግዛታቸውን አጸኑ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ከአድዋ ሽንፈት በኋላ ጣሊያኖች ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር ተፈራርመው አዲስ ገዢ፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6_%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፈርዲናንዶ ማርቲኒ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፈርዲናንዶ ማርቲኒ</a>፣ 1897 ላይ በመሾም ግዛታቸውን ማጽናት ጀመሩ። በዚህ ወቅት የቀደመው ወታደራዊ ስርዓት እንዲቋረጥ ተደርጎ አገሪቱ የብሔር ልዩነትን "በሚያከበር" አስተዳደር ተከፍሎ እንዲቋቋም ተደረገ። <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%85%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዳህላክ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዳህላክ</a>፣ አፋር እና ሰምሃር አንድ ላይ "ምስራቃዊ ክፍል" ተብለው ከምጽዋ እንዲተዳደሩ ተደረገ። "ምዕራባዊ ክፍል" ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%86%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አቆርዳት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አቆርዳት</a> እንዲተዳደር ሲደረግ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%92_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9A%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቤኒ አሚር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቤኒ አሚር</a>ን፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%93%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ናራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ናራ</a>ንና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9B" title="ኩናማ">ኩናማ</a> ምድርን ያጠቃልል ነበር። ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ከረን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ከረን</a> ሆኖ የሚተዳደረው ደግሞ ሰሜናዊ ሐማሴን (የእስልምና ተከታይ የሆነ)፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B0%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቤት አሰገደ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቤት አሰገደ</a>ና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%BC%E1%8A%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዓድ ሼኽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዓድ ሼኽ</a> ነበሩ። ቀሪው ሐማሴን ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="አስመራ">አስመራ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰራየ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰራየ</a> ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መንደፈራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መንደፈራ(አዲ ወግሪ)</a> እንዲተዳደር ሲደረግ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%88_%E1%8C%89%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አካለ ጉዛይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አካለ ጉዛይ</a> ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B3%E1%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሳሆ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሳሆ</a> ጋር ተዋህዶ ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B2_%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አዲ ቀይሕ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አዲ ቀይሕ</a> ይገዛ ጀመር። ከላይ ወደታች በተዘርጋ መዋቅር የጣሊያን ባለስልጣኖች እያንዳንዱን ክፍል ያስተዳድሩ ጀመር። የአገሪቱ ዋና ከተማ ከምጽዋ ወደ አስመራ የተዛወረው በዚህ ወቅት፣ በ1898 ነበር። </p><p>ከ1898 እስከ 1908 በተደረጉ ውሎች (ከኢትዮጵያ፣ ከአንግሎ-ግብጻዊ ሱዳንና ከጅቡቲ ጋር) መሰረት የቅኝ ግዛቱ ድንበር ታወቀ። ኢትዮጵያን ስለ ድንበሩ ለማሳመን 3 አመትና 5ሚሊዮን ሊሬ ፈጅቶባቸው ግንቦት 1900 ላይ ያሰቡት ሊሳካላቸው ቻለ። ድንበሩ ከሞላ ጎደል የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መረብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መረብ</a>፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%88%E1%88%B3" title="በለሳ">በለሳ</a>ና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%99%E1%8A%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሙና (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሙና</a> ወንዞችን የታከከ ነበር። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="የቅኝ_ግዛቱ_አስተዳደር"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.89.85.E1.8A.9D_.E1.8C.8D.E1.8B.9B.E1.89.B1_.E1.8A.A0.E1.88.B5.E1.89.B0.E1.8B.B3.E1.8B.B0.E1.88.AD"></span>የቅኝ ግዛቱ አስተዳደር</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=10" title="የቅኝ ግዛቱ አስተዳደር ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: የቅኝ ግዛቱ አስተዳደር"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>በ1898 ጣሊያኖች ለቅኝ ግዛታቸው አዲስ ደንብ አወጡ። ድሮ ይጠቀሙበትን የነበረውን የአገሬውን ባላባት በጭካኔ የመቅጣት መንገድ በመተው፣ ከነሱ ጋር የተሻረከውን የመሸለምና በነሱ ስር እንዲሰራ የማድረግ ዘዴን ጀመሩ። ከሕግም አንጻር የጣሊያን <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ሕግ">ሕግ</a> ለጣሊያን ገዥወች የሚሰራ ቢሆንም የአካባቢው ሕግ ( ለምሳሌ የሙስሊሞች ሕግ) ለአካባቢው ሕዝብ እንዲሰራ አደረጉ። ከላይ ጣሊያኖች የሁሉ ገዢወች ሲሆኑ ከስር የአካባቢውን መሪወች ቀጥረው እንዲያስተዳድሩ አደረጉ። የአካባቢው ገዥወች <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD" title="ግብር">ግብር</a> በመሰብሰብ፣ ሕግ በማስከበርና ፍርድ በመስጠት ያገለግሉ ነበር። ይህ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%A9%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%A9_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የአገሩን መሬት በአገሩ በሬ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የአገሩን መሬት በአገሩ በሬ</a> ዘዲያቸው የተሳካ ከመሆኑ የተነሳ በዚህ ወቅት አገሬው በአመጽ እንዳይነሳ እረድቷል፣ ቢነሳም በጣም በአናሳ ሁኔታ አልፎ አልፎ ነበር (ለምሳሌ ደጃዝማች <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AB_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አበራ ግዛው (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አበራ ግዛው</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%99%E1%88%83%E1%88%99%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%91%E1%88%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሙሃሙድ ኑሪ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሙሃሙድ ኑሪ</a>ና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%90%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ገብረመድህን ሐጎስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ገብረመድህን ሐጎስ</a> ወደ ኢትዮጵያ እንዲሸሹ የተገደዱ)። ጣሊያኖቹ በዚህ ዘመን <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ትግርኛ">ትግርኛ</a> ከማይናገረው ክፍል ከፍተኛ ድጋፍን አገኙ፣ ለዚህም ምክንያቱ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%93_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%93%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሕግና ሥርዓት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሕግና ሥርዓት</a> ባሉት መመሪያቸው መሰረተ ከደጋው ወደነዚህ ክፍሎች የሚመጣውን ዘመቻ በማስቆማቸው ነበር። በወቅቱ የጣሊያኖች ዋና አላማ ፖለቲካዊ መረጋጋት ስለነበር የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ትግርኛ">ትግርኛ</a> ተናጋሪውን ክፍል በአመጽ እንዳይነሳ ብዙ ስራ ሰርተዋል። ስለሆነም የትግርኛውን ክፍሎች ማህበረሰባዊ ትሥሥር ለመቆራረጥ ብዙ ሙከራወችን አድርገዋል። የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%B6%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ካቶሊክ">ካቶሊክ</a> ቤተክርስቲያንን ለተግባራቸው እንዲረዳቸው በእጅጉ ሞክረዋል። ነገር ግን ይህ ሙከራቸው ብዙ ፍሬ አላፈራም። ጣሊያኖቹ የእስላምና ተከታዩን ክፍል ድጋፍ ለማግኘት ሲሉ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="እስልምና">እስልምና</a> ሃይማኖትን መስፋፋት በሰፊው ይደግፉ ስለነበር። በዚህ ምክንያት የኦርቶዶክስ ተከታዩ ክፍል የካቶሊክ ቤተከርስቲያንን በመጥፎ አይን በመመልከት የትግርኛ ተናጋሪውን ህዝብ ወደ ካቶሊክ ሃይማኖት የመግባት ፍላጎት እጅግ አነስተኛ ሆነ። እንዲያውም የኦርቶዶክሱ ቤተክርስቲያን ከኢትዮጵያ የኦርቶዶክስ ቤተክርስቲያን ጋር በነበረው ጥብቅ ግንኙነት ምክንያት ከ1920ወቹ ጀምሮ ለቅኝ ገዥወቹ ከፍተኛ ተቃውሞ ይመጣ የነንበረው ከኒሁ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ሆነ። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:AO-Eritrea-famiglia-indigena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AO-Eritrea-famiglia-indigena.jpg/250px-AO-Eritrea-famiglia-indigena.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AO-Eritrea-famiglia-indigena.jpg/375px-AO-Eritrea-famiglia-indigena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AO-Eritrea-famiglia-indigena.jpg/500px-AO-Eritrea-famiglia-indigena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption> የአገሬው ሰው አኗኗር፣ በጣሊያኖች ፖስትካርድ - 1930</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="የትምህርት_ፖሊሲ"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.89.B5.E1.88.9D.E1.88.85.E1.88.AD.E1.89.B5_.E1.8D.96.E1.88.8A.E1.88.B2"></span>የትምህርት ፖሊሲ</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=11" title="የትምህርት ፖሊሲ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: የትምህርት ፖሊሲ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>አብላጫው የትምህርት ስራ በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%B6%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ካቶሊክ">ካቶሊክ</a>ና በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AE%E1%89%B4%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5" title="ፕሮቴስታንት">ፕሮቴስታንት</a> ሚስዮናውያን የሚሰራ ነበር። በመጀመሪያ፣ የአገሬው ህዝብ ዕውቀት አድማሱ እንዳይሰፋ በማሰብ እንዳይማር በህግ ተከልክሎ ነበር ። ነገር ግን ለቅኝ ግዛቱ ተላላኪዎች ለመፍጠር በማስብ አገሬው አንስተኛ የኢለመንታሪ ትምህርት እንዲማር ተፈቀደ፣ ይሄውም የሆነው በ1911 ነበር።ከ 1ኛ ክፍል እስከ 4ኛ ክፍል ነበረ፣ ጣሊያኖቹ በተጨማሪ በአስቀመጧቸው የተለያዩ መሰናክሎች ምክንያት አቅማቸው ለትምህርት ከደረሱ የአገሬው ሰዎች መካከል ከላይ የተጠቀሰውን ትምህርት ያገኙት ከ2% አይበልጡም ነበር። ቅኝ ግዛቱ፣ ኤርትራዊ ምሁር እንዳይኖር ማድረጉ የማይካድ ሃቅ ነው። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ጣሊያኖችና_አገሬው"><span id=".E1.8C.A3.E1.88.8A.E1.8B.AB.E1.8A.96.E1.89.BD.E1.8A.93_.E1.8A.A0.E1.8C.88.E1.88.AC.E1.8B.8D"></span>ጣሊያኖችና አገሬው</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=12" title="ጣሊያኖችና አገሬው ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: ጣሊያኖችና አገሬው"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>በኤርትራ ኗሪ የሆኑ ጣሊያኖች ቁጥር ቀስ በቀስ እያደገ ሄዶ 1934ዓ.ም. ላይ 4፣500 ደርሶ ነበር። በሚቀጥሉት 5 አመታት ከፍተኛ እድገትን በማሳየት፣ 1939ዓ.ም. ላይ ቁጥራቸው 75፣000 ደርሶ ነበር። ከሰፋሪ ጣሊያኖቹ ውስጥ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፋብሪካ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፋብሪካ</a> ባለቤቶችና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AC" title="ገበሬ">ገበሬ</a>ዎች ቢገኙበትም አብዛኞቹ ግን መኖሪያቸውን ያደረጉት በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="አስመራ">አስመራ</a>ና <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%BD%E1%8B%8B" title="ምጽዋ">ምጽዋ</a> ነበር። በ1930ወቹ መጨረሻ ላይ አንድ-አምስተኛ (20%) የሚሆኑት የአገሬው ሰዎች በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9B" title="ከተማ">ከተማ</a> ይኖሩ ነበር። በአንስተኛ ደመዎዝ እየሰሩ፣ ለአገሬው በተዘጋጁ የከተማ ክፍሎች ተወስነውና የፖለቲካ አቅም እንዳይኖራቸው የጣሊያን ዜግነት ተነፍጓቸው ይኖሩ ነበር። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="የአፓርታይድ_ስርዓት_እና_ፋሽዝም"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A0.E1.8D.93.E1.88.AD.E1.89.B3.E1.8B.AD.E1.8B.B5_.E1.88.B5.E1.88.AD.E1.8B.93.E1.89.B5_.E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.93_.E1.8D.8B.E1.88.BD.E1.8B.9D.E1.88.9D"></span>የአፓርታይድ ስርዓት እና ፋሽዝም</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=13" title="የአፓርታይድ ስርዓት እና ፋሽዝም ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: የአፓርታይድ ስርዓት እና ፋሽዝም"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ምንም እንኳ በቅኝ ግዛት ስርዓት መሰረት አገሬውና ገዥዎቹ እኩል ባይታዩም እስከ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%BD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ፋሽዝም">ፋሽዝም</a> መነሳት ድረስ የአገሬው ህዝብና ጣሊያኖቹ ከሞላ ጎደል የመደባለቅ ሁኔታ አሳይተዋል። ነገር ግን በ1930ዎቹ መጨረሻ ላይ አይን ያወጣ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አፓርታይድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አፓርታይድ</a> ዘረኝነት ተጀመረ። በኤውሮጳውያንና በአገሬው ህዝብ መካከል ማንኛውም አይነት <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%A5%E1%89%BB" title="ጋብቻ">ጋብቻ</a>ም ሆነ አብሮ መኖር በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8C%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ህግ">ህግ</a> ተከለከለ። 1940 ላይ የጣሊያንና አገሬው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ክልስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ክልሶች</a> ሳይቀሩ የዜግነትና የትምህርት መብታቸውን በህግ አጡ። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="የኢኮኖሚ_እድገትና_የልዩ_ማንነት_መፈጠር"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A2.E1.8A.AE.E1.8A.96.E1.88.9A_.E1.8A.A5.E1.8B.B5.E1.8C.88.E1.89.B5.E1.8A.93_.E1.8B.A8.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.A9_.E1.88.9B.E1.8A.95.E1.8A.90.E1.89.B5_.E1.88.98.E1.8D.88.E1.8C.A0.E1.88.AD"></span>የኢኮኖሚ እድገትና የልዩ ማንነት መፈጠር</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=14" title="የኢኮኖሚ እድገትና የልዩ ማንነት መፈጠር ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: የኢኮኖሚ እድገትና የልዩ ማንነት መፈጠር"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ከ1936 ጀምሮ ኤርትራ የኢኮኖሚ እድገት ማሳየት ችሏል። በ30ዎቹ መጨረሻ 2፣198 የኢንደስትሪ ተቋሞች በአገሪቱ ተመስርተዋል። ይሁንና ጣሊያኖች አገሪቱ እራሷን እንድትችል ሳይሆን የነርሱ ጥገኛ እንድትሆን ነበር ያደረጉት፣ ለዚህ ሲሉ አብዛኛው ምርት ከውጭ ያስመጡ ነበር። ከ10-15% የሚሆነው የአገሬው ወንድ ሃይል በኢንደስትሪ፣ በእርሻና በጥቃቅን የተላላኪ ስራወች ተቀጥርው ይሰሩ ነበር። ከ1936-41 ድረስ አብዛኛውን የአግሬውን ወንድ ቀጥሮ ያሰራ የነበረው የቅኝ ገዥው ውትድርና ተቋም ነበር (40% ወይም 60፣000 ለአቅመ አዳም የደርሱ ወንዶችን)። </p><p>እኒህ ወታደሮች ኢትዮጵያን ለመውረር ያገለገሉ ሲሆን ለዚህ ታማኝነታቸው ምክንያቱ ቅኝ ገዥወች በኤርትራ ላይ ያሰፈኑት ፖለቲካዊ መረጋጋት እንደምክንያት ይጠቀሳል። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%A4%E1%8A%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጤና (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጤና</a>፣ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A0%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%96%E1%88%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ገበያ ኢኮኖሚ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ገበያ ኢኮኖሚ</a> እንዲሁም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%81%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%86%E1%89%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቁሳዊ ፍጆታ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቁሳዊ ፍጆታ</a> መስፋፋት በ1905ዓ.ም. 250 ሺህ ብቻ የነበረው የኤርትራ ህዝብ ወደ 614 ሺሕ በ1935 ዓ.ም. እንዲያድግ አድርጓል። ትግርኛ ተናጋሪው ክፍል በዚህ ጊዜ 54% የአገሪቱ ክፍል ነበር። እኒህ ለውጦች በአገሬው ላይ የስነ ልቦና ለውጥን አስከተሉ፣ ስለሆነም ከኢትዮጵያውያን ጐረቤቶቻቸው የተለዩ ህዝቦች የመሆን ማንነትን ፈጠረ። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="የእንግሊዝ_ወታደራዊ_አገዛዝ_(1941_-1952)"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.95.E1.8C.8D.E1.88.8A.E1.8B.9D_.E1.8B.88.E1.89.B3.E1.8B.B0.E1.88.AB.E1.8B.8A_.E1.8A.A0.E1.8C.88.E1.8B.9B.E1.8B.9D_.281941_-1952.29"></span>የእንግሊዝ ወታደራዊ አገዛዝ (1941 -1952)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=15" title="የእንግሊዝ ወታደራዊ አገዛዝ (1941 -1952) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: የእንግሊዝ ወታደራዊ አገዛዝ (1941 -1952)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Keren_Battlefield_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Keren_Battlefield_023.jpg/200px-Keren_Battlefield_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Keren_Battlefield_023.jpg/300px-Keren_Battlefield_023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Keren_Battlefield_023.jpg/400px-Keren_Battlefield_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የከረን ጦርነት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የከረን ጦርነት</a> የትካሄደበት ስፍራ</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%81%E1%88%88%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት">ሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት</a>ን ተከትሎ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ዩናይትድ ኪንግደም">እንግሊዞች</a> ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8E_%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%8C%BB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አንግሎ ግብጻዊ ሱዳን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አንግሎ ግብጻዊ ሱዳን</a> በመነሳት ጥር 1941 በኤርትራ ላይ ጥቃት አደረሱ። ከሶስት ወር በኋላ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የከረን ጦርነት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የከረን ጦርነት</a>ን በማሸነፍ ሚያዝያ 1941 ሙሉ ኤርትራን ተቆጣጠሩ። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%9D_%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እንግሊዝ ወታደራዊ አገዛዝ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እንግሊዝ ወታደራዊ አገዛዝ</a>(BMA) በጣሊያኖች ምትክ አገሪቱን ማስተዳደር ጀመረ። 1947 ጣሊያን በፈረመችው የሰላም ውል መሰረት ኤርትራ ለአራቱ ሃይላት ተሰጠች። ከዚህ በኋላ ኤርትራ የጣሊያን ቅኝ መሆኗ አበቃላት። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ሕግና_ስርዓት"><span id=".E1.88.95.E1.8C.8D.E1.8A.93_.E1.88.B5.E1.88.AD.E1.8B.93.E1.89.B5"></span>ሕግና ስርዓት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=16" title="ሕግና ስርዓት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: ሕግና ስርዓት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>እንግሊዞች የመጀመሪያ አላማቸው ሕግና ስርዓትን ማጽናት እንዲሁም አገሪቱን ማረጋጋት ነበር። ለዚህ ሲሉ ጣሊያኖች ሲሰሩበት የነበረውን ስርዓት ብዙ ሳይቀይሩ ነበር መግዛት የጀመሩት። በ'44 እና '47 መካከል የኤርትራን ግዛቶች በብሔር ከ5 ከፍለው እንደገና አዋቀሩት። ይህ አዲሱ አወቃቀር ከጣሊያኖቹ እምብዛም አይለም ሆኖም ግን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ከረን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ከረን</a>ንና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%86%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አቆርዳት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አቆርዳት</a>ን አንድ በማድረግ "ምዕራባዊ ግዛት" ስያሜ ሰጥተው አዲስ ክፍል አድርገዋል፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%85%E1%8B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ምፅዋ">ምፅዋ</a>ንና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አሰብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አሰብ</a>ን በማዋሃድ የቀይ ባሕር ክፍል ብለው ሰይመዋል፡ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ሁለተኛው_የአለም_ጦርነት"><span id=".E1.88.81.E1.88.88.E1.89.B0.E1.8A.9B.E1.8B.8D_.E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A0.E1.88.88.E1.88.9D_.E1.8C.A6.E1.88.AD.E1.8A.90.E1.89.B5"></span>ሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=17" title="ሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: ሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>እንግሊዞች ከነበረባቸው የሰው ሃይል ማነስ የተነሳ የጣሊያን ተቀጣሪወችን ሳይቀር የቀደሙትን የአገሬውን ባለስልጣኖች ሳያባርሩ ነበር ግዛታቸውን የጀመሩት። የጣሊያኖችም ህጎች በነበሩበት እንዲጸኑ ተደርገዋል። ሆኖም ግን የአፓርታይድ ስርዓቱን አስቀርተው አገሬው የጤናና የትምህርት፣ የመናገር ነጻነትና የስራ እድል ተቋዳሽ እንዲሆን አድርገዋል። የትምህርት ቤቶች ቁጥር 100 ሲደርስ በዚህ ወቅት ትምህርት በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ትግርኛ">ትግርኛ</a>እና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="አረብኛ">አረብኛ</a> ይሰጥ ነበር። የሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት ካስነሳው የኢኮኖሚ ፍላጎት አንጻር ኤርትራ የእርሻና የኢንደስትሪ ምርቷ በክፍተኛ ደረጃ አደገ። እንግሊዞቹ ወደ 256 ሺህ ሄክታር መሬት በመቆጣጠር 59ሺህ ቶን የሰብል ምርት ለመሰብሰብ ቻሉ። ኢኮኖሚው በዚህ መንገድ ከማደጉ የተነሳ ኤርትራ እርሷን የቻለች ሆነች። የተማሩ ጣሊያኖችና ወዝ አደር የአገሬው ሰወች በእንግሊዞች እየተቀጠሩ ይሰሩ ነበር። ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ የአገሬው ህዝብ የንግድ ማህበር እንዲያቋቁሙ የተፈቀደው በዚህ ጊዜ ነበር። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ከጦርነቱ_በኋላ"><span id=".E1.8A.A8.E1.8C.A6.E1.88.AD.E1.8A.90.E1.89.B1_.E1.89.A0.E1.8A.8B.E1.88.8B"></span>ከጦርነቱ በኋላ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=18" title="ከጦርነቱ በኋላ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: ከጦርነቱ በኋላ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>በጦርነቱ ወቅት ኢኮኖሚው ይደግ እንጂ፣ እንግሊዞቹ የበለጠ ትርፍ ለማግኘት ሲሉ ጣሊያኖች የዘረጉትን አብዛኛውን ኢንደስትሪና ኢንፍራስትራክቸር በመነቃቀል ሸጡ። ከአለም ጦርነት በኋላ የኢኮኖሚክ ፍላጎት ማንስ ባስነሳው ሁኔታ የኤርትራ ኢኮኖሚያዊ እድገት ተጨናገፈ። የእግንሊዙ ወታደራዊ አስተዳደር ያስቀመጠው የብድር፣ የላይሰንስ፣ የውጭ ገንዝበና የምርት ገደብ ለአገሪቱ ኢኮኖሚ መጨናገፍ ደጋፊ ነበር። የእርሻና የኢንደስትሪ ውጤቱም ከውጭ ካለው ፉክክር የማይከለከል ስለ ነበር ሌላው የኢኮኖሚው ቁስል ነበር። ይህ ሁሉ ተደማምሮ 1948ዓ.ም. ላይ የአገሪቱ ኢንደስትሪ እንዲዘጋና ወደ 10፣000 የሚጠጋ ኤርትራዊ ስራ አጥ እንዲሆን አደረገ። ኢኮኖሚያዊ ቀውሱና የዕቃወችን ውድነት ተከትሎ ብሔራዊነት ገኖ መውጣት ጀመረ። የአገሪቱ ኤኮኖሚና አስተዳደር በኤርትራውይን እንዲደረግ ጥያቄ መቅረብ ጀመረ። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Asmara19451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/5/59/Asmara19451.jpg/250px-Asmara19451.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/5/59/Asmara19451.jpg/375px-Asmara19451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/5/59/Asmara19451.jpg/500px-Asmara19451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="አስመራ">አስመራ</a> - በሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት ማብቂያ (1945) </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:AntiSeparatistEritreans.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/9/93/AntiSeparatistEritreans.gif/250px-AntiSeparatistEritreans.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/9/93/AntiSeparatistEritreans.gif/375px-AntiSeparatistEritreans.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/9/93/AntiSeparatistEritreans.gif/500px-AntiSeparatistEritreans.gif 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption> የመገንጠል አቋም ባላቸው ላይ የሃይል እርምጃ ይወስዱ የነበሩ፣ በተቃዋሚወቻቸው <b>ሽፍታ</b> የሚሰኙት ኤርትራውያን</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ማህበር_ፍቅሪ_ሐገር"><span id=".E1.88.9B.E1.88.85.E1.89.A0.E1.88.AD_.E1.8D.8D.E1.89.85.E1.88.AA_.E1.88.90.E1.8C.88.E1.88.AD"></span>ማህበር ፍቅሪ ሐገር</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=19" title="ማህበር ፍቅሪ ሐገር ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: ማህበር ፍቅሪ ሐገር"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ከ1941 ጀምሮ ሁሉንም ኤርትራውያን ያሳተፈ ፀረ-ቅኝ ግዛት ማህበር -<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%88%85%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%85%E1%88%AA_%E1%88%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማህበር ፍቅሪ ሐገር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማህበር ፍቅሪ ሐገር</a> ተቋቁሞ ነበር። የዚህ ማህበር አላማ የህብረተሰቡን ፍላጎት ለእንግሊዞቹ ማስረዳት ነበር። ቀስ ብሎ ግን ከተማ ኗሪው ትግርኛ ተናጋሪ ክፍል ፅንፈኛ፣ ኢትዮጵያን የሚደግፍ አቋም መያዝና ማህበሩን መቆጣጠር ጀመረ። 1943 ላይ አብዛኞቹ እስልምና ተከታዮችና አንድ አንድ የደቡብና መሃከለኛ ደጋማ ክፍል ክርስቲያኖች ማህበሩን ለቀው የመለያየት እንቅስቃሴን ጀመሩ። 1946 ላይ የአንድነት ደጋፊወችና የሱዳን መከላከያ ሃይሎች (በእንግሊዞች ስር የነበሩ) አስመራ ውስጥ ደም ተፋሰሱ። ይህ ሁኔታ የፖለቲካ ውጥረትን ያስከተለና የጣሊያን ኗሪዎች በአንድነት ደጋፊዎች ከዚህ በኋላ ጥቃት እንዲደርስባቸው ያደረገ ነበር። ጥቅምት 1946 ላይ እንግሊዞች በፖለቲካ ፓርቲወች ላይ ያስቀመጡትን ዕቀባ አነሱ። </p><p>1947 ላይ ጣሊያኖች በፈረሙት የሰላም ውል መሰረት የኤርትራን የወደፊት ዕድል የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8E%E1%89%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ተባበሩት ሃይሎች (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ተባበሩት ሃይሎች</a> እንዲወስኑ ተደረገ። የተባበሩት ሃይላት የአገሬውን ፍላጎት ለማወቅ አጣሪ ኮሚሽን ላኩ። በዚህ ጊዜ ኤርትሪያ ውስጥ 4 ጉልህ የፖለቲካ ፓርቲዎች ይንቀሳቀሱ ነበር፣ እነርሱም </p> <dl><dd>፩ - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አንድነት ፓርቲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አንድነት ፓርቲ</a> - ኅዳር 1947 ላይ እንደ ፓርቲ እውቅናን ያገኘ ነበር። ይደገፍ የነበረውም በትግርኛ ተናገሪዎቹ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%90%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B4%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሐማሴን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሐማሴን</a> ክፍሎች እና ባላባት <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="እስልምና">እስልምና</a> ተከታዮች ነበር።ይህ ፓርቲ ትልቅ የኢትዮጵያ መንግሥት እጅ ነበረው አቋሙም ያለምንም ድርድር ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር መዋሃድ የሚል ስለነበረ። ይዞታው የአገሪቱን 48% ድጋፍ ያገኘ ከነበሩት ፓርቲዎች ሁሉ ታላቁ ነበር።</dd></dl> <dl><dd>፪ - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8A%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%8A%E1%8C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መስሊም ሊግ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መስሊም ሊግ</a> - ሁለተኛው ታላቁ ፓርቲ ሲሆን 30% የአገሪቱን ድጋፍ ያገኘ ነበር። ከባላባቶች ውጭ የሆኑትን መስሊሞች ድጋፍ ያገኝ ነበር። አቋሙ ኤርትራ ተገንጥላ እራሷን መቻል አለባት፣ ይህ ካልሆነ ተገንጥላ በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ተባበሩት መንግስታት">ተባበሩት መንግስታት</a> ትመራ፣ የሚል ነበር።</dd></dl> <dl><dd>፫ - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%88%E1%8B%98%E1%89%A5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%9B_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%85_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ለዘብተኛ ተራማጅ ፓርቲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ለዘብተኛ ተራማጅ ፓርቲ</a>- ከማህበረ ፍቅሪ አፈንግጠው ተገንጣይነትን ከሚያራምዱት ቡድኖች የመጣ ሲሆን አብዛኛው ደጋፊ ደገኛ ክርስቲያኖች ነበሩ። ይህ ፓርቲ በወታደራዊው አገዛዝ(BMA) የሚደገፍ ነበር። አቋሙም ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ያሉትን ትግርኛ ተናጋሪዎች ጨምሮ ከኢትዮጵያ መገንጠል ነበር።</dd></dl> <dl><dd>፬ - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%B0%E1%8C%8B%E1%8D%8A_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጣሊያንን ደጋፊ ፓርቲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጣሊያንን ደጋፊ ፓርቲ</a> - የዚህ ፓርቲ ደጋፊዎች ኗሪ ጣሊያኖች፣ ክልሶችና በቅኝ ግዛቱ ወቅት ጥቅም የነበራቸው ኤርትራውያን ነበሩ። አቋማቸው የጣሊያን ፓለቲካዊ ግዛት በኤርትራ ተመልሶ እንዲቋቋም ነበር።</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Eritrea-_After_a_visit_to_the_former_Italian_colony_Eritrea_to_ascertain_the_wishes_of_the_inhabitants,_members_of_U.N._Commission_made_proposals_varying_from_independence_to_union_with_Ethiopia;.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/7/79/Eritrea-_After_a_visit_to_the_former_Italian_colony_Eritrea_to_ascertain_the_wishes_of_the_inhabitants%2C_members_of_U.N._Commission_made_proposals_varying_from_independence_to_union_with_Ethiopia%3B.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/7/79/Eritrea-_After_a_visit_to_the_former_Italian_colony_Eritrea_to_ascertain_the_wishes_of_the_inhabitants%2C_members_of_U.N._Commission_made_proposals_varying_from_independence_to_union_with_Ethiopia%3B.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/7/79/Eritrea-_After_a_visit_to_the_former_Italian_colony_Eritrea_to_ascertain_the_wishes_of_the_inhabitants%2C_members_of_U.N._Commission_made_proposals_varying_from_independence_to_union_with_Ethiopia%3B.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption> የአገሬው ነዋሪ የተ.መ. የወደፊቱን የኤርትራ ጉዳይ በሚያጠናበት ወቅት</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:ProUnion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/a/a0/ProUnion.jpg/200px-ProUnion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/a/a0/ProUnion.jpg/300px-ProUnion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/a/a0/ProUnion.jpg/400px-ProUnion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>በወቅቱ የኢትዮጵያን መንግሥትን ወዳጆች አንድነትን ደጋፊዎች ኤርትራውያን እና ሰላማዊ ሰልፍ</figcaption></figure> <p>ከዚህ በተረፈ የኢትዮጵያ፣ ታላቋ ብሪታኒያና ጣሊያን የራስ-ፍላጎቶች የኤርትራን የወደፊት እድል ያወሳሰበ ጉዳይ ነበር። <b>የ</b>ታላቋ ብሪታንያ አቋም ኤርትራ እራሷን መቻል የማትችል አገር ስለሆነች ከሁለት ተከፍላ እስላሞች የሚኖሩበት ምዕራባዊው ክፍል ለሱዳን እንዲሰጥ፣ ክርስቲያን ትግርኛ ተናጋሪው ደጋ ክፍል ለኢትዮጵያ እንዲሆን ነበር። <b>የ</b>ጣሊያን ፍላጎት በተባበሩት መንግስታት ቡራኬ የኤርትራ ሞግዚት ሆና እንድታስተዳድረው፣ ያ ካልሆነ አገሪቱ ለብቻዋ እንድትሆን ነበር። <b>የ</b>ኢትዮጵያ አቋም፣ ከታሪክ፣ ከመልክዓምድር፣ ከብሔርና ከኢኮኖሚ አንጻር፣ እንዲሁም ከስትራቴጂክ ፍላጎት አንጻር፣ ማለት የባሕር በር እንዲኖራት አስፈላጊ መሆኑን በመግለጽ ኤርትራ የርሷ እንደሆነች ነበር። <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%BC_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="አጼ ሃይለ ሥላሴ">አጼ ሃይለ ሥላሴ</a> በቅኝ ግዛት ወቅት የተወሰደውን መሬት ለኤርትራውያን አስመልሳለው ብለው ቃል ሲገቡ የኤርትራ ኦርቶዶክስ ቄሶች ሙሉ በሙሉ ደጋፊያቸው ሆኑ፣ በግልጽም የአንድነት ፓርቲ ደጋፊዎች ሆነው ይሰሩ ነበር። </p><p>ከ1947-48 የአራቱ ሃይሎች አጣሪ ኮሚሽን ወደ ኤርትራ ሄዶ የህዝቡን ልብ ትርታ ለማጥናት ያደረገው ሙከራ በኮሚሽነሮቹ መካከል ስምምነት ስላልፈጠረ እና የኢትዮጵያ ጣልቃ ገብነትም ለመለየቱ አስቸጋሪ ስለነበረ በ1948 ላይ ጉዳዩ ለአለም አቀፉ የተባበሩት መንግስታት መድረክ ቀረበ። እንግሊዞችና ጣሊያኖች የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A4%E1%89%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9B_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቤቭን ፎርዛ አቅድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቤቭን ፎርዛ አቅድ</a> የተባለውን ሰነድ ያዘጋጁት በዚህ ወቅት ነበር። በአቅዱ መሰረት ኤርትራ ከሦስት ስትከፈል ምዕራቡ እስላም ክፍል ለሱዳን፣ ደጋው ለኢትዮጵያ፣ ዓሰብና ምጽዋዕ ልዩ ግዛት እንዲሆኑ ነበር። ሆኖም ግንቦት 1949 ላይ የተካሄደው የተ.መ. ጉባኤ ሃሳቡን ውድቅ አደረገው። </p><p><br /> ይህን ተከተሎ ኤርትራ ውስጥ ፖለቲካዊ ቀውስ ተነሳ። መስሊም ሊግ የለዘብተኛ ተራማጅ ፓርቲንና የጣሊያን ደጋፊ ፓርቲን ሃይሎች በማስተባበር ታላቅ የተገንጣይ ቡድን መሰረተ። ሆኖም ግን በአባሎቹ የሶሽዮ-ፖለቲካ መሰባጠር ምክንያት ሃይሉ የዳከመ ነበር። በዛ ላይ የጣሊያንን እንደገና መምጣት በመፍራትና የኢትዮጵያን ሙስሊሞችን ለማክበር ቃል መግባት በመከተል ብዙዎች ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%85-%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%86%E1%8A%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ይህ-ከሆነ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ይህ-ከሆነ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%85%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ውህደት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ውህደት</a> እንዲፈልጉ አደረገ። የኢኮኖሚው መንኮታኮትም በእስላሞችና ክርስቲያኖች መካካከል እንዲሁም በቋንቋ-ብሔሮች መካከል ውጥረት አስነሳ። መስሊም ሊግ ጭሰኝነትን አስወግዳለሁ በማለቱ የሙስሊም ባላባቶች ውህደትን እንዲደግፉ አደረገ። </p><p>1950 ላይ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0.%E1%88%98._%E1%88%83%E1%89%85_%E1%8D%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%8A_%E1%89%A1%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የተ.መ. ሃቅ ፈላጊ ቡድን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የተ.መ. ሃቅ ፈላጊ ቡድን</a> ኤርትራ በመሄድ ከመጋቢት እስከ ሚያዝያ የህዝቡ ፍላጎት ላይ ጥናት አካሄደ። በዚህ ወቅት ሽፍቶች በመገንጠል ደጋፊዎች ላይ ከፍተኛ ጥቃት አደረሱ። የሃቅ ፈላጊው ቡድን አባል የሆኑት የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8C%E1%8B%AD" title="ኖርዌይ">ኖርዌይ</a> ተወካይ ኤርትራ ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር አንድ እንድትሆን፣ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="በርማ">በርማ</a>ና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ደቡብ አፍሪቃ">ደቡብ አፍሪቃ</a> በፌዴሬሽን እንድትዋሃድ፣ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ፓኪስታን">ፓኪስታን</a>ና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%93%E1%89%B4%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8B" title="ጓቴማላ">ጓቴማላ</a> ተወካዮች ለ10 አመት በተ.መ. ሞግዚትነት ተዳዳራ በኋላ እራሷን እንድትች ሃሳብ አቀረቡ። ሁሉም አባላት ኤርትራ ወዲያውኑ እራሷን እንደማትችል፣ ለዚህ ምክንያቱ የሶሺዮ-ኢኮኖምክ ብቃት አለመኖርን። </p><p>ከብዙ ክርክርና የዲፕሎማሲ ፍትጊያ በኋላ፣ ታህሳስ 1950 ላይ የተ.መ. አጠቃላይ ጉባኤ Resolution 390 A(V) ላይ የእጅ ምርጫ በማድረግ አጸደቀ። በጸደቀው ድንጋጌ መሰረት ኤርትራ በፌዴሬሽን ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር እንድትቀጥል።ፌደረሽኑም የሁለቱም አገሮች እኩል መብት ኑሯቸው የፌደሬሽን ባንዴራ ኑሯቸው እንዲቀጥሉ ነበረ፤ the United States was instrumental in promoting Eritrea's linkage with Imperial Ethiopia, opposing the idea of an independent Eritrea, irrespective of the wishes of the Eritrean people. This was succinctly put by then US ambassador to the UN (later to become US Secretary of State) John Foster Dulles: "From the point of view of justice, the opinions of the Eritrean people must receive consideration. Nevertheless the strategic interest of the United States in the Red Sea basin and the considerations of security and world peace make it necessary that the country has to be linked with our ally Ethiopia."ወደ አማርኛ ሲገለበጥ ፤የተ.መ የኤርትራን ፍላጎት ሳይሰማ ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር አቆራኛት፤የዚያን ጊዜ አምባሳደር ጆን ፎስተር ዳላስ በኋላ ዋና ጸሓፊ የሆኑት እንዳሉት «ከህግ አንጻር የኤርትራን ህዝብ ፍላጎት መሰማት ነበረበት ሆኖ ግን የኛ የተ.መ ስትራቴጂ በቀይባህር ያለንን አንጻር እና የአለም ሴኩሪቲን ለማስጠበቅ ከጓደኛችን ኢትዮጵያ እንድትቀላቀል አድርገናል» አሉ፤ When Ethiopia deposed its Emperor and became a communist state 1974–1991, the United States did not support the Eritrean rebels' struggle for independence from communist Ethiopia, but remained committed to Eritrea's linkage with Ethiopia, albeit under a different, more pro-western Ethiopian administration.ከሁለት አመት የሽግግር መንግስት በኋላ ፌዴሬሽኑ መስከረም 1952 ላይ ተግባር ላይ ዋለ። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg/50px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_1952-1962.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Flag_of_Eritrea_(1952-1961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg/55px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg/83px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg/110px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ኢትዮጵያ_ኤርትራ_ፌዴሬሽን_(1952-1962)"><span id=".E1.8A.A2.E1.89.B5.E1.8B.AE.E1.8C.B5.E1.8B.AB_.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AB_.E1.8D.8C.E1.8B.B4.E1.88.AC.E1.88.BD.E1.8A.95_.281952-1962.29"></span>ኢትዮጵያ ኤርትራ ፌዴሬሽን (1952-1962)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=20" title="ኢትዮጵያ ኤርትራ ፌዴሬሽን (1952-1962) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: ኢትዮጵያ ኤርትራ ፌዴሬሽን (1952-1962)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>የፌዴሬሽን አስተዳደር ለአካባቢው እንግዳ ስለነበር የተለያዩ ክፍሎች በተለያየ መልኩ እንዲተረጉሙት ሆነ። የኢትዮጵያ መንግስት ፌዴሬሽን ማለቱ ኤርትራን ወደ ኢትዮጵያ የሚያጠቃልል ነው ብሎ ተረጎመ። በኤርትራ በኩል፣ ሁሉም የፖለቲካ ፓርቲዎች ፌዴሬሽኑን ቢቀበሉም በአተረጓጎሙ ላይ ልዩነት አሳዩ። አንድነት አራማጆች ትርጉሙን ኢትዮጵያ በምታይበት አይን ሲመለከቱ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%82%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%B1%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%A3%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኢብራሂም ሱልጣን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኢብራሂም ሱልጣን</a> የሚመራው የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤርትራ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤርትራ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር</a> የመገንጠል ደጋፊዎችን በማነሳሳት የኤርትራን ራስ ገዝነት አጉልቶ በሚያሳይ መልኩ ይተረጉሙ ነበር። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Federation1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/b/b3/Federation1952.jpg/200px-Federation1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/b/b3/Federation1952.jpg/300px-Federation1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/b/b3/Federation1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption> የኤርትራ ፌዴሬሽን ሲፀድቅ፣ መስከረም 1952</figcaption></figure> <p>በተ.መ. የፌዴሬሽኑ ድንጋጌ መሠረት የሁለቱን ክፍሎች ግንኙነት የሚያስተዳድሩ ልዩ ተቋማት እንዲፈጠሩ አልተደረገም። ነገር ግን በምክር ለመርዳት ያክል <i>Imperial Federal Council</i> የተባለ ተቋም ተበጅቶ የነበር ሲሆን በቂ ኃይል ግን አልነበረውም ። ስለዚህ እውነተኛው የፌዴራሉ መንግስት የኢትዮጵያ መንግስት ነበር። በሽግግሩ ወቅት የእንግሊዙ ወታደራዊ አስተዳደር የኤርትራን <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8C%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ህገ መንግስት">ህገ መንግስት</a> እንዲህ ሲል ቀረጸ፣ ኤርትራ ራሱን የቻለ ግዛት ሲሆን ኤርትራዊ ዜግነትን ፣ ብሔራዊ ቋንቋን (ትግርኛና አረብኛ)፣ የተለየ ሠንደቅ አላማን፣ ማህተምንና ልዩ መንግስትን ለኤርትራ ይሰጣል። በራሱ ጉዳይ ዙሪያ ህግ ማጽደቅ ፣ ህግ ማስፈጸምና ፍርድ መፍረድ እንዲችል ለኤርትራው መንግስት ይፈቅዳል። የአካባቢውን ሥነ ንዋይ መቅረጽ፣ ግብር መሰብሰብ፣ ጤና፣ ትምህርት፣ መስተዳድር እና የፖሊስ ስራ በዚሁ በኤርትራው መንግስት ስር ይከወናሉ። የፖለቲካ ፓርቲወች፣ የንግድ ማህበራት፣ የሰው ልጅ መብቶች፣ የህትመትና የመናገር ነጻነትንም ይፈቅዳል። የፌዴራሉ መንግስት በአንጻሩ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%AD_%E1%8C%89%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የውጭ ጉዳይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የውጭ ጉዳይ</a>ን፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%A8%E1%8B%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መከላከያ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መከላከያ</a>ን፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%98%E1%89%A5" title="ገንዘብ">ገንዘብ</a>ን፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%8B%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5" title="ፋይናንስ">ፋይናንስ</a>ን፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%AD_%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የውጭ ንግድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የውጭ ንግድ</a>ና የኢትዮጵያና ኤርትራን ንግድን፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%93%E1%8A%9B" title="መገናኛ">መገናኛ</a>ን በተመለከተ ስልጣን ይኖረዋል። በተጨማሪ የፌዴራል መንግስቱን ስራ ለማካሄድ አንድ አይነት ግብር እንዲያወጣ ይገደድ ነበር። በዚህ ወቅት አቶ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%B8%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አንዳርጋቸው መሳይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አንዳርጋቸው መሳይ</a> (የአጼ ኃይለ ስላሴ አማች) በኤርትራ የኢትዮጵያ መንግስት ተወካይ ነበሩ። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የኤርትራ_ምክር_ቤት"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AB_.E1.88.9D.E1.8A.AD.E1.88.AD_.E1.89.A4.E1.89.B5"></span>የኤርትራ ምክር ቤት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=21" title="የኤርትራ ምክር ቤት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: የኤርትራ ምክር ቤት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤርትራ ምክር ቤት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኤርትራ ምክር ቤት</a> (ባይቶ ኤርትራ) በእንግሊዞች አቀናባሪነትና አገር አቀፍ ምርጫ መጋቢት 1952ዓ.ም. ሲመሰረት በዚሁ ወቅት የኤርትራን ህገ መንግስትና የፌደሬሽኑን ደንብ አጸደቀ። እንዲሁም አቶ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ተድላይ ባይሩ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ተድላይ ባይሩ</a>ን እንደ ዋና ስራ አስፈጻሚ ና አቶ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%85%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%99%E1%88%B3_%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አሊ አህመድ ሙሳ ረዳይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አሊ አህመድ ሙሳ ረዳይ</a>ን እንደ ፕሬዜዳንት አድርጎ መረጠ። በዚያው አመት መስከረም ላይ የኢትዮጵያም መንግስት እንዲሁ ሁለቱን አጸደቀ። መስከረም 15 ላይ የአስተዳደሩ ሃይል ወደ ፌዴራል መንግስት ተዛወረ። ከዚህ በኋላ የኢትዮጵያውም ሆነ የኤርትራው ውገኖች ለራሳቸው በሚስማማ መልኩ የፈዴሬሽኑን ደንቦች በመተርጎም ቀስ በቀስ የፖለቲካ ውጥረት ተነሳ። የአንድነት ደጋፊ የነበሩት አቶ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%8B_%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ተድላ ባይሩ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ተድላ ባይሩ</a> 1953 ላይ የፖለቲካ ተቃውሚዎቻቸው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B0_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B0_%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ወልደ አብ ወልደ ማርያም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ወልደ አብ ወልደ ማርያም</a>ንና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አብርሃ ተሰማ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አብርሃ ተሰማ</a>ን በመወንጀል ጥቃት ጀመሩ። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አንድነት ፓርቲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አንድነት ፓርቲ</a> አቶ ተድላ ባይሩን በመደገፍ ኤርትራን ሙሉ በሙሉ ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር ማዋሃድ አላማው አድርጎ ተነሳ። እኒህ የአንድነት ደጋፊዎች በመንግስት ቢሮዎች ለየት ያለ ስራ የማግኘት እድል ስላገኙ የተገንጣይ ሃይሎች (የኤርትራ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር) እጅግ ተበሳጩ። በተለይ በእስላማዊው ምዕራብ ኤርትራ ግንባሩ ከፍተኛ ድጋፍን ማግኘት ጀመረ። የኢኮኖሚው እየወደቀ መሄድ፣ የግብር መጨመርና የቁሳቁሶች ዋጋ መጨመር ለውጥረቱ መባባስ አስተዋጽኦ አደረጉ። በዚህ ወቅት ኤርትራ የምታስገባውና የምታስወጣው ዕቃ ላይ 25% የግብር ጭማሪ ተደርጎ ነበር። የጣሊያን ዜጎችም በጦርነቱ ያጡትን የኢንደስትሪ፣ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ እርሻ ወዘት መብቶች ከእንደገና በማግኘታቸው አገሬው ህዝብ እንዲበሳጭ ካደረጉት ጉዳዮች አንዱ ነበር። </p><p>በዚያው አመት በ1953 ሙስሊም ሊግ መነሳሳትን አሳየ። እንዲያውም የእስላምናን ፍላጎትና የኤርትራን ህገ መንግስት እንደግፋለን በማለት ህዝባዊ አመጽ ማደራጀት ጀመረ። የኤርትራው ሥራ አስፈጻሚ ሊቀመንበር የህትመት ነጻነትን በመንፈግ አመጹን ለማፈን ሞከረ። 1954 ላይ ሙስሊም ሊግ በበኩሉ ለአጼ ሃይለ ስላሴ እና ለተባበሩት መንግስታት የመብቱን መታፈን በመቃወም ደብዳቤ ጻፈ። ነገር ግን ተቃውሞው አንድ ወጥ አልነበረም። በሙስሊም ሊግ ውስጥ በተነሳ ውስጣዊ ቅራኔ ኢብራሂም ሱልጣን ከሊጉ ተባረረ። የሆኖ ሆኖ ሙስሊም ሊግ በኤርትራ ምክር ቤት ባደረገው ዘመቻ አቶ ተድላ ባይሩ ምክር ቤቱ ክብር እንዲያጣና በራሱ ፓርቲ እንዲወቀስ አድርገው ነበር። </p><p>በኤርትራው ምክርቤትና በሥራ አስፈጻሚው ሊቀመንበር (ፕሬዘዳንት <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8A_%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አሊ ረዳይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አሊ ረዳይ</a>)ውጥረት የተጀመረው በዚህ ወቅት ነበር። ምክር ቤቱ ተድላ ባይሩን ከመጥላቱ የተነሳ እርሱን ከስልጣን ለማባረር አሊ ረዳን ማባረር ግድ እንዲላቸው ስለተረዱ ሴራ ማሴር ጀመሩ። ተድላ ባይሩ በበኩሉ ህገ መንግስቱ ከሚፈቅደው ጊዜ በላይ፣ ምክር ቤቱ እንዲዘጋ (ሰስፔንድ እንዲደረግ) አደረገ። የተቃዋሚው ሃይል እሮሮውን ወደ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%BC_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88_%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ቀዳማዊ አጼ ሃይለ ስላሴ">ቀዳማዊ አጼ ሃይለ ስላሴ</a> በማሰማት ጣልቃ እንዲገቡ አደረገ። ንጉሱም የነገሩን ኢ-ህገ መንግስታዊነት በመመልከት አቶ ተድላ ባይሩና ፕሬዜዳንት አሊ ረዳይ ከስልጣናቸው እንዲለቁ አደረጉ። በዚህ ወቅት ቢትወደድ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%90_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አስፍሐ ወልደሚካኤል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አስፍሐ ወልደሚካኤል</a> ተድላ ባይሩን ተክቶ ተሾመ። አስፍሐ ወልደሚካኤል የአንድነት ፓርቲ ደጋፊ ነበሩ። ምክር ቤቱ በተራው ሼክ ሳይድ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%99%E1%88%83%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እድሪስ ሙሃመድ አዲም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እድሪስ ሙሃመድ አዲም</a>ን (የኤርትራ ዲሞክራሲ ግንባር ተወካይ) ፕሬዚዳንት አድርጎ መረጠ። ከዚህ በኋላ በአንድነት ፓርቲና በሙስሊም ሊግ መካከል ብዙ መቆራቆስና በኋላም የሙስሊም ሊግ ከሁለት መከፍል ተፈጸመ። </p><p>መስከረም 1956 ላይ በተደረገ የምክር ቤት ምርጫ ከ68 መቀመጫወች 32ቱን የአንድነት ፓርቲ አሸንፎ በጠንካራነት ወጣ። ከሁለተኛው የአለም ጦርነት መጨረሻ ጀመሮ በተነሳው የኢኮኖሚ ማሽቆልቆል ሽፍቶች በአገሪቱ መከሰት ጀመሩ። ህዳር 1956 ላይ አጼ ሃይለ ስላሴ ለምክር ቤቱ ባደረጉት ንግግር ኤርትራን ወደ እናት ሃገሯ ኢትዮጵያ የመመልስ ጉዳይ አንስተው ነበር። በጊዜው የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አረብ አብዮት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አረብ አብዮት</a> በአካባቢው እየተስፋፋ ስለነበር ለኤርትራም አስጊ ሁኔታ የፈጠረበት አጋጣሚ ነበር። ጥቅምት 1957፣ ወልደ አብ ወልደ ማርያምና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A1%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%83%E1%8B%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኡመር ቃዲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኡመር ቃዲ</a> ለተባበሩት መንግስታት በጻፉት ደብዳቤ የኢትዮጵያና የኤርትራ መንግስታት በሚያሴሩት ሴራ የፌዴራል ደንቡ እየተሸረሸረ እንደሆነ አስገነዘቡ። የፌዴራል ባለስልጣኖች ኡመር ቃዲን በማሰር አንድ አንድ የተነሱ ሰላማዊ ሰልፎችንና አድማዎችን በማፈን ሁኔታውን አለዘቡት። </p><p>1958 ላይ የኤርትሪያ ሥራ አስፈጻሚ ፕሬዘዳንት የኢትዮጵያን የቅጣት ህግ፣ ሰንደቅ አላማና ግብር ስርዓት በኤርትራ ላይ አጸና። <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%84%E1%8A%94%E1%88%AB%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብርጋዴር ጄኔራል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብርጋዴር ጄኔራል</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A0%E1%89%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አብይ አበበ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አብይ አበበ</a> በዚህ ወቅት የንጉሱ ተወካይ በኤርትራ ሆነው ተሹመው ነበር። በዚህ ትይዩ ሶስት የፖለቲካ ሃይሎች በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%85" title="ግብፅ">ግብፅ</a> ተደራጅተው ነበር፣ እነርሱም የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BB%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%85%E1%88%B5%E1%89%83%E1%88%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤርትራ ነጻነት እንቅስቃሴ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤርትራ ነጻነት እንቅስቃሴ</a> - በወልደ አብ ወልደ ማርያም የሚመራ፣ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BB%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤርትራ ነጻነት ግንባር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤርትራ ነጻነት ግንባር</a> (ጀብሃ) - በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%99%E1%88%83%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እድሪስ ሙሃመድ አዲም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እድሪስ ሙሃመድ አዲም</a> የሚመራ፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤርትራ ዲሞክራቲክ ግንባር አንድነት ፓርቲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኤርትራ ዲሞክራቲክ ግንባር አንድነት ፓርቲ</a>- በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%82%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%B1%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%A3%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኢብራሂም ሱልጣን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኢብራሂም ሱልጣን</a> የሚመሩ ነበሩ። መጀመሪያ እኒህ ሃይሎች የተባበሩት መንግስታትን ትኩረት ለመሳብ ቢጥሩም ስላልተሳካላቸው በአረብ አገሮችና በሶማሊያ እርዳት ወደ ትጥቅ ትግል ገቡ። </p><p>ግንቦት 1960 ላይ ምክር ቤቱ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%A3_%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%89%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88_%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B4_%E1%88%B5%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤርትራ አስተዳደር፣ በኢትዮጵያ ንጉስ ሃይለ ስላሴ ስር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኤርትራ አስተዳደር፣ በኢትዮጵያ ንጉስ ሃይለ ስላሴ ስር</a> የሚለውን ስያሜ ለኤርትራ መንግስት መረጠ። ነገር ግን የኢኮኖሚው አለመረጋጋት በሰራተኛው መደብ ውስጥ አድማና ተቃውሞ አስነሳ። ይህ የኢኮኖሚ ቀውስ ኢ-ኢትዮጵያዊ ቅርጽ ነበረው። 1961 ላይ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8B%E1%89%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እድሪስ አዋተ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እድሪስ አዋተ</a>ና ጥቂት ተከታዮቹ በስሜን ምዕራብ ኤርትራ የትጥቅ ትግል አስነሳ። ግንቦት 1962 ተማሪዎች የኤርትራ ነጻነትን በመደገፍ ሰላማዊ ሰልፍ አደረጉ እንዲሁም በዚሁ ውቅት ኢ-ኢትዮጵያዊ ሴራ በአገሪቱ ውስጥ ተደርሶበት ከሸፈ። ሐምሌ 1962 ላይ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%BC_%E1%8A%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ቀዳማዊ አጼ ኃይለ ሥላሴ">ቀዳማዊ አጼ ኃይለ ሥላሴ</a> ሁኔታውን ለማረጋጋት ወደ ኤርትራ ተጉዘው ነገሮች ሊረግቡ ቻሉ። ከአምስት ወር በኋላ ህዳር15፣ 1962 የኤርትራ ምክር ቤት ባደረገው ምርጫ ፌዴሬሽኑ እንዲፈርስና ኤርትራ ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር እንድትቀላቀል ወሰነ። ምርጫውን ተከትሎ አጼ ሃይለስላሴ የፌዴራሉን ደንብ ውድቅ በማድረግ ኤርትራ የኢትዮጵያ 14ኛ ጠቅላይ ግዛት አደረጉ። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia_coat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia_coat.png/50px-People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia_coat.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia_coat.png/75px-People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia_coat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia_coat.png/100px-People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia_coat.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1975%E2%80%931987).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="የኢትዮጵያ_ክፍለ_ሐገር_(1962-1991)"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A2.E1.89.B5.E1.8B.AE.E1.8C.B5.E1.8B.AB_.E1.8A.AD.E1.8D.8D.E1.88.88_.E1.88.90.E1.8C.88.E1.88.AD_.281962-1991.29"></span>የኢትዮጵያ ክፍለ ሐገር (1962-1991)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=22" title="የኢትዮጵያ ክፍለ ሐገር (1962-1991) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: የኢትዮጵያ ክፍለ ሐገር (1962-1991)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ኤርትራ የኢትዮጵያ ክፍለ ሐገር ከሆነች በኋላ ያለው ጊዜ በሁለት ጉልህ ዘመናት ይከፈላል፣ እነርሱም የዘውዱ ጊዜና የደርግ ዘመናት ናቸው። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የዘውድ_ዘመናት_(1962-1974)"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8B.98.E1.8B.8D.E1.8B.B5_.E1.8B.98.E1.88.98.E1.8A.93.E1.89.B5_.281962-1974.29"></span>የዘውድ ዘመናት (1962-1974)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=23" title="የዘውድ ዘመናት (1962-1974) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: የዘውድ ዘመናት (1962-1974)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>በዘውዱ አገዛዝ ወቅት ከኢትዮጵያ ወገን አንድ ወጥ ሳይሆን ያመነታ ሁለት አይነት አቋም ታይቷል፡ የመጀመሪያው አቋም በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AD" title="ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር">ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%88%89_%E1%88%80%E1%89%A5%E1%89%B0-%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B5" title="አክሊሉ ሀብተ-ወልድ">አክሊሉ ሀብተ-ወልድ</a> ይመራ የነበር ሲሆን አቋሙም ሙሉ በሙሉ ኤርትራን ወደ ኢትዮጵያው ስርዓት ማምጣትና ማዕከላዊነትን ማስፋፋት ነበር። ሁለተኛው አቋም ኤርትራን ከ1964-70 ያስተዳድሩ በነበሩት <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ራስ አስራተ ካሳ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ራስ አስራተ ካሳ</a> የሚመራ ሆኖ የኤርትራን ማንነት በማይነካ መልኩ፣ ግትር ያለ አቋም ሳይይዝ፣ መንግስት አስተዳደሩን እየለዋወጠ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ እንዲተዳደር ማድረግ ነበር። ለአስራተ ካሳ አቋም መነሻ በክርስቲያን ኤርትራውያን ላይ የነበረው እምነት ነበር። ስለሆነም ኤርትራ የበለጠ ነጻነት ቢሰጣት አገሪቱ ጸንታ ትቆማለች የሚል ነበር። </p><p>ከኤርትራኖችም አንጻር ሁለት መንታ አቋም ነበር። በተለይ ራስ አስራተ ካሳ የኤርትራ አስተዳዳሪ በነበሩበት ወቅት የተማረው ክርስቲያኑ የኤርትራ ክፍል ከሞላ ጎደል የኢትዮጵያ ደጋፊ ነበር። ብዙ የኤርትራ ክርስቲያኖች ወደ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A0%E1%89%A3" title="አዲስ አበባ">አዲስ አበባ</a> በመሄድ በሃብት የበለጸጉ ኤርትራውያንን መቀላቀል ቀጠሉ። በቁጥር ጥቂት የማይባሉ ኤርትራውያን በዘውዱ ሥርዓት ውስጥ የመሪነት ቦታን አገኙ። በአንጻሩ ያልተማረው ወጣቱ ክፍልና፣ በእንግሊዙ ወታደራዊ አስተዳደር ስልጣን የነበረው ይህን አይነት ኢትዮጵያዊነት ሊቀበል አልቻለም። አብዛኛው የሙስሊም ክፍልም እንዲሁ አልተቀበለም። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="መላው_አረባዊነት_እና_ጀብሃ"><span id=".E1.88.98.E1.88.8B.E1.8B.8D_.E1.8A.A0.E1.88.A8.E1.89.A3.E1.8B.8A.E1.8A.90.E1.89.B5_.E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.93_.E1.8C.80.E1.89.A5.E1.88.83"></span>መላው አረባዊነት እና ጀብሃ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=24" title="መላው አረባዊነት እና ጀብሃ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: መላው አረባዊነት እና ጀብሃ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ብዙ የምዕራብ ኤርትራና የምጽዋ አካባቢ ሙስሊም ወጣቶች <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%80%E1%89%A5%E1%88%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጀብሃ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጀብሃ</a>ን (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BB%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤርትራ ነጻነት ግንባር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኤርትራ ነጻነት ግንባር</a>)ን መቀላቀል ጀመሩ። ጀብሃ በ1960ዓ.ም <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%AE" title="ካይሮ">ካይሮ</a> ውስጥ የተመሰረተ ግንባር ነበር። እኒህ ሙስሊሞች በጊዜው በካባቢው ተንሰራፍቶ የነበረውን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መላው አረባዊነት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መላው አረባዊነት</a> በመዋስ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%88%85%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤርትራ ህዝብ አረባዊነት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤርትራ ህዝብ አረባዊነት</a>ን እንደ መፈክር አነገቡ። በዚያውም በአረብ አገሮች ይካሄድ የነበረውን የትጥቅ ትግል ስልት በጥቅም ላይ ማዋል ጀመሩ። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%93%E1%88%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ናስሪዝም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ናስሪዝም</a> እና የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባቲዝም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባቲዝም</a> ንቅናቄዎችን ከመካከለኛው ምስራቅ በመዋስ ገንዘባቸው አደረጉ። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="የጀብሃ_መፈረካከስና_የኤርትራ_ህዝብ_ነጻነት_ግንባር"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8C.80.E1.89.A5.E1.88.83_.E1.88.98.E1.8D.88.E1.88.A8.E1.8A.AB.E1.8A.A8.E1.88.B5.E1.8A.93_.E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AB_.E1.88.85.E1.8B.9D.E1.89.A5_.E1.8A.90.E1.8C.BB.E1.8A.90.E1.89.B5_.E1.8C.8D.E1.8A.95.E1.89.A3.E1.88.AD"></span>የጀብሃ መፈረካከስና የኤርትራ ህዝብ ነጻነት ግንባር</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=25" title="የጀብሃ መፈረካከስና የኤርትራ ህዝብ ነጻነት ግንባር ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: የጀብሃ መፈረካከስና የኤርትራ ህዝብ ነጻነት ግንባር"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>በ60ዎቹ መጨረሻ፣ ምንም እንኳ ጀብሃ እድገት ቢያሳይም የመላው-አረባዊነት አቋሙን በመጥላት አንጎራጓሪ ክርስቲያን ወጣት ኤርትራውያን ሊደግፉት አልቻሉም። ጠረፍ ነዋሪ ሙስሊሞች ጀብሃ በምዕራብ ሙስሊሞች የተሞላና እኛን የረሳ ነው በማለት ለመደገፍ አልፈለጉም። የመላው-አረባዊነት መፈክርም በአረብ አገሮች በተነሳ የርስ በርስ ሽኩቻ ተነኳኮተ። ከዚህ በተጨማሪ ጀብሃ ከሁለት ተከፍሎ በክርስቲያኖች አውራነት የተመሰረት -- <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%88%85%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BB%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤርትራ ህዝብ ነጻነት ግንባር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኤርትራ ህዝብ ነጻነት ግንባር</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%BB%E1%8B%95%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሻዕቢያ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሻዕቢያ</a>) ሲቋቋም የኤርትራው ትግል ያበቃለት መሰለ ። ሆኖም ግን በጠቅላይ ግዛቱ የሚካሄደው ጦርነት የራስ አስራተ ካሳ አቋም የማይሰራ ስላስመሰለ ህዳር 1970 ላይ ራስ አስራተ ካሳ ከኤርትራ ስልጣናቸው እንዲነሱ ሆነ። ከዚህ በኋላ ወታደሮች በወታደራዊ ስልት ችግሩን እንዲፈቱ ነጻነት ተሰጣቸው። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የደርግ_ዘመናት_(1974-1991)"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8B.B0.E1.88.AD.E1.8C.8D_.E1.8B.98.E1.88.98.E1.8A.93.E1.89.B5_.281974-1991.29"></span>የደርግ ዘመናት (1974-1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=26" title="የደርግ ዘመናት (1974-1991) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: የደርግ ዘመናት (1974-1991)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:1984The_Central_Committee_in_session_in_1984.(Adluis_1984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/e/e0/1984The_Central_Committee_in_session_in_1984.%28Adluis_1984%29.jpg/250px-1984The_Central_Committee_in_session_in_1984.%28Adluis_1984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/e/e0/1984The_Central_Committee_in_session_in_1984.%28Adluis_1984%29.jpg/375px-1984The_Central_Committee_in_session_in_1984.%28Adluis_1984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/am/thumb/e/e0/1984The_Central_Committee_in_session_in_1984.%28Adluis_1984%29.jpg/500px-1984The_Central_Committee_in_session_in_1984.%28Adluis_1984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%BB%E1%8B%95%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB_%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%95%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%9A%E1%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የሻዕቢያ ማዕከላዊ ኮሚቲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የሻዕቢያ ማዕከላዊ ኮሚቲ</a> ስብሰባ፣ 1984፣ አዱሊስ</figcaption></figure> <p>ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኢትዮጵያ አብዮት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኢትዮጵያ አብዮት</a> መፈንዳት በኋላ የተነሳው <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D" title="ደርግ">ደርግ</a>ም እንዲሁ ፖሊሲው ያመነታ ነበር። የደርግ የመጀመሪያው ሊቀመንበር የነበረው የኤርትራው ተወላጅ ጄኔራል <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="አማን አንዶም">አማን አንዶም</a>አገሪቱ በኤርትራ ላይ ትከተል የነበረውን ፖሊሲ ለመገምገም ሞክሯል። በእርሱ ፖሊሲ መሰረት ኤርትራ በኢትዮጵያ ስር ሆና ነገር ግን የራሷ የፖለቲካ ማንነት እንዲኖራት የሚፈቅድ ነበር። አማን አንዶም ከተገደለ በኋላ የርሱ ፖሊሲ ተቀይሮ እስከ 1991 ድረስ የሚሰራበት ፖሊሲ በኮሌኔል <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B1_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="መንግስቱ ሃይለማርያም">መንግስቱ ሃይለማርያም</a>አማካይነት ተፈጻሚነትን አገኘ። ይህ አዲሱ ፖሊሲ በኤርትራ እንቅስቃሴዎች ላይ ወታደራዊ ድልን በመቀዳጀት ላይ ያተኮረ ነበር። </p><p>በዚህ ሁኔታ፣ አብቅቶለታል ተብሎ የነበረው የኤርትራ አመጽ ማንሰራራት ጀመረ። በ1970ዎቹ ሁለተኛ አጋማሽ ላይ ሻዕቢያ ሙሉ ጥቃትን ማድረስ ጀመረ። ምንም እንኳ ሁሉም ግንባሮች የኢትዮጵያን ሰራዊት የሚታገሉ የነበሩ ቢሆንም፣ ኤርትራውያን አንድ መሆን አልቻሉም ነበር። በተለይ ማርክሲስት የነበረው ሻዕቢያ ብዙ ክርስቲያን ኤርትራውያን ሲቀላቀሉት፣ ኃይሉ ከማደጉ የተነሳ፣ በመላው አረባዊነት አራማጁ ጅብሃ ላይ ጦርነት መክፈት ጀመረ። ከ1981-84 በተደረገ እርስ በርስ ጥሮነት ሻዕብያ የበላይነቱን ተጎንጻፎ ብቅ አለ። ከ80ዎቹ አጋማሽ ጀመሮ ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ይካሄድ የነበረው ጥርነት እየተጠናከረ ሲሄድ ሻዕቢያ ወሳኝ ድሎችን ማስመዝገብ ጀመረ። 1987 ላይ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%89%AD%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%85%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ሶቭየት ህብረት">ሶቭየት ህብረት</a> ለደርግ የሚያደርገውን እርዳታ ሲያቋርጥ ሁኔታዎች ለሻዕቢያ ተመቻቹ። መጋቢት 1988 የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አፋቤት ጦርነት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አፋቤት ጦርነት</a> ተብሎ በሚታውቀው የሻዕቢያ ሰራዊት በደርግ ሰራዊት ላይ ስልታዊ የሆነ ድል ተቀዳጀ። ከዚህ በኋላ የአቶ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%89%82" title="ኢሳያስ አፈወርቂ">ኢሳያስ አፈወርቂ</a> ስልጣን እየገነነ ግንባሩም ድል እየተጎናጸፈ ሄዶ ግንቦት 1991፣ በኢትዮጵያ የደርግ መውደቅን ተከትሎ ኤርትራ ኢ-ጥገኝነቷን ለማግኘት ቻለች። የኤርትራ ትግል በኢትዮጵያ ላይ ብዙ አሻራ የተወ ሲሆን በተለይ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BB%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ነጻነት ግንባር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ነጻነት ግንባር</a> ጽንሰ ሃሳብን ከአረብ አገሮች በማስመጣት በአካባቢው ማስፋፋቱ ተጠቃሽነት አለው። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Emblem_of_Eritrea_(or_argent_azur).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Flag_of_Eritrea_(1993%E2%80%931995).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ሃገረ_ኤርትራ_(ከ1991_በኋላ)"><span id=".E1.88.83.E1.8C.88.E1.88.A8_.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AB_.28.E1.8A.A81991_.E1.89.A0.E1.8A.8B.E1.88.8B.29"></span>ሃገረ ኤርትራ (ከ1991 በኋላ)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=27" title="ሃገረ ኤርትራ (ከ1991 በኋላ) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: ሃገረ ኤርትራ (ከ1991 በኋላ)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="አጠቃላይ_የአገሪቱ_ሁናቴ፣_በተለይ_የውጭ_ግንኙነት"><span id=".E1.8A.A0.E1.8C.A0.E1.89.83.E1.88.8B.E1.8B.AD_.E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A0.E1.8C.88.E1.88.AA.E1.89.B1_.E1.88.81.E1.8A.93.E1.89.B4.E1.8D.A3_.E1.89.A0.E1.89.B0.E1.88.88.E1.8B.AD_.E1.8B.A8.E1.8B.8D.E1.8C.AD_.E1.8C.8D.E1.8A.95.E1.8A.99.E1.8A.90.E1.89.B5"></span>አጠቃላይ የአገሪቱ ሁናቴ፣ በተለይ የውጭ ግንኙነት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=28" title="አጠቃላይ የአገሪቱ ሁናቴ፣ በተለይ የውጭ ግንኙነት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: አጠቃላይ የአገሪቱ ሁናቴ፣ በተለይ የውጭ ግንኙነት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ኤርትራ እራሷን ከቻለች በኋላ ለተወሰነ ጊዜ የኢኮኖሚ እድገትን አሳይታለች። ሆኖም ግን ከጎረቤቶቿ ጋር የሰላም ግንኙነት አልነበራትም። ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ሱዳን">ሱዳን</a>ጋር እርስ በርስ በመወነጃጀል በ1990ወቹ የፖለቲካ ውጥረት ውስጥ ገብተው ነበር። 1995 እና 96 ደግሞ ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95_(%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD)" title="የመን (አገር)">የመን</a> ጋር በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%90%E1%8A%92%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሐኒሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሐኒሽ</a> ደሴቶች ዙሪያ ጦርነት አድርጋ 1998 ላይ በተ.መ. ውሳኔ መሰረት ደሴቶቹ ለየመን ተሰጡ። ከዚህ በኋላ ቀዝቀዝ ያለ ሰላም በሁለቱ መካከል ሰፈነ። </p><p>ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር የነበራት ግንኙነት መጀመሪያ የወዳጅነት ቢሆንም በኋላ ላይ በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B5" title="ንግድ">ንግድ</a>ና በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD_%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባህር ወደብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባህር ወደብ</a> አቅርቦት ዙሪያ በተነሱ ጥያቄዎች ውጥረት ገጠመ። 1998ዓ.ም. ላይ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባድሜ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባድሜ</a> በተባለች የጠረፍ መንደር ዙርያ በተነሳ የድንበር ግጭት ውጥረቱ ገንፍሎ ወጥቶ ወደ ጦርነት አመራ። ከሁለት አመት ጦርነት በኋላ ታህሳስ 2000 ላይ የተ.መ. ሰላም አስከባሪ ሃይል በኢትዮጵያ-ኤርትራ ድንበር ላይ ተሰማራ። የአለም አቀፉ የድንበር ኮሚሽን ድንበሩን ለማካለል የወሰደው ውሳኔ በኤርትራ ተቀባይነት ሲያገኝ በኢትዮጵያ ዘንድ በመሪህ ደረጃ ተቀባይነትን አግኝቶ ነገር ግን በተግባር ደረጃ የቤተሰቦችንን መለያየት ይፈጥራል በሚልና ሌሎች ምክንያቶች ተቀባይነት አላገኘም። ኤርትራ በበኩሏ የተ.መ. የሰላም አስከባሪው ክፍል በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B5%E1%88%88%E1%88%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ስለላ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ስለላ</a> ስራ የተሰማራ ነው በማለትና ጫና በመፍጠር 2008 ዓ.ም. ኤርትራን ለቆ እንዲሄድ አደረገች። በዚያው አመት ኤርትራ ወታደሮቿን በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ራስ ዱሜራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ራስ ዱሜራ</a> አካባቢ በብዛት ስታሰማራ ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%85%E1%89%A1%E1%89%B2" title="ጅቡቲ">ጅቡቲ</a> ጋር የድንበር ጥል ገባች። ይህን ተከትሎ በተነሳ ጦርነት ወደ 30 ሰዎች ሞቱ። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ፖለቲካዊ_አደረጃጀት፣_በተለይ_የአገር_ውስጥ_አደረጃጀት"><span id=".E1.8D.96.E1.88.88.E1.89.B2.E1.8A.AB.E1.8B.8A_.E1.8A.A0.E1.8B.B0.E1.88.A8.E1.8C.83.E1.8C.80.E1.89.B5.E1.8D.A3_.E1.89.A0.E1.89.B0.E1.88.88.E1.8B.AD_.E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A0.E1.8C.88.E1.88.AD_.E1.8B.8D.E1.88.B5.E1.8C.A5_.E1.8A.A0.E1.8B.B0.E1.88.A8.E1.8C.83.E1.8C.80.E1.89.B5"></span>ፖለቲካዊ አደረጃጀት፣ በተለይ የአገር ውስጥ አደረጃጀት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=29" title="ፖለቲካዊ አደረጃጀት፣ በተለይ የአገር ውስጥ አደረጃጀት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: ፖለቲካዊ አደረጃጀት፣ በተለይ የአገር ውስጥ አደረጃጀት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ከግንቦት 1991 በኋላ ኤርትራ ትመራ የነበረው በጊዜያዊ መንግስት ሲሆን መሪዎቹም የቀደሙት የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%BB%E1%8B%95%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB_%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%95%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%9A%E1%89%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሻዕቢያ ማዕከላዊ ኮሚቴ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሻዕቢያ ማዕከላዊ ኮሚቴ</a> አባላት ነበሩ። የኤርትራ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሪፍረንደም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ምርጫ</a>(ሚያዚያ 23-25) ከተደረገ በኋላ ግንቦት19,1993 ይሄው ጊዜያዊ አካል የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%88%BD%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤርትራ ሽግግር መንግስት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤርትራ ሽግግር መንግስት</a> መሆኑን አወጀ። አላማውም አዲስ ህገ መንግስት እስኪጸድቅና ምርጫ እስኪካሄድ አገሪቱን ለ4 አመት ማስተዳደር ነበር። ከ5 ቀን በኋላ ኢ-ጥገኛ ኤርትራ ግንቦት 24,1993 ላይ በኦፊሴል ታወጀ። የሽግግሩ መንግስት ህግ አርቃቂ አካል (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%80%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሀገራዊ ባይቶ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሀገራዊ ባይቶ</a>) 30 የሻዕቢያ ማዕከላዊ አካላትን እና 60 አዳዲስ አባላትን የያዘ ነበር። 1993 ላይ ይሄው አካል የኤርትራን የመጀመሪያ ፕሬዘዳንት <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%89%82" title="ኢሳያስ አፈወርቂ">ኢሳያስ አፈወርቂ</a>ን መረጠ። ፕሬዜደንቱ የአገሪቱና የመንግስቱ የበላይ አካል ሲሆን በህግ አርቃቂው ኮሚቴ እና በአገሪቱ ምክር ቤት ላይ ሙሉ ስልጣን አለው። በተጨማሪ አቶ ኢሳያስ የሰራዊቱ መሪ እና የሻዕቢያ ዋና ሃላፊ በመሆን ሃይላቸው የገነነ ነው። ከ1994 ጀምሮ ሻዕቢያ ስሙን ቀይሮ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%85%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%88%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%B5%E1%88%95%E1%8A%93_%E1%88%88%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ህዝባዊ ግንባር ለፍትሕና ለዲሞክራሲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ህዝባዊ ግንባር ለፍትሕና ለዲሞክራሲ</a> PFDJ ተባለ። ግንቦት 1997 የተጠበቀው ኤርትራዊ ህገ መንግስት በጉባኤ ቢጸድቅም ተፈጻሚነት አጣ። የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9B" title="ፓርላማ">ፓርላማ</a> እና የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%9C%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ፕሬዜደንት">ፕሬዜደንት</a> ምርጫም እንዲሁ ሳይደረግ ቀረ። 150 አባላት ያሉት የአሁኑ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%80%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሀገራዊ ባይቶ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሀገራዊ ባይቶ</a> ይቀደመውን ኮሚቴ 1997 ላይ የተካ ሲሆን 75 የPFDJ ሹሞችና እና ተጨማሪ 75 የተመረጡ አባላትን አጠቃሎ ይዟል። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የአስተዳደር_ክፍሎች"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A0.E1.88.B5.E1.89.B0.E1.8B.B3.E1.8B.B0.E1.88.AD_.E1.8A.AD.E1.8D.8D.E1.88.8E.E1.89.BD"></span>የአስተዳደር ክፍሎች</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=30" title="የአስተዳደር ክፍሎች ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: የአስተዳደር ክፍሎች"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Eritrea_regions_numbered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eritrea_regions_numbered.png/220px-Eritrea_regions_numbered.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eritrea_regions_numbered.png/330px-Eritrea_regions_numbered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Eritrea_regions_numbered.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8E%E1%89%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤርትራ አስተዳደር ክፍሎች (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኤርትራ አስተዳደር ክፍሎች</a></figcaption></figure> <p>በአሁኑ ወቅት ኤርትራ በ6 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%9E%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዞባዎች (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዞባዎች</a> ይከፈላል። እኒህ በተራቸው በንዑስ ዞባዎች ይከፈላሉ። የዞባወቹ መልክዓ ምድራዊ አቀማመጥ በአገሩ የውሃ አቅርቦት ጠባይ ላይ የተመሰረተ ሲሆን የኤርትራ መንግስት ይህን ያደረገበት ምክንያቱን ሲገልጽ እያንዳንዱ አስተዳደር በራሱ የእርሻ አቅም ላይ ሙሉ ቁጥጥር እንዲኖረው እና ታሪካዊ አውራጃዊ ርስበርስ ግጭቶችን በዚያው ለማስወገድ ነው። </p><p>ዞባዎቹ እና የዞባዎቹ ክፍሎች እኒህ ናቸው: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>ቁጥር</th> <th>ዞባ</th> <th>ንኡስ ዞባ </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%95%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8B%9E%E1%89%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማዕከላዊ ዞባ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማዕከላዊ ዞባ</a><br />ዞባ ማእከል </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="በሪኽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">በሪኽ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8B-%E1%8A%90%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጋላ-ነፍሒ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጋላ-ነፍሒ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B4%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሴሚናዊ ምብራቕ አስመራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሴሚናዊ ምብራቕ አስመራ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%88%A8%E1%8C%85%E1%89%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰረጅቓ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰረጅቓ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ደቡባዊ ምብራቕ አስመራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ደቡባዊ ምብራቕ አስመራ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰሜናዊ ምዕራብ አስመራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰሜናዊ ምዕራብ አስመራ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ደቡባዊ ምዕራብ አስመራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ደቡባዊ ምዕራብ አስመራ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%9E%E1%89%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ደቡብ ዞባ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ደቡብ ዞባ</a><br />ዞባ ደቡብ </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%B2-%E1%89%90%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዓዲ-ቐይሕ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዓዲ-ቐይሕ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%B2-%E1%8B%83%E1%88%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዓዲ-ዃላ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዓዲ-ዃላ</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዓረዛ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዓረዛ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድባርዋ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድባርዋ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%80%E1%88%9D%E1%88%93%E1%88%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ደቀምሓረ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ደቀምሓረ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AD-%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማይ-ዓይኒ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማይ-ዓይኒ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AD-%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማይ-ምነ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማይ-ምነ</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መንደፈራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መንደፈራ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%90%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰገነይቲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰገነይቲ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%93%E1%8D%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰንዓፈ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰንዓፈ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%BE%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጾሮና (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጾሮና</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%BD_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጋሽ በረካ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጋሽ በረካ</a><br />ዞባ ጋሽ ባርካ </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%91%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኣቑርደት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኣቑርደት</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባረንቱ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባረንቱ</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድገ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድገ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎርቶ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎርቶ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%8E%E1%8A%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጎኘ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጎኘ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሃይኮታ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሃይኮታ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8E%E1%8C%8E-%E1%8B%93%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሎጎ-ዓንሰባ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሎጎ-ዓንሰባ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B1%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መንሱራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መንሱራ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሞጎሎ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሞጎሎ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9E%E1%88%8D%E1%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሞልቂ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሞልቂ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%89%E1%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጎሉጅ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጎሉጅ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%BB%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A5%E1%89%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሻምብቆ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሻምብቆ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B0%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%90%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ተሰነይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ተሰነይ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD-%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ላዕላይ-ጋሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ላዕላይ-ጋሽ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%93%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዓንሰባ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዓንሰባ</a><br />ዞባ ዓንሰባ </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%B2-%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8C%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዓዲ-ተከሌዛን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዓዲ-ተከሌዛን</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አስማጥ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አስማጥ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%92%E1%88%8B-%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%95%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዒላ-በርዕድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዒላ-በርዕድ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%88%E1%88%88%E1%89%A5" title="ገለብ">ገለብ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%93%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሓጋዝ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሓጋዝ</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%93%E1%88%8D%E1%88%93%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሓልሓል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሓልሓል</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%83%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሃበሮ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሃበሮ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ከረን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ከረን</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ከርከበት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ከርከበት</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰልዓ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰልዓ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሰሜናዊ ቀይ ባሕር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሰሜናዊ ቀይ ባሕር</a><br />ዞባ ሰሜናዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%8B%93%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አፍዓበት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አፍዓበት</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%85%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዳህላክ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዳህላክ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ገላዕሎ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ገላዕሎ</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎሮ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎሮ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጊንዳዕ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጊንዳዕ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%83%E1%88%AE%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቃሮራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቃሮራ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%BD%E1%8B%8B%E1%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ምጽዋዕ">ምጽዋዕ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%93%E1%89%95%E1%8D%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ናቕፋ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ናቕፋ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%BD%E1%8B%95%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሽዕብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሽዕብ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ደቡባዊ ቀይ ባሕር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ደቡባዊ ቀይ ባሕር</a><br />ዞባ ደቡባዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አራዕታ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አራዕታ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8D_%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማእከል ደንካልያ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማእከል ደንካልያ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ደቡብ ደንካልያ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ደቡብ ደንካልያ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%93%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዓሰብ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዓሰብ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ኢኮኖሚ"><span id=".E1.8A.A2.E1.8A.AE.E1.8A.96.E1.88.9A"></span>ኢኮኖሚ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=31" title="ኢኮኖሚ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: ኢኮኖሚ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የሕዝብ_ስብጥር"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.88.95.E1.8B.9D.E1.89.A5_.E1.88.B5.E1.89.A5.E1.8C.A5.E1.88.AD"></span>የሕዝብ ስብጥር</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&veaction=edit&section=32" title="የሕዝብ ስብጥር ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ኣቶ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ወልደአብ ወልደማሪያም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ወልደአብ ወልደማሪያም</a>፥ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%93%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D_%E1%89%83%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%A2%E1%88%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዓብደል ቃድር ከቢረ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዓብደል ቃድር ከቢረ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ራስ ወልደሚካኤል">ራስ ወልደሚካኤል</a> ፣ </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%93%E1%88%9A%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%8B%E1%89%B0" title="ሓሚድ እድሪስ ዓዋተ">ሓሚድ እድሪስ ዓዋተ</a> ፣ </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%82%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%B1%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%A3%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እብራሂም ሱልጣን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እብራሂም ሱልጣን</a>፣ </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%89%B3_%E1%88%93%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ባሕታ ሓጎስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ባሕታ ሓጎስ</a>፣ </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%8B_%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ተድላ ባይሩ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ተድላ ባይሩ</a>፣ </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="አማን አንዶም">አማን አንዶም</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%89%82" title="ኢሳያስ አፈወርቂ">ኢሳያስ አፈወርቂ</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%93%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AC%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ስብሓት ኤፍሬም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ስብሓት ኤፍሬም</a> </p><p>ሃይለ ወልደትንሳኤ (ድሩዕ) </p><p>ጴጥሮስ ሰለሙን </p><p>ማሕሙድ ኣሕመድ ሸሪፎ </p><p>ብርሃነ ገብረእግዚኣብሄር </p><p>በራኺ ገብረስላሴ </p><p>ጀርማኖ ናቲ </p><p>ዑቕበ ኣብርሃ </p><p>ሳልሕ ኬክያ </p><p>እስቲፋኖስ ስዩም </p><p>መስፍን ሓጎስ </p><p>የማነ ገብረሚካኤል (ባርያ) </p><p>ኣብራሃም ኣፈወርቂ </p><p>ተኸስተ ሰለሙን </p><p>ዮሃንስ ትኳቦ </p><p>ኪሮስ ኣስፋሃ </p><p>የማነ ተኸስተ </p><p>ደሳለኝ ነጋሽ </p><p>ዮናስ ዘካርያስ </p><p>ስብሓት ኣስመሮም </p><p>ሳምሶን ሰለሙን </p><p>ቢንያም ያሬድ </p><p>ቢንያም በርሀ </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p>Ibrahim Harun </p><p>Mear Mussa </p><p>ali ibrhm </p><p>wedi fenql </p><p>sbhat efrem </p><p>gerzgher wechu </p><p><br /> <br clear="all" /> </p> <center> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r376838">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output table.navbox+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Africa-countries-western.svg/80px-Africa-countries-western.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5:%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" title="መደብ:ምዕራብ አፍሪቃ">ምዕራብ አፍሪቃ</a> </span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%A4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ላይቤሪያ">ላይቤሪያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A" title="ማሊ">ማሊ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ሞሪታኒያ">ሞሪታኒያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%8A%94%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8D" title="ሴኔጋል">ሴኔጋል</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AB_%E1%88%8C%E1%8B%8E%E1%8A%95" title="ሴየራ ሌዎን">ሴየራ ሌዎን</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%93_%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%B6" title="ቡርኪና ፋሶ">ቡርኪና ፋሶ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%95" title="ቤኒን">ቤኒን</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%8C%8E" title="ቶጎ">ቶጎ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AD" title="ኒጄር">ኒጄር</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ናይጄሪያ">ናይጄሪያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%A6_%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B4" title="ካቦ ቨርዴ">ካቦ ቨርዴ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%B2%E1%89%AF%E1%88%AD" title="ኮት ዲቯር">ኮት ዲቯር</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8A%E1%8A%94" title="ጊኔ">ጊኔ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8A%E1%8A%94-%E1%89%A2%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%8D" title="ጊኔ-ቢሳው">ጊኔ-ቢሳው</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ጋምቢያ">ጋምቢያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%93" title="ጋና">ጋና</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;background:#f7f7f7;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Africa-countries-northern.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating Northern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Northern Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/40px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/60px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/80px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5:%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" title="መደብ:ስሜን አፍሪቃ">ስሜን አፍሪቃ</a> </span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ሊቢያ">ሊቢያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AB" title="ምዕራባዊ ሣህራ">ምዕራባዊ ሣህራ</a> </i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ሞሪታኒያ">ሞሪታኒያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%AE" title="ሞሮኮ">ሞሮኮ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ሱዳን">ሱዳን</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ደቡብ ሱዳን">ደቡብ ሱዳን</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%9A%E1%8B%AB" title="ቱኒዚያ">ቱኒዚያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="አልጄሪያ">አልጄሪያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%85" title="ግብፅ">ግብፅ</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Africa-countries-central.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating Central Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Central Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Africa-countries-central.svg/40px-Africa-countries-central.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Africa-countries-central.svg/60px-Africa-countries-central.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Africa-countries-central.svg/80px-Africa-countries-central.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5:%E1%88%98%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%88%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" title="መደብ:መካከለኛ አፍሪቃ">መካከለኛ አፍሪቃ</a> </span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3" title="ሩዋንዳ">ሩዋንዳ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9C_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%93_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B2%E1%8D%94" title="ሳን ቶሜ እና ፕሪንሲፔ">ሳን ቶሜ እና ፕሪንሲፔ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%A9%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ቡሩንዲ">ቡሩንዲ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ">ቻድ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8B" title="አንጎላ">አንጎላ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%B3%E1%89%B6%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%8D_%E1%8C%8A%E1%8A%94" title="ኢኳቶሪያል ጊኔ">ኢኳቶሪያል ጊኔ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%9C%E1%88%A9%E1%8A%95" title="ካሜሩን">ካሜሩን</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E_%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" title="ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ">ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E_%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" title="ኮንጎ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ">ኮንጎ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%88%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB_%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" title="የመካከለኛው አፍሪካ ሪፐብሊክ">የመካከለኛው አፍሪካ ሪፐብሊክ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%A6%E1%8A%95" title="ጋቦን">ጋቦን</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;background:#f7f7f7;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Africa-countries-eastern.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating Eastern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Eastern Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Africa-countries-eastern.svg/40px-Africa-countries-eastern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Africa-countries-eastern.svg/60px-Africa-countries-eastern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Africa-countries-eastern.svg/80px-Africa-countries-eastern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5:%E1%88%9D%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" title="መደብ:ምሥራቅ አፍሪቃ">ምሥራቅ አፍሪቃ</a> </span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8A" title="ማላዊ">ማላዊ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD" title="ማዳጋስካር">ማዳጋስካር</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B8%E1%88%B5" title="ሞሪሸስ">ሞሪሸስ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8B%9B%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A2%E1%8A%AD" title="ሞዛምቢክ">ሞዛምቢክ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3" title="ሩዋንዳ">ሩዋንዳ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%88%B8%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5" title="ሲሸልስ">ሲሸልስ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB" title="ሶማሊያ">ሶማሊያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%A9%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ቡሩንዲ">ቡሩንዲ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ታንዛኒያ">ታንዛኒያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢትዮጵያ">ኢትዮጵያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ኤርትራ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ኬንያ">ኬንያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B5" title="ኮሞሮስ">ኮሞሮስ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%8C" title="ዚምባብዌ">ዚምባብዌ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%9B%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ዛምቢያ">ዛምቢያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3" title="ዩጋንዳ">ዩጋንዳ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%85%E1%89%A1%E1%89%B2" title="ጅቡቲ">ጅቡቲ</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Africa-countries-southern.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating Southern Africa"><img alt="Map indicating Southern Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Africa-countries-southern.svg/40px-Africa-countries-southern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Africa-countries-southern.svg/60px-Africa-countries-southern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Africa-countries-southern.svg/80px-Africa-countries-southern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A5:%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" title="መደብ:ደቡባዊ አፍሪቃ">ደቡባዊ አፍሪቃ</a> </span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8C%E1%88%B6%E1%89%B6" title="ሌሶቶ">ሌሶቶ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8B%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%92" title="ኤስዋቲኒ">ኤስዋቲኒ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%89%B5%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%93" title="ቦትስዋና">ቦትስዋና</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9A%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ናሚቢያ">ናሚቢያ</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" title="ደቡብ አፍሪካ">ደቡብ አፍሪካ</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;background:#f7f7f7;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <span style="padding-left: 40px;"> </span>በጥገኝነት፡ </span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB_%E1%88%95%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="የብሪታንያ ሕንድ ውቅያኖስ ግዛት">የብሪታንያ ሕንድ ውቅያኖስ ግዛት</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%85%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%93%E1%8D%A3_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%93_%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%B0_%E1%8A%A9%E1%8A%93" title="ሴይንት ህሊና፣ አሰንሽንና ትሪስተን ደ ኩና">ሴይንት ህሊና፣ አሰንሽንና ትሪስተን ደ ኩና</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ዩናይትድ ኪንግደም">እንግሊዝ</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%93%E1%88%AA_%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B4%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ካናሪ ደሴቶች">ካናሪ ደሴቶች</a> /</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%B3" title="ሴውታ">ሴውታ</a> /</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9C%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB" title="ሜሊያ">ሜሊያ</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="እስፓንያ">እስፓንያ</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5" title="ማዮት">ማዮት</a> /</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AE%E1%8A%95" title="ሬዩንዮን">ሬዩንዮን</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%A3%E1%8B%AD" title="ፈረንሣይ">ፈረንሣይ</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%B0%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%AB" title="ማደይራ">ማደይራ</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B1%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8D" title="ፖርቱጋል">ፖርቱጋል</a>)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ሶኮትራ">ሶኮትራ</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95_(%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD)" title="የመን (አገር)">የመን</a>)</small> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:transparent; text-align:left;;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <span style="padding-left: 40px;"> </span>ዕውቅና ያልተሰጠ፡ </span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ሶማሊላንድ">ሶማሊላንድ</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";padding:0.3em 0 0.1em; line-height:1.3em;" colspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.1em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> ኹኔታው ያልተረጋገጠ ነው።</span>  <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.1em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> ግዛቱ በከፊል በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="እስያ">እስያ</a> ነው።</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <center> <dl><dd><div class="notice metadata" id="stub" style="clear:both;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Emoji_u1f30e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emoji_u1f30e.svg/35px-Emoji_u1f30e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emoji_u1f30e.svg/53px-Emoji_u1f30e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emoji_u1f30e.svg/70px-Emoji_u1f30e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <i>(ይህ አጭር መልክዐ ምድር ነክ ጽሑፍ</i> <b>መሠረት</b> <i>ወይም</i> <b>መዋቅር</b> <i>ነው። እርስዎ <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://am.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB&action=edit">ሊያስፋፉት ይችላሉ!)</a></span></i></div></dd></dl> </center>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">ከ «<a dir="ltr" href="https://am.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ኤርትራ&oldid=382583">https://am.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ኤርትራ&oldid=382583</a>» የተወሰደ</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:Categories" title="ልዩ:Categories">መደቦች</a>: <ul><li><a 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