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href="/wiki/File:Xolon_Salinan_smudging.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xolon_Salinan_smudging.jpeg/220px-Xolon_Salinan_smudging.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xolon_Salinan_smudging.jpeg/330px-Xolon_Salinan_smudging.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xolon_Salinan_smudging.jpeg/440px-Xolon_Salinan_smudging.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Xolon Salinan tribe participate in a smudging purification ceremony</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:2px solid #7E3517;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rights" title="Category:Rights">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none; font-size:150%; line-height:0.8em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indalo_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indalo symbol"><img alt="Indalo symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/48px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/72px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/96px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">Protection</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Governmental organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">ACHPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Inclusion" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion">AID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">BIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">CIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" title="Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada">CIRNAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Traditional_Affairs" title="Department of Traditional Affairs">DTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_dos_Povos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas">FUNAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">INPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Orang_Asli_Development" title="Department of Orang Asli Development">JAKOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">NCIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Australians_Agency" title="National Indigenous Australians Agency">NIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Affairs" title="Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs">MCHTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">TPK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UNPFII</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> initiatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_World%27s_Indigenous_Peoples" title="International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples">9 August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UNPFII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">WIPO IGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> International Treaties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Populations_Convention,_1957" title="Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957">ILO 107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">ILO 169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> NGOs and political groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">AFN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Conservation_Team" title="Amazon Conservation Team">Amazon Conservation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">CAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">COICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONAECDA" title="CONAECDA">CONAECDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">CONAIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">EZLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettet_die_Naturv%C3%B6lker" title="Rettet die Naturvölker">fPcN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_of_Africa_Co-ordinating_Committee" title="Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee">IPACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">IPCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">IWGIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">NARF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">ONIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Nation" title="The Red Nation">The Red Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">UNPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAFFED" title="KAFFED">KAFFED</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Aboriginal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-governance" title="Co-governance">Co-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against indigenous peoples">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">MMIW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_decolonization" title="Indigenous decolonization">Indigenous decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Inhabited lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">Truth commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color:#FFBA00; border-bottom:1px solid #7E3517;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Category</span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights" title="Template:Indigenous rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Smudging</b>, or other rites involving the burning of sacred herbs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Salvia_apiana" title="Salvia apiana">white sage</a>) or resins, is a <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremony</a> practiced by some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>. While it bears some resemblance to other ceremonies and rituals involving smoke (e.g., Australian <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ceremony" title="Smoking ceremony">smoking ceremony</a>, some types of <a href="/wiki/Saining" title="Saining">saining</a>) from other world cultures, notably those that use smoke for spiritual cleansing or blessing, the purposes and particulars of the ceremonies, and the substances used, can vary widely among tribes, bands, and nations, and even more so among different world cultures. In traditional communities, Elders maintain the protocols around these ceremonies and provide culturally specific guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-ISP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The smudging ceremony, by various names, has been used by others outside of the Indigenous communities as part of <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> or commercial practices, which has also led to the over-harvesting of some of the plants used in ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous people in the US and Canada</a> have argued against <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">appropriation</a> and over-harvesting of white sage.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldred_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldred-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_American_traditions">Native American traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smudging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Native American traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American and Canadian</a> ceremonies, certain herbs are traditionally used to purify or bless people and places.<sup id="cite_ref-ISP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, some cultures use the smoke of burning <a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">red cedar</a> as part of their particular purification and healing ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes this is done in hospitals to "cleanse and repel evil influence."<sup id="cite_ref-Boughman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boughman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the same herbs that are burned by one culture may be taboo to burn in another, or they may be used for a completely different purpose. When specific herbs are burned ceremonially, this may or may not be called "smudging", depending on the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, when gathering herbs for ceremonial use, care is taken to determine the time of day, month, or year when the herbs should be collected; for example, at dawn or evening, at certain phases of the moon, or according to yearly cycles. Gertrude Allen, a <a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a>, reported that her father, an expert in healing with plants, stated that sage varies in potency at different times of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Boughman_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boughman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_sage_smudge_sticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/White_sage_smudge_sticks.jpg/220px-White_sage_smudge_sticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/White_sage_smudge_sticks.jpg/330px-White_sage_smudge_sticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/White_sage_smudge_sticks.jpg/440px-White_sage_smudge_sticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="1915" /></a><figcaption>Bundled sage</figcaption></figure> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Salvia" title="Salvia">sage</a> is commonly associated with smudging and several <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> or <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> cultures may use forms of sage that are local to their region, the use of sage is neither universal, nor as widespread as many believe.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use in regions that have not traditionally used sage for purification is largely a result of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Indian">Pan-Indian</a> movement, rather than traditional practice. In some cases it may be in direct opposition to what is traditional for that region. Likewise, not all <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/FNIM" class="mw-redirect" title="FNIM">Indigenous Canadian</a> cultures that burn herbs or resins for ceremony call this practice "smudging".<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While using various forms of <a href="/wiki/Scent" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent">scent</a> and scented smoke (such as <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>) in religious and spiritual <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rites</a> is an element common to many different cultures worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-Guedon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guedon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the details, reasons, desired effects, and spiritual meanings are usually unique to the specific cultures in question.<sup id="cite_ref-ISP_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldred_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldred-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smudging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Californian <a href="/wiki/White_sage" class="mw-redirect" title="White sage">white sage</a> is not currently on the endangered list, over-harvesting by commercial sellers has severely depleted the amount available and raised concerns about future availability.<sup id="cite_ref-UPSsage_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPSsage-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native ceremonial people have reported that visits to their traditional harvesting sites in recent years have found them bare, their personal supply of sage taken from the tribe forever by <a href="/wiki/New_age" class="mw-redirect" title="New age">new age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a>, and other commercial poachers who have "destroyed" the sites by ripping the plants up by their roots.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the terminology in use among non-<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> people, such as the American <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> term "smudge stick" is usually found in use among those who imitate what they believe are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of North America">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">sacred ceremonies</a>. However, the herbs used in commercial "smudge sticks" or "sage bundles," and the rituals performed with them by non-Natives, are rarely the actual materials or ceremonies used by traditional Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of these objects have also been adopted in some forms into a number of modern belief systems, including many forms of <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and eclectic <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopagan</a> spirituality. This has been protested against by Native activists as a form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_misappropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural misappropriation">cultural misappropriation</a>, and care is needed to distinguish smudging from other practices involving smoke, which have completely different cultural protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-Guedon_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guedon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldred_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldred-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smudging "kits" are often sold commercially, by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Anthropologie" title="Anthropologie">Anthropologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephora" title="Sephora">Sephora</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Market_(store)" title="World Market (store)">World Market</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>, despite traditional prohibitions against the sale of spiritual medicines like <a href="/wiki/Salvia_apiana" title="Salvia apiana">white sage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobson_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldred_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldred-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may include bundles of a single herb or a combination of several different herbs; often these herbs are not found bundled together in traditional use, and their use is not universal to all, or even most, Native cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Native American cultures the burning of these herbs is prohibited. Other commercial items may contain herbs not native to North America, or not indigenous to the region where they are being used, as well as substances that are toxic when burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-Threatened_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> students in college dorms have at times faced harassment and been forbidden from burning herbs for ceremonial reasons due to university fire prevention policies that prohibit the burning of candles or incense in college dorm rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-ISP_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has raised issues around the religious freedom of Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another account, a Native American in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> became ordained by the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Life_Church" title="Universal Life Church">Universal Life Church</a> in order to fulfill the requirement that only clergy members could perform smudging ceremonies as part of the prayer ritual for other Native Americans in area hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_smoke_in_other_cultures">Use of smoke in other cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smudging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of smoke in other cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other cultures worldwide may burn herbs or <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> for spiritual purposes, such as in <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ceremony" title="Smoking ceremony">smoking ceremonies</a>, some forms of <a href="/wiki/Saining" title="Saining">saining</a>, or practices involving the use of incense <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censers</a>. However, these cultures have their own practices, as well as their own beliefs about these ritual actions and the ritual use of smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Guedon_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guedon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smudging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/30px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/45px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/60px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smudging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISP_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISP_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-preventing-discrimination-based-creed/11-indigenous-spiritual-practices">"Policy on preventing discrimination based on creed - Indigenous spiritual practices"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Ontario Human Rights Commission">Ontario Human Rights Commission</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.atitle=Policy+on+preventing+discrimination+based+on+creed+-+Indigenous+spiritual+practices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohrc.on.ca%2Fen%2Fpolicy-preventing-discrimination-based-creed%2F11-indigenous-spiritual-practices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Threatened-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Threatened_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2022" class="citation web cs1">Hay, Mark (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/white-sage">"In Southern California, the popularity of white sage threatens its survival - Unlike common sage, white sage grows in relatively few areas, which has led to poaching and illegal harvesting"</a>. <i>atlasobscura</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atlasobscura&rft.atitle=In+Southern+California%2C+the+popularity+of+white+sage+threatens+its+survival+-+Unlike+common+sage%2C+white+sage+grows+in+relatively+few+areas%2C+which+has+led+to+poaching+and+illegal+harvesting&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhite-sage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hobson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobson_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson1978" class="citation book cs1">Hobson, G. (1978). "The Rise of the White Shaman as a New Version of Cultural Imperialism". In Hobson, G. (ed.). <i>The Remembered Earth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque, NM">Albuquerque, NM</a>: Red Earth Press. pp. 100–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+White+Shaman+as+a+New+Version+of+Cultural+Imperialism&rft.btitle=The+Remembered+Earth&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+NM&rft.pages=100-108&rft.pub=Red+Earth+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldred-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldred_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldred_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldred_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldred_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldred2000" class="citation journal cs1">Aldred, Lisa (2000). "Plastic Shamans and Astroturf Sun Dances: New Age Commercialization of Native American Spirituality". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Indian_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Indian Quarterly">The American Indian Quarterly</a></i>. <b>24</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Nebraska_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Nebraska Press">The University of Nebraska Press</a>: 329–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faiq.2000.0001">10.1353/aiq.2000.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-182X">0095-182X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17086676">17086676</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6012903">6012903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Indian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Plastic+Shamans+and+Astroturf+Sun+Dances%3A+New+Age+Commercialization+of+Native+American+Spirituality&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-352&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0095-182X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6012903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17086676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faiq.2000.0001&rft.aulast=Aldred&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/first-nations-teen-told-to-stop-smudging-or-face-suspension-from-school-1.1674604">"First Nations teen told to stop smudging or face suspension from school"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV.ca" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV.ca">CTV.ca</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+Nations+teen+told+to+stop+smudging+or+face+suspension+from+school&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Ffirst-nations-teen-told-to-stop-smudging-or-face-suspension-from-school-1.1674604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyon_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon1998" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, William S. (1998). <i>Encyclopedia of Native American Healing</i>. <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.">W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.</a> p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31735-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31735-8"><bdi>0-393-31735-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Native+American+Healing&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-393-31735-8&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boughman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boughman_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boughman_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boughman, A. L., & Oxendine, L. O. (2003). Herbal remedies of the Lumbee Indians. Jefferson, N.C., McFarland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guedon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guedon_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guedon_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guedon_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuedon2000" class="citation journal cs1">Guedon, Marie-Francoise (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenorthernreview.ca/index.php/nr/article/view/322">"Sacred Smokes in Circumboreal Countries: An Ethnobotanical Exploration"</a>. <i>The Northern Review</i>. <b>22</b> (Winter 2000): 41–60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Review&rft.atitle=Sacred+Smokes+in+Circumboreal+Countries%3A+An+Ethnobotanical+Exploration&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=Winter+2000&rft.pages=41-60&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Guedon&rft.aufirst=Marie-Francoise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenorthernreview.ca%2Findex.php%2Fnr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPSsage-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UPSsage_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold2019" class="citation news cs1">Leopold, Susan (24 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unitedplantsavers.org/what-is-going-on-with-white-sage/">"What is going on with White Sage?"</a>. <i>United Plant Savers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Oct</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Plant+Savers&rft.atitle=What+is+going+on+with+White+Sage%3F&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funitedplantsavers.org%2Fwhat-is-going-on-with-white-sage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokes-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stokes_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/DaShanne_Stokes" title="DaShanne Stokes">Stokes, DaShanne</a> (May 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/Sage-Sweetgrassthe/2059">"Sage, Sweetgrass, and the First Amendment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>: B16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Sage%2C+Sweetgrass%2C+and+the+First+Amendment&rft.pages=B16&rft.date=2001-05-18&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=DaShanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2FSage-Sweetgrassthe%2F2059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2007" class="citation news cs1">Bishop, Lauren (April 14, 2007). "Ordained for the Occasion". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer" title="The Cincinnati Enquirer">The Cincinnati Enquirer</a></i>. pp. A1, A9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cincinnati+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Ordained+for+the+Occasion&rft.pages=A1%2C+A9&rft.date=2007-04-14&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmudging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smudging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aptnnews.ca/2018/02/05/elder-furious-alberta-department-store-selling-sweetgrass/">Elder furious Alberta department store selling sweetgrass</a> - Video</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nativeappropriations.com/2018/09/sephoras-starter-witch-kit-and-spiritual-theft.html">Sephora’s “Starter Witch Kit” and Spiritual Theft</a></i> - <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Keene" title="Adrienne Keene">Adrienne Keene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Native_Appropriations" title="Native Appropriations">Native Appropriations</a> on commercial "smudge kits"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dashannestokes.com/sage-sweetgrass-and-first-amendment.html">Stokes, DaShanne. 2001. "Sage, Sweetgrass, and the First Amendment." <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>, May 18, pp. B16.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br /> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br />international<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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