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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table class="messagebox messagebox-reconstruction" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none messagebox-reconstruction-icon" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asterisk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Asterisk.svg/45px-Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Asterisk.svg/68px-Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Asterisk.svg/90px-Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="30" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>This <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary:About Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> entry contains <b><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Reconstructed_terms" title="Wiktionary:Reconstructed terms">reconstructed terms and roots</a></b>. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/attested_language" class="extiw" title="w:attested language">attested</a>, but are hypothesized to have existed based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method" class="extiw" title="w:Comparative method">comparative</a> evidence. </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81570913">.mw-parser-output .messagebox-reconstruction{background:AntiqueWhite;border-color:Tan}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .messagebox-reconstruction-icon{filter:contrast(0%)brightness(100%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .messagebox-reconstruction{background:var(--wikt-palette-beige,#2f1f10);border-color:#c9b165}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .messagebox-reconstruction-icon{filter:contrast(0%)brightness(100%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .messagebox-reconstruction{background:var(--wikt-palette-beige,#2f1f10);border-color:#c9b165}}</style> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Proto-Celtic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladeti" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladeti">*kladeti</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">to stab, dig</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> +‎ <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-wos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-wos (page does not exist)">*-wos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun">Noun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwos</strong> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></span> </p> <ol><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/sword#English" title="sword">sword</a></span></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension">Declension</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="inflection-table-wrapper inflection-table-purple inflection-table-collapsible inflection-table-collapsed no-vc" style="width: fit-content" data-toggle-category="inflection"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84361117">.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-wrapper{padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0;background:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue);border:1px solid 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th.outer.inflection-table-magenta{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-magenta-4)}.mw-parser-output tr.inflection-table-magenta-darker td,.mw-parser-output td.inflection-table-magenta-darker{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-magenta-1)!important}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose th.secondary,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.secondary.inflection-table-rose{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose th,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.inflection-table-rose{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-rose th.outer,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.outer.inflection-table-rose{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-rose-4)}.mw-parser-output tr.inflection-table-rose-darker td,.mw-parser-output td.inflection-table-rose-darker{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-rose-1)!important}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th.secondary,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.secondary.inflection-table-grey{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.inflection-table-grey{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th.outer,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.outer.inflection-table-grey{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-4)}.mw-parser-output tr.inflection-table-grey-darker td,.mw-parser-output td.inflection-table-grey-darker{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-grey-1)!important}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th.secondary,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.secondary.inflection-table-brown{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.inflection-table-brown{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th.outer,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.outer.inflection-table-brown{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-4)}.mw-parser-output tr.inflection-table-brown-darker td,.mw-parser-output td.inflection-table-brown-darker{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-brown-1)!important}</style> <table class="inflection-table"> <caption class="inflection-table-title">Masculine o-stem </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>dual </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>nominative </th> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwos</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwou</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwoi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>vocative </th> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwe</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwou</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwoi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>accusative </th> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwom</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwou</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwons</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>genitive </th> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwī</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwous</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwom</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>dative </th> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwūi</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwobom</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwobos</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>locative </th> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwei</span> </td> <td><span class="None" lang="cel-pro">*?</span> </td> <td><span class="None" lang="cel-pro">*?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>instrumental </th> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwū</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwobim</span> </td> <td><span class="Latn" lang="cel-pro">*kladiwūis</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descendants">Descendants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goidelic: <ul><li>Old Irish: <span class="Latn" lang="sga"><a href="/wiki/claideb#Old_Irish" title="claideb">claideb</a></span><ul><li>Middle Irish: <span class="Latn" lang="mga"><a href="/w/index.php?title=claidem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="claidem (page does not exist)">claidem</a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68481116">.mw-parser-output .desc-arr[title]{cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .desc-arr[title="uncertain"]{font-size:.7em;vertical-align:super}</style><ul><li>Irish: <span class="Latn" lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/cla%C3%ADomh#Irish" title="claíomh">claíomh</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/claidheamh#Irish" title="claidheamh">claidheamh</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li><li>Manx: <span class="Latn" lang="gv"><a href="/wiki/cliwe#Manx" title="cliwe">cliwe</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li><li>Scottish Gaelic: <span class="Latn" lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/claidheamh#Scottish_Gaelic" title="claidheamh">claidheamh</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="desc-arr" title="borrowed">→</span> Proto-Brythonic: <span class="Latn" lang="cel-bry-pro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/kl%C4%97%C3%B0%C9%A8%CE%B2%CC%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/klėðɨβ̃ (page does not exist)">*klėðɨβ̃</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /> <ul><li>Middle Breton: <span class="Latn" lang="xbm"><a href="/w/index.php?title=clezeff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="clezeff (page does not exist)">clezeff</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /> <ul><li>Breton: <span class="Latn" lang="br"><a href="/wiki/kleze%C3%B1v#Breton" title="klezeñv">klezeñv</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="br"><a href="/w/index.php?title=kleze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="kleze (page does not exist)">kleze</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li></ul></li> <li>Middle Cornish: <span class="Latn" lang="cnx"><a href="/wiki/clethe#Middle_Cornish" title="clethe">clethe</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /> <ul><li>Cornish: <span class="Latn" lang="kw"><a href="/wiki/kledha#Cornish" title="kledha">kledha</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li></ul></li> <li>Middle Welsh: <span class="Latn" lang="wlm"><a href="/w/index.php?title=cledyf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="cledyf (page does not exist)">cledyf</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /> <ul><li>Welsh: <span class="Latn" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/cleddyf#Welsh" title="cleddyf">cleddyf</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="cy"><a href="/w/index.php?title=cleddydd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="cleddydd (page does not exist)">cleddydd</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Gaulish: <span class="Latn" lang="cel-gau"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Gaulish/kladyos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Gaulish/kladyos (page does not exist)">*kladyos</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /> <ul><li><span class="desc-arr" title="borrowed">→</span> Latin: <span class="Latn" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/gladius#Latin" title="gladius">gladius</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /> (<i>see there for further descendants</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="desc-arr" title="borrowed">→</span> Proto-Slavic: <span class="Latn" lang="sla-pro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kladivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kladivo (page does not exist)">*kladivo</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /> <ul><li>Czech: <span class="Latn" lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/kladivo#Czech" title="kladivo">kladivo</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian: <span class="Latn" lang="sh"><a href="/wiki/kladivo#Serbo-Croatian" title="kladivo">kladivo</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li> <li>Slovak: <span class="Latn" lang="sk"><a href="/wiki/kladivo#Slovak" title="kladivo">kladivo</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li> <li>Slovene: <span class="Latn" lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/kladivo#Slovene" title="kladivo">kladivo</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68481116" /></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="w:Ranko Matasović">Matasović, Ranko</a> (<span class="None" lang="und">2009</span>) <cite>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</cite> (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" class="extiw" title="w:Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17336-1">→ISBN</a></small>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/page/n209?view=theater">page <span class="None" lang="und">205</span></a></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos&oldid=78702743">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladiwos&oldid=78702743</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proto-Celtic_terms_derived_from_Proto-Indo-European" title="Category:Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proto-Celtic_terms_derived_from_the_Proto-Indo-European_root_*kelh%E2%82%82-" title="Category:Proto-Celtic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kelh₂-">Proto-Celtic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kelh₂-</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proto-Celtic_terms_suffixed_with_*-wos" title="Category:Proto-Celtic terms suffixed with *-wos">Proto-Celtic terms suffixed with *-wos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proto-Celtic_lemmas" title="Category:Proto-Celtic lemmas">Proto-Celtic lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proto-Celtic_nouns" title="Category:Proto-Celtic nouns">Proto-Celtic nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proto-Celtic_masculine_nouns" title="Category:Proto-Celtic masculine nouns">Proto-Celtic masculine nouns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proto-Celtic_o-stem_nouns" title="Category:Proto-Celtic o-stem 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