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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Arkansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arkansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colorado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Colorado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delaware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delaware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Delaware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delaware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Florida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idaho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idaho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Idaho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idaho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illinois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illinois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Illinois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illinois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joseph_Smith_and_Hyrum_Smith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Smith_and_Hyrum_Smith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.1</span> <span>Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Smith_and_Hyrum_Smith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Louisiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Maine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minnesota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minnesota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Minnesota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minnesota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mississippi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mississippi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Mississippi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mississippi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missouri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missouri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Missouri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missouri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joseph_Smith_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Smith_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16.1</span> <span>Joseph Smith and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Smith_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Nevada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mark_Lynch,_Aspinwall_Cornell,_and_John_Hagerman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark_Lynch,_Aspinwall_Cornell,_and_John_Hagerman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18.1</span> <span>Mark Lynch, Aspinwall Cornell, and John Hagerman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark_Lynch,_Aspinwall_Cornell,_and_John_Hagerman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Carolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Carolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>North Carolina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Carolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_Sevier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Sevier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19.1</span> <span>John Sevier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Sevier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Dakota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Dakota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>North Dakota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Dakota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oregon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oregon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Oregon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oregon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.22</span> <span>Pennsylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhode_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhode_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23</span> <span>Rhode Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhode_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thomas_Dorr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Dorr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23.1</span> <span>Thomas Dorr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Dorr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Carolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Carolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.24</span> <span>South Carolina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Carolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Dakota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Dakota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.25</span> <span>South Dakota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Dakota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennessee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennessee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.26</span> <span>Tennessee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennessee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.27</span> <span>Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vermont" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vermont"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28</span> <span>Vermont</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vermont-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.29</span> <span>Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raid_on_Harper's_Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_on_Harper's_Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.29.1</span> <span>Raid on Harper's Ferry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_on_Harper's_Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.30</span> <span>Washington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.31</span> <span>West Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisconsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisconsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.32</span> <span>Wisconsin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisconsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tribal law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burr_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burr_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Burr trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burr_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cold War and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> In the United States, there are both federal and state laws prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treason is defined on the federal level in <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a>, Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> as "only in levying War against [the United States], or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort." Most state constitutions include similar definitions of treason, specifically limited to levying war against the state, "adhering to the enemies" of the state, or aiding the enemies of the state, and requiring two witnesses or a confession in open court.<sup id="cite_ref-stimson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stimson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than 30 people have ever been charged with treason under these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal">Federal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: In Article III, Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, treason is specifically limited to levying war against the U.S., or adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-stimson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stimson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penalty: Under U.S. Code Title 18, the penalty is <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or not less than five years' imprisonment (with a minimum fine of $10,000, if not sentenced to death). Any person convicted of treason against the United States also forfeits the right to hold public office in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms used in the definition derive from English legal tradition, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1351" title="Treason Act 1351">Treason Act 1351</a>. <i>Levying war</i> means the assembly of armed people to overthrow the government or to resist its laws. <i>Enemies</i> are subjects of a foreign government that is in open hostility with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treason does not distinguish between participants and <a href="/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">accessories</a>; all persons who rebel or intentionally give aid to hostilities are subject to the same charge.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Death sentences for treason under the Constitution have been carried out in only two instances: the executions of <a href="/wiki/Taos_Revolt" title="Taos Revolt">Taos Revolt</a> insurgents in 1847, and that of <a href="/wiki/William_Bruce_Mumford" title="William Bruce Mumford">William Bruce Mumford</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. A handful of other people convicted of the offense at the federal level – such as two militants from the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> (John Mitchell and Philip Weigel, who were both <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardoned</a> by President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and several people after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> – have mostly been pardoned or released.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last federal treason conviction to be fully upheld was that of Nazi sympathizer <a href="/wiki/Herbert_John_Burgman" title="Herbert John Burgman">Herbert John Burgman</a> in 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State">State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_background">Legal background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constitutionally, U.S. citizens who live in a state owe allegiance to at least two government entities: the United States of America and their <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> of legal residence. They can therefore potentially commit treason against either, or against both.<sup id="cite_ref-orth_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 14 people have been charged with treason against various states; at least six were convicted, five of whom were executed. Only two prosecutions for treason against a state were ever carried out in the U.S.: one against <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_Dorr" title="Thomas Wilson Dorr">Thomas Dorr</a> and the other after <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">John Brown's conspiracy</a>. It has often been discussed, both legally and in matter of policy, if states should punish treason.<sup id="cite_ref-mcconkie_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcconkie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four of the 13 colonies had enacted treason statutes by 1800, and four more had done so by 1820. The remaining four colonies had treason laws by 1862. In 2013, 43 states had treason laws, although 21 of them define this crime solely in their constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-mcconkie_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcconkie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alabama">Alabama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alabama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: The constitution of Alabama defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penalty: Not less than 10 years and not more than 99 years' imprisonment (eligible for parole after lesser of one-half of sentence or 15 years) or life imprisonment (eligible for parole after 10 years). </p><p>A treason conviction also results in loss of voting rights for life without the possibility of voting restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arkansas">Arkansas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arkansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: Arkansas legislation defines treason similarly to the United States Constitution, limiting it to "levying war against the state" or giving "aid and comfort" to the enemies of the state. Also similarly, conviction requires the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court.<sup id="cite_ref-proconar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proconar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penalty: Death,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole (eligible for parole after 30 years if the defendant was under 18).<sup id="cite_ref-proconar_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proconar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: Treason against the state of California is defined similarly to the United States Constitution. The California Constitution states that "treason against the State consists only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. A person may not be convicted of treason except on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act or by confession in open court."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reiterated in Section 37 of the <a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">California Penal Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penalty: Death,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorado">Colorado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delaware">Delaware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Delaware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: The constitution of Delaware defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Florida">Florida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Florida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Not less than 5.5 years and not more than 30 years' imprisonment (minimum sentencing guidelines). “In cases of treason the governor may grant reprieves until adjournment of the regular session of the legislature convening next after the conviction, at which session the legislature may grant a pardon or further reprieve; otherwise the sentence shall be executed.” <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Death, or by imprisonment for life or for not less than 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idaho">Idaho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Idaho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state constitution of Idaho specifically disallows gubernatorial respite or reprieve for a conviction for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illinois">Illinois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Illinois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Not less than 6 years and not more than 30 years' imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joseph_Smith_and_Hyrum_Smith">Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassination_of_Joseph_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Assassination_of_Joseph_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Death of Joseph Smith while awaiting trial for treason against Illinois</figcaption></figure> <p>After escaping custody on charges of <a href="#Missouri">treason against Missouri</a> and fleeing to Illinois, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a> were charged with treason in Illinois, which at that time was a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital offense</a>. Augustine Spencer swore out a warrant alleging that the Smith brothers had committed treason by "calling out the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Legion</a> to resist the force under the command of the Governor". On June 24, 1844, a warrant was issued charging that "Joseph Smith, late of the county aforesaid, did, on or about the nineteenth day of June. A.D. 1844, at the county and state aforesaid, commit the crime of treason against the government and people of the State of Illinois." (Ludlow, pp. 1346–1348)<sup id="cite_ref-Ludlow_1992_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludlow_1992-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bail could not be granted for a charge of treason, so Smith was placed in jail where he was accompanied by his brother, Hyrum Smith, and other associates. On June 27, Smith and Hyrum were <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">killed by a mob</a> in jail while they were awaiting trial. (Ludlow, p. 860)<sup id="cite_ref-Ludlow_1992_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludlow_1992-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louisiana">Louisiana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Louisiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Death,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or life imprisonment. In Louisiana, all life imprisonment sentences exclude the possibility of parole.<sup id="cite_ref-nellis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nellis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maine">Maine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Maine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: The state constitution of Maine defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving not less than 15 years and not more than 25 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minnesota">Minnesota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Minnesota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 17 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mississippi">Mississippi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mississippi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Death or life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missouri">Missouri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Missouri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: Treason is defined in the constitution of the State of Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penalty: Not less than 10 years and not more than 30 years' imprisonment (eligible for parole after serving one-half of sentence) or life imprisonment (eligible for parole after serving 30 years). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joseph_Smith_and_others">Joseph Smith and others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Joseph Smith and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> and five others were charged with treason under Missouri law in 1838, spending over five months in prison, but escaped while awaiting trial.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith were later charged with treason against Illinois (<a href="#Illinois">above</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-smith_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nevada">Nevada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nevada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Not less than 2 years and not more than 10 years' imprisonment (if imprisonment is imposed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York">New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: 15–40 years in prison or Life imprisonment and a $100,000 fine. Though treason doesn't have a New York Penal Law Statute, it is punished as a class A-1 felony.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mark_Lynch,_Aspinwall_Cornell,_and_John_Hagerman"><span id="Mark_Lynch.2C_Aspinwall_Cornell.2C_and_John_Hagerman"></span>Mark Lynch, Aspinwall Cornell, and John Hagerman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mark Lynch, Aspinwall Cornell, and John Hagerman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, Mark Lynch, Aspinwall Cornell, and John Hagerman sold supplies to British ships. However, the court dismissed the indictments because it was deemed the war was against the United States and not the state of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-mcconkie_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcconkie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Carolina">North Carolina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: North Carolina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article I, Section 29, of the State Constitution is similar to Article III, Section 3 of the United States Constitution, limiting the legal definition of "treason" to levying war against the State or giving "aid and comfort" to the enemies of the State. Conviction requires two witnesses to the act itself, or a confession in open court.<sup id="cite_ref-orth_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Sevier">John Sevier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: John Sevier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">John Sevier</a>, then governor of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a> and later the first governor of the State of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, was charged with treason against the State of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in October 1788. After being transported to North Carolina, he was freed. The charge was never brought to trial.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Dakota">North Dakota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: North Dakota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Not more than 20 years' imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oregon">Oregon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Oregon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 25 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1892, after the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Donnell_(labor_leader)" title="Hugh O'Donnell (labor leader)">Hugh O'Donnell</a> and others were indicted for treason, .<sup id="cite_ref-mcconkie_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcconkie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhode_Island">Rhode Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rhode Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 20 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thomas_Dorr">Thomas Dorr</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Thomas Dorr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_Dorr" title="Thomas Wilson Dorr">Thomas Wilson Dorr</a> was convicted of treason against Rhode Island in 1844 for leading a <a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">rebellion</a> against the state government, and sentenced to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorr served twelve months of his sentence. He was released in 1845 after the Rhode Island state legislature passed an Act of General Amnesty. In January 1854 the legislature passed an act annulling the verdict of the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Carolina">South Carolina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: South Carolina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Death or not more than 30 years' imprisonment (if committed during time of war) or not more than 20 years' imprisonment (if not committed during time of war).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Dakota">South Dakota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: South Dakota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: The state constitution of South Dakota defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennessee">Tennessee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tennessee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tennessee has repealed its treason law.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a person convicted of treason can never be eligible to vote in Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas">Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Not less than 1 year and not more than 20 years' imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vermont">Vermont</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Vermont"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: levying war or conspiring to levy war against the state, or adhering to the enemy. This definition, in Title 13, Chapter 75, § 3401 of Vermont Statutes, echoes the definition found in the United States Constitution. </p><p>Penalty: Death by electrocution. Vermont criminal law maintains capital punishment specifically for treason. No other crime is punishable by death. The method of execution is specified as <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electrocution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermont's electric chair, last used in 1954, is stored in the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Historical_Society" title="Vermont Historical Society">Vermont History Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barre_(city),_Vermont" title="Barre (city), Vermont">Barre, Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginia">Virginia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Not less than 20 years' imprisonment or life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 15 years (if imprisonment is imposed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raid_on_Harper's_Ferry"><span id="Raid_on_Harper.27s_Ferry"></span>Raid on Harper's Ferry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Raid on Harper's Ferry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> was charged with treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, along with conspiracy and first-degree murders after he led <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">his raid on Harper's Ferry</a> in 1859. In <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i>, he was found guilty on all three charges and hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barclay_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Coppock">Edwin Coppie</a> (also known as Edwin Coppock) and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dwight_Stevens" title="Aaron Dwight Stevens">Aaron Dwight Stevens</a> were also charged, convicted, and hanged for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and other crimes. The charges of treason against <a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Copeland_Jr." title="John Anthony Copeland Jr.">John Anthony Copeland Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a> were dropped, since their lawyer argued successfully that since they were not citizens of the United States, according to the <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Dred Scott decision">Dred Scott decision</a>, they could not commit treason; they were convicted and hanged for other crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hazlett" title="Albert Hazlett">Albert Hazlett</a> and John E. Cooke were charged with treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and found not guilty of treason, but were convicted of other crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washington">Washington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition: The state constitution and statutory law of Washington define treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution, except that adhering to enemies and giving them aid are distinct forms of treason, not elements of a single form.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 20 years, or any term of years. Treason is a "Class A" felony under sentencing guidelines, and current guidelines provide for a maximum sentence of life in prison and/or a $50,000 fine.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Virginia">West Virginia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: West Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 10 years or not less than 3 years and not more than 10 years' imprisonment (latter sentence able to be imposed at discretion of jury or court if defendant pleads guilty). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Wisconsin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penalty: Life imprisonment with or without the possibility of parole (eligible in 20 years, if sentenced to life with parole). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_law">Tribal law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tribal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While treason is a criminal matter under federal and state laws, it may be considered a civil matter under tribal law.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a> recognizes tribal nations as "domestic dependent nations". <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a> is a form of parallel sovereignty within the U.S. constitutional framework, constrained by but not subordinate to other sovereign entities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968">Indian Civil Rights Act</a></i> limits sentences for crimes by tribal courts to no more than one year in jail and a $5,000 fine.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is at least one case of punishment for treason under tribal law. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Tonawanda_Band_of_Seneca" title="Tonawanda Band of Seneca">Tonawanda Band of Seneca</a> convicted several members of treason, stripped their tribal membership, and sentenced them to permanent banishment from the <a href="/wiki/Tonawanda_Reservation" title="Tonawanda Reservation">Tonawanda Reservation</a> for attempting to overthrow the traditional government.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_cases">Historical cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Historical cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>'s name is considered synonymous with treason due to his collaboration with the British during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. This, however, occurred before the Constitution was written. Arnold became a general in the British Army, which protected him. </p><p>Since the Constitution came into effect, there have been fewer than 40 federal prosecutions for treason and even fewer convictions. Several men were convicted of treason in connection with the 1794 <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> but were pardoned by President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burr_trial">Burr trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Burr trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></div> <p>The most famous treason trial, that of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> in 1807, resulted in acquittal. In 1807, on a charge of treason, Burr was brought to trial before the United States <a href="/wiki/Circuit_court" title="Circuit court">Circuit Court</a> at <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>. The only physical evidence presented to the grand jury was <a href="/wiki/General_James_Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="General James Wilkinson">General James Wilkinson</a>'s so-called letter from Burr, which proposed the idea of stealing land in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. The trial was presided over by Chief Justice of the United States <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>, acting as a circuit judge. Since no witnesses testified, Burr was acquitted in spite of the full force of Jefferson's political influence thrown against him. Immediately afterward, Burr was tried on a misdemeanor charge and was again acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, treason trials were held in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> against <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperheads</a> for conspiring with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> against the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to treason trials, the federal government passed new laws that allowed prosecutors to try people for the charge of disloyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various legislation was passed, including the Conspiracies Act of July 31, 1861. Because the law defining treason in the constitution was so strict, new legislation was necessary to prosecute defiance of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-randall_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randall-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the people indicted on charges of conspiracy were not taken to trial, but instead were arrested and detained.<sup id="cite_ref-randall_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randall-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the Conspiracies Act of July 31, 1861, in 1862, the federal government went further to redefine treason in the context of the civil war. The act that was passed is entitled <i>"An Act to Suppress Insurrection; to punish Treason and Rebellion, to seize and confiscate the Property of Rebels, and for other purposes".</i> It is colloquially referred to as the "second Confiscation Act". The act essentially lessened the punishment for treason.  Rather than have death as the only possible punishment for treason, the act made it possible to give individuals lesser sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-randall_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randall-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Civil War the question was whether the United States government would make indictments for treason against leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, as many people demanded. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President of the Confederate States</a>, was indicted and held in prison for two years. The indictments were dropped on February 11, 1869, following the blanket amnesty noted below.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When accepting Lee's surrender of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox Courthouse</a>, in April 1865, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> assured all Confederate soldiers and officers a blanket <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>, provided they returned to their homes and refrained from any further acts of hostility, and subsequently other Union generals issued similar terms of amnesty when accepting Confederate surrenders.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Confederate officials received a blanket amnesty issued by President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> on Christmas Day, 1868. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino_mug_shot_Sugamo_Prison_JAPAN_March_7,_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino_mug_shot_Sugamo_Prison_JAPAN_March_7%2C_1946.jpg/200px-Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino_mug_shot_Sugamo_Prison_JAPAN_March_7%2C_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino_mug_shot_Sugamo_Prison_JAPAN_March_7%2C_1946.jpg/300px-Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino_mug_shot_Sugamo_Prison_JAPAN_March_7%2C_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino_mug_shot_Sugamo_Prison_JAPAN_March_7%2C_1946.jpg/400px-Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino_mug_shot_Sugamo_Prison_JAPAN_March_7%2C_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino" title="Iva Toguri D'Aquino">Iva Toguri</a>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Rose" title="Tokyo Rose">Tokyo Rose</a></i>, was tried for treason after World War II for her broadcasts to American troops.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the war several US citizens living in Europe were accused of treason for broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a>. On July 26, 1943, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Best" title="Robert Henry Best">Robert Henry Best</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Chandler" title="Douglas Chandler">Douglas Chandler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Kaltenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred W. Kaltenbach">Fred W. Kaltenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Leo_Delaney" title="Edward Leo Delaney">Edward Leo Delaney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constance_Drexel" title="Constance Drexel">Constance Drexel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Anderson_(journalist)" title="Jane Anderson (journalist)">Jane Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Otto_Koischwitz" title="Max Otto Koischwitz">Max Otto Koischwitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> had been indicted <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a></i> by a grand jury in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> on charges of treason.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Best and Chandler would later be tried and convicted of treason after the war. The rest either had the charges dropped due to a lack of evidence or dismissed due to other circumstances (Koischwitz died in a Berlin hospital in 1944, Kaltenbach reported died while in Soviet custody, and Pound (accused of being involved in Nazi and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Fascist_Italy" title="Propaganda in Fascist Italy">Italian Fascist</a> propaganda) was found unfit to stand trial. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Gillars" title="Mildred Gillars">Mildred Gillars</a>, a German-American, along with <a href="/wiki/Rita_Zucca" title="Rita Zucca">Rita Zucca</a> was nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Axis_Sally" title="Axis Sally">Axis Sally</a>" for broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> (Zucca, an Italian-American, had renounced her US citizenship and it was decided not to indict her for treason, but in 1946 she was convicted by an Italian <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunal</a> on charges of collaboration and was released nine months later after the Italian government declared a general amnesty for collaborators).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949 Gillars was convicted on one count of treason.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was released on June 10, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino" title="Iva Toguri D'Aquino">Iva Toguri D'Aquino</a> was convicted of treason for wartime <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">Radio Tokyo</a> broadcasts (under the name of "Tokyo Rose") and sentenced to ten years, of which she served six. As a result of prosecution witnesses having lied under oath, she was pardoned in 1977. </p><p>In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Kawakita_v._United_States" title="Kawakita v. United States">Tomoya Kawakita</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual citizen</a> was convicted of treason and sentenced to death for having worked as an interpreter at a Japanese POW camp and having mistreated American prisoners. He was recognized by a former prisoner at a department store in 1946 after having returned to the United States. The sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. He was released and deported in 1963. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_and_after">Cold War and after</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Cold War and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> saw frequent talk linking treason with support for <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a>-led causes. The most memorable of these came from Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, who used rhetoric about the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> as guilty of "twenty years of treason". As chosen chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations" title="United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations">Senate Permanent Investigations Subcommittee</a>, McCarthy also investigated various government agencies for <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spy rings; however, he acted as a political fact-finder rather than a criminal prosecutor. The Cold War period saw no prosecutions for explicit treason, but there were convictions and even executions for <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a> to commit <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a> case. </p><p>On October 11, 2006, the United States government charged <a href="/wiki/Adam_Yahiye_Gadahn" title="Adam Yahiye Gadahn">Adam Yahiye Gadahn</a> for videos in which he appeared as a spokesman for <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and threatened attacks on American soil.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was killed on January 19, 2015, in an <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">unmanned aircraft</a> (drone) strike in <a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article Three of the United States Constitution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2381">§ 2381</a><br />*<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statelaws.findlaw.com/">"State Laws - FindLaw"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=State+Laws+-+FindLaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatelaws.findlaw.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stimson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stimson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stimson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStimson1908" class="citation book cs1">Stimson, Frederic Jesup (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cOQrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183"><i>The Law of the Federal and State Constitutions of the United States: With an Historical Study of Their Principles, a Chronological Table of English Social Legislation, and a Comparative Digest of the Constitutions of the Forty-six States</i></a>. 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CQ Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452267371" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452267371"><bdi>978-1452267371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Constitutions+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1452267371&rft.aulast=Maddex&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHixzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fla. Const. Art. IV, § 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statelaws.findlaw.com/georgia-law/georgia-capital-punishment-laws.html">"Georgia Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=Georgia+Capital+Punishment+Laws+-+FindLaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatelaws.findlaw.com%2Fgeorgia-law%2Fgeorgia-capital-punishment-laws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deathpenalty.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=001377">"Georgia – Treason"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span> – via deathpenalty.procon.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+%E2%80%93+Treason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeathpenalty.procon.org%2Fview.resource.php%3FresourceID%3D001377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddex2005" class="citation book cs1">Maddex, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HixzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103"><i>State Constitutions of the United States</i></a>. CQ Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452267371" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452267371"><bdi>978-1452267371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Constitutions+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1452267371&rft.aulast=Maddex&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHixzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludlow_1992-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ludlow_1992_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludlow_1992_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlow1992" class="citation book cs1">Ludlow, Daniel (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/EoM/id/4391"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=Ludlow&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statelaws.findlaw.com/louisiana-law/louisiana-capital-punishment-laws.html">"Louisiana Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=Louisiana+Capital+Punishment+Laws+-+FindLaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatelaws.findlaw.com%2Flouisiana-law%2Flouisiana-capital-punishment-laws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nellis-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nellis_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNellis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nellis, Ashley (22 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623172010/http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Federal-Sentencing-Reporter-Throwing-Away-the-Key.pdf">"Throwing Away the Key: The Expansion of Life Without Parole Sentences in the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Sentencing Reporter</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Ffsr.2010.23.1.27">10.1525/fsr.2010.23.1.27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-9867">1053-9867</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Federal-Sentencing-Reporter-Throwing-Away-the-Key.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Sentencing+Reporter&rft.atitle=Throwing+Away+the+Key%3A+The+Expansion+of+Life+Without+Parole+Sentences+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Ffsr.2010.23.1.27&rft.issn=1053-9867&rft.aulast=Nellis&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentencingproject.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F01%2FFederal-Sentencing-Reporter-Throwing-Away-the-Key.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddex2005" class="citation book cs1">Maddex, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HixzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161"><i>State Constitutions of the United States</i></a>. CQ Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452267371" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452267371"><bdi>978-1452267371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Constitutions+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1452267371&rft.aulast=Maddex&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHixzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deathpenalty.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=004897">"Mississippi - Capital Homicide with 8 Aggravating Circumstances, Treason, and Aircraft Piracy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span> – via deathpenalty.procon.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mississippi+-+Capital+Homicide+with+8+Aggravating+Circumstances%2C+Treason%2C+and+Aircraft+Piracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeathpenalty.procon.org%2Fview.resource.php%3FresourceID%3D004897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddex2005" class="citation book cs1">Maddex, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HixzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214"><i>State Constitutions of the United States</i></a>. CQ Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452267371" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452267371"><bdi>978-1452267371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Constitutions+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1452267371&rft.aulast=Maddex&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHixzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2007" class="citation book cs1">Bushman, Richard Lyman (2007). <i>Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling</i> (Reprint ed.). Vintage. pp. 349–549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400077533" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400077533"><bdi>978-1400077533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith%3A+Rough+Stone+Rolling&rft.pages=349-549&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1400077533&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1992" class="citation cs2">Bentley, Joseph I. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4208">"Smith, Joseph: Legal Trials of Joseph Smith"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 1346–1348, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smith%2C+Joseph%3A+Legal+Trials+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1346-1348&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=Joseph+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span>;<a href="#CITEREFOaksHill1975">Oaks & Hill (1975</a>, p. 18).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theblanchlawfirm.com/practice-areas/major-felonies/class-a-felony/">"Types of Class A Felony (A-I and A-II)"</a>. August 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Class+A+Felony+%28A-I+and+A-II%29&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theblanchlawfirm.com%2Fpractice-areas%2Fmajor-felonies%2Fclass-a-felony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones_Jr2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones Jr, James B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NxUfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Hidden History of Tennessee Politics</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1625853745" title="Special:BookSources/978-1625853745"><bdi>978-1625853745</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 220–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621900238" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621900238"><bdi>978-1621900238</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Washington Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295741598" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295741598"><bdi>978-0295741598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dismembered%3A+Native+Disenrollment+and+the+Battle+for+Human+Rights&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0295741598&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Shelly+Hulse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUc9iDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenzerini2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lenzerini, Federico (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155331/http://www.tilj.org/content/journal/42/num1/Lenzerini155.pdf">"Sovereignty Revisited: International Law and Parallel Sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Texas International Law Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 155–189. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRVtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA357"><i>Tribal Criminal Law and Procedure</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759115200" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759115200"><bdi>978-0759115200</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians, 85 F. 3d 874 – Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit 1996"</a>. <i>Google Scholar</i>. 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Scholar&rft.atitle=Poodry+v.+Tonawanda+Band+of+Seneca+Indians%2C+85+F.+3d+874+%E2%80%93+Court+of+Appeals%2C+2nd+Circuit+1996&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D15717330565332513411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsWilkins2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Wilkins" title="David E. Wilkins">Wilkins, David E.</a>; Wilkins, Shelly Hulse (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc9iDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>Dismembered: Native Disenrollment and the Battle for Human Rights</i></a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 81–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295741598" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295741598"><bdi>978-0295741598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dismembered%3A+Native+Disenrollment+and+the+Battle+for+Human+Rights&rft.pages=81-84&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0295741598&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Shelly+Hulse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUc9iDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Charles Hoffer, <i>The treason trials of Aaron Burr</i> (U. Press of Kansas, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis J. Wertheim, "The Indianapolis Treason Trials, the Elections of 1864, and the Power of the Partisan Press." <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (1989): 236–260. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/10986/15681">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Rehnquist, "Civil Liberty and the Civil War: The Indianapolis Treason Trials," <i>Indiana Law Journal</i> 72 (Fall 1997), 932+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1866&context=ilj">online</a> The author was Chief Justice of the United States.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2014" class="citation book cs1">Blair, William (2014). <i>With Malice Toward Some : Treason and Loyalty in the Civil War Era</i>. 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Constitutional Problems under Lincoln. Urbana, University of Illinois Press. HeinOnline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1926" class="citation journal cs1">Nichols, Roy Franklin (1926). "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 266–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1838262">10.2307/1838262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1838262">1838262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=United+States+vs.+Jefferson+Davis%2C+1865%E2%80%931869&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=266-284&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1838262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1838262%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roy+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aleksandreia.com/2009/09/16/grant-lee-parole-treason/">"Notwithstanding this, some Northern leaders still tried to indict various Confederate leaders for treason, and Grant reminded President Johnson of the terms of surrender"</a>. <i>www.aleksandreia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aleksandreia.com&rft.atitle=Notwithstanding+this%2C+some+Northern+leaders+still+tried+to+indict+various+Confederate+leaders+for+treason%2C+and+Grant+reminded+President+Johnson+of+the+terms+of+surrender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aleksandreia.com%2F2009%2F09%2F16%2Fgrant-lee-parole-treason%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Wa4qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lmQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4096,1529697&dq=robert-henry-best&hl=en">Americans Indicted as Traitors</a>, <i>Sarasota Herald-Tribune</i>, July 28, 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_L._Shirer1943" class="citation web cs1">William L. 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Chicago: Rand McNally</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Maloney (1946) United States camera, Volume 10, Issue 11. p. 20. New York: U.S. Camera Publishing Corp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1949/03/11/archives/-axis-sally-is-found-guilty-sentence-on-treason-delayed-jury.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Axis Sally' Is Found Guilty; Sentence on Treason Delayed"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. March 11, 1949<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2023</span>. <q>March 10 – A Federal jury found Mildred E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=Mildred+Elizabeth+Sisk%3A+American-Born+Axis+Sally&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmildred-elizabeth-sisk-american-born-axis-sally.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Harper, Dale P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+War+II&rft.atitle=Mildred+Elizabeth+Sisk%3A+American-Born+Axis+Sally&rft.date=1995-11&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Dale+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmildred-elizabeth-sisk-american-born-axis-sally.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally01.html">"Axis Sally Is Given 10 to 30-Year Term On Treason Charge"</a>. <i>Charleston Gazette</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charleston+Gazette&rft.atitle=Axis+Sally+Is+Given+10+to+30-Year+Term+On+Treason+Charge&rft.date=1949-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fmilitary%2Faxissally01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Davis1961" class="citation news cs1">Jack Davis (July 10, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally02.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Axis Sally' Out After 11 Years"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710164354/http://www.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally02.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Axis+Sally%27+Out+After+11+Years&rft.date=1961-07-10&rft.au=Jack+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fmilitary%2Faxissally02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Marsh1961" class="citation web cs1">Don Marsh (July 11, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally03.html">"Almost Silent 'Axis Sally' Gains Freedom"</a>. <i>Charleston Gazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710163741/http://www.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally03.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charleston+Gazette&rft.atitle=Almost+Silent+%27Axis+Sally%27+Gains+Freedom&rft.date=1961-07-11&rft.au=Don+Marsh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fmilitary%2Faxissally03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/us-indicts-fugitive-for-treason/story-e6frf7lf-1111112352534">"US indicts fugitive for treason"</a>. <i>The Herald Sun</i>. 13 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=US+indicts+fugitive+for+treason&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fnews%2Fvictoria%2Fus-indicts-fugitive-for-treason%2Fstory-e6frf7lf-1111112352534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite_House_Press_Secretary2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary">White House Press Secretary</a> (April 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/04/23/statement-press-secretary">"Statement by the Press Secretary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Statement+by+the+Press+Secretary&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.au=White+House+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Fstatement-press-secretary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOaksHill1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks" title="Dallin H. Oaks">Oaks, Dallin H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marvin_S._Hill" title="Marvin S. Hill">Hill, Marvin S.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carthageconspira00oaks"><i>Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith</i></a>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00554-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00554-6"><bdi>0-252-00554-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage+Conspiracy%3A+The+Trial+of+the+Accused+Assassins+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-252-00554-6&rft.aulast=Oaks&rft.aufirst=Dallin+H.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Marvin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarthageconspira00oaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreason+laws+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:USArticleIII" title="Template:USArticleIII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USArticleIII" title="Template talk:USArticleIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_III_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abstention_doctrine" title="Abstention doctrine">Abstention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_v._Pullman_Co." title="Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.">Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burford_v._Sun_Oil_Co." title="Burford v. Sun Oil Co.">Burford v. Sun Oil Co.</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Power_%26_Light_Co._v._City_of_Thibodaux" title="Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux">Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Gas_Pipe_Line_Co._v._Ideal_Cement_Co." title="United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.">United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/England_v._Louisiana_State_Board_of_Medical_Examiners" title="England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners">England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Younger_v._Harris" title="Younger v. Harris">Younger v. Harris</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Water_Conservation_District_v._United_States" title="Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States">Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_H._Cone_Memorial_Hospital_v._Mercury_Construction_Corp." title="Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.">Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adequate_and_independent_state_ground" title="Adequate and independent state ground">Adequate and<br />independent state ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._City_of_Memphis" title="Murdock v. City of Memphis">Murdock v. City of Memphis</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians_v._Christy" title="Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy">Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Muller" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Muller">Fox Film Corp. v. Muller</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harrison_v._NAACP" title="Harrison v. NAACP">Harrison v. NAACP</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_common_law" title="Federal common law">Federal common law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hudson" title="United States v. Hudson">United States v. Hudson</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swift_v._Tyson" title="Swift v. Tyson">Swift v. Tyson</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co._v._Brown_%26_Yellow_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co." title="Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.">Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hinderlider_v._La_Plata_River_%26_Cherry_Creek_Ditch_Co." title="Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.">Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_Trust_Co._v._United_States" title="Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States">Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooker%E2%80%93Feldman_doctrine" title="Rooker–Feldman doctrine">Rooker–Feldman doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rooker_v._Fidelity_Trust_Co." title="Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.">Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals_v._Feldman" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman">District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Mobil_Corp._v._Saudi_Basic_Industries_Corp." title="Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.">Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Sovereign immunity in the United States">Sovereign immunity</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">presidential immunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_v._Barreme" title="Little v. Barreme">Little v. Barreme</a></i> (1804)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Schooner_Exchange_v._M%27Faddon" title="The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon">The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_v._Johnson" title="Mississippi v. Johnson">Mississippi v. Johnson</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1882)" title="United States v. Lee (1882)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schillinger_v._United_States" title="Schillinger v. United States">Schillinger v. United States</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feres_v._United_States" title="Feres v. United States">Feres v. United States</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wunderlich" title="United States v. Wunderlich">United States v. Wunderlich</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Cuba_v._Sabbatino" title="Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino">Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo_v._Martinez" title="Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez">Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stanley" title="United States v. Stanley">United States v. Stanley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma_v._Manufacturing_Technologies,_Inc." title="Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.">Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board" title="College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board">College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C_%26_L_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" title="United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe">United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Austria_v._Altmann" title="Republic of Austria v. Altmann">Republic of Austria v. Altmann</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolan_v._United_States_Postal_Service" title="Dolan v. United States Postal Service">Dolan v. United States Postal Service</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_India_v._City_of_New_York" title="Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York">Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_v._Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons">Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samantar_v._Yousuf" title="Samantar v. Yousuf">Samantar v. Yousuf</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bormes" title="United States v. Bormes">United States v. Bormes</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Argentina_v._NML_Capital,_Ltd." title="Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.">Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs" title="OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs">OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jam_v._International_Finance_Corp." title="Jam v. International Finance Corp.">Jam v. International Finance Corp.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_v._Harrison" title="Republic of Sudan v. Harrison">Republic of Sudan v. Harrison</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opati_v._Republic_of_Sudan" title="Opati v. Republic of Sudan">Opati v. Republic of Sudan</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jurisdiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i> (1793)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._More" title="United States v. More">United States v. More</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._Hunter%27s_Lessee" title="Martin v. Hunter's Lessee">Martin v. Hunter's Lessee</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Insurance_Co._v._356_Bales_of_Cotton" title="American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton">American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_v._Sill" title="Sheldon v. Sill">Sheldon v. Sill</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jackalow" title="United States v. Jackalow">United States v. Jackalow</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Vallandigham" title="Ex parte Vallandigham">Ex parte Vallandigham</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Klein" title="United States v. Klein">United States v. Klein</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_St._Louis_v._Myers" title="City of St. Louis v. Myers">City of St. Louis v. Myers</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States" title="Barrett v. United States">Barrett v. United States</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_I_(1905)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States I</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_II_(1906)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States II</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_%26_Nashville_Railroad_Co._v._Mottley" title="Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley">Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_v._United_States" title="Muskrat v. United States">Muskrat v. United States</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Well_Works_Co._v._Layne_%26_Bowler_Co." title="American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.">American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Kansas_City_Title_%26_Trust_Co." title="Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.">Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Oil_Mill_v._United_States" title="Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States">Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Illinois" title="Wisconsin v. Illinois">Wisconsin v. Illinois</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crowell_v._Benson" title="Crowell v. Benson">Crowell v. Benson</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glidden_Co._v._Zdanok" title="Glidden Co. v. Zdanok">Glidden Co. v. Zdanok</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._County_of_Oneida" title="Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida">Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._New_Mexico" title="Arizona v. New Mexico">Arizona v. New Mexico</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pipeline_Construction_Co._v._Marathon_Pipe_Line_Co." title="Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.">Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Union_Carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Union Carbide (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Union Carbide</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission_v._Schor" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor">Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merrell_Dow_Pharmaceuticals_Inc._v._Thompson" title="Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson">Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plaut_v._Spendthrift_Farm,_Inc." title="Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.">Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Bank_v._Traffic_Stream_(BVI)_Infrastructure_Ltd." title="JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.">JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grable_%26_Sons_Metal_Products,_Inc._v._Darue_Engineering_%26_Mfg." title="Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.">Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowles_v._Russell" title="Bowles v. Russell">Bowles v. Russell</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patchak_v._Zinke" title="Patchak v. Zinke">Patchak v. Zinke</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Justiciability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">Mootness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DeFunis_v._Odegaard" title="DeFunis v. Odegaard">DeFunis v. Odegaard</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell-Ewald_Co._v._Gomez" title="Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez">Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acheson_Hotels,_LLC_v._Laufer" title="Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer">Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">Political question</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._United_States" title="Nixon v. United States">Nixon v. United States</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">Ripeness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Ullman" title="Poe v. Ullman">Poe v. Ullman</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Goods_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Gardner" title="Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner">Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laird_v._Tatum" title="Laird v. Tatum">Laird v. Tatum</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County_Regional_Planning_Commission_v._Hamilton_Bank_of_Johnson_City" title="Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City">Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)#United_States" title="Standing (law)">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_v._Tipping" title="Bailiff v. Tipping">Bailiff v. Tipping</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_v._Hughes" title="Fairchild v. Hughes">Fairchild v. Hughes</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Mellon" title="Massachusetts v. Mellon">Massachusetts v. Mellon</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Levitt" title="Ex parte Levitt">Ex parte Levitt</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman" title="Altvater v. Freeman">Altvater v. Freeman</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_v._Reservists_Committee_to_Stop_the_War" title="Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War">Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warth_v._Seldin" title="Warth v. Seldin">Warth v. Seldin</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Brick_Co._v._Illinois" title="Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois">Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Inc._v._Government_of_India" title="Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India">Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Lyons" title="City of Los Angeles v. Lyons">City of Los Angeles v. Lyons</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Wright" title="Allen v. Wright">Allen v. Wright</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Charles" title="Diamond v. Charles">Diamond v. Charles</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raines_v._Byrd" title="Raines v. Byrd">Raines v. Byrd</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Akins" title="FEC v. Akins">FEC v. Akins</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DaimlerChrysler_Corp._v._Cuno" title="DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno">DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Bond v. United States (2011)">Bond v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clapper_v._Amnesty_International_USA" title="Clapper v. Amnesty International USA">Clapper v. Amnesty International USA</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TransUnion_LLC_v._Ramirez" title="TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez">TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska" title="Biden v. Nebraska">Biden v. Nebraska</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FDA_v._Alliance_for_Hippocratic_Medicine" title="FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine">FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayburn%27s_Case" title="Hayburn's Case">Hayburn's Case</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oneida_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_State" title="County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State">County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Bandemer" title="Davis v. Bandemer">Davis v. Bandemer</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treason" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treason</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman" title="Ex parte Bollman">Ex parte Bollman</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">United States v. Burr</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cramer_v._United_States" title="Cramer v. United States">Cramer v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_v._Laird" title="Stuart v. Laird">Stuart v. Laird</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborn_v._Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Osborn v. Bank of the United States">Osborn v. Bank of the United States</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forrester_v._White" title="Forrester v. White">Forrester v. White</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peretz_v._United_States" title="Peretz v. United States">Peretz v. United States</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hatter" title="United States v. Hatter">United States v. Hatter</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stern_v._Marshall" title="Stern v. Marshall">Stern v. Marshall</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&oldid=1256487746">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&oldid=1256487746</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_law_in_the_United_States" title="Category:State law in the United States">State law in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_criminal_law" title="Category:United States criminal law">United States criminal law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_constitutions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:State constitutions of the United States">State constitutions of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treason_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Treason in the United States">Treason in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_criminal_constitutional_law" title="Category:United States criminal constitutional law">United States criminal constitutional law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 04:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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