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Mbokodo: security in ANC camps, 1961-1990 | Scholarly Publications
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" dir="ltr" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Mbokodo: security in ANC camps, 1961-1990" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="1994" /> <meta name="citation_book_title" content="African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal African Society" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal African Society" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="93" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="371" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="279" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="298" /> <meta name="citation_public_url" content="https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9075" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="en" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/9075/" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/sites/scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/files/favicon_0.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ellis, S." /> <meta name="citation_abstract" content=" Using four official investigations by the ANC into human rights abuses perpetrated by the organization during its years in exile, as well as a number of other sources, this article summarizes what has been established concerning the ANC's security apparatus in the 1980s, and in particular its response to indiscipline, espionage and widespread criticism by rank and file members of its armed wing, 'Umkhonto we Sizwe', in the period 1981-1984. This is compared with an earlier, and less well-documented, wave of unrest in 1967-1969. In doing so, the article concludes that the nature of the ANC in exile changed markedly in the period due to the organization's militarization under the guidance of the South African Communist Party (SACP), which after 1969 became the dominant force within the ANC's exile leadership, or the External Mission of the ANC as it was formally styled. The ANC security organ became known as 'Mbokodo', a Xhosa word designating a stone used for grinding maize, generally regarded as 'a euphemism for the harshness with which the Department treated its victims'. 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</dd> <dd class="abstract"> <span class="toggle-wrapper"><span> Using four official investigations by the ANC into human rights abuses perpetrated by the organization during its years in exile, as well as a number of other sources, this article summarizes what has been established concerning the ANC's security apparatus in the 1980s, and in particular its response to indiscipline, espionage and widespread criticism by rank and file members of its armed wing, 'Umkhonto we Sizwe', in the period 1981-1984. This is compared with an earlier, and less well-documented, wave of unrest in 1967-1969. In doing so, the article concludes that the nature of the ANC in exile changed markedly in the period due to the organization's militarization under the guidance of the South African Communist Party (SACP), which after 1969 became the dominant force within the ANC's exile leadership, or the External Mission of the ANC as it was formally styled. The ANC security organ became known as 'Mbokodo', a Xhosa word designating a stone used for grinding maize,...<a href='#' class='toggler'>Show more</a></span><span> Using four official investigations by the ANC into human rights abuses perpetrated by the organization during its years in exile, as well as a number of other sources, this article summarizes what has been established concerning the ANC's security apparatus in the 1980s, and in particular its response to indiscipline, espionage and widespread criticism by rank and file members of its armed wing, 'Umkhonto we Sizwe', in the period 1981-1984. This is compared with an earlier, and less well-documented, wave of unrest in 1967-1969. In doing so, the article concludes that the nature of the ANC in exile changed markedly in the period due to the organization's militarization under the guidance of the South African Communist Party (SACP), which after 1969 became the dominant force within the ANC's exile leadership, or the External Mission of the ANC as it was formally styled. The ANC security organ became known as 'Mbokodo', a Xhosa word designating a stone used for grinding maize, generally regarded as 'a euphemism for the harshness with which the Department treated its victims'. <a href='#' class='toggler'>Show less</a></span></span> </dd> <dd class="topics"> <div class="tag"><a href="/search?type=dismax&f%5B0%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms%3ASouth%5C%20Africa">South Africa</a></div><div class="tag"><a href="/search?type=dismax&f%5B0%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms%3AAfrican%5C%20National%5C%20Congress">African National Congress</a></div><div class="tag"><a href="/search?type=dismax&f%5B0%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms%3Adefence">defence</a></div> </dd> <dl title="All authors" class="mods_name_AuthorRole_namePart_custom_ms"> <dt>All authors</dt> <dd><a href="/search?type=dismax&f%5B0%5D=mods_name_AuthorRole_namePart_custom_ms%3AEllis%2C%5C%20S.">Ellis, S.</a></dd> </dl> <dl title="Date" class="mods_originInfo_encoding_w3cdtf_keyDate_yes_dateIssued_ms"> <dt>Date</dt> <dd>1994</dd> </dl> <dl title="Journal" class="mods_relatedItem_host_titleInfo_title_ms"> <dt>Journal</dt> <dd> <a href="/search?type=dismax&f%5B0%5D=mods_relatedItem_host_titleInfo_title_ms%3AAfrican%5C%20Affairs%5C%3A%5C%20The%5C%20Journal%5C%20of%5C%20the%5C%20Royal%5C%20African%5C%20Society">African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal African Society</a> </dd> </dl> <dl title="Volume" class="mods_relatedItem_host_part_detail_volume_number_ms"> <dt>Volume</dt> <dd>93</dd> </dl> <dl title="Issue" class="mods_relatedItem_host_part_detail_issue_number_ms"> <dt>Issue</dt> <dd>371</dd> </dl> <dl title="Pages" class="mods_relatedItem_host_part_extent_start_ms mods_relatedItem_host_part_extent_end_ms"> <dt>Pages</dt> <dd> 279 - 298 </dd> </dl> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div></div> <!-- /.section, /.dc-content --> </div> <!-- /.dc-centercontent --> </main> <!-- /#themain, /#main-wrapper --> <footer id="thefooter"><div class="dc-centercontent"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section class=""> <div id="block-block-3" class="block block-block"> <div class="content"> <p>©2020-2024 Leiden University<br /> A service provided by <a target="”_blank”" href="https://www.library.universiteitleiden.nl/">Leiden University Libraries</a></p> </div> </div> </section><section class=""> <div id="block-menu-menu-footer-menu" class="block block-menu"> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="https://www.library.universiteitleiden.nl/about-us/contact" class="first leaf" target="_blank">Contact</a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="/about" class="leaf">About us</a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="/added-last-2-weeks" class="leaf">Recently Added</a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/" class="leaf" target="_blank">Digital Collections</a></li><li class="last leaf"><a href="https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/" class="last leaf" target="_blank">Student Repository</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div></footer> <!-- /.section, /#footer --> </div></div> <!-- /#page, /#page-wrapper --> </body> </html>