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Laura is a proud former resident of the New Jersey shore, a competitive swimmer, and a fierce defender of the Oxford comma.","url":"https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/","image":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?quality=85","sameAs":["https://www.instagram.com/popsci/"]}],"headline":"New pterosaur species sliced through the air with a sword-like tail","datePublished":"2024-11-18T11:00:00-05:00","dateModified":"2024-11-18T11:00:00-05:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/"},"wordCount":612,"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?quality=85","keywords":["news"],"articleSection":["Animals","Biology","Dinosaurs","Environment","Evolution","Science","Wildlife"],"inLanguage":"en-US","ArticleBody":"The pterosaurs that flew across prehistoric skies while dinosaurs walked the Earth came in all shapes and sizes. Some, like Cryodrakon boreas, boasted an enormous 32-feet wingspan, while other earlier pterosaurs had a more dainty 6.5 feet wide wingspan like a modern harpy eagle. Now, a newly discovered pterosaur species is helping explain this leap from a smaller to larger wingspan size and other physical changes. Skiphosoura bavarica is described in a study published November 18 in the journal Current Biology.\n\n\n\nFor paleontologists, Skiphosoura bavarica shows how these winged reptiles may have changed over time. Skiphosoura bavarica means “sword tail from Bavaria,” because it was discovered in southern Germany and it has a very unusual short, stiff, and pointed tail–similar to a sword. The specimen is complete, meaning nearly every single bone is preserved. Importantly, the bones are also preserved in three dimensions, where most pterosaurs tend to be crushed flat over time. When it lived, it would have been about the size of a golden eagle with a wingspan of about 6.5 meters. \n\n\n\n\n\nFor 200 years, paleontologists split the pterosaurs into two major groups. The smaller and earlier non-pterodactyloids and the later and much bigger pterodactyloids. Early pterosaurs sported short heads on short necks, a short bone in the wrist of the wing, a long fifth toe on the foot, and long tails. The later pterodactyloids had the opposite–large heads on long necks, a long wrist, short fifth toe and short tail. Which parts of their body changed and when remained a mystery.\n\n\n\nPhotograph of the original specimen of Skiphosoura bavarica in natural and UV lighting. CREDIT: René Lauer.\n\n\n\nIn the 2010s, paleontologists found several intermediate species called darwinopterans. The specimens revealed that the head and neck changed first before the rest of the body. The darwinopterans were a solid example of an intermediate that bridged an evolutionary gap. However, even with this bridge, we didn’t really know what was going on before or after these changes.\n\n\n\n[Related: ‘Remarkable’ fossils offer clues to perplexing pterosaur question.]\n\n\n\nThe Skiphosoura bones reveal these changes. On an evolutionary timeline, Skiphosoura sits between these earlier darwinopterans and the pterodactyloids. It has a very pterodactyloid-like head and neck, but also has a longer wrist and a shorter toe and tail than earlier darwinopterans, but these are not as long as we see in the later pterodactyloids. \n\n\n\nAlong with the discovery of a completely new species, comes a new reconstruction of the pterosaur evolutionary family tree. Skiphosoura shows a middle position on the family tree, but also reveals that a Scottish pterosaur genus–Dearc–is in a similar middle position between the early pterosaurs and the first darwinopterans.\n\n\n\n[Related: This pterosaur ancestor was a tiny, flightless dog-like dinosaur.]\n\n\n\nThe discovery means that paleontologists now have a complete sequence of pterosaur evolution–early pterosaurs to Dearc, to the first darwinopterans to Skiphosoura, to the pterodactyloids. Even though not every pterosaur specimen ever found is quite as complete as Skiphosoura, we can now trace the increase in head and neck size, the elongating wrist, shrinking toe and tail, and other features step-by-step across multiple groups. \n\n\n\nBoth Dearc and Skiphosoura are unusually large for their time, which suggests that the changes that allowed the pterodactlyoids to reach enormous sizes were already appearing in these transitional species.\n\n\n\n“This is an incredible find. It really helps us piece together how these amazing flying animals lived and evolved,” study co-author and Queen Mary University of London paleontologist David Hone said in a statement. “Hopefully this study will be the basis for more work in the future on this important evolutionary transition.”"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/","url":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/","name":"New pterosaur species sliced through the air with a sword-like tail | Popular Science","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?quality=85","datePublished":"2024-11-18T11:00:00-05:00","dateModified":"2024-11-18T11:00:00-05:00","description":"Skiphosoura bavarica was about the size of a modern golden eagle.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?quality=85","contentUrl":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?quality=85","width":2000,"height":1125,"caption":"An illustration of two Skiphosoura bavarica in flight."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":"https://www.popsci.com/category/science/","description":"Science spans our understanding of how Earth and the cosmos work. 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Some, like Cryodrakon boreas, boasted an enormous 32-feet wingspan, while other earlier pterosaurs had a more dainty 6.5 feet wide wingspan like a modern harpy eagle. 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class="breadcrumb-arrow relative inline-block ml-1 mr-2 h-0 w-0 border-y-[4px] border-y-transparent border-l-[8px] border-l-primary-900 -top-[1px]"></div></nav><nav class="breadcrumb-container hover" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><a class="breadcrumb-link no-underline hover:no-underline font-tertiary font-semibold text-accent-900 text-xs uppercase tracking-wide" href="https://www.popsci.com/category/evolution/">Evolution</a> </nav> </nav> <h1 class="article-title font-primary text-secondary-900 text-4xl lg:text-15xl font-bold leading-2xl lg:leading-15xl mb-2">New pterosaur species sliced through the air with a sword-like tail</h1> <div class="article-dek font-secondary text-base lg:text-2xl mb-2">Skiphosoura bavarica was about the size of a modern golden eagle.</div> <div class="flex flex-col gap-2"> <div class="article-byline overflow-hidden lg:flex lg:flex-wrap lg:gap-2 w-full mb-2 "> <div class="item-wrapper--author item-wrapper flex items-center mr-3"> <div class="byline-author-wrapper flex relative"> <p class="byline-item byline-item-author font-tertiary font-normal text-sm text-primary capitalize"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/">Laura Baisas</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="item-wrapper--date item-wrapper flex items-center mr-3"> <div class="byline-date-wrapper flex relative"> <p class="byline-item byline-item-timestamp font-tertiary font-normal text-sm text-primary mb-0">Posted on Nov 18, 2024</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="article-layout-wrapper w-full flex flex-col lg:flex-row gap-5 max-w-full"> <article id="post-672686" class="flex-auto post-672686 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-animals category-biology category-dinosaurs category-environment category-evolution category-science category-wildlife tag-news author_tag-laura-baisas content_type-1-group content_type-2-page-type content_type-3-timeframe content_type-news content_type-non-evergreen content_type-non-membership internal_tag-news"> <div class="article-content-featured-image lg:ml-[-4]"> <figure> <img class="archive-post-thumb article-featured-image w-full h-full mb-3 object-center" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?quality=85&w=2000" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-skiphosoura-bavarica.png?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px" fetchpriority="high" alt="An illustration of two Skiphosoura bavarica in flight." /> <div class="article-featured-image-caption-container"> <figcaption class="article-featured-image-caption font-primary font-normal text-sm text-secondary-800">An illustration of two Skiphosoura bavarica in flight. <span style="font-weight: 400">Gabriel Ugueto</span></figcaption> </div> </figure> </div> <section class="entry-content py-8 max-w-[730px] lg:mx-auto" data-module="TableOfContents"> <section class="recurrent-share lg:px-0 mb-5" data-post-id="672686" data-content-type="News,Non-Evergreen,Non-Membership"> <div class="block-content-wrapper flex flex-row align-center gap-4 lg:gap-8 w-full text-center mx-auto md:mx-0 items-center justify-center"> <h2 class="recurrent-share-block-title font-primary font-bold text-2xl text-secondary-900">Share</h2> <ul class="flex flex-row list-none gap-4 lg:gap-8"> <li class="list-none"> <a class="flex items-center justify-center w-5 h-5 svg-social-icon" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=New%20pterosaur%20species%20sliced%20through%20the%20air%20with%20a%20sword-like%20tail https://www.popsci.com/science/new-pterosaur-germany/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Share on Twitter" data-name="Twitter"> <svg class="twitter-icon social-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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Some, like <a href="https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2019.1649681" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><em>Cryodrakon boreas, </em>boasted an enormous 32-feet wingspan</a>, while other earlier pterosaurs had a more dainty 6.5 feet wide wingspan like a modern <a href="https://www.audubon.org/news/10-fun-facts-about-harpy-eagle#:~:text=As%20top%20predators%20in%20their,6.5%20feet%20(2%20meters)." rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">harpy eagle</a>. Now, a newly discovered pterosaur species is helping explain this leap from a smaller to larger wingspan size and other physical changes. <em>Skiphosoura bavarica</em> is described in a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.023" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">study published November 18 in the journal <em>Current Biology</em></a><strong>.</strong></p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">For paleontologists, <em>Skiphosoura bavarica </em>shows how these winged reptiles may have changed over time. <em>Skiphosoura bavarica</em> means “sword tail from Bavaria,” because it was discovered in southern Germany and it has a very unusual short, stiff, and pointed tail–similar to a sword. The specimen is complete, meaning nearly every single bone is preserved. Importantly, the bones are also preserved in three dimensions, where most pterosaurs tend to be crushed flat over time. When it lived, it would have been about the size of a golden eagle with a wingspan of about 6.5 meters. </p> <section class="recurrent-newsletter-block recurrent-newsletter-email-block recurrent-blocks bg-newsletter mb-8 lg:relative lg:left-2/4 lg:-translate-x-2/4 "> <div class="container newsletter-container mx-auto p-0 flex flex-col lg:flex-row"> <div class="newsletter-content flex-1 p-6 pb-4 lg:basis-2/4 lg:flex lg:flex-col lg:justify-center"> <h2 class="newsletter-cta-title font-primary font-semibold text-2xl text-newsletter-copy leading-2xl mb-3 lg:text-4xl"> Get the Popular Science newsletter </h2> <div class="newsletter-cta-description font-secondary font-normal text-base text-newsletter-copy leading-base mb-4"> <p class="article-paragraph skip"><span style="font-weight: 400">Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday.</span></p> </div> <div class="newsletter-signup-form-wrapper"> <form class="flex flex-col md:flex-row gap-2 mb-3" method="post" action="https://cb.sailthru.com/s/79r/PopSci_Newsletter" onsubmit="handleNewsletterFormSubmit(event)"> <input type="hidden" name="vars[source]" value="PSInline"> <label class="sr-only" for="email">Email address</label> <input type="email" name="email" id="email" class="newsletter-email-input w-full md:w-2/3 rounded" placeholder="Enter your email" pattern="^[\p{L}\p{N}\p{M}\p{S}\p{P}\p{Cf}]+@([\p{L}\p{N}-]+\.)+[\p{L}]{2,}$" title="Please enter a valid email address" required/> <button type="submit" class="newsletter-direct-link btn button-newsletter w-full md:w-1/3 max-w-lg font-primary py-3 px-6"> Sign up </button> <span class="newsletter-signup-success bg-newsletter text-newsletter-copy">Thank you!</span> </form> </div> <div class="newsletter-cta-disclaimer font-secondary font-normal text-sm text-newsletter-copy leading-extra-tight"> <p class="article-paragraph skip">By signing up you agree to our <a href="https://recurrent.io/terms-and-conditions/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Service</a> and<a href="https://recurrent.io/privacy-policy/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"> Privacy Policy.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <p class="article-paragraph skip">For 200 years, paleontologists split the pterosaurs into two major groups. The smaller and earlier <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016699520300024" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">non-pterodactyloids</a> and the later and much bigger <a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/pterodactyl" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">pterodactyloids</a>. Early pterosaurs sported short heads on short necks, a short bone in the wrist of the wing, a long fifth toe on the foot, and long tails. The later pterodactyloids had the opposite–large heads on long necks, a long wrist, short fifth toe and short tail. Which parts of their body changed and when remained a mystery.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="1752" height="2717" loading="lazy" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?strip=all&quality=85" alt="Photograph of the original specimen of Skiphosoura bavarica in natural and UV lighting" class="wp-image-672687" style="width:932px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg 1752w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=768&h=1191 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=990&h=1536 990w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=1321&h=2048 1321w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=290&h=450 290w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=129&h=200 129w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=426&h=660 426w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=258&h=400 258w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=539&h=836 539w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=445&h=690 445w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=139&h=216 139w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=261&h=404 261w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=576&h=894 576w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=485&h=752 485w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=448&h=694 448w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=280&h=434 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=1440&h=2233 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=289&h=448 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=370&h=574 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=308&h=478 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pterosaur-fossil.jpeg?w=32&h=50 32w" sizes="(max-width: 1752px) 100vw, 1752px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Photograph of the original specimen of </em>Skiphosoura bavarica<em> in natural and UV lighting. CREDIT: René Lauer.</em> </figcaption></figure> <p class="article-paragraph skip">In the 2010s, paleontologists found several <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/darwinopterus-a-transitional-pterosaur-55145586/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">intermediate species called darwinopterans</a>. The specimens revealed that the head and neck changed first before the rest of the body. The darwinopterans were a solid example of an intermediate that bridged an evolutionary gap. However, even with this bridge, we didn’t really know what was going on before or after these changes.</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip"><strong>[Related: </strong><a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/pterosaur-fly/" target="_blank"><strong>‘Remarkable’ fossils offer clues to perplexing pterosaur question</strong></a><strong>.]</strong></p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">The <em>Skiphosoura</em> bones reveal these changes. On an evolutionary timeline, <em>Skiphosoura </em>sits between these earlier darwinopterans and the pterodactyloids. It has a very pterodactyloid-like head and neck, but also has a longer wrist and a shorter toe and tail than earlier darwinopterans, but these are not as long as we see in the later pterodactyloids. </p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">Along with the discovery of a completely new species, comes a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.023" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">new reconstruction of the pterosaur evolutionary family tree</a>. <em>Skiphosoura</em> shows a middle position on the family tree, but also reveals that a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01719-w" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">Scottish pterosaur genus–<em>Dearc</em>–is in a similar middle position</a> between the early pterosaurs and the first darwinopterans.</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip"><strong>[Related: </strong><a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/scotland-fossil-early-pterosaur-relative/" target="_blank"><strong>This pterosaur ancestor was a tiny, flightless dog-like dinosaur</strong></a><strong>.]</strong></p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">The discovery means that paleontologists now have a complete sequence of pterosaur evolution–early pterosaurs to <em>Dearc</em>, to the first darwinopterans to <em>Skiphosoura</em>, to the pterodactyloids. Even though not every pterosaur specimen ever found is quite as complete as <em>Skiphosoura, </em>we can now <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.023" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">trace the increase in head and neck size, the elongating wrist, shrinking toe and tail, and other features step-by-step across multiple groups</a>. </p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">Both <em>Dearc </em>and <em>Skiphosoura</em> are <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.023" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">unusually large for their time</a>, which suggests that the changes that allowed the pterodactlyoids to reach enormous sizes were already appearing in these transitional species.</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">“This is an incredible find. It really helps us piece together how these amazing flying animals lived and evolved,” study co-author and Queen Mary University of London paleontologist David Hone <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01719-w" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">said in a statement</a>. “Hopefully this study will be the basis for more work in the future on this important evolutionary transition.”</p> <section class="commerce-widget commerce-widget--large"> <span class="block bg-secondary-300 h-2 w-16 mt-10 mb-8"> </span> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row items-start justify-items-start"> <div class="mb-4 md:mb-0 md:w-4/12 w-full"> <img width="300" height="169" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?quality=85&w=300" class="max-w-[100%]" alt="The best Black Friday deals including a jackery generator, airpods, a TV arranged on a plain background." srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg 1600w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </div> <div class="ml-0 md:ml-10 md:w-8/12 w-full"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"> PopSci's Guide to Black Friday </h3> <div class="commerce-widget-content mb-4"> <p>The best Black Friday sales, deals, and everything else you need to know. 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8.86172L4.32617 14.2817Z" /> </svg> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </footer> <div class="max-w-[730px] lg:mx-auto"> </div> </article> <div class="article-sidebar-wrapper w-full lg:w-[300px] lg:flex-shrink-0 [&>.article-sidebar]:pt-0"> <aside id="article-sidebar" class="article-sidebar pb-5" aria-label="Author and related articles"> <section id="author-widgets"> <section class="recurrent-primary-author-widget border-2 rounded border-accent-900 p-6 mb-7 bg-accent-2-700"> <div class="author-widget-header flex gap-3 mb-2"> <a class="block w-[51px] h-[51px]" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/"> <img class="author-avatar min-w-[51px] w-full h-auto rounded-full aspect-square object-cover border-2 border-accent-900" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?quality=85&w=102&h=102&crop=1" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?w=336&h=336 336w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?w=102&h=102 102w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?w=192&h=192 192w" sizes="(max-width: 102px) 100vw, 102px" alt="Laura Baisas Avatar" loading="lazy" /> </a> <div class="author-name-title"> <h2 class="font-primary text-lg font-semibold text-secondary-900 leading-6"> <a href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/"> Laura Baisas </a> </h2> <h3 class="primary-author-title font-secondary text-sm text-accent-900 font-semibold leading-6"> Staff writer </h3> </div> </div> <div class="primary-author-bio line-clamp-6 text-sm text-secondary-900 mb-2"><p>Laura is a science news writer, covering a wide variety of subjects, but she is particularly fascinated by all things aquatic, paleontology, nanotechnology, and exploring how science influences daily life.</p> </div> <ul class="author-socials hidden md:flex items-center gap-4 mb-4"> <li class="flex items-center gap-1"> <a class="w-[22px] h-[22px]" href="https://www.instagram.com/popsci/" aria-label="" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </section> <section class="recurrent-latest-posts-widget recurrent-blocks md:px-0 mb-8"> <h3 class="flag-heading text-lg">Latest</h3> <div class="lg:flex lg:gap-5 flex-col"> <div class="mb-2"> <div class="card-post sidebar-latest-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/string-theory-is-not-dead/"> <div class="relative"> <img class="archive-post-thumb w-full aspect-thumbnail object-cover rounded-grid-post object-center" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/string-theory-update.png?quality=85&w=800" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/string-theory-update.png 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/string-theory-update.png?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/string-theory-update.png?w=1536&h=864 1536w, 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These extra dimensions, too small to notice in ordinary life, can assume many possible shapes, or geometries (depicted artistically here) that can influence the properties of the universe and subatomic particles." /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <div class="post-tax-badges flex gap-2 items-center border-white pb-3" > <span class="cat-name-badge font-tertiary font-semibold text-sm text-accent-900 leading-extra-tight">Science</span> </div> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/string-theory-is-not-dead/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> String theory is not dead </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">String theory is not dead</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span 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