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aria-selected="true">Updates</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" id="context-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#context" role="tab" aria-controls="context" aria-selected="false">Context</a> </li> </ul> <div class="tab__content" id="liveTabContent"> <div class="tab-pane fade tab__content--live active in" id="live" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="live-tab"> <div class="latest-body"> <p></p> <section class="c-block-updates"> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-27587"> <div class="update-date"> 28 February 2024 16:00 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-27587"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 13.728c-.018.16.1.272.236.272a.253.253 0 0 0 .181-.084C4.595 9.476 8.806 9.14 9.968 9.14c.209 0 .318.01.318.01v3.375c0 .24.27.369.447.215l7.17-6.228a.287.287 0 0 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data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/roger-lumbala-tshitenga-will-be-tried-in-france-for-his-alleged-complicity-in-crimes-against-humanity/" data-url-params="#live-27587" data-title="Roger Lumbala Tshitenga will be tried in France for his alleged complicity in crimes against humanity"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__facebook"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="copy" data-url-params="#live-27587" data-title="Roger Lumbala Tshitenga will be tried in France for his alleged complicity in crimes against humanity"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__link"></span> </span> <span class="meta__label-sub"> <span class="js-label-copy">Copier le lien</span> <span class="js-label-copied"></span> </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="update-titre orange">Roger Lumbala Tshitenga will be tried in France for his alleged complicity in crimes against humanity </div> <div class="update-content"> <p>Today, the Paris Court of Appeal confirmed the indictment of warlord Roger Lumbala Tshitenga for complicity in crimes against humanity. He is accused of having committed crimes including murder, torture, rape, pillage and enslavement, including sexual slavery, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between 2002 and 2003. This decision is a further step towards justice for survivors of mass atrocities in the DRC.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/RL-feature-2-1024x415.png" alt="" class="wp-image-27601" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/RL-feature-2-1024x415.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/RL-feature-2-300x122.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/RL-feature-2-768x311.png 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/RL-feature-2-1536x623.png 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/RL-feature-2-2048x831.png 2048w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/RL-feature-2-1800x730.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">© Vincent Fournier/JA</figcaption></figure> <p>Clooney Foundation for Justice, TRIAL International, Minority Rights Group, and the DRC-based NGO Justice Plus, all admitted as civil parties, have collaborated throughout the investigation to identify and support Congolese communities, victims, and survivors who are calling for justice and reparations for the crimes they suffered and were willing to share their account with French judicial authorities.</p> </div> </div> <div class="c-block-item" id="live-27534"> <div class="update-date"> 28 February 2024 15:57 <div class="c-Share"> <button class="c-Share-social meta__link orange" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pop-27534"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="14" ><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.73.063c-.178-.149-.444-.018-.444.218v3.062C1.89 4.86.3 11.5.002 13.728c-.018.16.1.272.236.272a.253.253 0 0 0 .181-.084C4.595 9.476 8.806 9.14 9.968 9.14c.209 0 .318.01.318.01v3.375c0 .24.27.369.447.215l7.17-6.228a.287.287 0 0 0-.003-.433L10.73.063Z"/></svg> <span class="sr-only">Partage</span> </button> <div class="c-Share-social-container" id="pop-27534"> <ul class="meta__sub" > <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="tw" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/upcoming-trial-of-congolese-warlord-in-france-is-a-historic-step-toward-justice/" data-url-params="#live-27534" data-title="Upcoming Trial of Congolese Warlord in France is a Historic Step Toward Justice"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__twitter"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="fb" data-url="https://trialinternational.org/case-update/upcoming-trial-of-congolese-warlord-in-france-is-a-historic-step-toward-justice/" data-url-params="#live-27534" data-title="Upcoming Trial of Congolese Warlord in France is a Historic Step Toward Justice"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__facebook"></span> </span> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li class="meta__icon-sub"> <button type="button" class="js-social meta__link-sub" data-position="feed" data-social="copy" data-url-params="#live-27534" data-title="Upcoming Trial of Congolese Warlord in France is a Historic Step Toward Justice"> <span class="meta__icon-container"> <span class="meta__icon icon__link"></span> </span> <span class="meta__label-sub"> <span class="js-label-copy">Copier le lien</span> <span class="js-label-copied"></span> </span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="update-titre orange">Upcoming Trial of Congolese Warlord in France is a Historic Step Toward Justice </div> <div class="update-content"> <p>On 6 November, three French investigative judges indicted former Congolese warlord Roger Lumbala Tshitenga for his alleged complicity in and conspiracy to commit crimes against humanity including murder, torture, rape, pillage and enslavement, including sexual slavery, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between 2002 and 2003. This indictment is a historic step towards justice for survivors of mass atrocities in the DRC.</p> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/upcoming-trial-of-congolese-warlord-in-france-is-a-historic-step-toward-justice/">Read our press release</a></div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade tab__content--fact" id="context" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="context-tab"> <div class="sidebar-update"> <div class="sidebar-update-header"> Context </div> <div class="sidebar-update-content"> <p><strong>Roger Lumbala Tshitenga</strong> is a Congolese national and former leader of the non-state armed group the Congolese Rally for National Democracy (RCD-N). The armed group operated in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from 2000 to 2003. Lumbala also held the post of Minister of Commerce of the Congolese government between 2003 and 2005.</p> <p>In November 2023, Lumbala, who has been in pre-trial detention in France since his arrest in 2020 in Paris, <strong>was <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/upcoming-trial-of-congolese-warlord-in-france-is-a-historic-step-toward-justice/">indicted</a> of complicity in crimes against humanity committed in the DRC</strong>, including murder, torture, rape, pillage and enslavement, inclusive of sexual slavery, as well as conspiring to commit crimes against humanity. The RCD-N and its allies allegedly committed these atrocities during a military operation called “Erasing the Board” in the provinces of North Kivu and Ituri. Lumbala allegedly ordered and supplied the RCD-N troops to violently attack the civilian population as part of the operation’s aim to take control of resource-rich areas in the eastern part of the DRC.</p> <p>HISTORICAL CONTEXT</p> <p>In the context of the Second Congo War (1998-2003), in the last months of 2002, the <a href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/congo/ituri/armedgroups.htm">RCD-N</a> and allied armed groups carried out a campaign of systematic attacks against the civilian population residing in the two provinces of Ituri and North Kivu. The operation was designed to grant the RCD-N control of areas held by the rival group Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement (RCD-ML), particularly the town of Mambasa and the resource-rich region of Beni-Butembo. The RCD-N named the operation “<a href="https://minorityrights.org/resources/erasing-the-board-report-of-the-international-research-mission-into-crimes-under-international-law-committed-against-the-bambuti-pygmies-in-the-eastern-democratic-republic-of-congo/">Erasing the Board</a>” because the modus operandi of its troops was to attack the civilian population and destroy everything of value to them. In October 2002 alone, the UN reported a total of 173 killings in just 17 days. Additional documented incidents include the widespread rape of women and girls, dozens of cases of cruel and inhuman treatment, forced labor and enforced disappearances, and the systematic looting of social structures in the area.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="latest-carousel-section"> <h2 class="text-xs-center text-uppercase"> <span class="title-wrap orange">Other Cases</span> </h2> <div id="latest-carousel" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel"> <div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/donat-kwenga-omari/"> Donat Kwenga Omari</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Ongoing</span> </div> <small>15.11.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Kwenga Omari, alias Donat, is a Congolese national and former leader of a Raia Mutomboki militia accused of crimes against humanity, allegedly committed in the territories of Shabunda and Kalehe in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 2017 and 2021.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/donat-kwenga-omari/"> <img width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-1024x415.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-1024x415.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-300x122.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-768x311.png 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-1536x623.png 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-2048x831.png 2048w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Donat_map_final_FEATURED_EN-1800x730.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/kamonia/">Kamonia</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Closed</span> </div> <small>15.10.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>On May 20, the trial of a dozen militiamen, local politicians and representatives of the Congolese security forces for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the Kamonia territory between 2017 and 2018 opened in Tshikapa (Kasai province, Democratic Republic of Congo).</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/kamonia/"> <img width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--1024x415.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--1024x415.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--300x122.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--768x311.png 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--1536x623.png 1536w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--2048x831.png 2048w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EN_Kamonia_map_sans-logo--1800x730.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/michael-correa/">Michael Correa</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Upcoming</span> </div> <small>19.09.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/gambia/">The Gambia</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Michael Correa is a Gambian citizen accused of having been part of the “Junglers” death squad that allegedly committed human rights abuses on behalf of former President of The Gambia, Yahya Jammeh. The US Department of Justice <a href="https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/correa_indictment_filed_0-1.pdfhttps:/cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/correa_indictment_filed_0-1.pdf">charged</a> Correa with torture and conspiracy to commit torture of at least six people in 2006. <strong>His trial</strong>, which was set start on 16 September 2024 in Denver, <strong>has been postponed to 7 April 2025</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/michael-correa/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Anonymous portrait of a man." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/yuri-harauski/">Yuri Harauski</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Ongoing</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/belarus/">Belarus</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Yuri Harauski is a former member of an elite unit of the troops of the Belarusian Ministry of Internal Affairs (SOBR), created by President Lukashenko in 1998. He stated in the media in 2019 that he had been involved in three enforced disappearances of political opponents in 1999. A complaint was filed against him in 2021 and <strong>his trial took place in September 2023 in Switzerland</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/yuri-harauski/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Anonymous portrait of a man." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item "> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/bai-l/">Bai Lowe</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Ongoing</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/gambia/">The Gambia</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Bai Lowe, a former member of the paramilitary unit known as “Junglers” of former Gambian President Yahya Jammeh, <strong>was sentenced to life imprisonment by a German court in November 2023</strong> for two murders and an attempted murder constituting crimes against humanity. This was the first trial held on the basis of universal jurisdiction for crimes committed in The Gambia during the Jammeh era.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/bai-l/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Anonymous portrait of a man." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/rifaat-al-assad/">Rifaat al-Assad</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Upcoming</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Since December 2013, Rifaat al-Assad has been under investigation for his alleged role in the massacres committed in the Syrian city of Hama in February 1982 by the “Defense brigades”, that he commanded at the time. After issuing an international arrest warrant against him in November 2021, <strong>the OAG indicted him on 11 March 2024 for war crimes and crimes against humanity</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/rifaat-al-assad/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CASES_Rifaat_featured-1.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CASES_Rifaat_featured-1.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CASES_Rifaat_featured-1-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CASES_Rifaat_featured-1-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/ousman-sonko/">Ousman Sonko</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Ongoing</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/gambia/">The Gambia</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Ousman Sonko was Minister of Interior of The Gambia between 2006 and 2016, during the dictatorship of former President Yahya Jammeh. TRIAL International filed a criminal complaint against him in 2017. His trial took place in January and March 2024 before the Swiss Federal Criminal Court. <strong>Ousman Sonko was sentenced to 20 years in prison for crimes against humanity on 15 May 2024</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/ousman-sonko/"> <img width="1024" height="415" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sonko_featured-1024x415.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Portrait of Ousman Sonko, former Minister of Interior of The Gambia" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sonko_featured-1024x415.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sonko_featured-1800x730.png 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/khaled-nezzar/">Khaled Nezzar</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">Closed</span> </div> <small>30.07.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/algeria/">Algeria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <p>Khaled Nezzar, former Algerian Minister of Defence, was arrested in Geneva in October 2011, following a denunciation by TRIAL International. After lengthy proceedings, the Office of the Attorney General filed an indictment for war crimes against him in August 2023. He died in December 2023. <strong>His trial had been scheduled to take place between 17 June and 19 July 2024</strong>.</p>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/khaled-nezzar/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CASES_Nezzar_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CASES_Nezzar_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CASES_Nezzar_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CASES_Nezzar_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item "> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <span class="tag">Case</span> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/ndarumanga/">Ndarumanga</a> </h3> <div><span class="tag tag--ontrial">On trial</span> </div> <small>28.05.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </div> <div class="summary"> <div class="sidebar-update-content"> <p>Munyololo Mbao, alias Ndarumanga, is the former leader of a faction of the Raia Mutomboki armed group in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Following his arrest in November 2021, Ndarumanga’s crimes were the subject of a judicial investigation by the military prosecutor that led to his indictment in August 2022 for crimes against humanity. His appeal trial began on May 23.</p> </div>  </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/case/ndarumanga/"> <img width="1024" height="404" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png" class="attachment-article_small size-article_small wp-post-image" alt="Anonymous portrait of a man." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured.png 1024w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-300x118.png 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CASES_Man_featured-768x303.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container arrows-container"> <a class="arrow-left" href="#latest-carousel" role="button" data-slide="prev"> <i class="slide-prev fa fa-chevron-left"></i> </a> <a class="arrow-right" href="#latest-carousel" role="button" data-slide="next"> <i class="slide-next fa fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="container container-1200 text-uppercase text-xs-center view-all"> <a href="/cases/">View All</a> </div> </div> <form name="txt_download_form" id="txt_download_form" target="_blank" action="https://trialinternational.org/case/roger-lumbala-tshitenga/" method="post"> <input name="filename" type="hidden" value="roger-lumbala-tshitenga" /> <input name="html_content" id="html_content" type="hidden" value="" /> </form> </main><footer id="footer" class="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3 address orange"> <p>TRIAL International<br /> Rue de Lyon 95<br /> 1203 Geneva<br /> Switzerland </p> <p>t: +41 22 321 61 10<br /> e: info@trialinternational.org<br /> trialinternational.org</p> <p>IBAN: CH85 0900 0000 1716 2954 3</p> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-6 subscribe"> <div class="title orange">Stay up to date </div> <div class="text"> <p>Subscribe to our monthly newsletter on TRIAL International’s activities and the latest developments in international justice.</p> </div> <form class="footer-subscribe-form form-inline" method="get" action="/newsletter"> <input type="email" name="subscribe_email" placeholder="Enter your email" class="form-control"> <button type="submit" class="btn text-uppercase">Submit</button> </form> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3 stay-connected text-md-right"> <div class="title orange">Stay connected </div> <div class="social"> <a href="//twitter.com/Trial" target="_blank">Twitter <i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a> </div> <div class="social"> <a href="//linkedin.com/company/trial-international" target="_blank">Linkedin <i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a> </div> <div class="social"> <a href="//facebook.com/trial.org" target="_blank">Facebook <i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a> </div> <div class="social"> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/feed/" target="_blank">RSS Feed <i class="fa fa-rss"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="sea-bed" class="sea-bed container"> <span>©2024 trialinternational.org</span> | <span>All rights reserved</span> | <span><a href="https://trialinternational.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></span> | <span><a href="https://trialinternational.org/statutes/">Statutes</a></span> | <span class="acw"><a target="_blank" href="http://acw.uk.com">Designed and Produced by ACW</a></span> </div> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1{justify-content:center;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/tether-1.3.1/js/tether.min.js?ver=20160422" id="tri-tether-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/bootstrapv4.0.0-alpha.2/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=20160421" id="tri-bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/js/tri-header.js?ver=20160421" id="tri-header-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/js/tri.js?ver=1728284652" id="tri-js-js"></script>  <div id="cookie-notice" role="dialog" class="cookie-notice-hidden cookie-revoke-hidden cn-position-bottom" aria-label="Cookie Notice" style="background-color: rgba(50,50,58,1);"><div class="cookie-notice-container" style="color: #fff"><span id="cn-notice-text" class="cn-text-container">We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best browsing experience on our website. 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