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<li id="toc-Annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Annexation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lin_Qianguang's_description_of_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lin_Qianguang's_description_of_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Lin Qianguang's description of Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lin_Qianguang's_description_of_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_of_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_of_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Administration of Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_of_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settler_expansion_(1684–1795)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settler_expansion_(1684–1795)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Settler expansion (1684–1795)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settler_expansion_(1684–1795)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_expansion_(1796–1874)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_expansion_(1796–1874)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Administrative expansion (1796–1874)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_expansion_(1796–1874)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_in_reaction_to_crises_(1875–1895)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_in_reaction_to_crises_(1875–1895)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Expansion in reaction to crises (1875–1895)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_in_reaction_to_crises_(1875–1895)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rebellions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aboriginal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Aboriginal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zhu_Yigui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zhu_Yigui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Zhu Yigui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zhu_Yigui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lin_Shuangwen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lin_Shuangwen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Lin Shuangwen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lin_Shuangwen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maurice_Benyovszky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maurice_Benyovszky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Maurice Benyovszky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maurice_Benyovszky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opium_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opium_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Opium War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opium_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rover_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rover_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Rover incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rover_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudan_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudan_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Mudan incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudan_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4.1</span> <span>Japanese expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-French_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-French_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Sino-French War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-French_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Qing_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Qing_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>End of Qing rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Qing_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_against_Japanese_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_against_Japanese_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Resistance against Japanese occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_against_Japanese_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="تايوان تحت حكم تشينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تايوان تحت حكم تشينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng_l%C3%A9ng_T%C3%A2i-o%C3%A2n" title="Chheng léng Tâi-oân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng léng Tâi-oân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qingdynastiet" title="Taiwan under Qingdynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Taiwan under Qingdynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiw%C3%A1n_durante_la_dinast%C3%ADa_Qing" title="Taiwán durante la dinastía Qing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taiwán durante la dinastía Qing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="تایوان تحت حکومت چینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تایوان تحت حکومت چینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan_sous_la_tutelle_des_Qing" title="Taïwan sous la tutelle des Qing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taïwan sous la tutelle des Qing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2i-v%C3%A2n_Chh%C3%AEn-chh%C3%A8u_s%E1%B9%B3%CC%80-thoi" title="Thòi-vân Chhîn-chhèu sṳ̀-thoi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thòi-vân Chhîn-chhèu sṳ̀-thoi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A7%8C%EC%B2%AD%EC%B9%98%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0" title="대만청치시기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대만청치시기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_di_bawah_pemerintahan_Dinasti_Qing" title="Taiwan di bawah pemerintahan Dinasti Qing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taiwan di bawah pemerintahan Dinasti Qing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_sotto_il_dominio_della_dinastia_Qing" title="Taiwan sotto il dominio della dinastia Qing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taiwan sotto il dominio della dinastia Qing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0i-u%C4%83ng_Mu%C4%81ng-ch%C4%ADng_S%C3%AC-d%C3%A2i" title="Dài-uăng Muāng-chĭng Sì-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dài-uăng Muāng-chĭng Sì-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" title="清朝統治時代の台湾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="清朝統治時代の台湾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цинский Тайвань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цинский Тайвань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Префектура Тайвань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Префектура Тайвань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_Loan_thu%E1%BB%99c_Thanh" title="Đài Loan thuộc Thanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đài Loan thuộc Thanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B8%85%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="臺灣清治時期 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="臺灣清治時期" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B8%85%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="臺灣清治時期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="臺灣清治時期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q391189#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Taiwan under Qing rule<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname">臺灣清治時期</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Prefecture (1683–1885)<br />Province (1885–1895) of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1683–1895</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag</a> (1889–1895)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Provincial_governor_of_Fujian-Taiwan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Provincial governor of Fujian-Taiwan of"><img alt="Seal of Provincial governor of Fujian-Taiwan of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Seal_of_Provincial_governor_of_Fujian-Taiwan.svg/85px-Seal_of_Provincial_governor_of_Fujian-Taiwan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Seal_of_Provincial_governor_of_Fujian-Taiwan.svg/128px-Seal_of_Provincial_governor_of_Fujian-Taiwan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Seal_of_Provincial_governor_of_Fujian-Taiwan.svg/170px-Seal_of_Provincial_governor_of_Fujian-Taiwan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)#Government_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a> of Provincial governor of Fujian-Taiwan</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%9B%BE1820.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%9B%BE1820.svg/220px-%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%9B%BE1820.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%9B%BE1820.svg/330px-%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%9B%BE1820.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%9B%BE1820.svg/440px-%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%9B%BE1820.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><br />Location of Taiwan Prefecture in Fujian Province, 1820</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Taiwan-fu</a> (1683–1885)<br /><a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Toatun</a> (1885–87) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipeh-fu</a> (1887–95)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Kingdom of Tungning conquered by Qing</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1683</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Prefecture" title="Taiwan Prefecture">Taiwan Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian#Qing_dynasty" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1684</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Taiwan separated from Fujian, converted to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province" title="Taiwan Province">its own province</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1887</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> (TOS); Taiwan ceded to Japan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 1895</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa declared in Taiwan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1895</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1895_Japanese_Conquest_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="1895 Japanese Conquest of Taiwan">Republic of Formosa conquered by Japan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 October 1895</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Ming_Cheng.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ming_Cheng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Ming_Cheng.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ming_Cheng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Ming_Cheng.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ming_Cheng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Simplified_Yellow_Tiger_Flag.svg/20px-Simplified_Yellow_Tiger_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Simplified_Yellow_Tiger_Flag.svg/30px-Simplified_Yellow_Tiger_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Simplified_Yellow_Tiger_Flag.svg/40px-Simplified_Yellow_Tiger_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="859" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Taiwan" title="Category:History of Taiwan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History of <span class="fn org label">Taiwan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1640_Map_of_Formosa-Taiwan_by_Dutch_%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%80%E7%B9%AA%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1640_Map_of_Formosa-Taiwan_by_Dutch_%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%80%E7%B9%AA%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3.jpg/220px-1640_Map_of_Formosa-Taiwan_by_Dutch_%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%80%E7%B9%AA%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1640_Map_of_Formosa-Taiwan_by_Dutch_%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%80%E7%B9%AA%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3.jpg/330px-1640_Map_of_Formosa-Taiwan_by_Dutch_%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%80%E7%B9%AA%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1640_Map_of_Formosa-Taiwan_by_Dutch_%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%80%E7%B9%AA%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3.jpg/440px-1640_Map_of_Formosa-Taiwan_by_Dutch_%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%80%E7%B9%AA%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8168" data-file-height="5640" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history" title="Timeline of Taiwanese history">Chronological</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> to 1624</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1624–1662</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1626–1642</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1662–1683</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qing rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1683–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)">Republic of China rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–present</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan" title="Cultural history of Taiwan">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Taiwan" title="History of education in Taiwan">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Taiwan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan" title="Military history of Taiwan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television_in_Taiwan" title="History of television in Taiwan">Television</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Local</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kaohsiung" title="History of Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taipei" title="History of Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history" title="Timeline of Taiwanese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Taiwan" title="List of rulers of Taiwan">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Taiwan" title="List of archaeological sites in Taiwan">Archaeological sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Taiwan" title="Template:History of Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Taiwan" title="Template talk:History of Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">island of Taiwan</a> from 1683 to 1895. The Qing dynasty sent an army led by general <a href="/wiki/Shi_Lang" title="Shi Lang">Shi Lang</a> and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> loyalist <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> in 1683. Taiwan was then formally annexed in April 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taiwan was governed as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Prefecture" title="Taiwan Prefecture">Taiwan Prefecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fujian_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujian Province">Fujian Province</a> until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province" title="Taiwan Province">Fujian–Taiwan Province</a> in 1887. The Qing dynasty extended its control of Taiwan across the western coast of Taiwan, the western plains, and northeastern Taiwan over the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-twlidu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twlidu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing government did not pursue an active colonization policy and restricted <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> migration to Taiwan for the majority of its rule out of fear of rebellion and conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a>. Han migrants were barred from settling on indigenous land and markers were used to delineate the boundaries of settled areas and mountain dwelling aborigines. Despite Qing restrictions, settlers continued to enter Taiwan and push the boundaries of indigenous territory, resulting in the expansion of Qing borders in Taiwan to encompass all of the western plains and northeastern Taiwan. The lack of state sponsored colonial administration led to frequent rebellions by Han settlers in Taiwan. By the end of Qing rule in 1895, Taiwan's ethnic Han population had increased by over two million with some estimates at over three million, making them the majority demographic on the island. Taiwan was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> in April 1895, following the Qing dynasty's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Dynasty_1820.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/250px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/375px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/500px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The Qing Empire in 1820, with provinces in yellow, military governorates and protectorates in light yellow, tributary states in orange.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation">Annexation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Prefecture" title="Taiwan Prefecture">Taiwan Prefecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1685_Taiwan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1685_Taiwan.svg/220px-1685_Taiwan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1685_Taiwan.svg/330px-1685_Taiwan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1685_Taiwan.svg/440px-1685_Taiwan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Administrative units of Taiwan under the Qing dynasty in 1685<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a> in 1683, the 13-year-old ruler <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Keshuang" title="Zheng Keshuang">Zheng Keshuang</a> surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017179–180_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017179–180-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kangxi Emperor celebrated the defeat of the Ming loyalist regime in Taiwan which had pestered the Qing for decades. He composed two poems in celebration of the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017183–184_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017183–184-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Shi_Lang" title="Shi Lang">Shi Lang</a>, who had led Qing forces against the Zheng in naval battle, was awarded a hereditary title, the "Marquis of Sea-pacification," on 7 October 1683.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017184_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017184-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shi Lang remained in Taiwan for 98 days before returning to Fujian on 29 December 1683. His stay in Taiwan made him feel that annexing Taiwan was of greater importance than expected due to its economic potential. At the conference in Fujian to determine Taiwan's future, some officials from the central government advocated for transporting all of Taiwan's inhabitants to the mainland and abandoning the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017187_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1683, Taiwan was associated with a rumored "Island of Dogs," "Island of Women," etc., which were thought, by Han literati, to lie beyond the seas. Taiwan was officially regarded by Kangxi as "a ball of mud beyond the pale of civilization" and did not appear on any map of the imperial domain until 1683.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeng200434–59_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng200434–59-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their primary concern was the defeat of the rebels which had already been accomplished. One argued that defending Taiwan was impossible and increasing defense expenditures was highly unfavorable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017187_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shi, however, vehemently opposed abandoning Taiwan. <a href="/wiki/Yao_Qisheng" title="Yao Qisheng">Yao Qisheng</a> had also been strongly in favor of annexing Taiwan. On 7 October 1683, Yao stated that though Taiwan had not been part of China, the Zhengs wreaked havoc on the mainland for 20 years after seizing it from the Dutch, and if Taiwan was relinquished then it would once again be occupied by rebels threatening the Chinese coast. Shi argued that to abandon Taiwan would leave it open to other enemies such as criminals, adventurers, and the Dutch. He assured that defending Taiwan would not be cost exorbitant and would only take 10,000 men, while garrisoned forces on the South China coast could be reduced. Shi convinced all the attendees at the Fujian conference, with the exception of the special commissioner from Beijing, Subai, that it was in their best interests to annex Taiwan. On 7 February 1684, Shi sent a memorial to Kangxi with arguments to keep Taiwan, including descriptions of Taiwan's economic products, the cost of relocating Taiwan's inhabitants, and a map of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017187–188_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017187–188-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Qing dynasty, China was conceived as a land <a href="/wiki/Four_Seas" title="Four Seas">bound by mountains, rivers and seas</a>. The idea of an island as a part of China was unfathomable prior to the Qing frontier expansion effort of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeng200434–49,_177–179_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng200434–49,_177–179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have personally traveled through Taiwan and seen firsthand the fertility of its wild lands and the abundance of its natural resources. Both mulberry and field crops can be cultivated; fish and salt spout forth from the sea; the mountains are filled with dense forests of tall trees and thick bamboo; there are sulfur, rattan, sugarcane, deerskins, and all that is needed for daily living. Nothing is lacking .... This is truly a bountifully fertile piece of land and a strategic territory.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Shi_Lang" title="Shi Lang">Shi Lang</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>On 6 March 1684, Kangxi accepted Shi's proposal to set up permanent military establishments in Penghu and Taiwan. The final recommendation for annexing Taiwan was presented on 27 May. It was accepted by Kangxi, who authorized the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Prefecture" title="Taiwan Prefecture">Taiwan Prefecture</a>, a new prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Fujian_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujian Province">Fujian Province</a>, with three counties: Taiwan, Zhuluo, and Fengshan. Yang Wenkui was appointed chief commander of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017189–190_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017189–190-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002146_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002146-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1258px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of Taiwan, Kangxi period, 1684–1722"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96.jpg/1250px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="1250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96.jpg/1875px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96.jpg/2500px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9186" data-file-height="1189" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96.jpg" title="File:臺灣地里圖.jpg"> </a></div>Painting of Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a> period, 1684–1722</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lin_Qianguang's_description_of_Taiwan"><span id="Lin_Qianguang.27s_description_of_Taiwan"></span>Lin Qianguang's description of Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lin Qianguang's description of Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taioldhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Taioldhouse.jpg/220px-Taioldhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Taioldhouse.jpg/330px-Taioldhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Taioldhouse.jpg/440px-Taioldhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Aboriginal house, <i>Illustrations of Taiwan's Savage Villages</i>, 1745</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_aboriginese_deerhunt1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Taiwanese_aboriginese_deerhunt1.png/220px-Taiwanese_aboriginese_deerhunt1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Taiwanese_aboriginese_deerhunt1.png/330px-Taiwanese_aboriginese_deerhunt1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Taiwanese_aboriginese_deerhunt1.png/440px-Taiwanese_aboriginese_deerhunt1.png 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> hunting deer, 1746</figcaption></figure> <p>Lin Qianguang was from <a href="/wiki/Changle,_Fuzhou" title="Changle, Fuzhou">Changle County</a>, Fujian Province. He held office in Taiwan Prefecture from 1687 to 1691 but lived in Taiwan for several years beforehand and wrote an account of it in 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964178–179_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964178–179-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lin, Taiwan was a place of outlaws. Most of the people near the prefectural capital were <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> people and beyond there were mostly barbarians, whom he described as stubborn stupid people without family names or ancestral sacrifices. They did not have a calendar or know their own ages, had no terms for their grandparents, and practiced headhunting. The men and women wore no shoes and covered their body with a shirt and cloth for their lower body. The women wrapped their shins in blue cloth and wore flowers or grasses in their hair. Males from the age of 14 or 15 wore rattan girdles. They used fresh grass to <a href="/wiki/Teeth_blackening" title="Teeth blackening">stain their teeth black</a>. They pierced their ears and tattooed their bodies. Some tattooed their bodies with Western writing (Dutch). They wore metal bracelets on their arms, sometimes as many as ten, used bird wings to adorn their shoulders, and hung seashells on their necks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964180_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964180-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For local officials they had a chief and his deputies, around six or seven persons in a large village and three or four in a small village. They were divided according to their families in the common-house where matters were discussed. The youths slept outside. Some were able to write Western characters (Dutch). They were called <i>jiaoce</i> and handled the accounting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964183_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964183-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Girls were preferred since a boy left the family upon marriage. Lin recounted similar courting rituals as described by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Di" title="Chen Di">Chen Di</a>. A feast was held for fellow villagers upon marriage. Tilling was done by the wife. It was common to have multiple sexual partners even when married and there was no shame in sexual activities around children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964180–181_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964180–181-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They did not have medicine but bathed in the river when ill. They said that Dashi (<a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>) would heal them by putting medicine in the water. They bathed in water even during winter. Upon death, they festooned the door and divided the belongings to the survivors. Some belongings were buried with the corpse beneath the bed. After three days, the body was taken out, liquor forced down its throat, and buried without coffin. If the family moved, the body was exhumed and reburied beneath the house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964181_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their houses were four or five feet high with no partitions between front and back. They were shaped long and narrow like a boat. The beams and posts were painted in various colors. They kept the floor clean of dirt. Behind the house, they planted coconut trees and bamboos in dense groves to avoid the heat. They did not have bedclothes but slept in their garments. There was no kitchen except a cooking pot with a three-legged stand on the ground. They ate gruel around the pot by scooping portions out with a coconut ladle. Rice was rolled up into lumps when eaten. They fermented rice by chewing uncooked rice into paste and then putting it into bamboo tubes. Both rice and clothing were stored in gourds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964181–182_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964181–182-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They rode on ox-drawn carts. They crossed mountain valleys with the help of vines and crossed streams by jumping from rock to rock. Their spears were about five feet long and effective within a distance of a hundred paces. Their bows were made of bamboo and hemp. The arrows were long and sharp but unfeathered. The fields were ploughed when grass appeared in spring and after the harvest day in the fall, they said a year had passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deeper in the mountains, the people "look like monkeys, less than three feet tall."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When spotted, they climbed to the tops of the trees. They had crossbows. Some of them lived in holes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182–183_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182–183-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:63%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of the guihua shufan Paiwan people, Qing dynasty painting, Qianlong period (1735–1796)"><img alt="Depiction of the guihua shufan Paiwan people, Qing dynasty painting, Qianlong period (1735–1796)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/63%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/119px-63%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/63%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/178px-63%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/63%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/238px-63%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of the <i>guihua shufan</i> <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> painting, <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a> period (1735–1796)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:64%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thao people"><img alt="Thao people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/64%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/116px-64%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/64%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/173px-64%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/64%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/231px-64%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E5%B1%B1%E8%B1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thao_people" title="Thao people">Thao people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:65%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsou people"><img alt="Tsou people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/65%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/123px-65%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/65%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/185px-65%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/65%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/247px-65%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E6%AD%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tsou_people" title="Tsou people">Tsou people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:66%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atayal people"><img alt="Atayal people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/66%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/125px-66%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/66%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/188px-66%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/66%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/251px-66%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%85%A7%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%B3%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%83%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atayal people"><img alt="Atayal people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/67%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%B3%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%83%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/123px-67%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%B3%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%83%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/67%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%B3%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%83%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/185px-67%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%B3%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%83%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/67%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%B3%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%83%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/247px-67%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%B3%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%83%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atayal people</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_of_Taiwan">Administration of Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administration of Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1734_Taiwan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1734_Taiwan.svg/220px-1734_Taiwan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1734_Taiwan.svg/330px-1734_Taiwan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1734_Taiwan.svg/440px-1734_Taiwan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Administrative units of Taiwan under the Qing dynasty in 1734<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E6%8E%92%E5%9C%96T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E6%8E%92%E5%9C%96T.jpg/220px-%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E6%8E%92%E5%9C%96T.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E6%8E%92%E5%9C%96T.jpg/330px-%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E6%8E%92%E5%9C%96T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E6%8E%92%E5%9C%96T.jpg/440px-%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E6%8E%92%E5%9C%96T.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2614" data-file-height="3141" /></a><figcaption>Chinese map of Taiwan, 1735</figcaption></figure> <p>The Qing initially forbade mainlanders from moving to Taiwan and sent most of the Fujianese living in Taiwan back to the mainland, after which only 30,229 remained. With 546 inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a>, 8,108 aborigines, and 10,000 troops, the official population of Taiwan Prefecture was only 50,000. The shortage of manpower compelled local officials to solicit migrants from the mainland despite restrictions imposed by the central court. Sometimes even warships transported civilians to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017193_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017193-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1711, illegal migrants from Fujian and Guangdong amounted to tens of thousands yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017194_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1760, restrictions were relaxed and by 1811 there were more than two million Han settlers in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded regulation on the permit system was made in 1712 but it probably existed as early as the formal annexation in 1684. The permit system existed to reduce population pressure on Taiwan. The government believed that Taiwan was unable to support too large a population before it led to conflict. Regulations banned migrants from bringing their families to Taiwan so that settlers would not take root in Taiwan. Another consideration was the migration of unruly people to Taiwan. To prevent undesirables from entering Taiwan, the government recommended only allowing those who had property in mainland China or relatives in Taiwan to enter Taiwan. A regulation to this effect was implemented in 1730 and in 1751 the regulation was reiterated in slightly different terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201951_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201951-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the 18th century, regulations on migration remained largely consistent with minor alterations. Early regulations centered on the good character of permit receivers while later regulations reiterated measures such as patrolling and punishment. The only changes were to the status of migrant families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201951_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201951-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families in particular were barred from entering Taiwan to ensure that migrants would return to their families and ancestral graves. The overwhelmingly male migrants had few prospects in war-weary Fujian and thus married locally, resulting in the idiom "has <a href="/wiki/Names_of_China#Tang" title="Names of China">Tangshan</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> father, no Tangshan mother" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">有唐山公，無唐山媽</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Ū Tn̂g-soaⁿ kong, bô Tn̂g-soaⁿ má</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is a narrative of widespread intermarriage, this is not supported by historical sources, which only report specific cases of intermarriage. The majority of Han men went back to the mainland to seek marriage and the gender imbalance only lasted until the end of the early Qing period. Due to mass migration, within a few decades, the Han population vastly outnumbered the indigenous people so that even if intermarriage did happen it would have been impossible to meet demand. The fact that indigenous tribes survived all the way up until Japanese colonization indicates that the women did not marry with Han men en masse.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marrying aboriginal women was prohibited in 1737 on the grounds that it interfered in aboriginal life and was used by settlers as a means to claim aboriginal land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201954_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201954-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993150–154_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993150–154-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1732, the governor of Guangdong petitioned to allow families to cross to Taiwan, and for the first time migrant families were allowed to legally enter Taiwan for a period between 1732 and 1740. In 1739, opposition to family migrations claimed that vagrants and undesirables were taking advantage of the system. Families were barred again from 1740 to 1746. In 1760, family crossings to Taiwan became legal again for a short period. Starting in 1771, Qing restrictions on cross-strait migration began to relax as they realized that the policies were unenforceable. Even during periods of legal migration, many more individuals chose to hire illegal ferry service rather than to deal with official procedures. After lifting restrictions on family crossings in 1760, only 48 families, or 277 people, requested permits after a year. The vast majority of them were government employee families. In comparison, within a ten-month period in 1758–1759, nearly 60,000 people were arrested for illegal crossings. In 1790, an office was set up to manage civilian travel between Taiwan and the mainland, and the Qing government ceased to actively interfere in cross-strait migration. Policy against secret crossings were briefly revived in 1834 and 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017194_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993150–154_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993150–154-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, all restrictions on entering Taiwan were repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017194_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="background:#CCCC;"> <th>Qing regulations on migration to Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201952,_55,_71_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201952,_55,_71-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017194_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Regulation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1684</td> <td>Permit required to enter Taiwan. Family migration not allowed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1712</td> <td>Permit required to enter Taiwan. Officials ordered not to issue permit irresponsibly; "Good subjects" were allowed to apply for Taiwanese residence. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1729</td> <td>Illegal crossing to be policed and officials punished if negligent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1730</td> <td>Settlers in Taiwan who did not have a family to be expelled and those who had family and property but engaged in unruliness to be punished according to law. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1732</td> <td>Wives and children allowed to accompany migrants to Taiwan. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1734</td> <td>Boat owners/operators to be punished if taking passengers illegally. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1736</td> <td>Illegal crossing to be policed and officials punished if negligent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1737</td> <td>Permit system to be tightened and details of boats to Taiwan and their crews to be recorded. Local officials in Taiwan to record details of local residents. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1740</td> <td>Boat owners/operators taking illegal passengers to be punished at the location of landing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1745</td> <td>Only wives and children may be taken to Taiwan by migrants. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1747</td> <td>Procedures prescribed for taking families to Taiwan, and officials to be punished if permits issued irresponsibly. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1761</td> <td>Permit required to enter Taiwan and the only port of departure was Xiamen. Illegal crossing to be policed. Officials to be punished if negligent and rewarded if diligent. Family reunion migration banned. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1770</td> <td>Illegal crossing to be policed. Official punished if negligent and rewarded if diligent; boat owners and passengers punished for breaches. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1772</td> <td>Punish a range of people if involved in illegal crossing business, including organizers, boat crews and passengers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1784</td> <td>Taiwan settlers allowed to return to their place of origin in mainland China without a permit. They could only depart from Luermen. Other ports strictly policed for arrivals and departures. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1788</td> <td>Open another port in Taiwan to reduce illegal crossings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1789</td> <td>Officials not to extort applicants going to Taiwan so as to reduce illegal crossings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td>Illegal crossing to be policed. Officials punished if negligent and rewarded if diligent. Settlers in Taiwan could apply for residency if they had family and property, otherwise to be expelled to their place of origin. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1801</td> <td>Illegal crossing policed. Officials to be punished if negligent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875</td> <td>Restrictions on migration abolished. </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Taiwan_Couty_1747.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taiwan County (modern Tainan) in 1747"><img alt="Taiwan County (modern Tainan) in 1747" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Map_of_Taiwan_Couty_1747.jpg/180px-Map_of_Taiwan_Couty_1747.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Map_of_Taiwan_Couty_1747.jpg/270px-Map_of_Taiwan_Couty_1747.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Map_of_Taiwan_Couty_1747.jpg/360px-Map_of_Taiwan_Couty_1747.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taiwan County (modern <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>) in 1747</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1807_Taiwan_city_fortifications.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taiwan City (Tainan), 1807"><img alt="Taiwan City (Tainan), 1807" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1807_Taiwan_city_fortifications.jpg/180px-1807_Taiwan_city_fortifications.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1807_Taiwan_city_fortifications.jpg/270px-1807_Taiwan_city_fortifications.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1807_Taiwan_city_fortifications.jpg/360px-1807_Taiwan_city_fortifications.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taiwan City (Tainan), 1807</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1--Forts_Zeelandia_and_Provintia_and_the_City_of_Tainan_MET_DP354272.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taiwan County (Tainan), 19th century"><img alt="Taiwan County (Tainan), 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1--Forts_Zeelandia_and_Provintia_and_the_City_of_Tainan_MET_DP354272.jpg/180px-%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1--Forts_Zeelandia_and_Provintia_and_the_City_of_Tainan_MET_DP354272.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1--Forts_Zeelandia_and_Provintia_and_the_City_of_Tainan_MET_DP354272.jpg/270px-%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1--Forts_Zeelandia_and_Provintia_and_the_City_of_Tainan_MET_DP354272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1--Forts_Zeelandia_and_Provintia_and_the_City_of_Tainan_MET_DP354272.jpg/360px-%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1--Forts_Zeelandia_and_Provintia_and_the_City_of_Tainan_MET_DP354272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3947" data-file-height="3059" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taiwan County (Tainan), 19th century</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Settler_expansion_(1684–1795)"><span id="Settler_expansion_.281684.E2.80.931795.29"></span>Settler expansion (1684–1795)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settler expansion (1684–1795)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8.jpg/220px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8.jpg/330px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8.jpg/440px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Section of a painting depicting daily life of the <a href="/wiki/Taokas_people" title="Taokas people">Taokas people</a>, 1684–1722</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1684_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1684_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9C%96.jpg/220px-1684_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1684_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9C%96.jpg/330px-1684_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1684_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9C%96.jpg/440px-1684_%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Section of <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a> period painting of Taiwan, 1684–1722</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%B1%95-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%B1%95-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96a.jpg/220px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%B1%95-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%B1%95-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96a.jpg/330px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%B1%95-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%B1%95-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96a.jpg/440px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%B1%95-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Painting of northwestern Taiwan, c. 1756–1759</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B1%9B%E5%A1%98%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%9F%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B1%9B%E5%A1%98%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%9F%8E.jpg/220px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B1%9B%E5%A1%98%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%9F%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B1%9B%E5%A1%98%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%9F%8E.jpg/330px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B1%9B%E5%A1%98%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%9F%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B1%9B%E5%A1%98%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%9F%8E.jpg/440px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B1%9B%E5%A1%98%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E5%9F%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4645" data-file-height="3231" /></a><figcaption>Map of Qianzhu City (modern <a href="/wiki/Hsinchu" title="Hsinchu">Hsinchu</a>), 1759</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reigns of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a> (r. 1661–1722), <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng</a> (r. 1722–1735), and <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a> (r. 1735–1796) emperors, the Qing court deliberately restricted the expansion of territory and government administration in Taiwan. The purpose of attacking the Zhengs in Taiwan was to eliminate the enemy Ming remnant regime and the annexation of Taiwan was primarily for security reasons. Taiwan was garrisoned with 8,000 soldiers at key ports and civil administration was kept to a minimum with few changes from the previous Zheng administration. Three prefectures nominally covered the entire western plains – Taiwan, Fengshan, and Zhuluo – but effective administration covered a smaller area. A government permit was required for settlers to go beyond the <a href="/wiki/Dajia_River" title="Dajia River">Dajia River</a> at the mid-point of the western plains. In 1715, the governor-general of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> recommended land reclamation in Taiwan but Kangxi was worried that this would cause instability and conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201946–47_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201946–47-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the reign of Yongzheng, the Qing extended control over the entire western plains, but this was to better control the settlers and maintain security. The quarantine policies were maintained. In 1723, <a href="/wiki/Zhuluo_County" title="Zhuluo County">Zhuluo County</a> was split to form a new county, <a href="/wiki/Changhua_County" title="Changhua County">Changhua</a>, which resided north of the mid-point of the western plains. In 1731, a <a href="/wiki/Tamsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamsui">Tamsui</a> subprefecture was created in the north, effectively extending government control from the southwest to the north. This was not an active colonization policy but a reflection of continued illegal crossings and land reclamation in the north. In 1717, the Zhuluo County magistrate argued that the area was too large to be effectively controlled, leading to disorder and lawlessness, and needed to be divided. The government finally reacted after a major settler rebellion, the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yigui" title="Zhu Yigui">Zhu Yigui</a> uprising, occurred in 1721, and Zhuluo County was created in 1723. Lan Dingyuan, an advisor to Lan Tingzhen, who led forces against the rebellion, advocated for expansion and land reclamation to strengthen government control over the Chinese settlers. He wanted to convert the aborigines to Han culture and turn them into subjects of the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201947–49_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201947–49-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the reign of Qianlong, the administrative structure of Taiwan remained largely unchanged. In 1744, officials recommended letting settlers reclaim land but Qianlong dismissed their recommendations. This started to change after the <a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a> in 1786, after which Qianlong agreed that leaving fertile lands to unproductive aborigines only attracted illegal settlers. He came to believe that Taiwan was the "important coastal frontier territory" and "the important fence line of the five [coastal] provinces."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201949_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201949-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing did little to administer the aborigines and rarely tried to subjugate or impose cultural change upon them. Aborigines were classified into two general categories: acculturated aborigines (<i>shufan</i>) and non-acculturated aborigines (<i>shengfan</i>). <i>Sheng</i> is a word used to describe uncooked food, unworked land, unripened-fruit, unskilled labor or strangers, while <i>shu</i> bears the opposite meaning. To the Qing, <i>shufan</i> were aborigines who paid taxes, performed corvée, and had adopted Han Chinese culture to some degree. When the Qing annexed Taiwan, there were 46 aboriginal villages under government control: 12 in Fengshan and 34 in Zhuluo. These were likely inherited from the Zheng regime. In the Yongzheng period, 108 aboriginal villages submitted as a result of encouragement and enticement from the Taiwan regional commander, Lin Liang. <i>Shengfan</i> who paid taxes but did not perform corvée and did not practice Han Chinese culture were called <i>guihua shengfan</i> (submitted non-acculturated aborigines).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201949–50_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201949–50-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qianlong administration forbade enticing aborigines to submit due to fear of conflict. In the early Qianlong period, there were 299 named aboriginal villages. Records show 93 <i>shufan</i> villages and 61 <i>guihua shengfan</i> villages. The number of <i>shufan</i> villages remained stable throughout the Qianlong period. Two aboriginal affairs sub-prefects were appointed to manage aboriginal affairs in 1766. One was in charge of the north and the other in charge of the south, both focused on the plains aborigines. Boundaries were built to keep the mountain aborigines out of settlement areas. The policy of marking settler boundaries and segregating them from aboriginal territories became official policy in 1722 in response to the Zhu Yigui uprising. Fifty-four stelae were used to mark crucial points along the settler-aboriginal boundary. Han settlers were forbidden from crossing into aboriginal territory but settler encroachment continued, and the boundaries were rebuilt in 1750, 1760, 1784, and 1790. Settlers were forbidden from marrying aborigines as marriage was one way settlers obtained land. While the settlers drove colonization and acculturation, the Qing policy of quarantine dented the impact on aborigines, especially mountain aborigines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="background:#CCCC;"> <th>Taiwan Population Data </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Chinese</th> <th>Aboriginal</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1623</td> <td>1,500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1652</td> <td>25,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008h_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008h-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1654</td> <td></td> <td>100,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201921_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201921-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1661</td> <td>35,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201927_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201927-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1664</td> <td>50,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1683</td> <td>120,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201929_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201929-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1756</td> <td>600,147<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1777</td> <td>839,800<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1782</td> <td>912,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1790</td> <td>950,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201934_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201934-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1811</td> <td>1,944,747<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201957_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201957-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1824</td> <td>1,786,883<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1893</td> <td>2,545,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905</td> <td>2,492,784<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>82,795<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3,039,751<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3,993,408<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5,212,426<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>6,560,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>9,078,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999331_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999331-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>12,628,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>16,150,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>19,258,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>21,300,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td></td> <td>546,700<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201913_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201913-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>23,550,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20195_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20195-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%961.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of Taiwan (note the architectural difference between indigenous and Chinese inhabited areas), Kangxi period, 1684–1722"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%961.jpg/750px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%961.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%961.jpg/1125px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%961.jpg/1500px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="19683" data-file-height="7900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%961.jpg" title="File:臺灣地里圖1.jpg"> </a></div>Painting of Taiwan (note the architectural difference between indigenous and Chinese inhabited areas), <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a> period, 1684–1722</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_expansion_(1796–1874)"><span id="Administrative_expansion_.281796.E2.80.931874.29"></span>Administrative expansion (1796–1874)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administrative expansion (1796–1874)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_changhua_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Old_changhua_city.jpg/220px-Old_changhua_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Old_changhua_city.jpg/330px-Old_changhua_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Old_changhua_city.jpg/440px-Old_changhua_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Changhua_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Changhua City">Changhua City</a> in 1832</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Qing_territory_Taiwan_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Qing_territory_Taiwan_1873.jpg/220px-Map_Qing_territory_Taiwan_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Qing_territory_Taiwan_1873.jpg/330px-Map_Qing_territory_Taiwan_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Qing_territory_Taiwan_1873.jpg/440px-Map_Qing_territory_Taiwan_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Map of Qing governed territory in 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>Qing quarantine policies were maintained in the early 19th century but attitudes towards aboriginal territories started to change. Local officials repeatedly advocated for the colonization of aboriginal territories, especially in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Gamalan</a> and Shuishalian. The Gamalan or Kavalan people were situated in modern <a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Taiwan" title="Yilan County, Taiwan">Yilan County</a> in northeastern Taiwan. It was separated from the western plains and Tamsui (Danshui) by mountains. There were 36 aboriginal villages in the area and the Kavalan people had started paying taxes as early as the Kangxi period (r. 1661–1722), but they were non-acculturated <i>guihua shengfan</i> aborigines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201955–56_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201955–56-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1787, a Chinese settler named Wu Sha tried to reclaim land in Gamalan but was defeated by aborigines. The next year, the Tamsui sub-prefect convinced the Taiwan prefect, Yang Tingli, to support Wu Sha. Yang recommended subjugating the natives and opening Gamalan for settlement to the Fujian governor but the governor refused to act due to fear of conflict. In 1797, a new Tamsui sub-prefect issued permit and financial support for Wu to recruit settlers for land reclamation, which was illegal. Wu's successors were unable to register the reclaimed land on government registers. Local officials supported land reclamation but could not officially recognize it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201956_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201956-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1806 it was reported that a pirate, Cai Qian, was within the vicinity of Gamalan. Taiwan Prefect Yang once again recommended opening up Gamalan, arguing that to abandon it would cause trouble on the frontier. Later another pirate band tried to occupy Gamalan. Yang recommended to the Fuzhou General Saichong'a the establishment of administration and land surveys in Gamalan. Saichong'a initially refused but then changed his mind and sent a memorial to the emperor in 1808 recommending the incorporation of Gamalan. The issue was discussed by the central government officials and for the first time, one official went on record saying that if aboriginal territory was incorporated, not only would it end the pirate threat but the government would stand to profit from the land itself. In 1809, the emperor ordered for Gamalan to be incorporated. The next year an imperial decree for the formal incorporation of Gamalan was issued and a Gamalan sub-prefect was appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201956–57_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201956–57-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Gamalan, debates on Shuishalian resulted in its continued status as a closed-off area. Shuishalian refers to the upstream areas of the <a href="/wiki/Zhuoshui_River" title="Zhuoshui River">Zhuoshui River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadu_River_(Taiwan)" title="Dadu River (Taiwan)">Wu River</a> in central Taiwan. The inner mountain area of Shuishalian was inhabited by 24 aboriginal villages and six of them occupied the flat and fertile basin area. The aboriginals had submitted as early as 1693 but they remained non-acculturated. In 1814, some settlers were able to obtain reclamation permits through fabricating aboriginal land lease requests. In 1816, the government sent troops to evict the settlers and destroy their strongholds. Stelae were erected demarcating the land forbidden to Chinese settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201958_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201958-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1823, the aboriginal affairs sub-prefect for the north, Deng Chuan'an, recommended opening up inner Shuishalian. The Gamalan sub-prefect, Yao Ying, discouraged this, stating that the administrative costs were too high and the aborigines uncooperative. In 1841 the issue was brought up again, but this time it was recommended that all of Taiwan be opened up. The <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a> ordered the Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general to investigate reclaiming land in Taiwan to increase revenue for the maritime defense. The plan was shelved after the cost was deemed too high. In 1846, a new Fujian-Zhejiang governor-general, Liu Yunke, argued that opening up inner Shuishalian would be beneficial. The central government officials were unconvinced. Liu visited Shuishalian and detailed a report on the aborigines and their land with the purpose of encouraging the central court to open up the land for settlement. Still the central court refused to open up the area. In 1848, a Taiwan circuit intendant recommended letting Shuishalian aborigines lease their land to settlers. This suggestion was ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201959–60_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201959–60-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of land reclamation continued to be a topic of discussion and the Tamsui subprefecture gazetteer in 1871 openly called for "opening the mountains and subjugating the aborigines."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201960–61_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201960–61-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="background:#CCCC;"> <th>Registered taxable land area in Qing Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999126_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999126-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th><i>Jia</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1684</td> <td>18,454 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1710</td> <td>30,110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1735</td> <td>50,517 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1762</td> <td>63,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1893–95</td> <td>361,417 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_in_reaction_to_crises_(1875–1895)"><span id="Expansion_in_reaction_to_crises_.281875.E2.80.931895.29"></span>Expansion in reaction to crises (1875–1895)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expansion in reaction to crises (1875–1895)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96.jpg/220px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96.jpg/330px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96.jpg/440px-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%8C%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13206" data-file-height="16381" /></a><figcaption>Chinese map of Taiwan, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> invaded aboriginal territory in southern Taiwan in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Mudan_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudan Incident">Mudan Incident</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a>). For six months Japanese soldiers occupied southern Taiwan and Japan argued that it was not part of the Qing dynasty. The result was the payment of an indemnity by the Qing in return for the Japanese army's withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201961–62_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201961–62-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imperial commissioner for Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Baozhen" title="Shen Baozhen">Shen Baozhen</a>, argued that "the reason that Taiwan is being coveted by [Japan] is that the land is too empty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201962_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201962-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recommended subjugating the aborigines and populating their territory with Chinese settlers. As a result, the administration of Taiwan was expanded and campaigns against the aborigines were launched. A new prefecture, <a href="/wiki/Taipeh_Prefecture" title="Taipeh Prefecture">Taipeh Prefecture</a>, was created. Gamalan subprefecture became Yilan County. Tamsui subprefecture was divided into Tamsui and <a href="/wiki/Hsinchu" title="Hsinchu">Hsinchu</a>. A new county, <a href="/wiki/Hengchun" title="Hengchun">Hengchun</a>, was created in the south. The two sub-prefects responsible for aboriginal affairs were moved to inner Shushalian (Puli) and eastern Taiwan (Beinan), the focal points for colonization. Starting in 1874, mountain roads were built to make the region more accessible and aborigines were brought into formal submission to the Qing. In 1875, the ban on entering Taiwan was lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201962_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201962-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, 21 guidelines on subjugating aborigines and opening the mountains were issued. Agencies for recruiting settlers were established on the coastal mainland and in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. However efforts to promote settlement in Taiwan petered out soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201963–64_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201963–64-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a> broke on in 1883 and the French occupied <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> in northern Taiwan in 1884. The French army withdrew in 1885. Efforts to settle in aboriginal territories were renewed under the governance of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Mingchuan" title="Liu Mingchuan">Liu Mingchuan</a>, the Fujian governor and Taiwan defense commissioner. Administering Taiwan became his sole focus in 1885 and the administration of Fujian was left to the governor-general. Another prefecture, Taiwan Prefecture, was created in the western plains, while the former Taiwan Prefecture was renamed <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>. Three new counties, Taiwan, Yunlin, and Miaoli, were created by dividing the existing administrative units. Eastern Taiwan, the Beinan subprefecture, was governed by a new <a href="/wiki/Taitung_County" title="Taitung County">Taitung</a> Department (eastern Taiwan department). In the subsequent years, the subprefectures of <a href="/wiki/Puli,_Nantou" title="Puli, Nantou">Puli</a>, Keelung, and Nanya were added.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201964–65_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201964–65-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887, Taiwan became its own <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province" title="Taiwan Province">province</a>. For five years, Fujian provided Taiwan with a yearly transition subsidy of 400,000 taels, or 10 percent of Taiwan's annual revenue. During Liu's tenure, Taiwan's capital was shifted from Tainan to modern <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> was built up as a temporary capital and then became the permanent capital in 1893. Liu's efforts to increase revenues sugar, camphor, and imports were mixed due to foreign pressure to reduce levies. Revenues from coal mines and steamship lines became a primary part of Taiwan's annual budget. A cadastral reform survey was undertaken from June 1886 to January 1890 that met with opposition in the south. The receipts from the land tax reform constituted a sizable gain, however they fell short of expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999187–190_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999187–190-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_1892_amer_ency_brit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Asia_1892_amer_ency_brit.jpg/220px-Asia_1892_amer_ency_brit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Asia_1892_amer_ency_brit.jpg/330px-Asia_1892_amer_ency_brit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Asia_1892_amer_ency_brit.jpg/440px-Asia_1892_amer_ency_brit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Map of Asia showing the "Chinese Empire" (1892)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1894_Taiwan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1894_Taiwan.svg/220px-1894_Taiwan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1894_Taiwan.svg/330px-1894_Taiwan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1894_Taiwan.svg/440px-1894_Taiwan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Administrative units of Taiwan under the Qing dynasty by 1894<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Under Liu's governance, a number of technological innovations were introduced to Taiwan, including electric lighting, modern weaponry, a railway, cable and telegraph lines, a local steamship service, and machinery for lumbering, sugar refining, and brick making. A telegraph line from Tainan to Tamsui was constructed in 1886–88 and a railway connecting Keelung, Taipei, and Hsinchu was built. These first efforts were met with mixed results. The telegraph line could only function in bursts of a week due to a difficult overland connection and the railway required an overhaul, serviced small rolling stock, and carried little freight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiwan was not a very attractive place for laborers, most of whom wanted to go to Southeast Asia. Few settlers went to Taiwan and those that did were accosted by aborigines and the harsh climate. Governor Liu was criticized for the high cost and little gain from the colonization activities. Liu resigned in 1891 and the colonization efforts ceased with much of the reclaimed land going to waste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201965_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201965-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Taiwan Pacification and Reclamation Head Office was established with eight pacification and reclamation bureaus. Four bureaus were located in eastern Taiwan, two in Puli (inner Shuishalian), one in the north, and one on the western border of the mountains. By 1887, about 500 aboriginal villages, or roughly 90,000 aborigines had formally submitted to Qing rule. This number increased to 800 villages with 148,479 aborigines over the following years. However the cost of getting them to submit was exorbitant. The Qing offered them materials and paid village chiefs monthly allowances. Not all the aborigines were under effective control and land reclamation in eastern Taiwan occurred at a slow pace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201965_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201965-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1884 to 1891, Liu launched more than 40 military campaigns against the aborigines with 17,500 soldiers. The eastward expansion ended after the defeat of the Mkgogan and Msbtunux due to the fierceness of their resistance. A third of the invasion force was killed or disabled in the conflict, amounting to a costly failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the Qing period, the western plains were fully developed as farmland with about 2.5 million Chinese settlers. The mountainous areas were still largely autonomous under the control of aborigines. Aboriginal land loss under the Qing occurred at a relatively slow pace compared to the following Japanese colonial period due to the absence of state sponsored land deprivation for the majority of Qing rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe20191,_10,_174_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe20191,_10,_174-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 50-year period of Japanese rule that followed, the Taiwanese aborigines lost their right to legal ownership of land and were confined to small reserves one-eighth the size of their ancestral lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe20191_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe20191-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However even had Japan not taken over Taiwan, the plains aborigines were on the way to losing their residual rights to land. By the last years of Qing rule, most of the plains aborigines had been acculturated to Han culture, around 20–30% could speak their mother tongues, and gradually lost their land ownership and rent collection rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019174–175,_166_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019174–175,_166-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Administrative divisions of Taiwan under the Qing dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201963_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201963-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Prefecture</th> <th>County</th> <th>Subprefecture </th></tr> <tr> <td>1684</td> <td>Taiwan</td> <td>Taiwan, Zhuluo, Fengshan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1723</td> <td>Taiwan</td> <td>Taiwan, Zhuluo, Fengshan, Zhanghua</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1727</td> <td>Taiwan</td> <td>Taiwan, Zhuluo, Fengshan, Zhanghua</td> <td>Penghu </td></tr> <tr> <td>1731</td> <td>Taiwan</td> <td>Taiwan, Zhuluo, Fengshan, Zhanghua</td> <td>Penghu, Danshui </td></tr> <tr> <td>1812</td> <td>Taiwan</td> <td>Taiwan, Jiayi, Fengshan, Zhanghua</td> <td>Penghu, Danshui, Gamalan </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875</td> <td>Taiwan, Taibei</td> <td>Taiwan, Fengshan, Zhanghua, Jiayi, Hengchun, Yilan, Xinzhu, Danshui</td> <td>Penghu, Beinan, Pulishe, Lugang, Jilong </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Prefecture" title="Taiwan Prefecture">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipeh_Prefecture" title="Taipeh Prefecture">Taibei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tainan_Prefecture_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Tainan Prefecture (Qing dynasty)">Tainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taitung_Prefecture" title="Taitung Prefecture">Taidong Zhili Region</a></td> <td>Taiwan, Fengshan, Zhanghua, Jiayi, Hengchun, Yilan, Xinzhu, Danshui, Anping, Miaoli, Yunlin</td> <td>Penghu, Pulishe, Jilong, Nanya </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellions">Rebellions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossing_the_ocean_and_triumphant_return.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crossing_the_ocean_and_triumphant_return.jpg/220px-Crossing_the_ocean_and_triumphant_return.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crossing_the_ocean_and_triumphant_return.jpg/330px-Crossing_the_ocean_and_triumphant_return.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crossing_the_ocean_and_triumphant_return.jpg/440px-Crossing_the_ocean_and_triumphant_return.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Qing ships crossing the ocean to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a>, 1787–1788</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquer_of_Douliumen_(Zhuluo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Conquer_of_Douliumen_%28Zhuluo%29.jpg/220px-Conquer_of_Douliumen_%28Zhuluo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Conquer_of_Douliumen_%28Zhuluo%29.jpg/330px-Conquer_of_Douliumen_%28Zhuluo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Conquer_of_Douliumen_%28Zhuluo%29.jpg/440px-Conquer_of_Douliumen_%28Zhuluo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Conquest of Douliumen (<a href="/wiki/Zhuluo_County" title="Zhuluo County">Zhuluo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aboriginal">Aboriginal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aboriginal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1723, aborigines living in Dajiaxi village along the central coastal plain rebelled. Government troops from southern Taiwan were sent to put down this revolt, but in their absence, Han settlers in Fengshan County rose up in revolt under the leadership of Wu Fusheng, a settler from <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1732, five different ethnic groups were in revolt but the rebellion was defeated by the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a> period (1735–1796), the 93 <i>shufan</i> acculturated aborigine villages never rebelled and over 200 non-acculturated aboriginal villages submitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201991_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201991-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, during the 200 years of Qing rule in Taiwan, the plains aborigines rarely rebelled against the government and the mountain aborigines were left to their own devices until the last 20 years of Qing rule. Most of the rebellions, of which there were more than 100 during the Qing period, were caused by Han settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019106_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019106-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_der_Wees_2020_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_der_Wees_2020-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idom, "Every three years an uprising, every five years a rebellion"(三年一反、五年一亂), was used primarily to describe commotions that occurred during the 30-year period between 1820-1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Skoggard_1996_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skoggard_1996-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RebellionTWCulture_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RebellionTWCulture-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zhu_Yigui">Zhu Yigui</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zhu Yigui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yigui" title="Zhu Yigui">Zhu Yigui</a>, also known as the "Duck King",<sup id="cite_ref-rebel_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebel-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a settler from Fujian. He became the owner of a duck farm in Taiwan's Luohanmen (modern <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>). Zhu was known among locals for his generous conduct and persistent fight against immoral conduct. In 1720, there was an upset among merchants, fishermen, and farmers in Taiwan due to increased taxation. They gathered around Zhu, who shared the same surname with the Ming dynasty's royal family, and supported him in mobilizing discontent Chinese into an anti-Qing rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi201982–83_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201982–83-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu was declared the Ming Emperor and efforts were made to imitate Ming style clothing with performance costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-rebel_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebel-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> leader Lin Junying from the south also joined the rebellion. In March 1720, Zhu and Lin attacked the Qing garrison at Taiwan County and defeated them in April. In less than two weeks, the rebels had defeated Qing forces in all of Taiwan. The Hakka troops left Zhu to follow Lin north. The Qing sent a fleet under the command of Shi Shibian (son of <a href="/wiki/Shi_Lang" title="Shi Lang">Shi Lang</a>) with an army of 22,000 troops. A month later, the rebellion was defeated and Zhu was executed in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi201982–83_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201982–83-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lin_Shuangwen">Lin Shuangwen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lin Shuangwen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1787_Capturing_Alive_the_Rebel_Leader_Lin_Shuangwen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1787_Capturing_Alive_the_Rebel_Leader_Lin_Shuangwen.jpg/220px-1787_Capturing_Alive_the_Rebel_Leader_Lin_Shuangwen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1787_Capturing_Alive_the_Rebel_Leader_Lin_Shuangwen.jpg/330px-1787_Capturing_Alive_the_Rebel_Leader_Lin_Shuangwen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1787_Capturing_Alive_the_Rebel_Leader_Lin_Shuangwen.jpg/440px-1787_Capturing_Alive_the_Rebel_Leader_Lin_Shuangwen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10856" data-file-height="6483" /></a><figcaption>The Capture of <a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Shuangwen">Lin Shuangwen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1786, members of the <a href="/wiki/Tiandihui" title="Tiandihui">Tiandihui</a> (Heaven and Earth society) secret society were arrested for failing to make tax payments. The Tiandihui broke into the jail, killed the guards, and rescued their members. When Qing troops were sent into the village and tried to arrest <a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Shuangwen">Lin Shuangwen</a>, the leader of the Tiandihui and a settler from Fujian, led his forces to defeat the Qing troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the rebel army's troops came from new arrivals from mainland China who could not find land to farm. They joined the Tiandihui for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-rebel_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebel-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lin attacked Changhua County, killing 2,000 civilians. In early 1787, 50,000 Qing troops under Li Shiyao from the mainland were sent to put down the rebellion. The two sides fought to a stalemate for six months. Lin tried to enlist the support of the Hakka people but not only did they refuse, they sent their troops to support the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the Tiandihui's ostensibly anti-Qing stance, its members were generally anti-government and were not motivated by ethnic or national interest, resulting in social discord and political chaos. Some civilians aided the Qing against the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-rebel_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebel-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1788, a fresh force of 10,000 Qing troops led by <a href="/wiki/Fuk%27anggan" title="Fuk'anggan">Fuk'anggan</a> and Hailanqa were sent to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi201983_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201983-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They successfully defeated the rebellion shortly after arriving. Lin was executed in Beijing in April 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Zhuluo_County" title="Zhuluo County">Zhuluo County</a> its modern name <i><a href="/wiki/Chiayi_County" title="Chiayi County">Chiayi</a></i> (lit. commendable righteousness) for resisting the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-rebel_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebel-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5c%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B4%A2%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of the shufan Makatao people, Qing dynasty painting, Qianlong period (1735–1796)"><img alt="Depiction of the shufan Makatao people, Qing dynasty painting, Qianlong period (1735–1796)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/5c%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B4%A2%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/120px-5c%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B4%A2%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/5c%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B4%A2%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/180px-5c%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B4%A2%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/5c%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B4%A2%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/240px-5c%E9%B3%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B4%A2%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of the <i>shufan</i> <a href="/wiki/Makatao_people" title="Makatao people">Makatao people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> painting, <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a> period (1735–1796)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5d%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%85%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoanya people"><img alt="Hoanya people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/5d%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%85%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/102px-5d%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%85%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/5d%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%85%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/154px-5d%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%85%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/5d%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%85%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/205px-5d%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%85%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hoanya_people" title="Hoanya people">Hoanya people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5e%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E8%95%AD%E5%A3%A0%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siraya people"><img alt="Siraya people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/5e%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E8%95%AD%E5%A3%A0%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/98px-5e%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E8%95%AD%E5%A3%A0%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/5e%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E8%95%AD%E5%A3%A0%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/147px-5e%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E8%95%AD%E5%A3%A0%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/5e%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E8%95%AD%E5%A3%A0%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/196px-5e%E8%AB%B8%E7%BE%85%E7%B8%A3%E8%95%AD%E5%A3%A0%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Siraya_people" title="Siraya people">Siraya people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5f%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%9A%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papora people"><img alt="Papora people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/5f%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%9A%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/132px-5f%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%9A%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/5f%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%9A%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/197px-5f%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%9A%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/5f%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%9A%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/263px-5f%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%9A%E7%AD%89%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="914" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Papora_people" title="Papora people">Papora people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:60%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E8%A5%BF%E8%9E%BA%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Babuza people"><img alt="Babuza people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/60%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E8%A5%BF%E8%9E%BA%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/122px-60%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E8%A5%BF%E8%9E%BA%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/60%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E8%A5%BF%E8%9E%BA%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/184px-60%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E8%A5%BF%E8%9E%BA%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/60%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E8%A5%BF%E8%9E%BA%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/245px-60%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%B8%A3%E8%A5%BF%E8%9E%BA%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="973" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Babuza_people" title="Babuza people">Babuza people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:61%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%BB%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%96%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taokas people"><img alt="Taokas people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/61%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%BB%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%96%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/126px-61%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%BB%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%96%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/61%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%BB%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%96%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/189px-61%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%BB%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%96%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/61%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%BB%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%96%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg/253px-61%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%BB%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%96%E7%A4%BE%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Taokas_people" title="Taokas people">Taokas people</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasions">Invasions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maurice_Benyovszky">Maurice Benyovszky</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Maurice Benyovszky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benyowsky%27s_Adventure_in_Formosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benyowsky%27s_Adventure_in_Formosa.jpg/220px-Benyowsky%27s_Adventure_in_Formosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benyowsky%27s_Adventure_in_Formosa.jpg/330px-Benyowsky%27s_Adventure_in_Formosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benyowsky%27s_Adventure_in_Formosa.jpg/440px-Benyowsky%27s_Adventure_in_Formosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption><i>An Affair of Retaliation on Formosa</i> – illustration from the <i>Memoirs</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> born <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benyovszky" title="Maurice Benyovszky">Maurice Benyovszky</a> is possibly the first European to land on Taiwan's east coast, but it is uncertain whether the events surrounding his landing actually occurred. According to a 1790 English translation of the <i>Memoirs and Travels of Mauritius Augustus Count de [Benovsky]</i>, an eighteen-person party landed on Taiwan's eastern shores in 1771. They met a few people and asked them for food. They were taken to a village and fed rice, pork, lemons, and oranges. They were offered a few knives. While making their way back to the ship, they were hit by arrows. The party fired back and killed six attackers. Near their ship, they were ambushed again by 60 warriors. They defeated their attackers and captured five of them. Benyovszky wanted to leave but his associates insisted on staying. A larger landing party rowed ashore a day later and were met by 50 unarmed locals. The party headed to the village and slaughtered 200 locals while eleven of the party members were injured. They then left and headed north with the guidance of locals.<sup id="cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benyovszky-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon reaching a "beautiful harbor" they met Don Hieronemo Pacheco, a Spaniard who had been living among the aborigines for seven to eight years. The locals were grateful toward Benyovszky for killing the villagers, who they considered their enemies. Paheco told Benyovszky that the western side of the island was ruled by the Chinese but the rest was independent or inhabited by aborigines. Paheco told Benyovszky that it would take very little to conquer the island and drive out the Chinese. On the third day, Benyovszky was calling the harbor "Port Maurice" after himself. Conflict broke out again as the party was fetching fresh water and three members were killed. The party executed their remaining prisoners and slaughtered a boatful of the enemies. By the end, they had killed 1,156 and captured 60 aborigines. They were visited by a prince named Huapo who believed Benyovszky was prophesied to free them from the "Chinese yoke."<sup id="cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benyovszky-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Benyovszky's arms, Huapo then defeated his Chinese aligned foes. Huapo gifted Benyovszky's crew with gold and other valuables to try to get them to stay but Benyovszky wanted to go so that he could see his wife and son.<sup id="cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benyovszky-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are reasons to suspect this account of events is either exaggerated or fabricated. Benyovszky's exploits have been questioned by several experts over the years. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Inkster" title="Ian Inkster">Ian Inkster</a>'s "Orientat Enlightenment: The Problematic Military Claims of Count Maurice Auguste Conte de Benyowsky in Formosa during 1771" criticizes the Taiwan section specifically. The population of Taiwan given by Benyovszky's account is inconsistent with estimates of that time. The stretch of coast he visited likely only had 6,000 to 10,000 inhabitants but somehow the prince was able to gather 25,000 warriors to fight 12,000 enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benyovszky-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in Father de Mailla's account of Taiwan in 1715, in which he portrayed the Chinese in a very negative manner, and spoke of the entire east being in rebellion against the west, the aborigines were still unable to put up a fighting force of more than 30 or 40 armed with arrows and javelins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInkster201035–36_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInkster201035–36-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huaco was also mentioned to have nearly 100 horsemen and had 68 to spare for the European party's use. Horses were introduced to Taiwan starting in the Dutch period but it is highly unlikely that aborigines of the northeast coast had acquired so many that they could train them for large scale warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benyovszky-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other 18th century accounts, it was mentioned that horses were in such scarce supply that Chinese oxen were used as substitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInkster201036_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInkster201036-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opium_War">Opium War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opium War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1831, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> decided it no longer wanted to trade with the Chinese on their terms and planned more aggressive measures. A Prussian missionary and linguist, Karl F.A. Gutzlaff, was sent to explore Taiwan. He published his experiences in Taiwan in 1833 confirming its rich resources and trade potential. Given the strategic and commercial value of Taiwan, there were British suggestions in 1840 and 1841 to seize the island. William Huttman wrote to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> pointing out "China’s benign rule over Taiwan and the strategic and commercial importance of the island."<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai2014_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that Taiwan could be occupied with only a warship and less than 1,500 troops, and the English would be able to spread Christianity among the natives as well as develop trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon2009_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon2009-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1841, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, the British tried to scale the heights around the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> three times but failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2002197_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2002197-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September, the British transport ship <i>Nerbudda</i> became shipwrecked near Keelung Harbour due to a typhoon. The captain and a handful of English officers escaped safely, however most of the crew including 29 Europeans, 5 Filipinos, and 240 Indian <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascars</a>, were rescued by locals and handed over to Qing officials in <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>, the capital of Taiwan. In October 1841, HMS <i>Nimrod</i> sailed to Keelung to search for the <i>Nerbudda</i> survivors, but after Captain Joseph Pearse found out that they were sent south for imprisonment, he ordered the bombardment of the harbour and destroyed 27 sets of cannon before returning to Hong Kong. The brig <i>Ann</i> also shipwrecked in March 1842 and another 54 survivors were taken.The Taiwan Qing commanders, Dahonga and Yao Ying, filed a disingenuous report to the emperor, claiming to have defended against an attack from the Keelung fort. Most of the survivors—over 130 from the <i>Nerbudda</i> and 54 from the <i>Ann</i>—were <a href="/wiki/Nerbudda_incident" title="Nerbudda incident">executed in Tainan</a> in August 1842. The false report was later discovered and the officials in Taiwan punished. The British wanted them executed but they were only given different postings on the mainland, which the British were not aware of until 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai2014_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rover_incident">Rover incident</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rover incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosa_Expedition_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Formosa_Expedition_1867.jpg/220px-Formosa_Expedition_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Formosa_Expedition_1867.jpg/330px-Formosa_Expedition_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Formosa_Expedition_1867.jpg/440px-Formosa_Expedition_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>American expedition to Taiwan in 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 March 1867, the American barque <i>Rover</i> <a href="/wiki/Rover_incident" title="Rover incident">shipwrecked offshore</a> at the southern tip of Taiwan. The vessel sank but the captain, his wife, and some men escaped on two boats. One boat landed at a small bay near the Bi Mountains inhabited by the Koaluts (Guizaijiao) tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan people</a>. The Koaluts aborigines captured them and mistook the captain's wife for a man. They killed her. The captain, two white men, and the Chinese sailors save for one who managed to escape to <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Takau</a>, were also killed. The <i>Cormorant</i>, a British steamer, tried to help and landed near the shipwreck on 26 March. The aborigines fired muskets and shot arrows at them, forcing them to retreat. The American Asiatic Fleet's Admiral Bell also landed at the Bi Mountains where they got lost, suffered heatstroke, and then <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">was ambushed</a> by the aborigines, losing an officer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay201856_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay201856-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022119_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022119-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le Gendre, the US Consul, blamed the Qing dynasty for the failure and demanded that they send troops to help him negotiate with the aborigines. He also hoped that the Qing would permanently station troops to prevent further killings by the aborigines. On 10 September, Garrison Commander Liu Mingcheng led 500 Qing troops to southern Taiwan with Le Gendre. The remains were recovered. The aboriginal chief, Tanketok (Toketok), explained that a long time ago the white men came and almost exterminated the Koaluts tribe and their ancestors passed down their desire for revenge. They came to an oral agreement that the mountain aborigines would not kill any more castaways, would care for them and hand them over to the Chinese at Langqiao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022119–120_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022119–120-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le Gendre visited the tribe again in February 1869 and signed an agreement with them in English. It was later discovered that Tanketok did not have absolute control over the tribes and some of them paid him no heed. Le Gendre castigated China as a semi-civilized power for not fulfilling the obligation of the law of nations, which is to seize the territory of a "wild race" and to confer upon it the benefits of civilization. Since China failed to prevent the aborigines from killing subjects or citizens of civilized countries, "we see the rights of the Emperor of China over aboriginal Formosa, such as we have said, are not absolute, as long as she remains uncivilized..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022121–122_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022121–122-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Gendre later moved to Japan and worked with the Japanese government as a foreign advisor on their China policy, including the development of the concept of the "East Asian crescent". According to the "East Asian crescent" concept, Japan should control Korea, Taiwan, and Ryukyu to affirm its position in East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022123_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022123-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mudan_incident">Mudan incident</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mudan incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Departure_of_a_Loo_Choo_(Ryukyu)_Junk_with_Tribute_to_Pekin_(Peking,_China)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Departure_of_a_Loo_Choo_%28Ryukyu%29_Junk_with_Tribute_to_Pekin_%28Peking%2C_China%29_2.jpg/220px-Departure_of_a_Loo_Choo_%28Ryukyu%29_Junk_with_Tribute_to_Pekin_%28Peking%2C_China%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Departure_of_a_Loo_Choo_%28Ryukyu%29_Junk_with_Tribute_to_Pekin_%28Peking%2C_China%29_2.jpg/330px-Departure_of_a_Loo_Choo_%28Ryukyu%29_Junk_with_Tribute_to_Pekin_%28Peking%2C_China%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Departure_of_a_Loo_Choo_%28Ryukyu%29_Junk_with_Tribute_to_Pekin_%28Peking%2C_China%29_2.jpg/440px-Departure_of_a_Loo_Choo_%28Ryukyu%29_Junk_with_Tribute_to_Pekin_%28Peking%2C_China%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Departure of a <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyuan Kingdom">Ryukyuan</a> ship bearing tribute to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1831</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1871, a <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuan</a> vessel shipwrecked on the southeastern tip of Taiwan and 54 sailors were killed by aborigines. Four tribute ships were returning to the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> when they were blown off course on 12 December. Two ships were pushed towards Taiwan. One of them landed on Taiwan's western coast and made it back home with the help of Qing officials. The other one crashed into the eastern coast of southern Taiwan near Bayao Bay. There were 69 passengers and 66 managed to make it to shore. They met two Chinese men who told them not to travel inland where the dangerous <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan people</a> were.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay201850_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay201850-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the survivors, the Chinese robbed them and they decided to part ways. On 18 December they headed westward and encountered aboriginal men, presumably Paiwanese. They followed the Paiwanese to a small settlement, Kuskus, where they were given food and water. According to Kuskus local Valjeluk Mavalu, the water was a symbol of protection and friendship. The deposition claims they were robbed by their Kuskus hosts during the night. In the morning they were ordered to stay put while hunters left to search for game to provide a feast. Alarmed by the armed men and rumors of head hunting, the Ryukyuans departed while the hunting party was away. They found shelter in the home of a 73 year old <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> trading-post serviceman, Deng Tianbao. The Paiwanese men found the Ryukyuans and dragged them out, slaughtering them, while others died in a fight or were caught trying to escape. Nine Ryukyuans hid in Deng's home. They moved to another Hakka settlement Poliac (Baoli) where they found refuge with Deng's son-in-law, Yang Youwang. Yang arranged for the ransom of three men and sheltered the survivors for 40 days before sending them to Taiwan Prefecture (modern Tainan). The Ryukuans headed home in July 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay201851–52_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay201851–52-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is uncertain what caused the Paiwanese to murder the Ryukyuans. Some say the Ryukyuans did not understand Paiwanese guest etiquette, they ate and ran, or that their captors could not find ransom and therefore killed them. According to Lianes Punanang, a Mudan local, 66 men who could not understand the local languages entered Kuskus and began taking food and drink, disregarding village boundaries. Efforts to aid the strangers with food and drink strained Kuskus resources. They were finally killed for their misdeeds. The shipwreck and murder of the sailors came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident_(1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudan incident (1871)">Mudan incident</a> although it did not take place in Mudan (J. Botan), but at Kuskus (Gaoshifo).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay201852_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay201852-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mudan incident did not immediately cause any concern in Japan. A few officials knew of it by mid-1872 but it was not until April 1874 that it became an international concern. The repatriation procedure in 1872 was by the books and had been a regular affair for several centuries. From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Qing had settled 401 Ryukyuan shipwreck incidents both on the coast of mainland China and Taiwan. The <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a> did not ask Japanese officials for help regarding the shipwreck. Instead its king, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Tai" title="Shō Tai">Shō Tai</a>, sent a reward to Chinese officials in Fuzhou for the return of the 12 survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay201853–54_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay201853–54-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Japanese_expedition">Japanese expedition</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japanese expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_of_the_Japanese_expedition_in_Taiwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soldiers_of_the_Japanese_expedition_in_Taiwan.jpg/220px-Soldiers_of_the_Japanese_expedition_in_Taiwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soldiers_of_the_Japanese_expedition_in_Taiwan.jpg/330px-Soldiers_of_the_Japanese_expedition_in_Taiwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soldiers_of_the_Japanese_expedition_in_Taiwan.jpg/440px-Soldiers_of_the_Japanese_expedition_in_Taiwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Saigō with leaders of the Seqalu tribe in Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaiwanShuppei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TaiwanShuppei.jpg/220px-TaiwanShuppei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TaiwanShuppei.jpg/330px-TaiwanShuppei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TaiwanShuppei.jpg/440px-TaiwanShuppei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Japanese woodblock print of the expedition forces attacking the Mudan tribe, 1874</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 August 1872, <a href="/wiki/Sukenori_Kabayama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukenori Kabayama">Sukenori Kabayama</a>, a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, urged the Japanese government to invade Taiwan's tribal areas. In September, Japan <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">dethroned the king</a> of Ryukyu. On 9 October, Kabayama was ordered to conduct a survey in Taiwan. In 1873, Tanemomi Soejima was sent to communicate to the Qing court that if it did not extend its rule to the entirety of Taiwan, punish murderers, pay victims' families' compensation, and refused to talk about the matter, Japan would take care of the matter. The Foreign Minister Sakimitsu Yanagihara believed that the perpetrators of the Mudan incident were "all Taiwan savages beyond Chinese education and law."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022124–126_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022124–126-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan justified sending an expedition to Taiwan through linguistic interpretation of "化外之民" to mean not part of China. Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a> rejected the claim that the murder of Ryukyuans had anything to do with Japan once he learned of Japan's aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022127–128_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022127–128-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after communications between the Qing and Yanagihara, the Japanese took their explanation to mean that the Qing government had not opposed Japan's claims to sovereignty over the Ryukyu Islands, disclaimed any jurisdiction over Aboriginal Taiwanese, and had indeed consented to Japan's expedition to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeung1983270_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1983270-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eyes of Japan and the foreign advisor Le Gendre, the aborigines were "savages" who had no sovereign or international status, and therefore their territory was "terra nullius", free to be seized for Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019185–186_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019185–186-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing argued that like in many other countries, the administration of the government did not stretch to every part of a country, similar to the Indian territories in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> or aboriginal territories in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, a view Le Gendre also took before his employment by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019187_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019187-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan had already sent a student, Kurooka Yunojo, to conduct surveys in Taiwan in April 1873. Kabayama reached Tamsui on 23 August disguised as a merchant and surveyed eastern Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022127–128_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022127–128-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 March 1874, the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Expedition_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Expedition of 1874">Taiwan Expedition</a> prepared for its mission. The magistrate of the Taiwan Circuit learned of the impending Japanese invasion from a Hong Kong newspaper quoting a Japanese news item and reported it to Fujian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022129_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022129-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qing officials were taken by complete surprise due to the seemingly cordial relations with Japan at the time. On 17 May, <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_J%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Saigō Jūdō">Saigō Jūdō</a> led the main force, 3,600 strong, aboard four warships in Nagasaki headed to Tainan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022132_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022132-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 June, the Japanese emperor issued a certificate condemning the Taiwan "savages" for killing our "nationals", the Ryukyuans killed in southeastern Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022130_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022130-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 May 1874, Kusei Fukushima delivered a note to Fujian-Zhejiang Governor Li Henian announcing that they were heading to savage territory to punish the culprits. On 7 May, a Chinese translator, Zhan Hansheng, was sent ashore to establish peaceful relations with tribes other than the Mudan and Kuskus. Afterwards American foreign officers and Fukushima landed at Checheng and Xinjie. They tried to use Baxian Bay at Qinggangpu as their barracks but heavy rain flooded the site a few days later so the Japanese moved to the southern end of Langqiao Bay on 11 May. They learned that Tanketok had died and invited the Shemali tribe for talks. Japanese scouts fanned out and were met by attacks by aborigines. On 21 May, a 12-member scout party was ambushed and two were wounded. The Japanese camp sent 250 reinforcements and searched the villages. The next day, Samata Sakuma encountered Mudan fighters, around 70 strong, occupying a commanding height. A twenty-men party climbed the cliffs and shot at the Mudan people, forcing them to flee. The Mudan lost 16 men including their tribal leader, Agulu. The Japanese lost seven with 30 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022134–137_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022134–137-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese army split into three forces and headed in different directions, the south, north, and central routes. The south route army was ambushed by the Kuskus tribe and lost three soldiers. A counterattack defeated the Kuskus fighter and the Japanese burnt their villages. The central route was attacked by Mudan and two or three soldiers were wounded. The Japanese burnt their villages. The north route attacked the Nünai village. On 3 June, they burnt all the villages that had been occupied. On 1 July, the new leader of the Mudan tribe and the chief of Kuskus admitted defeat and promised not to harm shipwrecked castaways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022137–138_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022137–138-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surrendered aborigines were given Japanese flags to fly over their villages. They were viewed as a symbol of peace with Japan and protection from rival tribes by the aborigines. To the Japanese, it was a symbol of jurisdiction over the aborigines.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese forces arrived on 17 June and a report by Fujian Administration Commissioner reported that all 56 representatives of the tribes except for Mudan, Zhongshe and Linai, who were not present due to fleeing from the Japanese, complained about Japanese bullying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022138_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022138-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Chinese representative, Pan Wei, met with Saigō four times between 22 and 26 June but nothing came of it. The Japanese settled in and established large camps with no intention of withdrawing, but in August and September 600 soldiers fell ill. They started dying 15 a day. The death toll rose to 561. Toshimichi Okubo arrived in Beijing on 10 September and seven negotiating sessions occurred over a month long period. The Western Powers pressured China not to cause bloodshed with Japan as it would negatively impact the coastal trade. The resulting Peking Agreement was signed on 30 October. Japan gained the recognition of Ryukyu as its vassal and an indemnity payment of 500,000 taels. Japanese troops withdrew from Taiwan on 3 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022141–143_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022141–143-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sino-French_War">Sino-French War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sino-French War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evacuation_of_Keelung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Evacuation_of_Keelung.jpg/220px-Evacuation_of_Keelung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Evacuation_of_Keelung.jpg/330px-Evacuation_of_Keelung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Evacuation_of_Keelung.jpg/440px-Evacuation_of_Keelung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>Evacuation of <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> by the French forces, image created 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a>, the French invaded Taiwan during the <a href="/wiki/Keelung_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Keelung Campaign">Keelung Campaign</a> in 1884. The Chinese had already been aware of French plans to attack Taiwan and sent <a href="/wiki/Liu_Mingchuan" title="Liu Mingchuan">Liu Mingchuan</a>, the governor of Fujian, to strengthen Taiwan's defenses on 16 July. On 5 August 1884, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Lesp%C3%A8s" title="Sébastien Lespès">Sébastien Lespès</a> bombarded <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a>'s harbor and destroyed the gun placements. The next day, the French attempted to take Keelung but failed to defeat the larger Chinese force led by Liu Mingchuan and were forced to withdraw to their ships. On 1 October, <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Courbet" title="Amédée Courbet">Amédée Courbet</a> landed with 2,250 French forces and defeated a smaller Chinese force, though equipped with <a href="/wiki/Krupp_gun" title="Krupp gun">Krupp guns</a>, capturing Keelung. French efforts to capture <a href="/wiki/Tamsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamsui">Tamsui</a> failed. The port of Tamsui had been filled with debris by the Chinese and the French were unable to sustain a landing. The French shelled Tamsui, destroying not only the forts but also foreign buildings. Some 800 French troops landed on Shalin beach near Tamsui but they were repelled by Chinese forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2007142–145_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2007142–145-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French imposed a blockade on Taiwan from 23 October 1884 until April 1885 but the execution was not completely effective. Foreign vessels were barred from docking in blockaded harbors. Some believed that the blockade was almost directed at the British. The French did not have enough ships to impose a complete blockade on Taiwan and only concentrated on the major ports, leaving smaller Chinese vessels to enter lesser ports with troops and supplies. The first Chinese relief effort, a fleet of five ships, was repelled by the French with two ships sunk. On 21 December 1884, five battalions in southern China were ordered to reinforce Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2007146–49_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2007146–49-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French ships around mainland China's coast attacked any junk they could find and captured its occupants to be shipped to Keelung for constructing defensive works. However the blockade failed to stop Chinese junks from reaching Taiwan. For every junk the French captured, another five junks arrived with supplies at Takau and Anping. The immediate effect of the blockade was a sharp decline in legal trade and income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2007149–151,_154_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2007149–151,_154-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late January 1885, Chinese forces suffered a serious defeat around Keelung. Although the French captured Keelung they were unable to move beyond its perimeters. In March the French tried to take Tamsui again and failed. At sea, the French bombarded <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> on 28 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2007149–151_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2007149–151-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penghu surrendered on 31 March but many of the French soon grew ill and 1,100 soldiers and later 600 more were debilitated. The French commander died from illness in Penghu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2007161–162_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2007161–162-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An agreement was reached on 15 April 1885 and an end to hostilities was announced. The French evacuation from Keelung was completed on 21 June 1885 and Penghu remained under Chinese control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2007162_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2007162-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Qing_rule">End of Qing rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: End of Qing rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quan_Tai_qian_hou_shan_yu_tu_LOC_gm71005160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Quan_Tai_qian_hou_shan_yu_tu_LOC_gm71005160.jpg/220px-Quan_Tai_qian_hou_shan_yu_tu_LOC_gm71005160.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Quan_Tai_qian_hou_shan_yu_tu_LOC_gm71005160.jpg/330px-Quan_Tai_qian_hou_shan_yu_tu_LOC_gm71005160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Quan_Tai_qian_hou_shan_yu_tu_LOC_gm71005160.jpg/440px-Quan_Tai_qian_hou_shan_yu_tu_LOC_gm71005160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14829" data-file-height="9484" /></a><figcaption>Chinese map of Taiwan, 1878</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of Qing rule in 1895, Taiwan's population consisted of nearly three million Han Chinese, 98% of which were <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo</a> (82%) and <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a> (16%).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous population by 1895 was estimated at around 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903563_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903563-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the settlement for losing the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing empire ceded the islands of Taiwan and <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> to Japan on April 17, 1895, according to the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a>. The loss of Taiwan would become a rallying point for the Chinese nationalist movement in the years that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1998514_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1998514-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pro-Qing officials and elements of the local gentry declared an independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a> in 1895 and attempted to forestall Japanese annexation by appealing to Western intervention, especially France and Britain, but failed to win international recognition. The Japanese spent the next twenty years fighting rebellions in Taiwan while encouraging Japanese colonists to settle there. However, due to lack of infrastructure and fear of disease such as leprosy and malaria, few moved to Taiwan in the early years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuda2019103–104_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuda2019103–104-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 200,000 and 300,000 people fled Taiwan during the Japanese invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang200695_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang200695-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese residents in Taiwan were given the option of selling their property and leaving by May 1897, or become Japanese citizens. From 1895 to 1897, an estimated 6,400 people sold their property and left Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999208_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999208-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks2000110_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2000110-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_against_Japanese_occupation">Resistance against Japanese occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Resistance against Japanese occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the government deliberated on assimilation policies in Tokyo, the colonial authorities encountered violent opposition in much of Taiwan. Five months of sustained warfare occurred after the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">invasion of Taiwan</a> in 1895 and partisan attacks continued until 1902. For the first two years the colonial authority relied mainly on military force and local pacification efforts. Disorder and panic were prevalent in Taiwan after Penghu was seized by Japan in March 1895. On 20 May, Qing officials were ordered to leave their posts. General mayhem and destruction ensued in the following months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999205–206_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999205–206-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese forces landed on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> on 29 May and <a href="/wiki/Tamsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamsui">Tamsui</a>'s harbor was bombarded. Remnant Qing units and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> irregulars briefly fought against Japanese forces in the north. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> on 7 June, local militia and partisan bands <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Resistance_to_the_Japanese_Invasion_(1895)" title="Taiwanese Resistance to the Japanese Invasion (1895)">continued the resistance</a>. In the south, a small <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_Army" title="Black Flag Army">Black Flag</a> force led by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongfu" title="Liu Yongfu">Liu Yongfu</a> delayed Japanese landings. Governor <a href="/wiki/Tang_Jingsong" title="Tang Jingsong">Tang Jingsong</a> attempted to carry out anti-Japanese resistance efforts as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a>, however he still professed to be a Qing loyalist. The declaration of a republic was, according to Tang, to delay the Japanese so that Western powers such as Great Britain or France might be compelled to defend Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999205–206_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999205–206-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan quickly turned to chaos as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> took to looting and pillaging Taiwan. Given the choice between chaos at the hands of bandits or submission to the Japanese, Taipei's gentry elite sent <a href="/wiki/Koo_Hsien-jung" title="Koo Hsien-jung">Koo Hsien-jung</a> to Keelung to invite the advancing Japanese forces to proceed to Taipei and restore order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20024–18_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20024–18-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic, established on 25 May, disappeared 12 days later when its leaders left for the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999205–206_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999205–206-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu Yongfu formed a temporary government in <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> but escaped to the mainland as well as Japanese forces closed in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999207_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999207-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1895 to 1897, an estimated 6,400 people, mostly gentry elites, left Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999208_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999208-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Tainan's surrender, Kabayama declared Taiwan pacified, however his proclamation was premature. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changhsing" title="Battle of Changhsing">Armed resistance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> villagers broke out in the south. A series of prolonged partisan attacks, led by "local bandits" or "rebels", lasted throughout the next seven years. After 1897, uprisings by Chinese nationalists were commonplace. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luo_Fuxing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luo Fuxing (page does not exist)">Luo Fuxing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%A6%8F%E6%98%9F" class="extiw" title="zh:羅福星">zh</a>]</span>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> organization preceding the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, was arrested and executed along with two hundred of his comrades in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1998515_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1998515-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese reprisals were often more brutal than the guerilla attacks staged by the rebels. In June 1896, 6,000 Taiwanese were slaughtered in the Yunlin Massacre. From 1898 to 1902, some 12,000 "bandit-rebels" were killed in addition to the 6,000–14,000 killed in the initial resistance war of 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999207_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999207-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200356_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200356-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conflict, 5,300 Japanese were killed or wounded, and 27,000 were hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999207–208_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999207–208-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rebellions were often caused by a combination of unequal colonial policies on local elites and extant <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> beliefs of the local Taiwanese and plains Aborigines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2005_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2005-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideologies of resistance drew on different ideals such as <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō democracy">Taishō democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>, and nascent Taiwanese self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1998514_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1998514-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major armed resistance was largely crushed by 1902 but minor rebellions started occurring again in 1907, such as the <a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a> by Hakka and <a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_people" title="Saisiyat people">Saisiyat people</a> in 1907, Luo Fuxing in 1913 and the <a href="/wiki/Tapani_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapani Incident">Tapani Incident</a> of 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2005_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2005-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beipu uprising occurred on 14 November 1907 when a group of Hakka insurgents killed 57 Japanese officers and members of their family. In the following reprisal, 100 Hakka men and boys were killed in the village of Neidaping.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luo Fuxing was an overseas Taiwanese Hakka involved with the Tongmenghui. He planned to organize a rebellion against the Japanese with 500 fighters, resulting in the execution of more than 1,000 Taiwanese by Japanese police. Luo was killed on 3 March 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang200356_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang200356-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, Yu Qingfang organized a religious group that openly challenged Japanese authority. In what is known as the Tapani incident, 1,413 members of Yu's religious group were captured. Yu and 200 of his followers were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsai2009134_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsai2009134-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_governors">List of governors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Gate_of_Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/West_Gate_of_Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall.JPG/220px-West_Gate_of_Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/West_Gate_of_Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall.JPG/330px-West_Gate_of_Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/West_Gate_of_Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall.JPG/440px-West_Gate_of_Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty Taiwan Provincial Administration Hall">Taiwan Provincial Administration Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Formosa" title="Governor of Formosa">Governor of Formosa</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Governors</a> of Fujian-Taiwan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">福建臺灣巡撫</span></span>)</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Portrait</th> <th width="200">Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth–Death)</span></th> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Previous post</th> <th colspan="2" width="250">Term of office<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>)</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">Emperor of the Qing dynasty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="FEDE00"><b>1</b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liutaiwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Liutaiwan.jpg/100px-Liutaiwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Liutaiwan.jpg/150px-Liutaiwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Liutaiwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="257" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Liu_Mingchuan" title="Liu Mingchuan">Liu Mingchuan</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:120%"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉銘傳</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Liú Míngchuán (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>)<br />Lâu Bêng-thoân (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a>)<br />Liù Mèn-chhòn (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a>)<br />(1836–1896)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> </td> <td>Governor of Fujian</td> <td>12 October 1885<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu</a> 11-9-5</span></td> <td>4 June 1891<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Guangxu 17-4-28</span> </td> <td rowspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Imperial_Portrait_of_Emperor_Guangxu2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Imperial_Portrait_of_Emperor_Guangxu2.jpg/100px-The_Imperial_Portrait_of_Emperor_Guangxu2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Imperial_Portrait_of_Emperor_Guangxu2.jpg/150px-The_Imperial_Portrait_of_Emperor_Guangxu2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Imperial_Portrait_of_Emperor_Guangxu2.jpg/200px-The_Imperial_Portrait_of_Emperor_Guangxu2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="2103" /></a></span> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="FEDE00"><i>acting</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b>Shen Yingkui</b><br /><span style="font-size:120%"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">沈應奎</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Shěn Yìngkuí (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>)<br />Sím Èng-khe (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a>)<br />Sṳ́m En-khùi (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a>)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinghu" title="Pinghu">Pinghu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></td> <td>Civil Affairs Minister, Fujian-Taiwan Province</td> <td>4 June 1891<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Guangxu 17-4-28</span></td> <td>25 November 1891<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Guangxu 17-10-24</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="FEDE00"><b>2</b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b>Shao Youlian</b><br /><span style="font-size:120%"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">邵友濂</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Shào Yǒulián (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>)<br />Siō Iú-liâm (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a>)<br />Seu Yû-liàm (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a>)<br />(1840–1901)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuyao" title="Yuyao">Yuyao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></td> <td>Governor of Hunan</td> <td>9 May 1891<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Guangxu 17-4-2</span></td> <td>13 October 1894<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Guangxu 20-9-15</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="FEDE00"><b>3</b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Jingsong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tang_Jingsong.jpg/100px-Tang_Jingsong.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tang_Jingsong.jpg/150px-Tang_Jingsong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Tang_Jingsong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="322" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_Jingsong" title="Tang Jingsong">Tang Jingsong</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:120%"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">唐景崧</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Táng Jǐngsōng (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>)<br />Tn̂g Kéng-siông (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a>)<br />Thòng Kín-chhiùng (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a>)<br />(1841–1903)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guanyang_County" title="Guanyang County">Guanyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></td> <td>Civil Affairs Minister, Fujian-Taiwan Province</td> <td>13 October 1894<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Guangxu 20-9-15</span></td> <td>20 May 1895<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Guangxu 21-4-26</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Han Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty_Taiwan_Provincial_Administration_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty Taiwan Provincial Administration Hall">Qing Dynasty Taiwan Provincial Administration Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines#Qing_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines: Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Chao-chuen_incident" title="Tai Chao-chuen incident">Tai Chao-chuen incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History of Taiwan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tangshan means "Chinese".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/09/23/2003700980">"Taiwan in Time: The admiral's secret plan – Taipei Times"</a>. 23 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809112916/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/09/23/2003700980">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+in+Time%3A+The+admiral%27s+secret+plan+%E2%80%93+Taipei+Times&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2018%2F09%2F23%2F2003700980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twlidu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twlidu_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">臺灣歷史地圖增訂版</bdi> [<i>Taiwan Historical Maps, Expanded and Revised Edition</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Taiwan_History" title="National Museum of Taiwan History">National Museum of Taiwan History</a>. February 2018. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-05-5274-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-05-5274-4"><bdi>978-986-05-5274-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96+%E5%A2%9E%E8%A8%82%E7%89%88&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Taiwan+History&rft.date=2018-02&rft.isbn=978-986-05-5274-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thcts.ascc.net/themes/rc03-1.php">"清代臺灣行政區劃沿革"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007084850/http://thcts.ascc.net/themes/rc03-1.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthcts.ascc.net%2Fthemes%2Frc03-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017179–180-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017179–180_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2017">Wong 2017</a>, p. 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017183–184-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017183–184_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2017">Wong 2017</a>, p. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017184-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017184_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2017">Wong 2017</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017187-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017187_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017187_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2017">Wong 2017</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng200434–59-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeng200434–59_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeng2004">Teng (2004)</a>, pp. 34–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017187–188-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017187–188_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2017">Wong 2017</a>, p. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng200434–49,_177–179-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeng200434–49,_177–179_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeng2004">Teng (2004)</a>, pp. 34–49, 177–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017189–190-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017189–190_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2017">Wong 2017</a>, p. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002146-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002146_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett2002">Twitchett 2002</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964178–179-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964178–179_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964180-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964180_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964183-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964183_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964180–181-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964180–181_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964181-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964181_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964181–182-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964181–182_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182–183-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1964182–183_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thcts.ascc.net/themes/rc03-3.php">"清代臺灣行政區劃沿革"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810145728/http://thcts.ascc.net/themes/rc03-3.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthcts.ascc.net%2Fthemes%2Frc03-3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017193-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017193_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2017">Wong 2017</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2017194-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017194_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017194_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017194_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2017194_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2017">Wong 2017</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffordShepherd1994" class="citation journal cs1">Stafford, Charles; Shepherd, John Robert (September 1994). "Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier 1600–1800". <i>Man</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2804394">10.2307/2804394</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1496">0025-1496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2804394">2804394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Statecraft+and+Political+Economy+on+the+Taiwan+Frontier+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=750&rft.date=1994-09&rft.issn=0025-1496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2804394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2804394&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+John+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1903">Davidson (1903)</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201951-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201951_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201951_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script">"Entry #60161". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/result_detail.jsp?n_no=60161&curpage=0&sample=0&radiobutton=0&querytarget=0&limit=0&pagenum=0&rowcount=0"><bdi lang="zh">臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典</bdi></a> [<i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Frequently-Used_Taiwan_Minnan" title="Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan">Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan</a></i>]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Ministry of Education, R.O.C.</a> 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entry+%2360161&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E8%A9%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&rft.series=%28in+Chinese+and+Hokkien%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+R.O.C.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwblg.dict.edu.tw%2Fholodict_new%2Fresult_detail.jsp%3Fn_no%3D60161%26curpage%3D0%26sample%3D0%26radiobutton%3D0%26querytarget%3D0%26limit%3D0%26pagenum%3D0%26rowcount%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTai2007" class="citation book cs1">Tai, Pao-tsun (2007). <i>The Concise History of Taiwan</i> (Chinese-English bilingual ed.). Nantou City: Taiwan Historica. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789860109504" title="Special:BookSources/9789860109504"><bdi>9789860109504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+History+of+Taiwan&rft.place=Nantou+City&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=Chinese-English+bilingual&rft.pub=Taiwan+Historica&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789860109504&rft.aulast=Tai&rft.aufirst=Pao-tsun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sociology.ntpu.edu.tw/uploadFiles/file/20160307/20160307145335_70583.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305170006/https://sociology.ntpu.edu.tw/uploadFiles/file/20160307/20160307145335_70583.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsociology.ntpu.edu.tw%2FuploadFiles%2Ffile%2F20160307%2F20160307145335_70583.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201954-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201954_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993150–154-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993150–154_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993150–154_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd 1993</a>, p. 150–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 50–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201952,_55,_71-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201952,_55,_71_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 52, 55, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201946–47-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201946–47_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201947–49-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201947–49_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201949-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201949_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201949–50-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201949–50_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2008f">Andrade 2008f</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008h-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008h_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2008h">Andrade 2008h</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201921-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201921_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201927-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201927_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein199910_43-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201929-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201929_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999136_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201934-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201934_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201957-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201957_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999331-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999331_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201913-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201913_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20195-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20195_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2019">Li 2019</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201955–56-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201955–56_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201956-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201956_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201956–57-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201956–57_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201958-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201958_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201959–60-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201959–60_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201960–61-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201960–61_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999126-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999126_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <i>jia</i> is equal to 0.97 hectares</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201961–62-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201961–62_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiu1979" class="citation book cs1">Chiu, Hungdah (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinataiwanissue0000unse"><i>China and the Taiwan Issue</i></a></span>. London: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-048911-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-048911-3"><bdi>0-03-048911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Taiwan+Issue&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-03-048911-3&rft.aulast=Chiu&rft.aufirst=Hungdah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinataiwanissue0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2002" class="citation book cs1">Paine, S.C.M (2002). <i>The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81714-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81714-5"><bdi>0-521-81714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Japanese+War+of+1894%E2%80%931895%3A+Perceptions%2C+Power%2C+and+Primacy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-81714-5&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=S.C.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavina2003" class="citation book cs1">Ravina, Mark (2003). <i>The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-08970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-08970-2"><bdi>0-471-08970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Samurai%3A+The+Life+and+Battles+of+Saigo+Takamori&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-471-08970-2&rft.aulast=Ravina&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smits, Gregory (1999). "Visions of Ryūkyū: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics." Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201962-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201962_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201962_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201963–64-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201963–64_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201964–65-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201964–65_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999187–190-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999187–190_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 187–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thcts.ascc.net/themes/rc03-8.php">"清代臺灣行政區劃沿革"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007084804/http://thcts.ascc.net/themes/rc03-8.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthcts.ascc.net%2Fthemes%2Frc03-8.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201965-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201965_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201965_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2021" class="citation web cs1">Cheung, Han (2 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/05/02/2003756677">"Taiwan in Time: The fall of the northern Atayal"</a>. <i>www.taipeitimes.com</i>. Taipei Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506130858/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/05/02/2003756677">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.taipeitimes.com&rft.atitle=Taiwan+in+Time%3A+The+fall+of+the+northern+Atayal&rft.date=2021-05-02&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2021%2F05%2F02%2F2003756677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe20191,_10,_174-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe20191,_10,_174_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 1, 10, 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe20191-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe20191_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019174–175,_166-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019174–175,_166_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, pp. 174–175, 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201963-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201963_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett2002">Twitchett 2002</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201991-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201991_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019106-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019106_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_der_Wees_2020-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_der_Wees_2020_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Wees" class="citation web cs1">van der Wees, Gerrit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/has-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china/">"Has Taiwan Always Been Part of China?"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201153401/https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/has-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Has+Taiwan+Always+Been+Part+of+China%3F&rft.aulast=van+der+Wees&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fhas-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skoggard_1996-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skoggard_1996_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkoggard1996" class="citation book cs1">Skoggard, Ian A. (1996). <i>The Indigenous Dynamic in Taiwan's Postwar Development: The Religious and Historical Roots of Entrepreneurship</i>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563248467" title="Special:BookSources/9781563248467"><bdi>9781563248467</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL979742M">979742M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indigenous+Dynamic+in+Taiwan%27s+Postwar+Development%3A+The+Religious+and+Historical+Roots+of+Entrepreneurship&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL979742M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781563248467&rft.aulast=Skoggard&rft.aufirst=Ian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span> p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RebellionTWCulture-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RebellionTWCulture_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194052/http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=3553"><bdi lang="zh">民變</bdi></a> [Civil Strife]. <i>Encyclopedia of Taiwan (台灣大百科)</i>. Taiwan Ministry of Culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=3553">the original</a> on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>. <bdi lang="zh">臺灣有「三年一小反，五年一大反」之謠。但是根據研究，這句俗諺所形容民變迭起的現象，以道光朝（1820-1850）的三十多年間為主</bdi> [The rumor of "every three years a small uprising, five years a large rebellion" circulated around Taiwan. According to research, the repeated commotions described by this idiom occurred primarily during the 30-year period between 1820 and 1850.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Taiwan+%28%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%29&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrch.culture.tw%2Ftwpedia.aspx%3Fid%3D3553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebel-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rebel_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebel_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebel_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebel_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebel_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2016/04/17/2003644127">"Taiwan in Time: Rebels of heaven and earth – Taipei Times"</a>. 17 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928133533/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2016/04/17/2003644127">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+in+Time%3A+Rebels+of+heaven+and+earth+%E2%80%93+Taipei+Times&rft.date=2016-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2016%2F04%2F17%2F2003644127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201982–83-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi201982–83_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi201982–83_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2019">Li 2019</a>, p. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandaert2022225_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandaert2022">Standaert 2022</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201983-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi201983_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2019">Li 2019</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benyovszky-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benyovszky_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung" class="citation web cs1">Cheung, Han. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/07/25/2003761408">"Taiwan in Time: A blood-soaked 16 days in Yilan"</a>. <i>www.taipeitimes.com</i>. Taipei Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724170655/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/07/25/2003761408">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.taipeitimes.com&rft.atitle=Taiwan+in+Time%3A+A+blood-soaked+16+days+in+Yilan&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2021%2F07%2F25%2F2003761408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInkster201035–36-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInkster201035–36_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInkster2010">Inkster 2010</a>, p. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInkster201036-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInkster201036_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInkster2010">Inkster 2010</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsai2014-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai2014_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsai2014_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShih-Shan_Henry_Tsai2009" class="citation book cs1">Shih-Shan Henry Tsai (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUbfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46517-1"><bdi>978-1-317-46517-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410195813/https://books.google.com/books?id=vUbfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Taiwan%3A+Historical+Encounters+with+the+East+and+the+West&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46517-1&rft.au=Shih-Shan+Henry+Tsai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUbfBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon2009-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2009_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_H._D._Gordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Leonard H. D. 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</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022119-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022119_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2022">Wong 2022</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022119–120-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022119–120_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2022">Wong 2022</a>, p. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022121–122-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022121–122_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2022">Wong 2022</a>, p. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022123-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022123_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2022">Wong 2022</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay201850-98"><span 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022124–126_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2022">Wong 2022</a>, p. 124–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022127–128-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022127–128_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022127–128_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2022">Wong 2022</a>, p. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1983270-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeung1983270_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeung1983">Leung (1983)</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019185–186-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019185–186_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022134–137_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2022">Wong 2022</a>, p. 134–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022137–138-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2022137–138_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2022">Wong 2022</a>, p. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212014547/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/107.2/ah0202000388.html">"| of Civilization and Savages: The Mimetic Imperialism of Japan's 1874 Expedition to Taiwan | the American Historical Review, 107.2 | the History 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/107.2/ah0202000388.html">the original</a> on 2010-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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resistance and assimilation in Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf published=2007)</span>. p. 113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223184050/http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&context=theses">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+turtle+woman%27s+voices%3A+Multilingual+strategies+of+resistance+and+assimilation+in+Taiwan+under+Japanese+colonial+rule&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Huang-wen+lai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1095%26context%3Dtheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a35fDwAAQBAJ&dq=beipu+uprising&pg=PT275"><i>Lesser Dragons: Minority Peoples of China</i></a>. Reaktion Books. 15 May 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780239521" title="Special:BookSources/9781780239521"><bdi>9781780239521</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410195814/https://books.google.com/books?id=a35fDwAAQBAJ&dq=beipu+uprising&pg=PT275">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Dragons%3A+Minority+Peoples+of+China&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.isbn=9781780239521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da35fDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbeipu%2Buprising%26pg%3DPT275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5f-O2AYWkC&dq=luo+fuxing&pg=PA39"><i>Place and Spirit in Taiwan: Tudi Gong in the Stories, Strategies and Memories of Everyday Life</i></a>. Routledge. 29 August 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135790394" title="Special:BookSources/9781135790394"><bdi>9781135790394</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410195813/https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5f-O2AYWkC&dq=luo+fuxing&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+and+Spirit+in+Taiwan%3A+Tudi+Gong+in+the+Stories%2C+Strategies+and+Memories+of+Everyday+Life&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft.isbn=9781135790394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyf5f-O2AYWkC%26dq%3Dluo%2Bfuxing%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsai2009134-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsai2009134_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsai2009">Tsai 2009</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_under_Qing_rule&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Taiwan under Qing rule</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Taiwan+under+Qing+rule">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Taiwan+under+Qing+rule&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2008a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/index.html">"Chapter 1: Taiwan on the Eve of Colonization"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165914/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/index.html">archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Taiwan+on+the+Eve+of+Colonization&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008b" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade02.html">"Chapter 2: A Scramble for Influence"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927064509/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade02.html">archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+A+Scramble+for+Influence&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008c" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008c), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade03.html">"Chapter 3: Pax Hollandica"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928192457/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade03.html">archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Pax+Hollandica&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008d" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008d), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html">"Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225943/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html">archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+La+Isla+Hermosa%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Spanish+Colony+in+Northern+Taiwan&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008e" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008e), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade05.html">"Chapter 5: The Fall of Spanish Taiwan"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929010442/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade05.html">archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+Fall+of+Spanish+Taiwan&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008f" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008f), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade06.html">"Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809163527/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade06.html">archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+The+Birth+of+Co-colonization&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008g" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008g), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade07.html">"Chapter 7: The Challenges of a Chinese Frontier"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929200412/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade07.html">archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+Challenges+of+a+Chinese+Frontier&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008h" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008h), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade08.html">"Chapter 8: "The Only Bees on Formosa That Give Honey"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929153126/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade08.html">archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+%22The+Only+Bees+on+Formosa+That+Give+Honey%22&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008i" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008i), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade09.html">"Chapter 9: Lord and Vassal: Company Rule over the Aborigines"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928192457/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade09.html">archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Lord+and+Vassal%3A+Company+Rule+over+the+Aborigines&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008j" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008j), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade10.html">"Chapter 10: The Beginning of the End"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929154547/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade10.html">archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+The+Beginning+of+the+End&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008k" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008k), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade11.html">"Chapter 11: The Fall of Dutch Taiwan"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419085256/http://gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade11.html">archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+The+Fall+of+Dutch+Taiwan&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008l" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2008l), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html#pgtop">"Conclusion"</a>, <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>, Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402055636/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html#pgtop">archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fconclusion.html%23pgtop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2011a" class="citation cs2">Andrade, Tonio (2011a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yzRscizpLMC"><i>Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West</i></a> (illustrated ed.), Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691144559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691144559"><bdi>978-0691144559</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410194110/https://books.google.com/books?id=6yzRscizpLMC">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Colony%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+China%27s+First+Great+Victory+Over+the+West&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0691144559&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yzRscizpLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Journal+of+East+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+geopolitics+and+Chiang+Ching-Kuo%27s+decision+to+democratize+Taiwan&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-44&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Ching-fen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fsjeaa%2Fjournal51%2Fchina2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInkster2010" class="citation cs2">Inkster, Ian (2010), <i>Oriental Enlightenment: The Problematic Military Experiences and Cultural Claims of Count Maurice Auguste comte de Benyowsky in Formosa during 1771</i>, Taiwan Historical Research</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+neolithic+of+southeast+China%3A+cultural+transformation+and+regional+interaction+on+the+coast&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-934043-16-5&rft.aulast=Jiao&rft.aufirst=Tianlong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2005" class="citation cs2">Katz, Paul (2005), <i>When The Valleys Turned Blood Red: The Ta-pa-ni Incident in Colonial Taiwan</i>, Honolulu, HA: University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2915-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2915-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+The+Valleys+Turned+Blood+Red%3A+The+Ta-pa-ni+Incident+in+Colonial+Taiwan&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HA&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2915-5&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeliher2003" class="citation cs2">Keliher, Macabe (2003), <i>Out of China or Yu Yonghe's Tales of Formosa: A History of 17th Century Taiwan</i>, Taipei: SMC Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-638-608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-957-638-608-4"><bdi>978-957-638-608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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"The earliest eyewitness accounts of the Formosan aborigines". <i>Monumenta Serica</i>. <b>23</b>: 163–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1964.11731044">10.1080/02549948.1964.11731044</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726116">40726116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=The+earliest+eyewitness+accounts+of+the+Formosan+aborigines&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=163-204&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1964.11731044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40726116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2009" class="citation cs2">Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2009), <i>Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and West</i>, M.E. 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"The Cave of the Black Spirits". In Blundell, David (ed.). <i>Austronesian Taiwan</i>. California: University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936127-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-936127-09-0"><bdi>0-936127-09-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cave+of+the+Black+Spirits&rft.btitle=Austronesian+Taiwan&rft.place=California&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-936127-09-0&rft.aulast=Bluss%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Veen2003" class="citation book cs1">van Veen, Ernst (2003). "How the Dutch Ran a Seventeenth-Century Colony: The Occupation and Loss of Formosa 1624–1662". In <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bluss%C3%A9" title="Leonard Blussé">Blussé, Leonard</a> (ed.). <i>Around and About Formosa</i>. 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(2006), <i>China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait</i>, University Press of America</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Taiwan+Issue%3A+Impending+War+at+Taiwan+Strait&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Gabe+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2018" class="citation cs2">Ward, Thomas J. 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Sharpe, pp. 84–106, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1495-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1495-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-1495-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seventeenth-century+Transformation%3A+Taiwan+under+the+Dutch+and+the+Cheng+Regime&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=84-106&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1495-7&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=John+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2015" class="citation cs2">Wills, John E. (2015), <i>The Seventeenth-Century Transformation: Taiwan Under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventeenth-Century+Transformation%3A+Taiwan+Under+the+Dutch+and+the+Cheng+Regime&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2017" class="citation cs2">Wong, Young-tsu (2017), <i>China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon</i>, Springer</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhonghua+Minguo+shigao+%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF&rft.place=Taipei%2C+Taiwan&rft.pub=Lian+jing+%28%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=957-08-1826-3&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yufa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan+under+Qing+rule" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></i><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(See also <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">kingdom of Middag</a></i>)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History of Taiwan</a><br />Under Qing dynasty rule </b><br />1683-1895 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Under Japanese rule</a></i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taiwan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwan_topics" title="Template:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwan_topics" title="Template talk:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taiwan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Taiwan-related_articles" title="Index of Taiwan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history" title="Timeline of Taiwanese history">Timeline of Taiwanese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Taiwan" title="List of archaeological sites in Taiwan">archaeological sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Chinese_contact_with_Taiwan" title="Early Chinese contact with Taiwan">Early Chinese contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwan under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Policy_in_Taiwan%27s_White_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Policy in Taiwan's White Terror">Mandarin policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Taiwan" title="List of beaches in Taiwan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan" title="List of cities in Taiwan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan#Climate" title="Geography of Taiwan">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Taiwan" title="Deforestation in Taiwan">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan" title="List of earthquakes in Taiwan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Taiwan" title="List of endemic species of Taiwan">Endemic species</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_species_in_Taiwan" title="List of protected species in Taiwan">Protected species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hot springs">Hot springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan" title="List of islands of Taiwan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Taiwan" title="List of lakes of Taiwan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Taiwan" title="List of mountains in Taiwan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Taiwan" title="National parks of Taiwan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Taiwan" title="List of rivers of Taiwan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_scenic_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of national scenic areas in Taiwan">Scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Taiwan" title="List of volcanoes in Taiwan">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="GovernmentPoliticsEconomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">politics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Taiwan)" title="National Security Bureau (Taiwan)">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan" title="Law of Taiwan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan" title="Military history of Taiwan">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(Taiwan)" title="Office of the President (Taiwan)">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_to_the_President_(Republic_of_China)" title="Secretary-General to the President (Republic of China)">Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Taiwan" title="Regions of Taiwan">Regions of Taiwan</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)" title="Special municipality (Taiwan)">Special municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (Taiwan)">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)" title="Provincial city (Taiwan)">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="List of administrative divisions of Taiwan">List of administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan">Metropolitan areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Political issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Taiwan" title="North–South divide in Taiwan">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity" title="Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity">Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Agriculture in Taiwan">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Taiwan" title="Aquaculture in Taiwan">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Taiwan" title="Banking in Taiwan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Taiwan" title="List of banks in Taiwan">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Taiwan" title="List of companies of Taiwan">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Taiwan" title="List of largest companies in Taiwan">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises of Taiwan">State-owned enterprises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Defense industry of Taiwan">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_industries_of_Taiwan" title="Maritime industries of Taiwan">Maritime industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Taiwan" title="Mining in Taiwan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Semiconductor industry in Taiwan">Semiconductor industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Stock_Exchange" title="Taiwan Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Textile industry in Taiwan">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Taiwan" title="Tourism in Taiwan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan" title="Transportation in Taiwan">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Invoice_lottery" title="Uniform Invoice lottery">Uniform Invoice lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Taiwan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Taiwan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="National_SymbolsPeopleSocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>National Symbols</li><li>People</li><li>Society</li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbols">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Taiwan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposed_flags_of_Taiwan" title="Proposed flags of Taiwan">proposed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flower of the Republic of China">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Seals_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Seals of the Republic of China">Seals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" title="List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Hans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Taiwanese">Hakkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Taiwan" title="Architecture of Taiwan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Taiwan" title="Crime in Taiwan">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Taiwan" title="Organized crime in Taiwan">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Taiwan" title="Prostitution in Taiwan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan" title="Public holidays in Taiwan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Taiwan" title="Public housing in Taiwan">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Taiwan" title="Squatting in Taiwan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_studies" title="Taiwan studies">Taiwan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan" title="Cultural history of Taiwan">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Taiwan" title="Gambling in Taiwan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_markets_in_Taiwan" title="Night markets in Taiwan">Night markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Taiwan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Beauty" title="T-Beauty">T-Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wave" title="Taiwanese wave">Taiwanese wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">tea culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Taiwan" title="List of tourist attractions in Taiwan">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwan" title="Category:Taiwan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan" title="Outline of Taiwan">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391189#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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