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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research | Educational technology research and development</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Educational technology research and development - Although research studies in education show that use of technology can help student learning, its use is generally affected by certain barriers. In..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11423-006-9022-5/MediaObjects/11423_2006_9022_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="11423"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Educational Technology Research and Development 2006 55:3"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2006-12-05"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2006 Association for Educational Communications and Technology"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2006 Association for Educational Communications and Technology"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Although research studies in education show that use of technology can help student learning, its use is generally affected by certain barriers. In this paper, we first identify the general barriers typically faced by K-12 schools, both in the United States as well as other countries, when integrating technology into the curriculum for instructional purposes, namely: (a) resources, (b) institution, (c) subject culture, (d) attitudes and beliefs, (e) knowledge and skills, and (f) assessment. We then describe the strategies to overcome such barriers: (a) having a shared vision and technology integration plan, (b) overcoming the scarcity of resources, (c) changing attitudes and beliefs, (d) conducting professional development, and (e) reconsidering assessments. Finally, we identify several current knowledge gaps pertaining to the barriers and strategies of technology integration, and offer pertinent recommendations for future research."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1556-6501"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Educational Technology Research and Development"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2006-12-05"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="55"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="3"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="223"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="252"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2006 Association for Educational Communications and Technology"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Educational Technology Research and Development"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Education Tech Research Dev"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1556-6501"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="55"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2007/06"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2006/12/05"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="223"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="252"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5"/> <meta name="size" content="222435"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Although research studies in education show that use of technology can help student learning, its use is generally affected by certain barriers. In this pa"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hew, Khe Foon"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Brush, Thomas"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Educational Technology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Learning and Instruction"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Anderson, R. E., & Dexter, S. (2003). Newsome Park Elementary: Making learning meaningful through project-based learning using wireless laptops in a K-5 Math, Science, and Technology magnet school. Case report from the U.S.A. Exemplary Technology-Supported Schooling Case Studies Project. Retrieved on May 27, 2006 from http://edtechcases.info/schools/newsome/newsome.htm. ."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Does technology work in schools? Why evaluation cannot tell the full story; citation_inbook_title= ; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=185-202; citation_id=CR2; citation_author=E. L. Baker; citation_author=J. L. Herman; citation_author=M. 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Wong; citation_volume=41; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=158-170; citation_doi=10.1108/09578230310464666; citation_id=CR91"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Technology, Pedagogy and Education; citation_title=Learning environments in information and communications technology classrooms; citation_author=D. B. *Zandvliet, B. J. Fraser; citation_volume=13; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=97-123; citation_doi=10.1080/14759390400200175; citation_id=CR92"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Teachers College Record; citation_title=Conditions for classroom technology innovations; citation_author=Y. *Zhao, K. Pugh, S. Sheldon, J. L. Byers; citation_volume=104; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=482-515; citation_doi=10.1111/1467-9620.00170; citation_id=CR93"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Hew, Khe Foon"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="timhkf@yahoo.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Learning Sciences and Technology Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Brush, Thomas"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Instructional Systems Technology, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2007/06/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research - Educational technology research and development"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Although research studies in education show that use of technology can help student learning, its use is generally affected by certain barriers. In this paper, we first identify the general barriers typically faced by K-12 schools, both in the United States as well as other countries, when integrating technology into the curriculum for instructional purposes, namely: (a) resources, (b) institution, (c) subject culture, (d) attitudes and beliefs, (e) knowledge and skills, and (f) assessment. We then describe the strategies to overcome such barriers: (a) having a shared vision and technology integration plan, (b) overcoming the scarcity of resources, (c) changing attitudes and beliefs, (d) conducting professional development, and (e) reconsidering assessments. Finally, we identify several current knowledge gaps pertaining to the barriers and strategies of technology integration, and offer pertinent recommendations for future research."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11423-006-9022-5/MediaObjects/11423_2006_9022_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta 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srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/11423?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Educational Technology Research and Development</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/11423/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/etrd" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Khe_Foon-Hew-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Khe_Foon-Hew-Aff1" data-author-search="Hew, Khe Foon" data-corresp-id="c1">Khe Foon Hew<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Thomas-Brush-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Thomas-Brush-Aff2" data-author-search="Brush, Thomas">Thomas Brush</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>28k <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon 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class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Although research studies in education show that use of technology can help student learning, its use is generally affected by certain barriers. In this paper, we first identify the general barriers typically faced by K-12 schools, both in the United States as well as other countries, when integrating technology into the curriculum for instructional purposes, namely: (a) resources, (b) institution, (c) subject culture, (d) attitudes and beliefs, (e) knowledge and skills, and (f) assessment. We then describe the strategies to overcome such barriers: (a) having a shared vision and technology integration plan, (b) overcoming the scarcity of resources, (c) changing attitudes and beliefs, (d) conducting professional development, and (e) reconsidering assessments. Finally, we identify several current knowledge gaps pertaining to the barriers and strategies of technology integration, and offer pertinent recommendations for future research.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11423-006-9022-5%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D0b97c43b-ed56-40a8-b245-61495dab7ac7" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon 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It is primarily concerned with “what is” type of questions (Knupfer & McLellan, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1996" title="Knupfer, N. N., & McLellan, H. (1996). Descriptive research methodologies. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 1196–1212). New York: Macmillan." href="/article/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d52244636e1938">1996</a>, p. 1196). With descriptive studies, one may use qualitative data sources (field notes from observations, interviews), quantitative sources (descriptive statistics), or both (Ross & Morrison, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Ross, S. M., & Morrison, G. R. (1995). Getting started in instructional technology research. Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology." href="/article/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d52244636e1941">1995</a>). Correlational studies examine how variables relate to one another (Ross & Morrison, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Ross, S. M., & Morrison, G. R. (1995). Getting started in instructional technology research. Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology." href="/article/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d52244636e1944">1995</a>). A quasi-experimental study uses intact groups. It is similar to the experimental method, with the omission of the randomization component (Ross & Morrison, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Ross, S. M., & Morrison, G. R. (1995). Getting started in instructional technology research. Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology." href="/article/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d52244636e1947">1995</a>).</p></div></li></ol></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Anderson, R. E., & Dexter, S. (2003). 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Conditions for classroom technology innovations. <i>Teachers College Record</i>, <i>104</i>(3), 482–515.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/1467-9620.00170" data-track-item_id="10.1111/1467-9620.00170" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9620.00170" aria-label="Article reference 92" data-doi="10.1111/1467-9620.00170">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 92" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Conditions%20for%20classroom%20technology%20innovations&journal=Teachers%20College%20Record&doi=10.1111%2F1467-9620.00170&volume=104&issue=3&pages=482-515&publication_year=2002&author=%2AZhao%2CY.&author=Pugh%2CK.&author=Sheldon%2CS.&author=Byers%2CJ.%20L."> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Learning Sciences and Technology Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Khe Foon Hew</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Instructional Systems Technology, Indiana University, Room 2216, W. W. Wright Education Building, Bloomington, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Thomas Brush</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Khe_Foon-Hew-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Khe Foon Hew</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Khe%20Foon%20Hew" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Khe%20Foon%20Hew" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Khe%20Foon%20Hew%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Thomas-Brush-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Thomas Brush</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Thomas%20Brush" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Thomas%20Brush" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Thomas%20Brush%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:timhkf@yahoo.com">Khe Foon Hew</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p>*These references make up the 48 past empirical studies that we reviewed.</p><p>This paper is a revised version of the manuscript selected as the recipient of the AECT 2006 Young Scholar Award. Revisions were based on blind reviews from a panel of Consulting Editors.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Integrating%20technology%20into%20K-12%20teaching%20and%20learning%3A%20current%20knowledge%20gaps%20and%20recommendations%20for%20future%20research&author=Khe%20Foon%20Hew%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs11423-006-9022-5&copyright=Association%20for%20Educational%20Communications%20and%20Technology&publication=1042-1629&publicationDate=2006-12-05&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Hew, K.F., Brush, T. 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