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Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portaal:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="بوابة:علم الأحياء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:علم الأحياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%E1%BA%BDndusu:Tekovekuaaty" title="Okẽndusu:Tekovekuaaty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okẽndusu:Tekovekuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologiya" title="Portal:Biologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%92%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%92%D9%84%D9%88%D9%92%DA%98%DB%8C" title="پوْرتال:بیوْلوْژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوْرتال:بیوْلوْژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:জীববিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:জীববিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Партал:Біялогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партал:Біялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Биология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:Биология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologija" title="Portal:Biologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portal:Biologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologia" title="Portal:Biologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Biologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Biologie" title="Portál:Biologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9:%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="قيسارية:لبيولوجيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قيسارية:لبيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologie" title="Portal:Biologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Bioloogia" title="Portaal:Bioloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Bioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πύλη:Βιολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Βιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biolog%C3%ADa" title="Portal:Biología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Biología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalo:Biologio" title="Portalo:Biologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portalo:Biologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="درگاه:زیست‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:زیست‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Biologie" title="Portail:Biologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Biology" title="Tema:Biology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tema:Biology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="포털:생물학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रवेशद्वार:जीव विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:जीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologija" title="Portal:Biologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portal:Biologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Biologia" title="Portale:Biologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Biologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פורטל:ביולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטל:ביולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologia" title="Portal:Biologia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Portal:Biologia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:ბიოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტალი:ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Биология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портал:Биология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия:Портал:Биология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Портал:Биология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C4%81ls:Biolo%C4%A3ija" title="Portāls:Bioloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portāls:Bioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologie" title="Portal:Biologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portal:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikisritis:Biologija" title="Vikisritis:Biologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikisritis:Biologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Portal:Biologi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Biol%C3%B3gia" title="Portál:Biológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Biológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Биологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Биологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കവാടം:ജീവശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവാടം:ജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologia" title="Portal:Biologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portal:Biologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87:%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="تانبه:ژونپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تانبه:ژونپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologie" title="Portal:Biologie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Portal:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologia" title="Portal:Biologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portal:Biologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologia" title="Portal:Biologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Biologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologie" title="Portal:Biologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Kawsay_yachay" title="Punku p'anqa: Kawsay yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Kawsay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Биология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:Биология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Biologie" title="Portoal:Biologie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Portoal:Biologie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baeloji" title="Portal:Baeloji – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Portal:Baeloji" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ද්වාරය:ජීව විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:ජීව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="باب:حياتيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باب:حياتيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Biol%C3%B3gia" title="Portál:Biológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:Biológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biologija" title="Portal:Biologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portal:Biologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baayooloji" title="Portal:Baayooloji – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Portal:Baayooloji" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a 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.portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia portal for content related to Biology</div> <div style="background:#FFFFFF; border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#90db90; padding:4px;"> <div style="font-size:125%; text-align: center"><b>The Biology Portal</b></div> <div style="padding-bottom:12px; padding-top:2px"><div id="sports_browsebar" style="margin-top:1px; margin-bottom:0.2em; text-align:center; font-size:91%;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x" 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0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABiology&action=edit"><span style="color:#000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Introduction" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Introduction</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880770">.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .mw-gallery-slideshow-img-container>a>img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .mw-gallery-slideshow-buttons{display:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .mw-gallery-slideshow-buttons div{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .oo-ui-stackLayout:hover .mw-gallery-slideshow-buttons{align-items:center;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:1000;display:flex;padding-top:0!important;background:rgb(255,255,255);opacity:0.75!important;top:0;bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(1){float:left}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(3){float:right}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow{margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .oo-ui-stackLayout>div:nth-child(3) *{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .oo-ui-stackLayout>div:nth-child(3){z-index:1001}</style><div class="portal-banner-image" style="max-height:359px; overflow:scroll;"><div class="portal-banner-image-crop" style="position:relative; margin-top:-0%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_a_ridge_between_Segla_and_Hesten,_Senja,_Norway,_2014_August.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view from a ridge located between Segla and Hesten mountain summits in the island of Senja, Troms, Norway in 2014"><img alt="A panoramic view from a ridge located between Segla and Hesten mountain summits in the island of Senja, Troms, Norway in 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/View_from_a_ridge_between_Segla_and_Hesten%2C_Senja%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/960px-View_from_a_ridge_between_Segla_and_Hesten%2C_Senja%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/View_from_a_ridge_between_Segla_and_Hesten%2C_Senja%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/1200px-View_from_a_ridge_between_Segla_and_Hesten%2C_Senja%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/View_from_a_ridge_between_Segla_and_Hesten%2C_Senja%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/1600px-View_from_a_ridge_between_Segla_and_Hesten%2C_Senja%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9500" data-file-height="3052" /></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align:center;"><small>A panoramic view from a ridge located between Segla and Hesten mountain summits in the island of <a href="/wiki/Senja" title="Senja">Senja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a>, Norway in 2014</small></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darlingtonia_californica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Darlingtonia_californica.jpg/250px-Darlingtonia_californica.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Darlingtonia_californica.jpg/330px-Darlingtonia_californica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvestman_opilio_canestrinii_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harvestman_opilio_canestrinii_male.jpg/270px-Harvestman_opilio_canestrinii_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harvestman_opilio_canestrinii_male.jpg/405px-Harvestman_opilio_canestrinii_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harvestman_opilio_canestrinii_male.jpg/540px-Harvestman_opilio_canestrinii_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></b> is the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> are composed of at least one <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> that processes hereditary information encoded in <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, which explains the unity and diversity of life. <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Energy processing</a> is also important to life as it allows organisms to <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">move</a>, grow, and <a href="/wiki/Reproduce" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproduce">reproduce</a>. Finally, all organisms can regulate their own <a href="/wiki/Internal_environment" title="Internal environment">internal environments</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologists</a> can study life at multiple <a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">levels of organization</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> of a cell to the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> of plants and animals, and the evolution of populations. Hence, there are multiple <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">subdisciplines within biology</a>, each defined by the nature of their <a href="/wiki/Research_question" title="Research question">research questions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology" title="List of research methods in biology">tools</a> that they use. Like other scientists, biologists use the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observations</a>, pose questions, generate <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a>, perform experiments, and form conclusions about the world around them. </p><p>Life on Earth, which emerged over 3.7 billion years ago, is immensely diverse. Biologists have sought to study and classify the various life form, from <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic">prokaryotic</a> organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> and bacteria to <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, fungi, plants, and animals. These organisms contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>, where they play specialized roles in the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">cycling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and energy through their <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">biophysical environment</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_article_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected article - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">function</a></b> is the reason some object or process occurred in a system that <a href="/wiki/Evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved">evolved</a> through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. That reason is typically that it achieves some result, such as that <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> helps to capture the energy of sunlight in <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Hence, the organism that contains it is more likely to survive and reproduce, in other words the function increases the organism's <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a>. A characteristic that assists in evolution is called an <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a>; other characteristics may be non-functional <a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">spandrels</a>, though these in turn may later be co-opted by evolution to serve new functions. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, function has been defined in many ways. In <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, it is simply what an organ, tissue, cell or molecule does. (<b><a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">Full article...</a></b>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of selected articles</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">Ribosome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_alignment" title="Sequence alignment">Sequence alignment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_vocalization" title="Whale vocalization">Whale vocalization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">Adenosine triphosphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_viruses" title="Introduction to viruses">Introduction to viruses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids">Fertilisation of Orchids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_viruses" title="Social history of viruses">Social history of viruses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables" title="DNA and RNA codon tables">DNA and RNA codon tables</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">Genetic code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host (biology)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid (biology)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">Apex predator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biology in fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_models_of_DNA" title="Molecular models of DNA">Molecular models of DNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABiology%2FFeatured_picture%2F23&action=edit"><span style="color:#000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_picture_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected picture - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Superb_fairy_wren2_LiquidGhoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Superb_fairy_wren2_LiquidGhoul.jpg/400px-Superb_fairy_wren2_LiquidGhoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Superb_fairy_wren2_LiquidGhoul.jpg/600px-Superb_fairy_wren2_LiquidGhoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Superb_fairy_wren2_LiquidGhoul.jpg/800px-Superb_fairy_wren2_LiquidGhoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="center">A female <a href="/wiki/Superb_Fairy-wren" class="mw-redirect" title="Superb Fairy-wren">Superb Fairy-wren</a> (<i>Malurus cyaneus</i>), seen here perched on barbed wire. This bird is <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Australia" title="Birds of Australia">native to Australia</a></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology/Featured_picture" title="Portal:Biology/Featured picture">More selected pictures</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABiology%2FMajor_topics&action=edit"><span style="color:#000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Major_topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Major topics</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table style="background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History</a></b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small> <a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a> | <a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">history of ecology</a> | <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">history of evolutionary thought</a> | <a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">history of geology</a> | <a href="/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" title="History of model organisms">history of model organisms</a> | <a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">history of molecular biology</a> | <a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">history of paleontology</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Overview</b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> | <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> | properties (<a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">energy processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">response to environment</a>) | <a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">hierarchy of life</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">community</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>) | <a href="/wiki/Reductionism#In_science" title="Reductionism">reductionistic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent property</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">mechanistic</a> | <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> | <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory"> theory</a> | <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law"> law</a> | <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_journals" title="List of biology journals">biology journals</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemical</a> basis</b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> | <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> | <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> | <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> | <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> | <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a> | <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> | <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> | <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">protein structure</a> | <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein folding</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> | <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> | <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> </small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a></b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a> | <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> | <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> | <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a> | <a href="/wiki/Protein_targeting" title="Protein targeting">protein targeting</a> | <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> | <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> | <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> | <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> | <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a> |<a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> |<a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>  | <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Intro</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Classical_genetics" title="Classical genetics">Classical genetics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">mendelian inheritance</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> | <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> | <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a> | <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a> | <a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> | <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">gene regulation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> | <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotype</a> | <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> | <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> | <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> | <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Splicing_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Splicing (genetics)">splicing</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Genetic_fingerprint" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic fingerprint">genetic fingerprint</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">ecological genetics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">quantitative genetics</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Intro</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small> | <i><a href="/wiki/Omne_vivum_ex_ovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Omne vivum ex ovo">omne vivum ex ovo</a></i> | <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> | <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> | <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> | <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of sex">evolution of sex</a> | <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> | <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of life (science)">tree of life</a> | <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three-domain system</a> </small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a></b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> | <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> | <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> | <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> | <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> | <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> | <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animals</a> | <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">deuterostome</a> | <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> | <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> | <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitism</a> | <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primate</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> | <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> | <a href="/wiki/Craniata" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniata">craniata</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> | <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">function</a></b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">ground tissue</a>  | <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> | <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> | <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">plant stem</a> | <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> | <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoot</a> | <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> | <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissue</a> | <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Animal form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology#Animals" title="Physiology">function</a></b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">Tissues</a> | <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> | <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">gastrulation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">neurulation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">organogenesis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphosis (biology)">metamorphosis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a>  | <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Development</a> | <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a>  | <a href="/wiki/Biological_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological reproduction">reproduction</a> | <a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">oogenesis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small> <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> | <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> | <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> | <a href="/wiki/Indicator_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator species">indicator species</a> | <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> | <a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">species distribution</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gaia_theory_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia theory (science)">Gaia theory</a> | <a href="/wiki/Metapopulation" title="Metapopulation">metapopulation</a>  | <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> | <a href="/wiki/Life_history" class="mw-disambig" title="Life history">Life history</a> | <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> - <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> | <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a> - <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> | <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> | <a href="/wiki/Parental_care" title="Parental care">parental care</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sexual_conflict" title="Sexual conflict">sexual conflict</a> | <a href="/wiki/Territoriality" class="mw-redirect" title="Territoriality">territoriality</a> | <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> | <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> | <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> | <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a> | <a href="/wiki/Edge_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge effect">edge effect</a> | <a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">allee effect</a> | <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">corridor</a> | <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> | <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> | <a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation" title="In-situ conservation">in situ</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation">ex situ</a> | <a href="/wiki/Seedbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Seedbank">seedbank</a> </small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology" title="List of research methods in biology">Research methods</a></b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><b>Laboratory techniques</b> | <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a> | <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">transformation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">gel electrophoresis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a> | <a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">centrifugation</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell culture</a> | <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> | <a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a> | <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a> | <a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vector</a> | <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">enzyme assay</a> | <a href="/wiki/Protein_purification" title="Protein purification">protein purification</a> | <a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a> | <a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blot</a> | <a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blot</a> | <a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">restriction enzyme</a> | <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> | <a href="/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening" title="Two-hybrid screening">two-hybrid screening</a> | <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></i> | <b>Field techniques</b> | <a href="/wiki/Belt_transect" title="Belt transect">Belt transect</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark and recapture</a> | <a href="/wiki/Species_discovery_curve" title="Species discovery curve">species discovery curve</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches</a></b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small> <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> | <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> | <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> | <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">phycology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">protistology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a> | <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_awards" title="List of biology awards">Awards</a></b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>See also</b> </th> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><small><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_biology" title="Template:History of biology">Template:History of biology</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_biography_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected biography - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_McClintock_(1902-1992)_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg/250px-Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg/330px-Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg/500px-Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">McClintock in her laboratory, 1947</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></b> (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was an American scientist and <a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">cytogeneticist</a> who was awarded the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>. McClintock received her PhD in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in 1927. There she started her career as the leader of the development of maize cytogenetics, the focus of her research for the rest of her life. From the late 1920s, McClintock studied <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> and how they change during reproduction in maize. She developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas. One of those ideas was the notion of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover" title="Chromosomal crossover">crossing-over</a> during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>—a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information. She is often credited with producing the first <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">genetic map</a> for maize, linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits. However this legend has been corrected by Kass (2024). She demonstrated the role of the <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centromere" title="Centromere">centromere</a>, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a>. She was recognized as among the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1944. </p><p>During the 1940s and 1950s, McClintock discovered <a href="/wiki/Transposon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposon">transposons</a> and used it to demonstrate that <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off. She developed theories to explain the suppression and expression of genetic information from one generation of maize plants to the next. Due to skepticism of her research and its implications, she stopped publishing her data in 1953. (<b><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Full article...</a></b>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598" /> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of selected biographies</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_Canaan" title="Tawfiq Canaan">Tawfiq Canaan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">G. Ledyard Stebbins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bishop_(biologist)" title="Ann Bishop (biologist)">Ann Bishop (biologist)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McDonald" title="Marshall McDonald">Marshall McDonald</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Yen_Wu" title="Daisy Yen Wu">Daisy Yen Wu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McDonald" title="Marshall McDonald">Marshall McDonald</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Demme" title="Nina Demme">Nina Demme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Kincaid" title="Trevor Kincaid">Trevor Kincaid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington" title="C. D. Darlington">C. D. Darlington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Ammal" title="Janaki Ammal">Janaki Ammal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Roberts" title="Alice Roberts">Alice Roberts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sharlene_Santana" title="Sharlene Santana">Sharlene Santana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="General_images_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">General images - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><small><b>The following are images from various biology-related articles on Wikipedia.</b></small></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Gerfalcons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1White gyrfalcons drawn by John James Audubon (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 1White gyrfalcons drawn by John James Audubon (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/White_Gerfalcons.jpg/120px-White_Gerfalcons.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/White_Gerfalcons.jpg/250px-White_Gerfalcons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span>White <a href="/wiki/Gyrfalcon" title="Gyrfalcon">gyrfalcons</a> drawn by <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muir_and_Roosevelt_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 2Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Muir_and_Roosevelt_restored.jpg/120px-Muir_and_Roosevelt_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Muir_and_Roosevelt_restored.jpg/250px-Muir_and_Roosevelt_restored.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> on <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Point" title="Glacier Point">Glacier Point</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BiomassCharts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3A pie chart image showing the relative biomass representation in a rain forest through a summary of children's perceptions from drawings and artwork (left), through a scientific estimate of actual biomass (middle), and by a measure of biodiversity (right). The biomass of social insects (middle) far outweighs the number of species (right). (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 3A pie chart image showing the relative biomass representation in a rain forest through a summary of children's perceptions from drawings and artwork (left), through a scientific estimate of actual biomass (middle), and by a measure of biodiversity (right). The biomass of social insects (middle) far outweighs the number of species (right). (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BiomassCharts.jpg/120px-BiomassCharts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BiomassCharts.jpg/250px-BiomassCharts.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="1102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span>A pie chart image showing the relative biomass representation in a rain forest through a summary of children's perceptions from drawings and artwork (left), through a scientific estimate of actual biomass (middle), and by a measure of biodiversity (right). The biomass of social insects (middle) far outweighs the number of species (right). (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erasmus_Darwin_Temple_of_Nature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4The frontispiece to Erasmus Darwin's evolution-themed poem The Temple of Nature shows a goddess pulling back the veil from nature (in the person of Artemis). Allegory and metaphor have often played an important role in the history of biology. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 4The frontispiece to Erasmus Darwin's evolution-themed poem The Temple of Nature shows a goddess pulling back the veil from nature (in the person of Artemis). Allegory and metaphor have often played an important role in the history of biology. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Erasmus_Darwin_Temple_of_Nature.jpg/81px-Erasmus_Darwin_Temple_of_Nature.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Erasmus_Darwin_Temple_of_Nature.jpg/122px-Erasmus_Darwin_Temple_of_Nature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Erasmus_Darwin_Temple_of_Nature.jpg/163px-Erasmus_Darwin_Temple_of_Nature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span>The frontispiece to <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>-themed poem <i>The Temple of Nature</i> shows a goddess pulling back the veil from nature (in the person of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>). Allegory and metaphor have often played an important role in the history of biology. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5Penicillin was viewed as a miracle drug that brought enormous profits and public expectations. (from History of biotechnology)"><img alt="Image 5Penicillin was viewed as a miracle drug that brought enormous profits and public expectations. (from History of biotechnology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg/120px-Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg/180px-Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg/240px-Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">Penicillin</a> was viewed as a miracle drug that brought enormous profits and public expectations. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6August Weismann's germ plasm theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the gonads. Somatic cells (of the body) develop afresh in each generation from the germ plasm. (from History of genetics)"><img alt="Image 6August Weismann's germ plasm theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the gonads. Somatic cells (of the body) develop afresh in each generation from the germ plasm. (from History of genetics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg/120px-Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg/250px-Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><a href="/wiki/August_Weismann" title="August Weismann">August Weismann</a>'s germ plasm theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>. Somatic cells (of the body) <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">develop afresh</a> in each generation from the germ plasm. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preformation.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7Sperms as preformed humans. Painting of Nicolaas Hartsoeker 1695 (from History of genetics)"><img alt="Image 7Sperms as preformed humans. Painting of Nicolaas Hartsoeker 1695 (from History of genetics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Preformation.GIF/101px-Preformation.GIF" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Preformation.GIF/151px-Preformation.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Preformation.GIF/201px-Preformation.GIF 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">Sperms</a> as preformed humans. Painting of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Hartsoeker" title="Nicolaas Hartsoeker">Nicolaas Hartsoeker</a> 1695 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle%27s_model_of_Inheritance.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8Aristotle's model of transmission of movements from parents to child, and of form from the father. The model is not fully symmetric. (from History of genetics)"><img alt="Image 8Aristotle's model of transmission of movements from parents to child, and of form from the father. The model is not fully symmetric. (from History of genetics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aristotle%27s_model_of_Inheritance.png/120px-Aristotle%27s_model_of_Inheritance.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aristotle%27s_model_of_Inheritance.png/250px-Aristotle%27s_model_of_Inheritance.png 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">Aristotle's model</a> of transmission of movements from parents to child, and of <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">form</a> from the father. The model is not fully symmetric. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9Brewing was an early example of biotechnology (from History of biotechnology)"><img alt="Image 9Brewing was an early example of biotechnology (from History of biotechnology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/120px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/250px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png 1.5x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> was an early example of biotechnology (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blending_Inheritance.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10Blending Inheritance (from History of genetics)"><img alt="Image 10Blending Inheritance (from History of genetics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Blending_Inheritance.svg/120px-Blending_Inheritance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Blending_Inheritance.svg/250px-Blending_Inheritance.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span>Blending Inheritance (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11Diagram of Charles Darwin's pangenesis theory. Every part of the body emits tiny particles, gemmules, which migrate to the gonads and contribute to the fertilised egg and so to the next generation. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in Lamarckism. (from History of genetics)"><img alt="Image 11Diagram of Charles Darwin's pangenesis theory. Every part of the body emits tiny particles, gemmules, which migrate to the gonads and contribute to the fertilised egg and so to the next generation. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in Lamarckism. (from History of genetics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg/120px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg/180px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg/240px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span>Diagram of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s pangenesis theory. Every part of the body emits tiny particles, <a href="/wiki/Gemmule_(pangenesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemmule (pangenesis)">gemmules</a>, which migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> and contribute to the fertilised egg and so to the next generation. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_4985_Tadrart_Acacus_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12Tadrart Acacus desert in western Libya, part of the Sahara (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 12Tadrart Acacus desert in western Libya, part of the Sahara (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Libya_4985_Tadrart_Acacus_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/120px-Libya_4985_Tadrart_Acacus_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Libya_4985_Tadrart_Acacus_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg/250px-Libya_4985_Tadrart_Acacus_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><a href="/wiki/Tadrart_Acacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadrart Acacus">Tadrart Acacus</a> desert in western <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_EPI_Ecosystem_Vitality_Objective_-_Biodiversity_and_Habitat_(26170609028).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 132016 conservation indicator which includes the following indicators: marine protected areas, terrestrial biome protection (global and national), and species protection (global and national) (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 132016 conservation indicator which includes the following indicators: marine protected areas, terrestrial biome protection (global and national), and species protection (global and national) (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2016_EPI_Ecosystem_Vitality_Objective_-_Biodiversity_and_Habitat_%2826170609028%29.jpg/120px-2016_EPI_Ecosystem_Vitality_Objective_-_Biodiversity_and_Habitat_%2826170609028%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2016_EPI_Ecosystem_Vitality_Objective_-_Biodiversity_and_Habitat_%2826170609028%29.jpg/180px-2016_EPI_Ecosystem_Vitality_Objective_-_Biodiversity_and_Habitat_%2826170609028%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2016_EPI_Ecosystem_Vitality_Objective_-_Biodiversity_and_Habitat_%2826170609028%29.jpg/240px-2016_EPI_Ecosystem_Vitality_Objective_-_Biodiversity_and_Habitat_%2826170609028%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span>2016 conservation indicator which includes the following indicators: marine protected areas, terrestrial biome protection (global and national), and species protection (global and national) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendelian_inheritance.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14Mendelian inheritance states characteristics are discrete and are inherited by the parents. This image depicts a monohybrid cross and shows 3 generations: P1 generation (1), F1 generation (2), and F2 generation (3). Each organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, that make up the genotype. The observed characteristic, the phenotype, is determined by the dominant allele in the genotype. In this monohybrid cross the dominant allele encodes for the colour red and the recessive allele encodes for the colour white. (from History of genetics)"><img alt="Image 14Mendelian inheritance states characteristics are discrete and are inherited by the parents. This image depicts a monohybrid cross and shows 3 generations: P1 generation (1), F1 generation (2), and F2 generation (3). Each organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, that make up the genotype. The observed characteristic, the phenotype, is determined by the dominant allele in the genotype. In this monohybrid cross the dominant allele encodes for the colour red and the recessive allele encodes for the colour white. (from History of genetics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mendelian_inheritance.svg/120px-Mendelian_inheritance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mendelian_inheritance.svg/250px-Mendelian_inheritance.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a> states characteristics are discrete and are inherited by the parents. This image depicts a <a href="/wiki/Monohybrid_cross" title="Monohybrid cross">monohybrid cross</a> and shows 3 generations: P1 generation (1), F1 generation (2), and F2 generation (3). Each organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, that make up the genotype. The observed characteristic, the phenotype, is determined by the dominant allele in the genotype. In this monohybrid cross the dominant allele encodes for the colour red and the recessive allele encodes for the colour white. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15Statue of Robert Koch in Berlin. Koch directly provided proof for the germ theory of diseases, therefore creating the scientific basis of public health, saving millions of lives. For his life's work Koch is seen as one of the founders of modern medicine. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 15Statue of Robert Koch in Berlin. Koch directly provided proof for the germ theory of diseases, therefore creating the scientific basis of public health, saving millions of lives. For his life's work Koch is seen as one of the founders of modern medicine. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg/120px-Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg/250px-Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="2354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> in Berlin. Koch directly provided proof for the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ theory of diseases">germ theory of diseases</a>, therefore creating the scientific basis of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, saving millions of lives. For his life's work Koch is seen as one of the founders of modern medicine. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan_crossover_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16Thomas Hunt Morgan's illustration of crossing over, part of the Mendelian-chromosome theory of heredity (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 16Thomas Hunt Morgan's illustration of crossing over, part of the Mendelian-chromosome theory of heredity (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Morgan_crossover_1.jpg/120px-Morgan_crossover_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Morgan_crossover_1.jpg/250px-Morgan_crossover_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a>'s illustration of <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover" title="Chromosomal crossover">crossing over</a>, part of the Mendelian-chromosome theory of heredity (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17The "central dogma of molecular biology" (originally a "dogma" only in jest) was proposed by Francis Crick in 1958. This is Crick's reconstruction of how he conceived of the central dogma at the time. The solid lines represent (as it seemed in 1958) known modes of information transfer, and the dashed lines represent postulated ones. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 17The "central dogma of molecular biology" (originally a "dogma" only in jest) was proposed by Francis Crick in 1958. This is Crick's reconstruction of how he conceived of the central dogma at the time. The solid lines represent (as it seemed in 1958) known modes of information transfer, and the dashed lines represent postulated ones. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg/120px-Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg/250px-Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span>The "<a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">central dogma of molecular biology</a>" (originally a "dogma" only in jest) was proposed by Francis Crick in 1958. This is Crick's reconstruction of how he conceived of the central dogma at the time. The solid lines represent (as it seemed in 1958) known modes of information transfer, and the dashed lines represent postulated ones. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_San_Francisco_gateway_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18A Genentech-sponsored sign declaring South San Francisco to be "The Birthplace of Biotechnology." (from History of biotechnology)"><img alt="Image 18A Genentech-sponsored sign declaring South San Francisco to be "The Birthplace of Biotechnology." (from History of biotechnology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_San_Francisco_gateway_sign.jpg/120px-South_San_Francisco_gateway_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_San_Francisco_gateway_sign.jpg/180px-South_San_Francisco_gateway_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_San_Francisco_gateway_sign.jpg/240px-South_San_Francisco_gateway_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span>A Genentech-sponsored sign declaring South San Francisco to be "The Birthplace of Biotechnology." (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 19Wendell Stanley's crystallization of tobacco mosaic virus as a pure nucleoprotein in 1935 convinced many scientists that heredity might be explained purely through physics and chemistry. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 19Wendell Stanley's crystallization of tobacco mosaic virus as a pure nucleoprotein in 1935 convinced many scientists that heredity might be explained purely through physics and chemistry. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg/120px-TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg/250px-TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 19</span></span><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Stanley</a>'s crystallization of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a> as a pure <a href="/wiki/Nucleoprotein" title="Nucleoprotein">nucleoprotein</a> in 1935 convinced many scientists that heredity might be explained purely through physics and chemistry. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E_coli_at_10000x,_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 20Carefully engineered strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli are crucial tools in biotechnology as well as many other biological fields. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 20Carefully engineered strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli are crucial tools in biotechnology as well as many other biological fields. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/120px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/250px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 20</span></span>Carefully engineered <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> of the bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> are crucial tools in biotechnology as well as many other biological fields. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 21Gregor Mendel, "father of modern genetics" (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 21Gregor Mendel, "father of modern genetics" (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg/88px-Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg/133px-Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg/177px-Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 21</span></span><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>, "father of modern genetics" (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Status_iucn3.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 22Summary of 2006 IUCN Red List categories: EX (Extinct) — EW (Extinct in the Wild) — CR (Critically Endangered) — EN (Endangered) — VU (Vulnerable) — NT (Near Threatened) — LC (Least Concern) (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 22Summary of 2006 IUCN Red List categories: EX (Extinct) — EW (Extinct in the Wild) — CR (Critically Endangered) — EN (Endangered) — VU (Vulnerable) — NT (Near Threatened) — LC (Least Concern) (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/120px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/180px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/240px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 22</span></span>Summary of 2006 <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> categories: EX (<a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct</a>) — EW (<a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct in the Wild">Extinct in the Wild</a>) — CR (<a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered</a>) — EN (<a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered</a>) — VU (<a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a>) — NT (<a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">Near Threatened</a>) — LC (<a href="/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern</a>) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 23Cabinets of curiosities, such as that of Ole Worm, were centers of biological knowledge in the early modern period, bringing organisms from across the world together in one place. Before the Age of Exploration, naturalists had little idea of the sheer scale of biological diversity. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 23Cabinets of curiosities, such as that of Ole Worm, were centers of biological knowledge in the early modern period, bringing organisms from across the world together in one place. Before the Age of Exploration, naturalists had little idea of the sheer scale of biological diversity. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg/120px-1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg/180px-1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg/240px-1655_-_Frontispiece_of_Museum_Wormiani_Historia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4748" data-file-height="3670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 23</span></span><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">Cabinets of curiosities</a>, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Ole_Worm" title="Ole Worm">Ole Worm</a>, were centers of biological knowledge in the early modern period, bringing organisms from across the world together in one place. Before the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>, naturalists had little idea of the sheer scale of biological diversity. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cycler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 24Inside of a 48-well thermal cycler, a device used to perform polymerase chain reaction on many samples at once (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 24Inside of a 48-well thermal cycler, a device used to perform polymerase chain reaction on many samples at once (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cycler.jpg/120px-Cycler.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cycler.jpg/250px-Cycler.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2109" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 24</span></span>Inside of a 48-well <a href="/wiki/Thermal_cycler" title="Thermal cycler">thermal cycler</a>, a device used to perform <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> on many samples at once (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChildrenPerceptionBiomass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 25An art scape image showing the relative importance of animals in a rain forest through a summary of (a) child's perception compared with (b) a scientific estimate of the importance. The size of the animal represents its importance. The child's mental image places importance on big cats, birds, butterflies, and then reptiles versus the actual dominance of social insects (such as ants). (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 25An art scape image showing the relative importance of animals in a rain forest through a summary of (a) child's perception compared with (b) a scientific estimate of the importance. The size of the animal represents its importance. The child's mental image places importance on big cats, birds, butterflies, and then reptiles versus the actual dominance of social insects (such as ants). (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ChildrenPerceptionBiomass.jpg/91px-ChildrenPerceptionBiomass.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ChildrenPerceptionBiomass.jpg/136px-ChildrenPerceptionBiomass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ChildrenPerceptionBiomass.jpg/181px-ChildrenPerceptionBiomass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 25</span></span>An art scape image showing the relative importance of animals in a rain forest through a summary of (a) child's perception compared with (b) a scientific estimate of the importance. The size of the animal represents its importance. The child's mental image places importance on big cats, birds, butterflies, and then reptiles versus the actual dominance of social insects (such as ants). (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wanton_waste_of_MN_native_fish_by_the_ton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 26Some biodiversity loss is more insidious than others due to systemic neglect. For example, sport killing and wanton waste of tons of native fishes from unregulated 21st century bowfishing in the United States. New conservation movements are needed to deter irreparable biodiversity loss to fragile freshwater ecosystems. (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="In this single-night bowfishing tournament in Minnesota, 85% of individual fish shot and dumped were native fishes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wanton_waste_of_MN_native_fish_by_the_ton.jpg/120px-Wanton_waste_of_MN_native_fish_by_the_ton.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wanton_waste_of_MN_native_fish_by_the_ton.jpg/250px-Wanton_waste_of_MN_native_fish_by_the_ton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="5082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 26</span></span>Some biodiversity loss is more insidious than others due to systemic neglect. For example, sport killing and wanton waste of tons of native fishes from unregulated 21st century <a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">bowfishing</a> in the United States. New conservation movements are needed to deter irreparable biodiversity loss to fragile freshwater ecosystems. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_feet_of_the_canidae_and_ursidae_(1914)_fig._2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 27More conservation research is needed for understanding ecology and behaviour of the dhole in central China. (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 27More conservation research is needed for understanding ecology and behaviour of the dhole in central China. (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/On_the_feet_of_the_canidae_and_ursidae_%281914%29_fig._2.png/120px-On_the_feet_of_the_canidae_and_ursidae_%281914%29_fig._2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/On_the_feet_of_the_canidae_and_ursidae_%281914%29_fig._2.png/180px-On_the_feet_of_the_canidae_and_ursidae_%281914%29_fig._2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/On_the_feet_of_the_canidae_and_ursidae_%281914%29_fig._2.png/240px-On_the_feet_of_the_canidae_and_ursidae_%281914%29_fig._2.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 27</span></span>More conservation research is needed for understanding ecology and behaviour of the <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a> in central China. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 28In Micrographia, Robert Hooke had applied the word cell to biological structures such as this piece of cork, but it was not until the 19th century that scientists considered cells the universal basis of life. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 28In Micrographia, Robert Hooke had applied the word cell to biological structures such as this piece of cork, but it was not until the 19th century that scientists considered cells the universal basis of life. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png/83px-Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png/125px-Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png/166px-Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 28</span></span>In <i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>, Robert Hooke had applied the word <i>cell</i> to biological structures such as this piece of <a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">cork</a>, but it was not until the 19th century that scientists considered cells the universal basis of life. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 29Frontispiece to a 1644 version of the expanded and illustrated edition of Historia Plantarum, originally written by Theophrastus around 300 BCE (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 29Frontispiece to a 1644 version of the expanded and illustrated edition of Historia Plantarum, originally written by Theophrastus around 300 BCE (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg/120px-161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg/250px-161Theophrastus_161_frontespizio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 29</span></span>Frontispiece to a 1644 version of the expanded and illustrated edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>, originally written by <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> around 300 BCE (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 30Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered sex linked inheritance of the white eyed mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila in 1910, implying the gene was on the sex chromosome. (from History of genetics)"><img alt="Image 30Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered sex linked inheritance of the white eyed mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila in 1910, implying the gene was on the sex chromosome. (from History of genetics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg/120px-Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg/180px-Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg/240px-Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 30</span></span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Sex_linked" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex linked">sex linked</a> inheritance of the white eyed mutation in the fruit fly <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila</a></i> in 1910, implying the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> was on the <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">sex chromosome</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwins_first_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 31Charles Darwin's first sketch of an evolutionary tree from his First Notebook on Transmutation of Species (1837) (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 31Charles Darwin's first sketch of an evolutionary tree from his First Notebook on Transmutation of Species (1837) (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/120px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/180px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/240px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 31</span></span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s first sketch of an evolutionary tree from his <i>First Notebook on Transmutation of Species</i> (1837) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 32Innovative laboratory glassware and experimental methods developed by Louis Pasteur and other biologists contributed to the young field of bacteriology in the late 19th century. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 32Innovative laboratory glassware and experimental methods developed by Louis Pasteur and other biologists contributed to the young field of bacteriology in the late 19th century. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg/120px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg/250px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="2532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 32</span></span>Innovative <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">laboratory glassware</a> and experimental methods developed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> and other biologists contributed to the young field of <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a> in the late 19th century. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_II_and_eagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 33De arte venandi, by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, was an influential medieval natural history text that explored bird morphology. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 33De arte venandi, by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, was an influential medieval natural history text that explored bird morphology. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Frederick_II_and_eagle.jpg/120px-Frederick_II_and_eagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Frederick_II_and_eagle.jpg/250px-Frederick_II_and_eagle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 33</span></span><i><a href="/wiki/De_arte_venandi" class="mw-redirect" title="De arte venandi">De arte venandi</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, was an influential medieval natural history text that explored bird <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insulincrystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 34Synthetic insulin crystals synthesized using recombinant DNA technology (from History of biotechnology)"><img alt="Image 34Synthetic insulin crystals synthesized using recombinant DNA technology (from History of biotechnology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/120px-Insulincrystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/250px-Insulincrystals.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 34</span></span>Synthetic <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> crystals synthesized using <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> technology (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 35Description of rare animals (写生珍禽图), by Huang Quan (903–965) during the Song dynasty (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 35Description of rare animals (写生珍禽图), by Huang Quan (903–965) during the Song dynasty (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/120px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/180px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg/240px-Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6826" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 35</span></span><i>Description of rare animals</i> (写生珍禽图), by Huang Quan (903–965) during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Divinatory_livers_Louvre_AO19837.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 36Clay models of animal livers dating between the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries BCE, found in the royal palace at Mari (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 36Clay models of animal livers dating between the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries BCE, found in the royal palace at Mari (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Divinatory_livers_Louvre_AO19837.jpg/60px-Divinatory_livers_Louvre_AO19837.jpg" decoding="async" width="42" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Divinatory_livers_Louvre_AO19837.jpg/120px-Divinatory_livers_Louvre_AO19837.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="1686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 36</span></span>Clay models of animal livers dating between the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries BCE, found in the royal palace at <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopetoun_falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 37Efforts are made to preserve the natural characteristics of Hopetoun Falls, Australia, without affecting visitors' access. (from Conservation biology)"><img alt="Image 37Efforts are made to preserve the natural characteristics of Hopetoun Falls, Australia, without affecting visitors' access. (from Conservation biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/120px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/180px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg/240px-Hopetoun_falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 37</span></span>Efforts are made to preserve the natural characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Hopetoun_Falls" title="Hopetoun Falls">Hopetoun Falls</a>, Australia, without affecting visitors' access. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographie_der_Pflanzen_in_den_Tropen-L%C3%A4ndern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 38In the course of his travels, Alexander von Humboldt mapped the distribution of plants across landscapes and recorded a variety of physical conditions such as pressure and temperature. (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 38In the course of his travels, Alexander von Humboldt mapped the distribution of plants across landscapes and recorded a variety of physical conditions such as pressure and temperature. (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Geographie_der_Pflanzen_in_den_Tropen-L%C3%A4ndern.jpg/120px-Geographie_der_Pflanzen_in_den_Tropen-L%C3%A4ndern.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Geographie_der_Pflanzen_in_den_Tropen-L%C3%A4ndern.jpg/250px-Geographie_der_Pflanzen_in_den_Tropen-L%C3%A4ndern.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="10283" data-file-height="7230" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 38</span></span>In the course of his travels, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> mapped the distribution of plants across landscapes and recorded a variety of physical conditions such as pressure and temperature. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 39A biomedical work by Ibn al-Nafis, an early adherent of experimental dissection who discovered the pulmonary and coronary circulation (from History of biology)"><img alt="Image 39A biomedical work by Ibn al-Nafis, an early adherent of experimental dissection who discovered the pulmonary and coronary circulation (from History of biology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg/120px-Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg/250px-Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 39</span></span>A biomedical work by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a>, an early adherent of experimental dissection who discovered the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary circulation</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></b>)</div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABiology%2FDid_you_know%2F4&action=edit"><span style="color:#000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Did_you_know_-_show_different_entries" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Did you know - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Biology&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show different entries</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li>... that seeds of the fossil fruit <i><b><a href="/wiki/Suciacarpa" title="Suciacarpa">Suciacarpa</a></b></i> have fossil fungi inside them?</li> <li>... that the fossil ant genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Agastomyrma" title="Agastomyrma">Agastomyrma</a></b></i> was described from a single queen, and males of the fossil ant <i><b><a href="/wiki/Proceratium_eocenicum" title="Proceratium eocenicum">Proceratium eocenicum</a></b></i> have a hair fringe?</li> <li>... that less than 50 years after being discovered, <i><b><a href="/wiki/Heterelmis_stephani" title="Heterelmis stephani">Heterelmis stephani</a></b></i> is now presumed extinct?</li> <li>... that in 1981 <b><a href="/wiki/Bobbi_Campbell" title="Bobbi Campbell">Bobbi Campbell</a></b> became the first person to publicly identify as a person living with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>?</li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <div style="float:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology/Previous_did_you_knows" title="Portal:Biology/Previous did you knows">DYK archive</a></b></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology/Did_you_know" title="Portal:Biology/Did you know">More did you know facts</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABiology%2FOpentask&action=edit"><span style="color:#000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Things_you_can_do" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Things you can do</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clipboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/48px-Clipboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/72px-Clipboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/96px-Clipboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span><br /> </p> <div style="width:25px;height:0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position:relative;left:-15px;margin-right:-10px;z-index:15">Here are some <i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology/Opentask" title="Portal:Biology/Opentask">Open Tasks</a></b></i> :<ul style="font-size:85%;padding:.3em 0 .3em 25px;margin:0"> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_copy_edit" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit">Copyedit</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Progeroid_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Progeroid syndrome">Progeroid syndrome</a> </li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_improving_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to improving articles">Improve</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">reproductive isolation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">species distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Humandevelopment" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Humandevelopment">Template:Humandevelopment</a>, <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY sex-determination system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">list of domesticated animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:SysTax" title="Template:SysTax">Template:SysTax</a> </li> <li> <b>Biographies:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hartl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Hartl">Dan Hartl</a><br /> <b>Plants:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Caulerpa_taxiflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulerpa taxiflora">Caulerpa taxiflora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Collybia_butyracea" class="mw-redirect" title="Collybia butyracea">Collybia butyracea</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkinsia_polymorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elkinsia polymorpha (page does not exist)">Elkinsia polymorpha</a></i> </li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Biology_stubs" title="Category:Biology stubs">Stubs</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_(life_sciences)" title="Mass flow (life sciences)">Mass flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calopterygidae" title="Calopterygidae">Calopterygidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Spinebill" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Spinebill">Eastern Spinebill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straw-necked_Ibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Straw-necked Ibis">Straw-necked Ibis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambarus" title="Cambarus">Cambarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimblewill" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimblewill">Nimblewill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordulegastridae" title="Cordulegastridae">Cordulegastridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomphidae" title="Gomphidae">Gomphidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei_Fantail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohnpei Fantail">Pohnpei Fantail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imaginal_disc" title="Imaginal disc">imaginal disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">plant taxonomy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Biliphyta" title="Biliphyta">Biliphyta</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_hybridization" title="Colony hybridization">Colony hybridization</a> </li> <li><b>Nominate and vote:</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Science_collaboration_of_the_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Science collaboration of the Month">Science collaboration of the month</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_Improvement_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Article Improvement Drive">Article Improvement Drive</a> </li> </ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABiology%2FRelated_portals&action=edit"><span style="color:#000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/40px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/60px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/20px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/28px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/42px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/56px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Ocean">Ocean</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg/13px-Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg/20px-Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg/27px-Protokol_Kesehatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="3871" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pandemics" title="Portal:Pandemics">Pandemics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/28px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/42px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/56px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/60px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABiology%2FBiology_portals&action=edit"><span style="color:#000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Biology_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Biology portals</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1130092004" /><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/40px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/60px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/40px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/60px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/40px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/60px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/40px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/60px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/22px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/33px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png/24px-Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png/36px-Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png/48px-Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2839" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/40px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="21" class="mw-file-element" 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biology_nav" title="Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biology_nav" title="Template talk:Biology nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biology_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biology858" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Introduction (<a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Evolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles" title="Index of biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li> <li>Properties (<a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism"> Energy processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replication</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Response to environment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Community</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism#In_science" title="Reductionism">Reductionistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence"> Emergent property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">Mechanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory"> Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law"> Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_journals" title="List of biology journals">Biology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">Common name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">Cell cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Gene regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcriptional modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">Function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">Alga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant form <br /> and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Plant stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal form <br />and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_environment" title="Internal environment">Internal environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology" title="List of research methods in biology">Research <br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory <br /> techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">Gel electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">Green fluorescent protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_purification" title="Protein purification">Protein purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">Restriction enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening" title="Two-hybrid screening">Two-hybrid screening</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_transect" title="Belt transect">Belt transect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark and recapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_discovery_curve" title="Species discovery curve">species discovery curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecological terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Plant morphology terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/17px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/26px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/34px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biology" title="Category:Biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biology">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049300" /> <div class="PlainNavboxes"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_biology" title="Template talk:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_biology59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049300" /> <div class="PlainNavboxes"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_biology170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biology_topics" title="Template:Biology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biology_topics" title="Template talk:Biology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_related_to_biology170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Topics related to biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles" title="Index of biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biologists" title="List of biologists">Notable biologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geneticists_and_biochemists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of geneticists and biochemists">List of geneticists and biochemists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions, publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publications_in_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of publications in biology">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omne_vivum_ex_ovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Omne vivum ex ovo">Omne vivum ex ovo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">In utero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">In silico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">Physical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservation topics">List of conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">Altricial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">Precocial</a> development strategies</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049300" /> <div class="PlainNavboxes"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_biology_(timeline)253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_biology" title="Template:History of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_biology" title="Template talk:History of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_biology_(timeline)253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields,<br />disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" title="Timeline of immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" title="History of model organisms">Model organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">Plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" title="History of RNA biology">RNA biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">Zoology (through 1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_since_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zoology since 1859">Zoology (since 1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories,<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_gene%E2%80%93one_enzyme_hypothesis" title="One gene–one enzyme hypothesis">One gene–one enzyme hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_hypothesis" title="Sequence hypothesis">Sequence hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="History of the creation–evolution controversy">History of the creation-evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldtian_science" title="Humboldtian science">Humboldtian science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_biology" title="Category:History of biology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABiology%2FProjects&action=edit"><span style="color:#000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Community.png" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProjects"><img alt="WikiProjects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Community.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="32" /></a><figcaption>WikiProjects</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProjects" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProjects">WikiProjects</a> connected with biology: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computational_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computational Biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Conservation_worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Conservation worldwide">Conservation worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">Ecology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Extinction" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecoregions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecoregions">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Evolutionary_biology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Game_theory" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Game theory">Game theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History_of_Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Science">History of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Marine_life" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Clinical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Clinical medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Microbiology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Molecular and Cellular Biology">Molecular and Cellular Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Neuroscience" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tree_of_Life" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fungi" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Plants" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Plants">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arthropods" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arthropods">Arthropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bivalves" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bivalves">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Cephalopods" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Gastropods" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Gastropods">Gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes">Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Amphibians_and_Reptiles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Amphibians and Reptiles">Amphibians and Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Birds" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Mammals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Viruses" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Viruses">Viruses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>A complete list of scientific WikiProjects can be found <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Directory/Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Directory/Science">here</a>. See also <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Main Page">Wikispecies</a>, a Wikimedia project dedicated to classification of biological species. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#90db90;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #90db90;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Biology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/120px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Biology">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Biology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Biology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Biology">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Biology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Biology" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Biology">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Biology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Biology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Biology">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Biology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Biology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Biology">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure 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class="mw-page-title-main">Biology</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" 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id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>65 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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