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id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>In compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components_of_the_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_of_the_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Components of the practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components_of_the_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components of the practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components_of_the_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killing_of_humans_and_other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_of_humans_and_other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Killing of humans and other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_of_humans_and_other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_blood_and_stallar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_blood_and_stallar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Role of blood and <span><i>stallar</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_blood_and_stallar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feasting_and_drinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feasting_and_drinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Feasting and drinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feasting_and_drinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Help_from_the_gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Help_from_the_gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Help from the gods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Help_from_the_gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Divination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legitimisation_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimisation_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Legitimisation of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimisation_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_cultic_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_cultic_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious and cultic leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_cultic_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendrical_blót" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendrical_blót"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Calendrical <span><i>blót</i></span></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Calendrical_blót-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Calendrical <span><i>blót</i></span> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Calendrical_blót-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yearly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yearly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Yearly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yearly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Beginning of winter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_in_winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_in_winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Later in winter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_in_winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Summer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Every_nine_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Every_nine_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Every nine years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Every_nine_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lejre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lejre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Lejre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lejre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uppsala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uppsala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Uppsala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uppsala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_by_medieval_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_by_medieval_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception by medieval Christians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_by_medieval_Christians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception by medieval Christians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_by_medieval_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blót_strengthening_evil_spirits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blót_strengthening_evil_spirits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><span><i>Blót</i></span> strengthening evil spirits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blót_strengthening_evil_spirits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banning_and_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banning_and_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Banning and suppression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banning_and_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incorporation_into_Christian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incorporation_into_Christian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Incorporation into Christian culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incorporation_into_Christian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Blót</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Блот – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Блот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot" title="Blot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بلوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A1%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="블로트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블로트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1)" title="בלוט (טקס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלוט (טקס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot" title="Blot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot" title="Blot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Блот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Blót" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot" title="Blot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Блот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Блот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Religious practice in Germanic paganism</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious practice in Germanic paganism. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Blot (disambiguation)">Blot</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stentoftenstenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stentoftenstenen.jpg/200px-Stentoftenstenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stentoftenstenen.jpg/300px-Stentoftenstenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stentoftenstenen.jpg/400px-Stentoftenstenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stentoften_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentoften Stone">Stentoften Stone</a>, bearing a runic inscription that likely describes a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> of nine he-goats and nine male horses bringing fertility to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantesson1989221_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantesson1989221-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blót</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>) or <b><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">geblōt</i></span></b> (Old English) are religious ceremonies in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> that centred on the killing and offering of an animal to a particular being, typically followed by the communal cooking and eating of its meat. Old Norse sources present it as a central ritual in <a href="/wiki/Old_Nordic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nordic religion">Old Nordic religion</a> that was intimately connected with many wider aspects of life. Large <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> are often described as taking place in halls, organised by the rulers of the region who were expected to carry out the practice on behalf of the people. <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blót</i></span> were central to the legitimacy of rulers and Christian rulers refusing to hold them were at times replaced by more willing alternatives and driven out of the land. Smaller, household <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> were sometimes recorded as being led by women. Beyond strengthening legitimacy for the ruling elites, the performance of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> was often in order to ensure the fertility of the land, a good harvest and peace, although they are also recorded as being performed for divination or to achieve desired results in legal matters. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">establishment of Christianity</a>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> were routinely made punishable offences, as seen in early Germanic legal codes, with the recipients of the worship and sacrifice often equated with demons. Despite this, some aspects of the practice were likely incorporated into local Christian culture and continued into the modern period. The conscious performing of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> has also been revived in the modern period as part of the practice of <a href="/wiki/Modern_heathens" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern heathens">modern heathens</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verb form is seen in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">blóta</i> ("to worship; to sacrifice"), <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: <i lang="got">blotan</i> ("to serve (<a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>); to worship"; to honour (through sacrifice)"), <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">blōtan</i> ("to sacrifice") and <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: <i lang="goh">blōzan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> form of the verb can be reconstructed as the strong verb <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">blōtanan</i></span>, or <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">blōtan</i></span> meaning "to sacrifice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The noun form is seen in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">blót</i> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ge-blót</i></span> ("sacrifice"), and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">blót</i> ("sacrifice; worship").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBT_ge-blót_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBT_ge-blót-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Proto-Germanic form of the noun can be similarly reconstructed as <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">blōtan</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar and related form can be reconstructed as <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">blōtan</i></span> from <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: <i lang="goh">bluostar</i> ("sacrifice") and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: <i lang="got">blostreis</i>, a component of <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">guþ-blostreis</i></span> ("worshipper of God").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blót</i></span> can also be used to mean "idol-worship" in general, an "idol" (often in the form <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blœti</i></span>) or metaphorically to mean "cursing" or "swearing" in Christian times due to the negative view of heathenry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_blót_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_blót-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shared Germanic root has been proposed to be related to <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">blōtan</i></span> ("to blow; to bloom; to blossom"), which is further connected to <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">blōđan</i></span> ("blood").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A connection has been further proposed to <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamen</a></i> ("priest"), although it has been argued that the validity of this is dependent on the exact root of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">flamen</i></span> which cannot be determined with certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370–71_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370–71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of "to worship" or "to worship with sacrifice", the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> verb <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blóta</i></span> is typically used with that being worshipped in the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, and rarely with it in the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>. The dative case is more typically used for the object being sacrificed. The verb is often followed by the aim of the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>, for example <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">til friðar, sigrs, langlífis, árs, byrjar</i></span> ("for peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_compounds">In compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">Blót</i> is found in many compound words relating to worship or sacrifice. These include adjectives such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-auðigr</i></span> ("rich in sacrifices") and terms for individuals also include it is a prefix such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-biskup</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-kennimaðr</i></span>, or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-goði</i></span> ("heathen priest"), <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-hofðingi</i></span> ("heathen chief"). Other compounds include recipients of worship such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-guð</i></span> ("heathen god") and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-kálfr</i></span> ("calf worshipped with sacrifices"). Items with religious function can also include it as a prefix such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-bolli</i></span> ("sacrificial bowl") and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-klæði</i></span> ("garments worn at sacrifices"), and it can refer to religious concepts such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-dómr</i></span> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-skapr</i></span> ("idolatry"), and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blótnaðr</i></span> which is used to mean both "sacrificing to heathen gods" and "idolatry".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060–61_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060–61-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_of_the_practice">Components of the practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Components of the practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg/220px-Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg/330px-Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg/440px-Borg_Vestv%C3%A5g%C3%B8y_LC0165.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed Viking Age hall at the <a href="/wiki/Lofotr_Viking_Museum" title="Lofotr Viking Museum">Lofotr Viking Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>It has been proposed that during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, religious organisation drastically changed, with rulers gaining enough power to centralise sacrifices and ceremonies to their own homes rather than in outdoor spaces such as bogs and lakes, as had been done before. These indoor cultic buildings are referred to in Old Norse soures variously as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">hof</a></i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hǫrgar</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">goðahús</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blóthús</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist201596,_163Chapter_4._Ceremonial_Buildings_and_Sanctuaries,_chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist201596,_163Chapter_4._Ceremonial_Buildings_and_Sanctuaries,_chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources do still record <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> taking place a diverse range of sites, with <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">groves</a>, hofs and waterfalls being described as the recipients of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>, along with beings such as <a href="/wiki/Germanic_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic gods">gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a> and heathen <a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">vættir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nouns for places include <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> as a prefix, suggesting them as sites where these ceremonies took place, such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-haugr</i></span> ("sacrificial mound or cairn") and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót-hof</i></span> ("heathen house of worship").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kjalnesinga_saga" title="Kjalnesinga saga">Kjalnesinga saga</a> describes how there was a site near a large <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">hof</a> called <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blótkelda</i></span> ("sacrificial fen/bog/well/spring" or "fen near the heathen temple") into which sacrifices were thrown during sacrifical feasts. This idea is also reflected in Icelandic placenames such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blótkelda</i></span> at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6%C3%B0rudalur" title="Möðrudalur">Möðrudalur</a> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Goðakelda</i></span> ("fen/spring of the gods") at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDvatn" title="Mývatn">Mývatn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260–261Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260–261Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_of_humans_and_other_animals">Killing of humans and other animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Killing of humans and other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The written sources and the archaeological record indicate that in Old Norse religious practice, the sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animals</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">horses</a>, played a significant part in the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>. Closer in conception to a gift, it usually involved killing animals, and sometimes humans, in ritual fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>'s account of the temple at <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a> notes that only the heads were offered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice is possibly supported by the archaeological record. At the temple-hall of <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof#Hofstaðir" title="Heathen hof">Hofstaðir</a> in northern Iceland, oxen were decapitated in seasonal rituals for many years and the heads displayed at the hall. <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteological</a> analysis of the bones shows that the animals were killed with blows to the neck by axe or sword. This method was perhaps intended to produce the spectacle of a shower of arterial blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar observations have been made at other sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> birch stump found underneath the church at <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n" title="Frösön">Frösön</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism#Toponomy" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Freyr's island</a>") in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a>, and a site of a possible cult-house in Borg in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>. Both of these sites had a significant enrichment of skulls relative to other bones. It has been proposed that there was a widespread practice to offer the heads to the gods, whilst cooking the meat for the feast that followed. It has also been suggested that the number of skulls that a hall displayed would act as a status signal, indicating the size of the feast that could be hosted within.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341,_347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341,_347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The written sources speak of sacrifices made of prisoners of war; Roman descriptions of Germanic tribes sacrificing their defeated enemies to Mars or Mercury have a similarity with customs related to the cult of Óðinn in Old Norse religion. The Icelandic skáld Helgi Trausti mentions his killing an enemy as a sacrifice to Óðinn; <i><a href="/wiki/Egils_saga_einhenda_ok_%C3%81smundar_berserkjabana" title="Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana">Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a></i> describe the sacrificing of captive enemies to Óðinn. In depositions of remains found near Uppland, most of the human bodies are of young males with healed bone trauma, a possible congruence with the sacrificed captives of war mentioned in the written corpus. In almost all instances, human sacrifices occurring in the context of the Old Norse texts are related to Óðinn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikström_af_Edholm2019265_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikström_af_Edholm2019265-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criminals and slaves are the humans being sacrificed in the majority of cases which has been compared to modern <a href="/wiki/Executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Executions">executions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_blóta_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_blóta-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars doubt the reliability of some claims of human sacrifice. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>'s account of the sacrifices at Uppsala, for example, the author likely exaggerated about the sacrifices of humans in order to demonise <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic religion</a>. Similarly, the accuracy of the account of human sacrifice in Kjalnesinga saga has been doubted by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260,_348Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260,_348Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_blood_and_stallar">Role of blood and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallar</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role of blood and stallar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_(II).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/300px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/450px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png/600px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_%28II%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Detail from Stora Hammars I showing a man lying on his belly with another man using a weapon on his back. This has been proposed to depict a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallr</i></span> (platform used in specific religious contexts).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015334–335Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015334–335Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konar_saga_g%C3%B3%C3%B0a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hákonar saga góða">Hákonar saga góða</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> describes <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hlautteinar</i></span> ("sacrificial twigs") being used like sprinklers to spread blood over the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallar</i></span> ("altars" or "platforms"), the walls of the hof (both inside and outside) and the people who were present there. It is possible that this description was influenced by the ecclesiastical ceremonies of the medieval church in which holy water was sprinkled over the congregation, or the account in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> sprinkles blood on his people. Snorri in his description explicitly notes the similarity between <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hlautteinar</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stǫklar</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Aspergillum" title="Aspergillum">aspergillum</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on this, it has been proposed that the use of terms such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hlaut</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hlautolli</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hlautteinn</i></span> to mean "sacrificial blood", "sacrificial twig" and "sacrificial bowl" respectively does not accurately reflect their use in pre-Christian times. This is partly based on the absence of the terms from <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">Skaldic poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddic_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddic poems">Eddic poems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olof_Sundqvist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olof Sundqvist (page does not exist)">Olof Sundqvist</a> supports the idea that <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hlaut</i></span> formerly had the meaning of "lot" in the context of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Klaus_D%C3%BCwel" title="Klaus Düwel">Klaus Düwel</a> has taken this argument further, arguing that the sprinkling of sacrificial blood had no influence from heathen Germanic culture and was derived wholly from other sources such as the Old Testament, this has been challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallar</i></span> (corresponding to one of the places sprinkled with blood in Snorri's account), likely did have a meaning related to sacrifice in pre-Christian Scandinavian contexts. The phrase <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">véstallr</i></span> ("sacred stand") is found in Skaldic poetry and there are attestations of blood being smeared on holy objects elsewhere in Western Scandinavia. In <a href="/wiki/Hyndlulj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hyndluljóð">Hyndluljóð</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> says about how one of her worshippers has made a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/H%C7%ABrgr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hǫrgr">hǫrgr</a></i></span> ("altar") for her, faced with stone that was turned to glass and reddened with ox blood. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks" title="Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks">U-version of Hervarar saga</a> tells how a holy tree, referred to as a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blóttre</i></span>, is reddened with blood from a sacrificial horse. It is unclear if this is meant to be interpreted as a literal tree or as a platform or altar (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">véstallr</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallr</i></span> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">véstalli</i></span>). In <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a>, the king <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3maldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dómaldi">Dómaldi</a> is sacrificed in order to make their crops grow and they redden the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallar</i></span> with his blood; <a href="/wiki/Ynglingatal" title="Ynglingatal">Ynglingatal</a>, the poem upon which this narrative is built, does not reference <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallar</i></span> but it does emphasise that the ground was reddened with blood. It has been suggested that the pouring of blood on the ground below <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallar</i></span> may be related to the taking of soil from below the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">stallr</i></span> by Þórólfr from Norway to Iceland during the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">settlement of the island</a>, as described in <a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a>. Religious objects are recorded as being reddened with blood during <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>, like <a href="/wiki/Oath-ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath-ring">oath-rings</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a>. The practice of collecting sacrificial blood and pouring it on altars is well attested in other cultures such as in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">religion</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_burnt_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish burnt offering">Jewish burnt offerings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–334Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–334Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with having a role in divination, other suggestions for the importance of blood in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> have been put forward by scholars. It has been put forward that the violence used to kill the animals found at Hofstaðir may have acted as a way to remove tensions in the community. Olof Sundqvist instead proposes that the blood was used in a performative setting, creating a feeling of spectacle and that the event was strongly separate from usual daily life. If true, those participating in the ceremony would likely have become emotionally engaged in the ritual drama. He further suggests, consistent with ideas by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lincoln" title="Bruce Lincoln">Bruce Lincoln</a>, that there may have been a perceived connection between the killing during the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> and the killing of <a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a> during the creation account told in <a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a>, which acted as its mythic counterpart. In this context, the bloodshed may have signalled a renewal of the world, in which conditions would improve for those who performed the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–343Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–343Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feasting_and_drinking">Feasting and drinking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feasting and drinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/220px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/330px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg/440px-Drinking_scene_on_an_image_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A drinking scene on an <a href="/wiki/Image_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Image stone">image stone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sacrificial feasts (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">blótveizlur</i> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blótdrykkjur</i></span>) had a prominent place in the ancient religious practices of the Scandinavians, and were part of the seasonal festivals attended by large numbers of people. Family rituals such as the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">álfablót</a></i> in western Sweden mentioned by the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigvatr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sigvatr Þórðarson">Sigvatr Þórðarson</a> in an early 11th-century poem, were usually performed on farm homesteads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgärd2008215–216_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgärd2008215–216-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feasts and ritual drinking at <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> are also mirrored in a mythological context in the depictions of <a href="/wiki/Valh%C7%ABll" class="mw-redirect" title="Valhǫll">Valhǫll</a> in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l" title="Hákonarmál">Hákonarmál</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015353Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015353Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horses are often recorded as being eaten in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blótveizlur</i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">eating of horsemeat</a> was made an offence punishable by fines and <a href="/wiki/Outlawry" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlawry">outlawry</a> by a number of medieval Scandinavian laws made after the adoption of Christianity, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borgarthings-Lov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borgarthings-Lov (page does not exist)">Borgarthings-Lov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulathings-Lov" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulathings-Lov">Den ældre Gulathings-Lov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frostathings-Lov" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostathings-Lov">Frostathings-Lov</a>. In Iceland, an exception was made for eating horsemeat in private for a short time after the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Iceland">establishment of Christianity</a> but was later repealed. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ritual killing of animals was followed by feasts on the meat, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skald#Skaldic_poetry" title="Skald">Scaldic poetry</a>, the Icelandic sagas, and on rune stones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnell2019303_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2019303-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meat was boiled in large cooking pits with heated stones, either indoors or outdoors, and ale or <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> was drunk in the ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinbock2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbock2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sites suggesting religious feasting have been found in Scandinavia such as in <a href="/wiki/Melhus_Municipality" title="Melhus Municipality">Melhus</a> where many cooking pits, mainly dating to between 900 and 1300 CE, were found containing bones of domesticated animals. The hearths in hall-room C at Borg in <a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a> has also been suggested to have been the site of ritual cooking of meat from sacrificed animals. One large pit measuring around 6 m by 3 m has been interpreted as a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">seyðir</i></span> (a cooking pit intended for ritual preparation of meat). The <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a> cognate term is found as a prefix in <a href="/wiki/Guta_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Guta saga">Guta saga</a>, which describes those who partook in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> together as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">suþnautar</i></span> ("boiling companions") as they cooked their meals made from sacrificed animals together. <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Seyðir</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">suþ-</i></span> are likely both related to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: <i lang="got">sauþs</i> ("sacrifice"). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015345–347,_349–350Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015345–347,_349–350Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than just a simple sacrifice, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> was central to all the ritual activities that took place in Norse sacral structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Help_from_the_gods">Help from the gods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Help from the gods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bulls have been noted to have been often sacrificed when seeking help from the gods in legal matters. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011190–194_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011190–194-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blót</i></span> are also often described as being performed in order to achieve good harvests, with some texts explicitly recording that they are held <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Til_%C3%A1rs_ok_fri%C3%B0ar" title="Til árs ok friðar">til árs ok friðar</a></i></span> ("for a good harvest and peace"). The rituals are suggested to be effective by some sources such as <a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a>, which notes that <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1kon_Sigur%C3%B0arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hákon Sigurðarson">Hákon Sigurðarson</a> restored the holy sites that had been damaged by Christians and made more <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> than before and soon a period of prosperity followed, with a greater grain harvest and abundance of herring. This has been argued to show an ideology that a legitimate ruler must protect holy places and uphold <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> so as to maintain a good relationship with the gods, in turn leading to the good fortunes of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015311–313,_321Chapter_8._Sacred_Sites,_Ritual_Restrictions_and_Religious_Strategies,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015311–313,_321Chapter_8._Sacred_Sites,_Ritual_Restrictions_and_Religious_Strategies,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divination">Divination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Divination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divination is suggested to have occurred at some <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> and is recorded in Ynglinga saga in connection to a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">sonarblót</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">boar</a> sacrifice"). This is not accepted universally by scholars, with Düwel arguing the link is only seen in Snorri's works. The link has been proposed to be seen elsewhere though, such as the compound word <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blótspánn</i></span> ("chip used in divination").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191061_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191061-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a></i>, Þórólf Mostrarskeggi made preparations for his settlement of Iceland by performing a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> before he left Norway: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> <p>Þórólfr Mostrarskegg fekk at blóti miklu ok gekk til fréttar við Þór, ástvin sinn, hvárt hann skyldi sættast við konung eða fara af landi brott ok leita sér annarra forlaga, en fréttin vísaði Þórólfi til Íslandi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEyrbyggja_sagaChapter_4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyrbyggja_sagaChapter_4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Þórólfr Mostrarskeggi prepared a great sacrifice and enquired of Thór, his beloved friend, whether he should be reconciled with the king or leave the country to seek a new destiny for himself; and the answer directed Þórólfr to Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAðalsteinsson199916_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAðalsteinsson199916-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturlub%C3%B3k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sturlubók (page does not exist)">Sturlubók</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a></i> versions of <i><a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a></i>, a man named Ingólf prepared to settle in Iceland with his brother Hjörleif by performing a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> in a similar way to Þórólf: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> <p>Þenna vetr fekk Ingólfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heilla um forlög sín, en Hjörleifr vildi aldri blóta. Fréttin vísaði Ingólfi til Íslands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandnámabók,_Fyrsti_hlutiChapter._5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandnámabók,_Fyrsti_hlutiChapter._5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>That winter Ingólfr prepared a great sacrifice and sought omens for his destiny, but Hjorleifr would never sacrifice. The answer directed Ingólfr to Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAðalsteinsson199916_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAðalsteinsson199916-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hjörleif was later killed by his <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralls</a> which Ingólf attributed to his refusal to uphold heathen customs. The book later states that no one dared live where Hjörleif had settled for fear of the <a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">landvættir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyland2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyland2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legitimisation_of_rulers">Legitimisation of rulers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legitimisation of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The holding of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> and associated feasts were an opportunity for rulers to demonstrate their wealth and generosity and praise of these traits is recorded in sources such as the skaldic poem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigur%C3%B0ardr%C3%A1pa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigurðardrápa (page does not exist)">Sigurðardrápa</a>. Giving of gifts at feasts, such as <a href="/wiki/Rings_in_early_Germanic_cultures" title="Rings in early Germanic cultures">rings</a>, is well attested in Germanic texts such as <a href="/wiki/Egils_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Egils saga">Egils saga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> and has been proposed to have been a central practice in building loyalty to the king and strengthening authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015359–360Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015359–360Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Displaying of heads of eaten animals may have created a degree of competition between communities and played into the wider strategy of rulership in Viking Age Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_cultic_leaders">Religious and cultic leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious and cultic leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offering_by_Lund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Offering_by_Lund.jpg/250px-Offering_by_Lund.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Offering_by_Lund.jpg/375px-Offering_by_Lund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Offering_by_Lund.jpg/500px-Offering_by_Lund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>A painting of a <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">goði</a> leading the people in sacrificing to an idol of Thor by <a href="/wiki/J._L._Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Lund">J. L. Lund</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have debated the concept of religious leaders in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, with some such as <a href="/wiki/Folke_Str%C3%B6m" title="Folke Ström">Folke Ström</a> supporting the idea that there was no professional priesthood and that rulers instead held this role. While this remains debated by scholars, there is no strong evidence for formal training into religious role whilst the organisation of sanctuaries and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> by elites is well attested in Old Norse texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015164–172Chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015164–172Chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain elites are highlighted for their participation in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> such as <a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0r_Hla%C3%B0ajarl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurðr Hlaðajarl">Sigurðr Hlaðajarl</a> who is called <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">inn mesti blótmaðr</i></span> ("the most ardent heathen worshipper") and is described as having maintained all the sacrificial feasts in Trøndelag on behalf of the king. This concept is also attested on the <a href="/wiki/Stentoften_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentoften stone">Stentoften stone</a> which records that a man named HaþuwulfR, likely a local ruler, held a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> to give a good harvest. In Iceland, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0ar" class="mw-redirect" title="Goðar">goðar</a></i></span> ("chieftains") are often recorded as leading public religious activities including <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325,_328,_330–331Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325,_328,_330–331Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources further describe how in both Norway and Svetjud, taking part in public <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> was required for the ruler to be accepted by their subjects. <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Hákonar saga góða</i></span> tells how the Christian King Hákon came to Trøndelag and did not want to take part in the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>, upsetting the local farmers and chieftains. At the <a href="/wiki/Frosta%C3%BEing" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostaþing">Frostaþing</a> he was asked to partake in them as his father had done and he was later strongly pressured to <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">eat horse liver</a> at a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blótveizla</i></span> ("sacrificial feast") in Mære. Similarly, the heathen king <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3tsveinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Blótsveinn">Blótsveinn</a> took part in a horse sacrifice and ate horsemeat when becoming king of the <a href="/wiki/Svear" class="mw-redirect" title="Svear">Svear</a> according to <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks</i></span>. The U-version of this saga further tells how Blótsveinn became king after his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Ingi</a>, refused to uphold the old customs due to him being Christian and was thus driven away by the Svear to <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>. This closely resembles Adam of Bremen's description of king <a href="/wiki/Anund_Jacob" title="Anund Jacob">Anunder</a> who was also driven out for refusing to uphold the performing of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325–327,_344–348Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325–327,_344–348Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> being led by women such as the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">húsfreyja</i></span> ("housewife") in <a href="/wiki/V%C7%ABlsa_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vǫlsa þáttr">Vǫlsa þáttr</a> and possibly the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">húsfreyja</i></span> who is also mentioned as holding <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">álfablót</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austrfararv%C3%ADsur" title="Austrfararvísur">Austrfararvísur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst absent from detailed accounts such as those in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Hákonar saga góða</i></span>, this is consistent with a wider Germanic context of some women playing central roles in ceremonies, the holding of feasts and running of the farm. This is attestedin written sources such as <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egils_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Egils saga">Egils saga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hassmyra_Runestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassmyra Runestone">Hassmyra Runestone</a> and is potentially also represented in the archaeological record in high status female burials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015363–371,_373–375Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015363–371,_373–375Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendrical_blót"><span id="Calendrical_bl.C3.B3t"></span>Calendrical <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Calendrical blót"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yearly">Yearly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yearly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginning_of_winter">Beginning of winter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Beginning of winter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg/240px-Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg/360px-Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg/480px-Disarblot_by_Malmstr%C3%B6m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/August_Malmstr%C3%B6m" title="August Malmström">August Malmström</a> (1829–1902)</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blót</i></span> taking place at the beginning of winter in Norway and Iceland to celebrate <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vetrnætr</i></span> ("winter-nights") are recorded in multiple sources, such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsla_saga_S%C3%BArssonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísla saga Súrssonar">Gísla saga Súrssonar</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">goði</a> Þorgrímr Þorsteinsson sacrifices to Freyr during the feast. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015286–287Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015286–287Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This time has been suggested to have marked the beginning of the new year and may be the same as the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">dísablót</a>, named for the <a href="/wiki/Disir" class="mw-redirect" title="Disir">disir</a>, which is recorded in <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a> as having taken place in <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnellIregren2010241_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnellIregren2010241-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200860–61,_320_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200860–61,_320-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two further <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> are attested as having taken place in Scandinavia, each in a single source. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsa_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Völsa þáttr">Völsa þáttr</a>, preserved in <a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a>, describes a family in Northern Norway at the beginning of the 11th century CE in which <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> are performed each night in the autumn to the preserved penis of a horse that had been previously killed. An <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">álfablót</a> is recorded as having taken place in autumn in <a href="/wiki/Svetjud" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetjud">Svetjud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austrfarav%C3%ADsur" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrfaravísur">Austrfaravísur</a>, written around 1020 CE. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–366,_370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–366,_370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20087–8_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20087–8-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Anglo-Saxon contexts, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">blót</i></span> are recorded as occurring in <a href="/wiki/Bl%C5%8Dtm%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" title="Blōtmōnaþ">Blōtmōnaþ</a>, a month in the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English calendar">Old English calendar</a> which roughly corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> month of <a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBT_blót-mónaþ_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBT_blót-mónaþ-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_in_winter">Later in winter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later in winter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> are also recorded as having taken place in winter, such as the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">miðsvetrarblót</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> recorded in Heimskringla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> was celebrated in the middle of winter and had a diversity of religious components such as the performing of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Heitstrengingar" class="mw-redirect" title="Heitstrengingar">heitstrengingar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordberg2006155–156_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordberg2006155–156-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011195_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011195-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a> was held at midwinter in the month of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorri" title="Þorri">Þorri</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a> tells in an <a href="/wiki/Aetiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetiological">aetiological</a> story that the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> got its name from the son of <a href="/wiki/King_Sn%C3%A6r" class="mw-redirect" title="King Snær">King Snær</a> who held a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> every year at this time but it is more likely it got its name from the month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008327_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008327-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summer">Summer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Summer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_saga_Tryggvasonar" title="Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar">Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar</a> mentions a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">miðsumarsblót</i></span> ("midsummer sacrifice") at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6re" title="Mære">Mære</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKOTSChapter_72_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKOTSChapter_72-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a> describes how <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> instituted three festivals in Sweden, one of which was the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">sigrblót</i></span> ("sacrifice for victory"), which was to take place at the start of summer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018110_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018110-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOIC_sigrblót_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOIC_sigrblót-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a> tells how <a href="/wiki/Hadding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadding">Hadding</a>, after having his fleet destroyed in a storm began sacrificing dark-coloured victims to Frey to regain his favourof the gods. The sacrifice was repeated yearly, being called by the Swedes the Frøblot<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200889–90_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200889–90-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Every_nine_years">Every nine years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Every nine years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lejre">Lejre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lejre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> wrote in his chronicle, dated to the early 11th century CE, that the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a> had their main cult centre on <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lejre" title="Lejre">Lejre</a> and gathered there every nine years and held a large sacrifice:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022223_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022223-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table width="100%" style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> text<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThietmar_von_Merseburg180712–13_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThietmar_von_Merseburg180712–13-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="50%">Warner translation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner2013Book_1,_chapter_17_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2013Book_1,_chapter_17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; padding:1em;"><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Sed quia ego de hostiis eorundem antiquis mira audivi , haec indiscussa praeterire nolo. Eit unus in his partibus locus, caput istius regni, Lederun nomine, in pago qui Selon dicitur, ubi post VIIII, annos mense Ianuario post hoc tempus, quo nos theophaniam domini celebramus, omnes convenerunt et ibi diis suismet LXXXX et VIIII. homines et totidem equos, cum canibus et gallis pro accipitribus oblatis immolant, pro certo, ut praedixi, putantes, hos eisdem apud inseros fervituros et commissa crimina apud eosdem placaturos. Quam bene Rex noster fecit, qui eos a tam execrando ritu prolhibuit!</i></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; padding:1em;">Because I have heard marvellous things about their ancient sacrifices, I will not allow these to pass by unmentioned. In those parts, the centre of the kingdom is a place called Leire, in the region of Seeland. Every nine years, in the month of January, after the day on which we celebrate the appearance of the Lord [6 January], they all convene here and offer their gods a burnt offering of ninety-nine human beings and as many horses, along with dogs and cocks – the latter being used in place of hawks. As I have said, they were convinced that these would do service for them with those who dwell beneath the earth and ensure their forgiveness for any misdeeds. Our king did well when he forbade them to practise such an execrable rite. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It has been noted that at the time of Thietmar's writing, Denmark had been nominally Christian for nearly 50 years and it is unlikely that large scale <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> were still being performed at the end of the 10th century in Lejre. It has been further noted that Thietmar was determined to show the heathen Danes as being as ferocious and backwards as possible, using large numbers to show their barbarity. He further potentially based his description on existing literature available to him, which formed part of a long tradition of supposing that <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">heathens in general</a> commonly sacrificed humans. Such sources would have allowed him to further dehumanise the Danish heathen population and depict them as evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022224,_227–228_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022224,_227–228-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uppsala">Uppsala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Uppsala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></div> <p>The chronicler <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> has described a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> being performed every 9 years at <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a>, written in the mid 11th century CE:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022218_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022218-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table width="100%" style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> text<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen187673–74_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen187673–74-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="50%">Tschan translation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen2002207–208_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen2002207–208-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; padding:1em;"><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Omnibus itaque diis suis attributos habent sacerdotes, qui sacrificia populi offerant. Si pestis et famis imminet, Tbor ydolo lybatur, si bellum, Wodani, si nuptiae celebrandae sunt, Fricconi. Solet quoque post novem annos communis omnium Sueoniae provintiarum sollempnitas in Ubsola celebrari. Ad quam videlicet sollempnitatem nulli praestatur immunitas. Reges et populi, omnes et singuli sua dona tramsmittunt ad Ubsolam, et quod omni poena crudelius est, illi qui iam induerunt christianitatem, ab illis se redimunt cerimoniis. Sacriticium itaque tale est. Ex omni animante, quod masculinum est, novem capita offeruntur, quorum sanguine deos placari mos est. Corpora autem suspenduntur in lucum, oui proximus est templo. Is enim lucus tam sacer est gentilibus, ut singulae arbores eius ex morte vel tabo immolatorum divinae credantur. Ibi etiam canes et equi pendent cum hominibus... Ceterum neniae, quae in eiusmodi ritu libationis fieri solent, multiplices et inhonestae ideoque melius reticendae.</i></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; padding:1em;">For all their gods there are appointed priests to offer sacrifices for the people. If plague and famine threaten, a libation is poured to the idol Thor; if war, to Wotan; if marriages are to be celebrated, to Frikko. It is customary also to solemnize in Uppsala, at nine-year intervals, a general feast of all the provinces of Sweden. From attendance at this festival no one is exempted. Kings and people all and singly send their gifts to Uppsala and, what is more distressing than any kind of punishment, those who have already adopted Christianity redeem themselves through these ceremonies. The sacrifice is of this nature: of every living thing that is male, they offer nine heads, with the blood of which it is customary to placate gods of this sort. The bodies they hang in the sacred grove that adjoins the temple. Now this grove is so sacred in the eyes of the heathen that each and every tree in it is believed divine because of the death or putrefaction of the victims. Even dogs and horses hang there with men... Furthermore, the incantations customarily chanted in the ritual of a sacrifice of this kind are manifold and unseemly; therefore, it is better to keep silence about them. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> has argued that Adam of Bremen had a strong motive in his work to present both that a <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian mission</a> to Scandinavia would be successful, while also emphasising the urgency as the heathens were still supposedly performing what he perceived as evil practices, such as performing blood sacrifices to idols. He proposes that he likely drew on accounts such as Thietmar of Merseburg's chronicle and this could have been the source of certain details such as it recurring every nine years, although the possibility does remain that similar sacrifices were held at both religious sites. Despite this, he argues there that the account is still informed by reliable sources and notable details are not found in sources that he would have had access to, such as the hanging of the sacrificed in trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022225,_228_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022225,_228-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_by_medieval_Christians">Reception by medieval Christians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reception by medieval Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blót_strengthening_evil_spirits"><span id="Bl.C3.B3t_strengthening_evil_spirits"></span><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blót</i></span> strengthening evil spirits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Blót strengthening evil spirits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulatingslova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gulatingslova.jpg/220px-Gulatingslova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gulatingslova.jpg/330px-Gulatingslova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gulatingslova.jpg/440px-Gulatingslova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>A page of the <a href="/wiki/Older_Gula%C3%BEing_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Older Gulaþing Law">Older Gulaþing Law</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Rantzovianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codex Rantzovianus (page does not exist)">Codex Rantzovianus</a>, which lists holding <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> as a punishable offence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimensen202136–37_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimensen202136–37-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Several conversion <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Þættir">þættir</a>, short stories concerned with reconciling Christian doctrine and heathen beliefs, present <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> as harmful practices that, whilst effective in bringing benefits to the community that performs them, function by empowering evil spirits that pose as the helpful beings in which the heathens believe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49,_50,_54–56_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49,_50,_54–56-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion þáttr <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_Geirsta%C3%B0a%C3%A1lfs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óláfs þáttr Geirstaðaálfs (page does not exist)">Óláfs þáttr Geirstaðaálfs</a> gives an account of Óláfr digrbeinn, a king who the author says predicted his own death and warned his people not to perform <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> to him after he dies, claiming that doing so turns the dead into <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">trolls</a>. Following this, Óláfr explains that these demons can bring good harvests but are also harmful. After his death, bad harvests occur and the people ignore his requests and worship him, calling him "Geirstaðaálfr" ("the <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elf</a> of Geirstad"). Shortly after this, the harvests improve though when they stop their <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>, the evil spirits that were receiving the gifts become angered. It has been proposed that this tale is the result of the author imperfectly trying to combine the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a> and "the noble heathen", who is meant to maintain his dignity after death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly in another conversion þáttr, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gmundar_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_dytts" title="Ögmundar þáttr dytts">Ögmundar þáttr dytts</a>, the author equates Freyr and the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">devil</a> and explains that the constant offerings to the carving of Freyr have given the devil the ability to speak through it so as to strengthen their belief in Freyr. Later in the tale, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr_Tryggvason" class="mw-redirect" title="Óláfr Tryggvason">Óláfr Tryggvason</a> spiritually helps a Norwegian named Gunnar in defeating the devil, driving it out of the wooden carving. Gunnar then pretends to be Freyr, putting on the clothes of the <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a> and accepting offerings of valuable gifts from the worshippers of the god, who stop sacrificing animals from then on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199454–56_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199454–56-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banning_and_suppression">Banning and suppression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Banning and suppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Penitential_of_Theodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitential of Theodore">Penitential of Theodore</a> imposes 1-10 years of penance for those <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">qui immolant demonibus</i></span> ("who sacrifice to demons"). In this context, "demons" would likely have been used to refer to heathen gods and other beings connected to the cult, given that these were commonly equated in Christian thought. The penitential further prohibits the eating of food offered in sacrifices to the recipient being. Similar prohibitions are seen throughout later law codes in England such as the laws of <a href="/wiki/King_Wihtred_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="King Wihtred of Kent">King Wihtred of Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004150–151_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004150–151-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0hymbra_preosta_lagu" title="Norðhymbra preosta lagu">Norðhymbra preosta lagu</a>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">blót</i></span> are explicitly forbidden along with other practices deemed heathen such as idol-worship, with those caught performing them being made to pay 5 half-<a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a> to the Church and 5 to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2012296–299_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2012296–299-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Norwegian law codes explicitly forbid performing of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> , making it a punishable offence. The Older Gulaþing Law, dating to around the mid 11th century CE, bans performing of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> to heathen gods, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">howes</a> or <a href="/wiki/H%C7%ABrgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hǫrgar">hǫrgar</a>, listing it an offence for which the punishment is a fine, penance and if this is not followed, expulsion from the land. This is built upon in the ecclesiastical Law of <a href="/wiki/Sverrir_Sigur%C3%B0arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverrir Sigurðarson">Sverrir Sigurðarson</a>, which further forbids <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> to heathen <a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">vættir</a>, and is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Frosta%C3%BEing_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostaþing law">Frostaþing law</a> which likewise bans <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004158_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004158-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimensen20218–9,_36–37_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimensen20218–9,_36–37-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Christianity was adopted as the main religion of Iceland, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> were allowed for a short time, as long as they were performed in private, with the punishment being lesser <a href="/wiki/Outlawry" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlawry">outlawry</a> if they were observed publicly. This exception was soon repealed and the practice was fully banned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønlie9_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønlie9-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Af blotan</i></span> section of <a href="/wiki/Gutalagen" title="Gutalagen">Gutalagen</a>, the legal code for Gotland, imposes fines for those who perform <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span>, along with those who follow heathen customs more widely. It further specifies that it is forbidden to make invocations with food or drink if they are not following Christian customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015355Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015355Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeel_20094._Concerning_sacrifice_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeel_20094._Concerning_sacrifice-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sweden, the <a href="/wiki/Upplandslagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Upplandslagen">Upplandslagen</a> forbade <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">veneration of groves</a> and stones, and sacrificing to <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">affguþum</i></span> ("idols").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incorporation_into_Christian_culture">Incorporation into Christian culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Incorporation into Christian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon adoption of Christianity by the elite, ritual drinking at <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> was sometimes <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">blended</a> with the incoming traditions, as recorded in the late 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Kings%27_sagas" title="Kings' sagas">history of the kings</a> of Norway <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum" title="Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum">Ágrip</a></i> when King <a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr_Tryggvason" class="mw-redirect" title="Óláfr Tryggvason">Óláfr Tryggvason</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="non" class="poem"> <p>...felldi blót ok blótdrykkjur, ok lét í stað koma í vild við lýðinn hátíðardrykkjur jól ok páskar, Jóansmessu mungát, ok haustöl at Mikjálsmessu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830–33_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830–33-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>...abolished pagan feasts and sacrifices, in place of which, as a favour to the people, he ordained the holiday feasts Yule and Easter, St John's Mass ale, and an autumn-ale at Michaelmas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830–33_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830–33-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This process of incorporating pre-existing heathen traditions into Christian traditions is likely also seen with the ritual formula <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">til árs ok friðar</i></span> ("for good harvest and peace"). In Hákonar saga góða it is used as part of <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>'s toast, while other sources record it being used in a Christian context. Den ældre Gulathings-Lov, for example, states that the beer drunk during <a href="/wiki/All_Saint%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saint's Day">All Saint's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> should be consecrated to thank <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">til árs. oc til friðar</i></span> ("For property and peace").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015356–357Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015356–357Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Heathen holidays</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg/220px-Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg/330px-Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg/440px-Forn_Sed_Sverige_Tingsblot_2011_R%C3%A5dsgydja_o_R%C3%A5dsgode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Council <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B0ja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyðja">gyðja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">goði</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samfundet_Forn_Sed_Sverige" class="mw-redirect" title="Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige">Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige</a> hallowing the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> at the annual <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a> in June 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the banning of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> by church officials, the giving of food and drink to beings believed to inhabit the landscape continued as part of local folk practices. This includes the offering to house spirits such as <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">tomter</a> in Sweden which is recorded throughout history such as in medieval criticisms by individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Heliga_Birgitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliga Birgitta">heliga Birgitta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> and folktales as late as the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENygaard2019_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENygaard2019-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> at <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> may be the origin of the practice in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> recorded in the 18th century by which each family in <a href="/wiki/Sandwick,_Orkney" title="Sandwick, Orkney">Sandwick</a> that rears pigs would slaughter one sow on the 17th of December which was known as Sow Day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XVI_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XVI-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar practice is recorded in the 19th century in which each household on <a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay" title="North Ronaldsay">North Ronaldsay</a> slaughtered a sheep known as the Yule sheep on Christmas Eve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XV_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XV-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionist</a> adherents of <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">contemporary Germanic paganism</a> have developed traditions of <i>blót</i> rituals celebrated in a contemporary context since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovitch2004126–127_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovitch2004126–127-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these practices, animal sacrifice is usually replaced with offerings of food or drink, although there remains a large focus on sharing food and strengthening relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_Heathenry_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Heathenry-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, a Christian rite involving eating and drinking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1c" class="mw-redirect" title="Lác">Lác</a>, an Old English word derived from a term for ritual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">Shechita</a>, ritual slaughter in Judaism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">blót</i></span> being used to mean "idol" is seen in compound nouns such as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">mat-blót</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">leir-blót</i></span> which have been translated as "dough-" and "clay-idol" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_blót_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_blót-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The uncertainty in etymology of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">flāmen</i></span> results from it being unclear whether the root word was <span title="Latin-language text">*<i lang="la">flā-</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text">*<i lang="la">flād-</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text">*<i lang="la">flāg-</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370–71_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370–71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantesson1989221-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantesson1989221_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSantesson1989">Santesson 1989</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200350–51_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrel2003">Orel 2003</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBT_ge-blót-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBT_ge-blót_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBT_ge-blót">BT_ge-blót</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZoëga1910">Zoëga 1910</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_blót-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_blót_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_blót_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCV_blót">CV_blót</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370–71-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370–71_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201370–71_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060–61-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191060–61_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZoëga1910">Zoëga 1910</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist201596,_163Chapter_4._Ceremonial_Buildings_and_Sanctuaries,_chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist201596,_163Chapter_4._Ceremonial_Buildings_and_Sanctuaries,_chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 96, 163, Chapter 4. Ceremonial Buildings and Sanctuaries, chapter 5. The Religious Leadership of the Sanctuaries and the Economic system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260–261Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260–261Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 260–261, Chapter 6. The Ritual Structure of the Sanctuaries and Cosmic Symbolism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2020212_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2020">Price 2020</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 340–341, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341,_347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015340–341,_347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 340–341, 347, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikström_af_Edholm2019265-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikström_af_Edholm2019265_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWikström_af_Edholm2019">Wikström_af_Edholm 2019</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECV_blóta-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECV_blóta_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCV_blóta">CV_blóta</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260,_348Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015260,_348Chapter_6._The_Ritual_Structure_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_Cosmic_Symbolism,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 260, 348, Chapter 6. The Ritual Structure of the Sanctuaries and Cosmic Symbolism, chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015334–335Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015334–335Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 334–335, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015317–318Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 317–318, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015337Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, p. 337, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–334Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–334Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 331–334, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–343Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015331–343Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 331–343, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgärd2008215–216-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgärd2008215–216_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHultgärd2008">Hultgärd 2008</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015353Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015353Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, p. 353, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015347Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, p. 347, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2019303-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnell2019303_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnell2019">Magnell 2019</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinbock2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinbock2014_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteinbock2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steinbock, Fritz (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aR7bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT134"><i>Das Heilige Fest: Rituale des traditionellen germanischen Heidentums in heutiger Zeit</i></a> (in German). Edition Roter Drache. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944180-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-944180-52-6"><bdi>978-3-944180-52-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Heilige+Fest%3A+Rituale+des+traditionellen+germanischen+Heidentums+in+heutiger+Zeit&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Edition+Roter+Drache&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-944180-52-6&rft.aulast=Steinbock&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaR7bBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015345–347,_349–350Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015345–347,_349–350Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 345–347, 349–350, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011190–194-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011190–194_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovárová2011">Kovárová 2011</a>, pp. 190–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015311–313,_321Chapter_8._Sacred_Sites,_Ritual_Restrictions_and_Religious_Strategies,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015311–313,_321Chapter_8._Sacred_Sites,_Ritual_Restrictions_and_Religious_Strategies,_chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 311–313, 321, Chapter 8. Sacred Sites, Ritual Restrictions and Religious Strategies, chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoëga191061-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoëga191061_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZoëga1910">Zoëga 1910</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyrbyggja_sagaChapter_4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEyrbyggja_sagaChapter_4_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEyrbyggja_saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a>, Chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAðalsteinsson199916-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAðalsteinsson199916_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAðalsteinsson199916_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAðalsteinsson1999">Aðalsteinsson 1999</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandnámabók,_Fyrsti_hlutiChapter._5-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandnámabók,_Fyrsti_hlutiChapter._5_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandnámabók,_Fyrsti_hluti">Landnámabók, Fyrsti hluti</a>, Chapter. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyland2013-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyland2013_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyland2013">Meyland 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015359–360Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015359–360Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 359–360, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015164–172Chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015164–172Chapter_5._The_Religious_Leadership_of_the_Sanctuaries_and_the_Economic_system_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 164–172, Chapter 5. The Religious Leadership of the Sanctuaries and the Economic system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325,_328,_330–331Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325,_328,_330–331Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 325, 328, 330–331, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325–327,_344–348Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015325–327,_344–348Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 325–327, 344–348, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 365–370, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015363–371,_373–375Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015363–371,_373–375Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 363–371, 373–375, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015286–287Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015286–287Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 286–287, Chapter 7. The Relation between Rulers and Cultic Images.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnellIregren2010241-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnellIregren2010241_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnellIregren2010">Magnell & Iregren 2010</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200860–61,_320-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200860–61,_320_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 60–61, 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–366,_370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015365–366,_370Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 365–366, 370, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek20087–8-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek20087–8_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBT_blót-mónaþ-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBT_blót-mónaþ_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBT_blót-mónaþ">BT_blót-mónaþ</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015320Chapter_7._The_Relation_between_Rulers_and_Cultic_Images_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 320, Chapter 7. The Relation between Rulers and Cultic Images.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordberg2006155–156-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordberg2006155–156_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordberg2006">Nordberg 2006</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011195-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovárová2011195_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovárová2011">Kovárová 2011</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008327-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2008327_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKOTSChapter_72-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKOTSChapter_72_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKOTS">KOTS</a>, Chapter 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018110-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018110_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunnell2018">Gunnell 2018</a>, pp. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOIC_sigrblót-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOIC_sigrblót_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOIC_sigrblót">OIC_sigrblót</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200889–90-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek200889–90_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2008">Simek 2008</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022223-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022223_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2022">Simek 2022</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThietmar_von_Merseburg180712–13-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThietmar_von_Merseburg180712–13_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThietmar_von_Merseburg1807">Thietmar von Merseburg 1807</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner2013Book_1,_chapter_17-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner2013Book_1,_chapter_17_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner2013">Warner 2013</a>, Book 1, chapter 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022224,_227–228-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022224,_227–228_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2022">Simek 2022</a>, pp. 224, 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022218-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022218_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2022">Simek 2022</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen187673–74-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen187673–74_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen1876">Adam of Bremen 1876</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen2002207–208-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_of_Bremen2002207–208_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen2002">Adam of Bremen 2002</a>, pp. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2022225,_228-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2022225,_228_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2022">Simek 2022</a>, pp. 225, 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimensen202136–37-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimensen202136–37_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimensen2021">Simensen 2021</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49,_50,_54–56-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49,_50,_54–56_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs1994">Heinrichs 1994</a>, pp. 47–49, 50, 54–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199447–49_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs1994">Heinrichs 1994</a>, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199454–56-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichs199454–56_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrichs1994">Heinrichs 1994</a>, pp. 54–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004150–151-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004150–151_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanmark2004">Sanmark 2004</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2012296–299-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2012296–299_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorpe2012">Thorpe 2012</a>, pp. 296–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004158-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004158_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanmark2004">Sanmark 2004</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimensen20218–9,_36–37-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimensen20218–9,_36–37_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimensen2021">Simensen 2021</a>, pp. 8–9, 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønlie9-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønlie9_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrønlie">Grønlie</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015355Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015355Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, p. 355, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanmark2004159_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanmark2004">Sanmark 2004</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeel_20094._Concerning_sacrifice-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeel_20094._Concerning_sacrifice_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeel_2009">Peel_2009</a>, 4. Concerning sacrifice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830–33-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830–33_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll200830–33_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDriscoll2008">Driscoll 2008</a>, pp. 30–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015356–357Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundqvist2015356–357Chapter_9._Ceremonial_Feasts_as_Ritual_Strategies_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundqvist2015">Sundqvist 2015</a>, pp. 356–357, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENygaard2019-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENygaard2019_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNygaard2019">Nygaard 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XVI-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XVI_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrkney,_Vol.XVI">Orkney, Vol.XVI</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XV-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrkney,_Vol.XV_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrkney,_Vol.XV">Orkney, Vol.XV</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovitch2004126–127-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovitch2004126–127_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovitch2004">Rabinovitch 2004</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Heathenry-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_Heathenry_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC_Heathenry">BBC Heathenry</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen2002" class="citation book cs1">Adam of Bremen (2002). <i>History of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen</i>. Translated by Tschan, Francis Joseph. New York: Columbia university press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231125747" title="Special:BookSources/0231125747"><bdi>0231125747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+archbishops+of+Hamburg-Bremen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+university+press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0231125747&rft.au=Adam+of+Bremen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen1876" class="citation book cs1">Adam of Bremen (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gestahammaburgen00adamuoft/page/175/mode/2up"><i>Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</i></a>. Hannoverae : Hahniani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Hammaburgensis+ecclesiae+pontificum&rft.pub=Hannoverae+%3A+Hahniani&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Adam+of+Bremen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgestahammaburgen00adamuoft%2Fpage%2F175%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThietmar_von_Merseburg1807" class="citation book cs1">Thietmar von Merseburg (1807). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicon00thieuoft/page/12/mode/2up"><i>Chronicon;</i></a>. Norimberg, Lechner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicon%3B&rft.pub=Norimberg%2C+Lechner&rft.date=1807&rft.au=Thietmar+von+Merseburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicon00thieuoft%2Fpage%2F12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrønlie" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/IslKr.pdf">"Íslendingabók & Kristni Saga - The book of the Icelanders & The story of the conversion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Viking society for northern research</i>. Translated by Grønlie, Siân. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Viking+society+for+northern+research&rft.atitle=%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k+%26+Kristni+Saga+-+The+book+of+the+Icelanders+%26+The+story+of+the+conversion&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk%2FText%2520Series%2FIslKr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel_2009" class="citation book cs1"><i>Guta lag: the law of the Gotlanders</i>. Translated by Peel, Christine. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, Univ. College London. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-79-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-79-6"><bdi>978-0-903521-79-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guta+lag%3A+the+law+of+the+Gotlanders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking+Society+for+Northern+Research%2C+Univ.+College+London&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-903521-79-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimensen2021" class="citation book cs1">Simensen, Erik (6 April 2021). Simensen, Erik (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003134459/older-gulathing-law-erik-simensen"><i>The Older Gulathing Law</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003134459">10.4324/9781003134459</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-13445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-13445-9"><bdi>978-1-003-13445-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233604491">233604491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Older+Gulathing+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233604491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003134459&rft.isbn=978-1-003-13445-9&rft.aulast=Simensen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781003134459%2Folder-gulathing-law-erik-simensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2012" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Benjamin (2012). "Law of the Northumbrian priests". <i>Ancient Laws and Institutes of England</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">290–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139177412" title="Special:BookSources/9781139177412"><bdi>9781139177412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law+of+the+Northumbrian+priests&rft.btitle=Ancient+Laws+and+Institutes+of+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781139177412&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2013" class="citation book cs1">Warner, David A. (1 January 2013). "The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526112774.00008"><i>Ottonian Germany</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7765%2F9781526112774.00008">10.7765/9781526112774.00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1277-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1277-4"><bdi>978-1-5261-1277-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chronicon+of+Thietmar+of+Merseburg&rft.btitle=Ottonian+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E385&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7765%2F9781526112774.00008&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-1277-4&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7765%2F9781526112774.00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyrbyggja_saga" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga">"Eyrbyggja saga"</a>. <i>heimskringla.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heimskringla.no&rft.atitle=Eyrbyggja+saga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheimskringla.no%2Fwiki%2FEyrbyggja_saga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKOTS" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/07olaftr.htm">"King Olaf Trygvason's saga"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=King+Olaf+Trygvason%27s+saga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fheim%2F07olaftr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandnámabók,_Fyrsti_hluti" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k_-_Fyrsti_hluti">"Landnámabók - Fyrsti hluti"</a>. <i>heimskringla.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heimskringla.no&rft.atitle=Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k+-+Fyrsti+hluti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheimskringla.no%2Fwiki%2FLandn%25C3%25A1mab%25C3%25B3k_-_Fyrsti_hluti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%B3t&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAðalsteinsson1999" class="citation book cs1">Aðalsteinsson, Jón Hnefill (1999). Jónsson, Jakob S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mostrarskegg%20fekk%20at%20bl%C3%B3ti%22"><i>Under the Cloak: A Pagan Ritual Turning Point in the Conversion of Iceland</i></a> (2nd, extended ed.). University of Iceland Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9979-54-380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9979-54-380-0"><bdi>978-9979-54-380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Cloak%3A+A+Pagan+Ritual+Turning+Point+in+the+Conversion+of+Iceland&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=2nd%2C+extended&rft.pub=University+of+Iceland+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9979-54-380-0&rft.aulast=A%C3%B0alsteinsson&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3n+Hnefill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEPXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Mostrarskegg%2520fekk%2520at%2520bl%25C3%25B3ti%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2008" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Matthew James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Agrip.pdf"><i>Ágrip Af Nóregskonungasqgum: A Twelfth-century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. x (2nd ed.). Viking Society for Northern Research. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-27-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-27-7"><bdi>978-0-903521-27-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%81grip+Af+N%C3%B3regskonungasqgum%3A+A+Twelfth-century+Synoptic+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Viking+Society+for+Northern+Research&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-903521-27-7&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Matthew+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk%2FText%2520Series%2FAgrip.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnell2018" class="citation book cs1">Gunnell, Terry (19 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sy-GDwAAQBAJ&dq=sigrbl%C3%B3t&pg=PA107">"Part I: 6 Performance Studies"</a>. <i>Handbook of Pre-Modern Nordic Memory Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches</i>. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30748-3"><bdi>978-90-04-30748-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Arena+for+Higher+Powers%3A+Ceremonial+Buildings+and+Religious+Strategies+for+Rulership+in+Late+Iron+Age+Scandinavia&rft.btitle=An+Arena+for+Higher+Powers&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30748-3&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=Olof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F31675%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABl%C3%B3t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikström_af_Edholm2019" class="citation book cs1">Wikström af Edholm, Klas (2019). 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angul_(mythology)" title="Angul (mythology)">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo burial">Sutton Hoo burial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Til_%C3%A1rs_ok_fri%C3%B0ar" title="Til árs ok friðar">Til árs ok friðar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_practices_and_worship_in_Germanic_paganism108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7e7e7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_paganism" title="Template:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_paganism" title="Template talk:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_practices_and_worship_in_Germanic_paganism108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religious practices and worship in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Bless</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blót</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template:Death in Germanic mythology">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallow">Hallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_German_spells" title="Template:Old German spells">Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic paganism">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externsteine" title="Externsteine">Externsteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollkyrka" title="Trollkyrka">Trollkyrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upp%C3%A5kra_temple" title="Uppåkra temple">Uppåkra temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hof_%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagsins" title="Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins">Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manheim_(hof)" title="Manheim (hof)">Manheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianisation of the Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blót&oldid=1273784503">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blót&oldid=1273784503</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_animal_sacrifice" title="Category:Germanic animal sacrifice">Germanic animal sacrifice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ceremonies" title="Category:Ceremonies">Ceremonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viking_practices" title="Category:Viking practices">Viking practices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spiritual_practice" title="Category:Spiritual practice">Spiritual practice</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-hb4w9","wgBackendResponseTime":119,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.361","walltime":"1.498","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10781,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":237428,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10310,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":181255,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1246.455 1 -total"," 24.73% 308.203 154 Template:Lang"," 24.05% 299.833 102 Template:Sfn"," 17.05% 212.566 24 Template:Cite_book"," 9.78% 121.869 7 Template:Navbox"," 9.72% 121.187 2 Template:Reflist"," 7.96% 99.162 1 Template:Anglo-SaxonPaganism"," 5.87% 73.221 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.75% 46.739 2 Template:Pagetype"," 3.69% 45.970 10 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