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fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://ku.academia.edu/">Koç University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://ku.academia.edu/Departments/International_Relations/Documents">International Relations</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/">Harvard University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/Departments/Davis_Center_for_Russian_Eurasian_Studies/Documents">Davis Center for Russian & Eurasian Studies</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Post-Doc</span></div><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/Departments/Charles_and_Louise_Travers_Department_of_Political_Science/Documents">Charles and Louise Travers Department of Political Science</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Alumnus</span></div><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/">University of Chicago</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/Departments/Political_Science/Documents">Political Science</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Alumnus</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Sener" data-follow-user-id="96631" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="96631"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></a></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">I am a scholar of comparative politics broadly defined, with a focus on comparative politics of ethnicity, religion, and nationalism, especially in Germany, Russia, and Turkey. I developed the typology of three “regimes of ethnicity” (monoethnic, antiethnic, and multiethnic), and a theory of “ethnic regime change” in my book, Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey (Cambridge University Press, 2012), which received the Joseph Rothschild book prize in 2013. While writing on German, Russian, and Turkish politics primarily, I also published on identity politics in Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Greece, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Syria, Central Asian republics, and Muslim minorities in 12 major Western European countries. My articles were published in various journals including World Politics, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Social Science Quarterly, Post-Soviet Affairs, Middle Eastern Studies, Turkish Studies, and European Journal of Sociology.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://upesh.academia.edu/asifsalim"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="asif salim" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" 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data-section-name="Book-Reviews" data-toggle="tab" href="#bookreviews" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>2</span> Book Reviews</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Books" id="Books"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Books by Sener Akturk</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="119885485"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/119885485/Akt%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Eener_2023_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_World_Historical_Event_In_%C5%9Eener_Akt%C3%BCrk_and_Tarek_Cherkaoui_eds_The_Arab_Spring_Past_Present_and_Future_pp_338_367_Istanbul_TRT_World_Research_Centre"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Aktürk, Şener. 2023. “The Arab Spring as a World- Historical Event.” In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 338-367. Istanbul: TRT World Research Centre." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/115200608/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/119885485/Akt%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Eener_2023_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_World_Historical_Event_In_%C5%9Eener_Akt%C3%BCrk_and_Tarek_Cherkaoui_eds_The_Arab_Spring_Past_Present_and_Future_pp_338_367_Istanbul_TRT_World_Research_Centre">Aktürk, Şener. 2023. “The Arab Spring as a World- Historical Event.” In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 338-367. Istanbul: TRT World Research Centre.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In his article on the “French Revolution as a world-historical event,” the late Immanuel Wallerst...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In his article on the “French Revolution as a world-historical event,” the late Immanuel Wallerstein argued that the real significance of the French Revolution was not its consequences for France itself, but the terrible fear and hope that it provoked in the elites of the Euro-American “core” and the masses of the “periphery” in the world-system, respectively.[1] As examples of the revolutionary enthusiasm and hope that it provoked in the periphery, Wallerstein discusses the uprisings in Egypt, Haiti, and Ireland, all three of which were initially suppressed, including some with shocking brutality and bloodshed. In what follows, I argue that the anti-authoritarian uprisings that engulfed Middle East and North Africa starting in late 2010, popularly known as the Arab Revolutions or the Arab Spring, constitute a similar world-historical event of perhaps even greater significance than the French Revolution in the long-term. These uprisings and the attitudes different actors adopted in relation to them served as a litmus test not just for the various Arab elites and masses or for the Middle Eastern states and societies but for all the neighbouring regions and indeed for the world at large. What happens when hundreds of millions of people, who may be considered as global subalterns, take up and act on the promises of the internationally hegemonic discourse of democratic emancipation and force the core states and societies of the world-system to take a side in their struggle for dignity, equality, and justice? More than a decade after the beginning of the Arab Spring, one can clearly observe that rather than assisting and or even remaining neutral in this honourable struggle, the great powers of the Euro-American core joined forces with the regional nodes of authoritarianism to violently suppress the Arab uprisings with a mixture of direct military interventions, military coups, and proxy wars, among other punitive measures that contributed to mass suffering. The Arab Spring has been arguably, if not undoubtedly, the defining world-historical development of the 2010s, and it is still too early to tell whether a new wave of the Arab Spring may define the 2020s. The Arab Spring already had vast ideational and geopolitical consequences, some of which I try to lay out in this necessarily brief examination.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="64be7062117093a0ecdbb9a215ea6748" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":115200608,"asset_id":119885485,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115200608/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="119885485"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="119885485"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 119885485; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=119885485]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=119885485]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 119885485; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='119885485']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "64be7062117093a0ecdbb9a215ea6748" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=119885485]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":119885485,"title":"Aktürk, Şener. 2023. “The Arab Spring as a World- Historical Event.” In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 338-367. 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"Operation Peace Spring and the Battle for a Free Syria." In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp.204-235." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/115200208/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/119884871/Akt%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Eener_2023_Operation_Peace_Spring_and_the_Battle_for_a_Free_Syria_In_%C5%9Eener_Akt%C3%BCrk_and_Tarek_Cherkaoui_eds_The_Arab_Spring_Past_Present_and_Future_pp_204_235">Aktürk, Şener. 2023. "Operation Peace Spring and the Battle for a Free Syria." In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp.204-235.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction: Operation Peace Spring, which was launched in October 2019, had been in the making ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction: Operation Peace Spring, which was launched in October 2019, had been in the making for more than four years. By mid-2015, the YPG- PYD’s expanding occupation of the mostly Arab-majority Northern Syria, combined their deliberate policy of forced displacement of its opponents, primarily Arabs and Turkmens, but also many dissident Kurds, led to a new wave of Syrian refugees entering Türkiye. Moreover, the PYD’s occupation of Northern Syria was accompanied by the deadliest wave of terrorist attacks of the last two decades against Türkiye by the PKK. Beginning in July 2015, this wave of attacks had claimed the lives of approximately one thousand Turkish citizens by July 2016. Based on these two major motivations, Operation Peace Spring was launched by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and the allied Syrian National Army (SNA).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="71e51524bf37ac2f2aa25e92af6ecd45" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":115200208,"asset_id":119884871,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115200208/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="119884871"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="119884871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 119884871; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43106589"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43106589/The_Covid_19_Pandemic_A_Global_Outlook"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Outlook" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63360662/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43106589/The_Covid_19_Pandemic_A_Global_Outlook">The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Outlook</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TRTWorldResearchCentre">TRT World Research Centre</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aut.academia.edu/TarekCherkaoui">Tarek Cherkaoui</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk">Sener Akturk</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bogaziciuniversity.academia.edu/MustafaMetinBa%C5%9Fbay">Mustafa Metin Başbay</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TRT World Research Centre</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Covid-19 pandemic has taken the world by surprise, subjecting polities, economies, healthcare...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Covid-19 pandemic has taken the world by surprise, subjecting polities, economies, healthcare systems, and social structures to significant upheavals. The pandemic has caused hundreds of thousands of fatalities and infected millions of people around the globe. This book is an endeavour to search for meaning through an examination of possible implications of the pandemic from a variety of angles and perspectives.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="66270de38f24582072f6b2e99aa722a2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63360662,"asset_id":43106589,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63360662/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43106589"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43106589"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43106589; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3326385"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/3326385/Turkiyenin_Kimlikleri_Din_Dil_Etnisite_Milliyet_Devlet_ve_Medeniyet_Turkeys_Identities_Religion_Language_Ethnicity_Nationality_State_and_Civilization_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Turkiye'nin Kimlikleri: Din, Dil, Etnisite, Milliyet, Devlet ve Medeniyet (Turkey's Identities: Religion, Language, Ethnicity, Nationality, State and Civilization)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/3326385/Turkiyenin_Kimlikleri_Din_Dil_Etnisite_Milliyet_Devlet_ve_Medeniyet_Turkeys_Identities_Religion_Language_Ethnicity_Nationality_State_and_Civilization_">Turkiye'nin Kimlikleri: Din, Dil, Etnisite, Milliyet, Devlet ve Medeniyet (Turkey's Identities: Religion, Language, Ethnicity, Nationality, State and Civilization)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Elinizdeki kitap, Rusya’dan İspanya’ya, Çin’den Almanya’ya kadar pek çok ülkeden örneklerin ışığı...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Elinizdeki kitap, Rusya’dan İspanya’ya, Çin’den Almanya’ya kadar pek çok ülkeden örneklerin ışığında Türkiye’nin barındırdığı çeşitli kimlikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak inceliyor ve her seviyede yaşanan kimlik sorunlarını masaya yatırıyor. Kimlik politikaları ve milliyetçilik konularında yaptığı çalışmalarla uluslararası akademik camiada yakından tanınan Şener Aktürk, Türkiye’nin Kimlikleri’nde karşılaştırmalı siyasetin imkânlarından da faydalanıyor. Akıcı bir dille yazılmış bu akademik çalışma, kimliğe dair birçok konuda daha detaylı, farklı ve çözüme yönelik düşünmenin kapısını aralıyor. <br />• Osmanlı kimliğinin ana unsurları kimlerdi? <br />• Rum, Ermeni ve Musevi olmadan Osmanlılık olur mu? <br />• Medeniyet nedir? Bir İslâm medeniyeti var mı(ydı)? <br />• Günümüz Türkiye’si hangi medeniyetin mensubu? <br />• Avrupa’da İslâm ve Yahudi düşmanlığının kökenleri nelerdir? <br />• Cumhuriyeti Rumeli muhacirleri mi kurdu? <br />• Türkiye, Türkmenlerin devleti mi? <br />• Kimlik krizinin çözümü İslâmcılık mı? <br />• Türklük, ortak kimlik olabilir mi?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3326385"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3326385"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3326385; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3326385]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3326385]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3326385; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3326385']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3326385]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3326385,"title":"Turkiye'nin Kimlikleri: Din, Dil, Etnisite, Milliyet, Devlet ve Medeniyet (Turkey's Identities: Religion, Language, Ethnicity, Nationality, State and Civilization)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3326385/Turkiyenin_Kimlikleri_Din_Dil_Etnisite_Milliyet_Devlet_ve_Medeniyet_Turkeys_Identities_Religion_Language_Ethnicity_Nationality_State_and_Civilization_","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1404196"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1404196/Regimes_of_Ethnicity_and_Nationhood_in_Germany_Russia_and_Turkey"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1404196/Regimes_of_Ethnicity_and_Nationhood_in_Germany_Russia_and_Turkey">Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This is a book about what it meant to be German, Soviet, Russian, and Turkish in the twentieth ce...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This is a book about what it meant to be German, Soviet, Russian, and Turkish in the twentieth century, and how that definition radically changed at the turn of the twenty-first century. Germany's ethnic citizenship law, the Soviet Union's inscription of ethnic origins in personal identification documents, and Turkey's prohibition on the public use of minority languages, all put in place in the early twentieth century, underpinned the definition of nationhood in these countries. Despite many challenges from political and societal actors, these policies did not change for many decades, until around the turn of the twenty-first century, when Russia removed ethnicity from the internal passport, Germany changed its citizenship law, and Turkish public television began to broadcast in minority languages. How did such tremendous changes occur? Using a new typology of "regimes of ethnicity" and a close study of primary documents and numerous interviews, Sener Akturk argues that the coincidence of three key factors - counterelites, new discourses, and hegemonic majorities - explains successful change in state policies toward ethnicity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1404196"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1404196"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1404196; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1404196]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1404196]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1404196; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='1404196']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=1404196]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":1404196,"title":"Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1404196/Regimes_of_Ethnicity_and_Nationhood_in_Germany_Russia_and_Turkey","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Sener Akturk</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="54850383"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/54850383/Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/54850383/Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims">Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/YuryKatliarou">Yury Katliarou</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk">Sener Akturk</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Perspectives on Politics</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We seek to explain variation in the descriptive representation of Muslim minorities in national l...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We seek to explain variation in the descriptive representation of Muslim minorities in national legislatures, relying on an original data set that includes 635 seats filled by Muslim-origin MPs in the lower chambers of national parliaments of twenty-six European polities in three legislative cycles between 2007 and 2018. We argue that the image of a polity as a union of multiple ethnocultural groups, reflected in concrete state policies and institutional arrangements, may be conducive to better descriptive representation of Muslim minorities, who were not originally envisioned as one of the communities constituting the nation. The results of multivariate regression analysis provide support for our hypothesis that the extent to which ethnocultural diversity is recognized and institutionalized helps explain variation in the levels of descriptive representation of European Muslims. We supplement our findings with congruence testing in four brief case studies: Belgium, France, the Nethe...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="54850383"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54850383"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54850383; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54850383]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54850383]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54850383; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='54850383']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=54850383]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":54850383,"title":"Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54850383/Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims","owner_id":3368441,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":3368441,"first_name":"Yury","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Katliarou","page_name":"YuryKatliarou","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2013-02-25T02:08:12.192-08:00","display_name":"Yury Katliarou","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/YuryKatliarou"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="107031221"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/107031221/Mezhep_Devletlerinden_Ulus_Devletlere_Avrupa_ve_Amerika_da_Din_Temelli_Ayr%C4%B1mc%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n_Siyasi_Tarihi"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mezhep Devletlerinden Ulus Devletlere: Avrupa ve Amerika’da Din Temelli Ayrımcılığın Siyasi Tarihi" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105881572/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/107031221/Mezhep_Devletlerinden_Ulus_Devletlere_Avrupa_ve_Amerika_da_Din_Temelli_Ayr%C4%B1mc%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n_Siyasi_Tarihi">Mezhep Devletlerinden Ulus Devletlere: Avrupa ve Amerika’da Din Temelli Ayrımcılığın Siyasi Tarihi</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TÜBA Günce, Cilt 65 (Turkish Academy of Sciences Periodical, Volume 65)</span><span>, Jan 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Modern milliyetçiliğin ve ilk ulus devletlerin ortaya çıktığı dönemden (yaklaşık 17.-18. yüzyıl) ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Modern milliyetçiliğin ve ilk ulus devletlerin ortaya çıktığı dönemden (yaklaşık 17.-18. yüzyıl) en az birkaç yüzyıl öncesinde Batı Avrupa’nın önde gelen ve lider sömürgecileri olarak sivrilecek olan dört kritik devletinde Müslümanlar, Yahudiler ve diğer Hristiyanlık dışı inançların mensupları tamamen yok edilmişti. Öyle ki Lizbon’dan Londra’ya, Paris’ten Toledo’ya kadar faal tek bir cami veya sinagog, tek bir Müslüman veya Yahudi cemaati kalmamıştı. Ulus devletlerin kuruluşundan çok önceki bir dönemde sağlanan bu dini ve mezhepsel türdeşliğin kökenleri milliyetçilik kuramları açısından cevaplanmayı bekleyen büyük bir soru ve sorundur. 2010 yılından bu yana yayınlanan bir dizi makalemde, öncelikle Batı Avrupa’nın dünyanın geri kalan bölgeleriyle kıyaslandığında modern milliyetçiliğin ortaya çıkışından asırlar öncesinde dahi dini ve mezhepsel açıdan çok daha türdeş olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalıştım (Aktürk 2010). İkinci aşamada, bu türdeşliğin ezelden gelen veya doğal bir özellik olmadığını, örneğin 10. ve 15. yüzyıllar arasında, Sicilya başta olmak üzere güney İtalya’da, İspanya ve Portekiz’in neredeyse tamamında ve yaklaşık yüzyıl boyunca güney Fransa’da yerleşik kayda değer Müslüman topluluklar olduğunu, benzer şekilde İngiltere, Fransa, İspanya ve Portekiz’de kayda değer Yahudi topluluklar olduğunu, fakat bu Müslüman ve Yahudi topluluklarının tamamının müteakip yüzyıllarda yok edildiğini ortaya koymaya çalıştım (Aktürk 2012; 2020). Üçüncü aşamada, Hristiyanlar haricindeki tüm dini grupların yok edilmesi sonrasında emsalsiz bir dini ve hatta mezhepsel (Katolik) türdeşliğe ulaşan, bir nevi “mezhep tekeli“nin egemen olduğu Batı Avrupa devletlerinin, Protestan Reformu, Aydınlanma Çağı ve sonrasındaki sekülerleşme süreçlerinde bu dini türdeşliği nasıl ve ne ölçüde koruyabildiklerini, hangi mekanizmaların bu dini türdeşliğin devamında rol oynadığını açıklamaya odaklandım (Aktürk 2020). Bir yandan da Protestan Reformundan mezhep savaşlarına, Batı Avrupa siyasetinin din ile kurduğu ilişkinin günümüzde halen devam eden kurban kesimi yasakları ve sünnet yasakları gibi girişimlerdeki yansımasının izini sürdüm (Aktürk 2019). Dördüncü aşamada dini ve mezhepsel türdeşliğin modern milliyetçilik ve ulus devletlerle nasıl bir ilişkisi olduğunu, din ve milliyetçilik arasındaki örtüşme ve çatışmayı modellediğim dörtlü bir tipolojiyle ortaya koydum (Aktürk 2021).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e9e87f4a62e004653151b077b6ab403c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105881572,"asset_id":107031221,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105881572/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107031221"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107031221"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107031221; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105356157"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105356157/Why_African_Americans_Do_Not_Rebel_How_Hierarchic_Integration_Prevents_Rebellion"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why African Americans Do Not Rebel? How Hierarchic Integration Prevents Rebellion" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104832128/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105356157/Why_African_Americans_Do_Not_Rebel_How_Hierarchic_Integration_Prevents_Rebellion">Why African Americans Do Not Rebel? How Hierarchic Integration Prevents Rebellion</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nationalities Papers 51 (4): 959–963</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why African Americans do not rebel? Why is there no armed insurrection of African Americans acros...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why African Americans do not rebel? Why is there no armed insurrection of African Americans across the USA, especially in cities and states where they make up almost half of the population? In many parts of the world, ethnic, racial, and religious groups that are much smaller in size, much less disadvantaged socioeconomically and politically, and with relatively fewer historical grievances than African Americans, launched armed insurrections that lasted for decades. The quiescence of African Americans is a momentous puzzle if one subscribes to grievance-based theories of violent ethnic insurgencies (e.g., Gurr 1970). There are more than 40 million African Americans in the USA, which makes them a more populous ethnic group or a potential nation than any Eastern European nation in the European Union. Yet, approximately 40 million African Americans, despite their high level of collective consciousness and multifaceted grievances, did not produce as much armed insurgency as less than three million Basques in Spain have, to expand a comparison Manuel Vogt (4) briefly alludes to. What accounts for this dramatic difference? Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States provides an answer to the following question in a comparative perspective: "Why is ethnic mobilization more likely to trigger violent conflict in some countries than in others?" (1). In a nutshell, colonial settler societies such as the USA and the rest of the Americas are stratified societies characterized by very rigid ethnic hierarchies and a high level of integration (read assimilation), making it nearly impossible for the subordinated ethnic groups such as African Americans to rebel. In contrast, ethnic groups in decolonized African polities are characterized by unranked and segmented ethnic cleavages that are particularly prone to violent ethnic mobilization. This partially results in what I understand as an inverted-U relationship between inequality and rebellion; the most egregiously oppressed and thoroughly assimilated ethnic groups in colonial settler polities cannot rebel. However, the effect of inequality (hierarchization), the first dimension of Vogt's theory, is conditioned by the second dimension of his theory, which is whether the group is integrated (i.e., assimilated, having the same religion and language as the majority) or, on the contrary, segmented. The combination of high inequality and high integration makes ethnic rebellion nearly impossible. In contrast, linguistic and religious differences are the indicators of segmentation that endow ethnic groups in decolonized African polities with the capacity to mobilize and, when necessary, rebel in pursuit of their interests, especially in the absence of historically rigid inequalities (hierarchies) between ethnic groups. Applying Vogt's main argument to the question I posed in framing my commentary, I understand that African Americans do not have the capacity to rebel because they do not have a different religion or language that distinguishes them from the dominant, White American majority—namely, they are both (mostly Protestant) Christian and English speaking.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="24066d59546f56738bfd96dfda3c3117" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104832128,"asset_id":105356157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104832128/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105356157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105356157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105356157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105356157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105356157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105356157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105356157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "24066d59546f56738bfd96dfda3c3117" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105356157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105356157,"title":"Why African Americans Do Not Rebel? How Hierarchic Integration Prevents Rebellion","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105356157/Why_African_Americans_Do_Not_Rebel_How_Hierarchic_Integration_Prevents_Rebellion","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[{"id":104832128,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104832128/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Akturk_2023_why_african_americans_do_not_rebel_how_hierarchic_integration_prevents_rebellion.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104832128/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_African_Americans_Do_Not_Rebel_How_H.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104832128/Akturk_2023_why_african_americans_do_not_rebel_how_hierarchic_integration_prevents_rebellion-libre.pdf?1691431575=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_African_Americans_Do_Not_Rebel_How_H.pdf\u0026Expires=1740398918\u0026Signature=HaQa1qvK0Nvv8S-UkDFIwQ9gYk9FetAKANaX5U3NTqRWATU800NOgeI22PHmU6WVco4MItk2juHY8mw8WsA9LaWndB1kZfPOPZsT2VAwS7VGA8WTegsVz2Wr3nakalhSTlt80LpB5oYZWAiVDLCqt3of2DN7Ip4vPjfbjOqKZ1vHi0CwqT0T5DpjuRY8DAd13EUp8p~D7jY5lixI75hmTDin65PPY6T8UMT-oDNjB84ltEeblSPDQQhEifG8v~Xdn3KKu5Jshdymatpe7wmnC2Rr-vq9a14hkwNaSEwDEv-ov4xq3Jl47tXgKodR2q21Ez05mL1EMr~fUJmH47KSog__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102710942"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102710942/Reversing_the_Gaze_Decolonizing_Political_Science"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reversing the Gaze Decolonizing Political Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102908506/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102710942/Reversing_the_Gaze_Decolonizing_Political_Science">Reversing the Gaze Decolonizing Political Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>APSA-CP Newsletter</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Citation: Şener Aktürk, "Reversing the Gaze and Decolonizing Political Science," APSA-CP Newslett...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Citation: Şener Aktürk, "Reversing the Gaze and Decolonizing Political Science," APSA-CP Newslettter, Vol. 33, No. 1, Spring 2023, pp.5-8.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5a4ba62b843fff724dd31ff8cd9db175" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":102908506,"asset_id":102710942,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102908506/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102710942"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102710942"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102710942; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="90311397"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/90311397/Turkey_s_Grand_Strategy_as_the_Third_Power_A_Realist_Proposal"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Turkey’s Grand Strategy as the Third Power: A Realist Proposal" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93908780/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/90311397/Turkey_s_Grand_Strategy_as_the_Third_Power_A_Realist_Proposal">Turkey’s Grand Strategy as the Third Power: A Realist Proposal</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs</span><span>, Jan 4, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article proposes a grand strategy for Turkey that is based on neorealist assumptions. While ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article proposes a grand strategy for Turkey that is based on neorealist assumptions. While Turkey's immediate neighbors, with the partial exception of Iran, do not pose a conventional, existential threat to Turkey in terms of their latent or military power, the "periphery" of Turkey's immediate neighbors includes half a dozen regional powers that have the military or economic capacity to threaten Turkey's neighbors or Turkey itself. Thus, Turkey should adopt a "neighborly core doctrine" to keep great powers' military forces out of its immediate neighborhood and, if possible, should seek integration with its immediate neighbors through bilateral or multilateral economic, political and security initiatives. The urgency of this imperative is underlined by the fact that four of Turkey's eight neighbors have been occupied by the great powers or their proxies since the end of the Cold War. Turkey's position has to be that of the "third power", buttressing the independence and territorial integrity of the countries in its neighborhood that are being partitioned and destroyed in proxy wars between the two major rival alliances. Among Turkey's immediate neighbors, Bulgaria, Georgia and Syria are critical as Turkey's gateways to the West, East and South, respectively. Turkey's historically rooted and overwhelmingly amicable ties with more than a dozen countries across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia are highlighted for their positive significance in this grand strategy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="182a1eb8c930abfd15abdab7ba22e412" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93908780,"asset_id":90311397,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93908780/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90311397"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90311397"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90311397; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="90311396"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/90311396/Relations_between_Russia_and_Turkey_Before_During_and_After_the_Failed_Coup_of_2016"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Relations between Russia and Turkey Before, During, and After the Failed Coup of 2016" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93908811/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/90311396/Relations_between_Russia_and_Turkey_Before_During_and_After_the_Failed_Coup_of_2016">Relations between Russia and Turkey Before, During, and After the Failed Coup of 2016</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Insight Turkey</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Increasing cooperation between Russia and Turkey date back to the 1990s, and go beyond the prefer...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Increasing cooperation between Russia and Turkey date back to the 1990s, and go beyond the preferences of a specific political party or leader. A number of geopolitical interests pitted Russia and Turkey against one another in neighboring regions. The escalation of PKK attacks in Turkey starting in July 2015 and the failed coup attempt of the Gülenists in July 2016 motivated Turkey to seek closer relations with Russia as the United States became an increasingly unreliable actor in the context of Turkey's fight against the PKK-PYD and the Gülenists. Likewise, Russia's dependence on the Turkish Straits as its main supply route to its bases in Syria, Turkey's role as a key customer of Russian natural gas and grain, the goal of breaching Western economic sanctions, as well as consolidating Russia's internal security, all motivate Russia to seek closer relations with Turkey.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="59deaaaae5895ce46afedbb141b1ad06" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93908811,"asset_id":90311396,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93908811/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90311396"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90311396"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90311396; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86979363"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86979363/Apsr_External_Reviewers_2013_2014"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Apsr External Reviewers, 2013–2014" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91315576/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86979363/Apsr_External_Reviewers_2013_2014">Apsr External Reviewers, 2013–2014</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Political Science Review</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">TheAmerican Political Science Reviewpeer review process relies on the professionalism and generos...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">TheAmerican Political Science Reviewpeer review process relies on the professionalism and generosity of those who contribute their time to read and evaluate the work of others. The Co-editors thank these scholars for serving as manuscript reviewers between September 1, 2012, and August 31, 2013.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7016ca09801c643a542e3eb2c72f6daa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91315576,"asset_id":86979363,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91315576/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86979363"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86979363"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86979363; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489418"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489418/Nationalism_and_Religion_in_Comparative_Perspective_A_New_Typology_of_National_Religious_Configurations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nationalism and Religion in Comparative Perspective: A New Typology of National-Religious Configurations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187136/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489418/Nationalism_and_Religion_in_Comparative_Perspective_A_New_Typology_of_National_Religious_Configurations">Nationalism and Religion in Comparative Perspective: A New Typology of National-Religious Configurations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nationalities Papers</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Does religion motivate and intensify nationalism, or does religion moderate and even suppress nat...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Does religion motivate and intensify nationalism, or does religion moderate and even suppress nationalism? Six kinds of relationships between nationalism and religion are critically reviewed: nationalism as a modern religion in competition with traditional religions; religious origins of the “Chosen People” as the mythomoteur of nationalism; religious exclusion as nation-building; religious influences on national policies; influence of religious observance on national identification; and religiously based “civilizations” transcending nationalisms. Western Christian experience with nationalism is not generalizable due to the institutional autonomy and supranational organization of the Catholic Church. Western European nationalisms were premised on religious sectarian homogeneity, and the homogenous “confessional state” served as the template of European nation-states. Furthermore, I argue that the late medieval eradication of Muslims and Jews across Western Europe prefigured sectaria...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7ee4366f4189857ac758b900eed97a50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86187136,"asset_id":79489418,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187136/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489418"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489418"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489418; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489417"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489417/Replication_Data_for_Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Replication Data for: Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489417/Replication_Data_for_Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims">Replication Data for: Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article seeks to explain variation in the descriptive representation of Muslim minorities in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article seeks to explain variation in the descriptive representation of Muslim minorities in national legislatures, relying on an original data set that includes 635 seats filled by Muslim-origin MPs in the lower chambers of national parliaments of 26 European polities in three legislative cycles between 2007 and 2018. We argue that the image of a polity as a union of multiple ethnocultural groups, reflected in concrete state policies and institutional arrangements, may be conducive to better descriptive representation of Muslim minorities, who were not originally envisioned as one of the communities constituting the nation. The results of multivariate regression analysis provide support for our hypothesis that the extent to which ethnocultural diversity is recognized and institutionalized helps explain variation in the levels of descriptive representation of European Muslims. We supplement our findings with congruence testing in four brief case studies: Belgium, France, the Ne...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489417"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489417"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489417; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489417]").text(description); 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silent revolution , &amp;quot; under...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Turkey went through a civil rights movement, or a &amp;quot; silent revolution , &amp;quot; under the AK Party governments between 2002 and 2013, in which the legally sanctioned segregationist measures that had previously struc-tured the country&amp;#39;s political and social order were gradually abolished. This civil rights movement allowed for the public expression of religious observance and ethno-linguistic distinctiveness, thus elevating the status of previously denigrated religious conservatives and ethno-linguistic minorities to the level of equal citizenship. These reforms deprived the Gülenists and the PKK of their raison d&amp;#39; être. The PKK offensive in July 2015 and the Gülenist attempt at a military coup in July 2016 can be interpreted as the most violent reactions to-date against the non-violent civil rights movement Turkey went through under the AK Party governments.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489415"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489415"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489415; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489412"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489412/Perspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Perspectives on Assyrian Nationalism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187132/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489412/Perspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism">Perspectives on Assyrian Nationalism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Assyrians are the indigenous people of Mesopotamia. They pride themselves on being the heirs of t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Assyrians are the indigenous people of Mesopotamia. They pride themselves on being the heirs of the ancient Assyrian Empire. They still speak the language of Christ (Syriac) and were among the first Christians in the world. Their ‘national’ church sent missionaries to India, China and Japan as early as the seventh century. Their national identity, as they claim it to be, is as old as history; their forefathers founded one of the first civilizations on Earth, and their religion encompassed the entire Asian continent. Such claims of nationality and national history are thought-provoking for scholars who have studied the history of nationalisms. Thus, I seek to find the particular events and broader processes through which Assyrian nationalism is synthesized, raised and then failed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="17dcdc10f771dce73354cf8234a76cff" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86187132,"asset_id":79489412,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187132/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489412"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489412"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489412; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489412]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489412]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489412; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='79489412']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "17dcdc10f771dce73354cf8234a76cff" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489412]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489412,"title":"Perspectives on Assyrian Nationalism","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489412/Perspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[{"id":86187132,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187132/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"poan.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187132/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Perspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86187132/poan-libre.pdf?1653026356=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPerspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism.pdf\u0026Expires=1740562872\u0026Signature=eLuMyygVtthbEGf6~YmFoOq9QN9-6kaVD5yqRpIG8BLr2W1HShQMKEnhLXBmeF0dNe51lDX28o~5i3vzkiq65GVkzhOfwfeO032GiPB70S3cxi~vvEKHQw~H8gBt18dbCQy2UBF8Zgw4VJPEM1jGmuq7NEYdy2rIzxsf5jDOaJQaQ1-bfbWlm~ozIgVAyLgasuGZ1bR-JvTiD9KG3XiNjjOjDbj2SAEDTaDacfPV1rUqaEKnavmjL6ROLqXDNhPEVJJ0P8V~gWkE~If80cJGLOZElIyUr0r12ZvuEKGNU~iMZyzzy4t2XWJy3Z0QKB2NZK-~AL941rBcM84eA8NGTg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489411"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489411/Toward_a_Turkish_Russian_Axis_Conflicts_in_Georgia_Syria_and_Ukraine_and_Cooperation_over_Nuclear_Energy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Toward a Turkish-Russian Axis? Conflicts in Georgia, Syria, and Ukraine, and Cooperation over Nuclear Energy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489411/Toward_a_Turkish_Russian_Axis_Conflicts_in_Georgia_Syria_and_Ukraine_and_Cooperation_over_Nuclear_Energy">Toward a Turkish-Russian Axis? Conflicts in Georgia, Syria, and Ukraine, and Cooperation over Nuclear Energy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article analyzes Turkish-Russian relations since the end of the Cold War (1992-2014) from a ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article analyzes Turkish-Russian relations since the end of the Cold War (1992-2014) from a neorealist perspective, while highlighting relevant analogies and major turning points. Georgia (2008), Syria (2011-), and Ukraine (2014-) crises have has been detrimental for the two countries, mutual economic interests with strategic significance, such as the increasing importance of Turkey as a potential reseller of Russian natural gas, have sustained a high level of cooperation between the two countries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489411"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489411"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489411; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489411]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489411]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489411; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='79489411']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489411]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489411,"title":"Toward a Turkish-Russian Axis? Conflicts in Georgia, Syria, and Ukraine, and Cooperation over Nuclear Energy","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489411/Toward_a_Turkish_Russian_Axis_Conflicts_in_Georgia_Syria_and_Ukraine_and_Cooperation_over_Nuclear_Energy","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="181829" id="books"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="119885485"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/119885485/Akt%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Eener_2023_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_World_Historical_Event_In_%C5%9Eener_Akt%C3%BCrk_and_Tarek_Cherkaoui_eds_The_Arab_Spring_Past_Present_and_Future_pp_338_367_Istanbul_TRT_World_Research_Centre"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Aktürk, Şener. 2023. “The Arab Spring as a World- Historical Event.” In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 338-367. Istanbul: TRT World Research Centre." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/115200608/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/119885485/Akt%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Eener_2023_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_World_Historical_Event_In_%C5%9Eener_Akt%C3%BCrk_and_Tarek_Cherkaoui_eds_The_Arab_Spring_Past_Present_and_Future_pp_338_367_Istanbul_TRT_World_Research_Centre">Aktürk, Şener. 2023. “The Arab Spring as a World- Historical Event.” In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 338-367. Istanbul: TRT World Research Centre.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In his article on the “French Revolution as a world-historical event,” the late Immanuel Wallerst...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In his article on the “French Revolution as a world-historical event,” the late Immanuel Wallerstein argued that the real significance of the French Revolution was not its consequences for France itself, but the terrible fear and hope that it provoked in the elites of the Euro-American “core” and the masses of the “periphery” in the world-system, respectively.[1] As examples of the revolutionary enthusiasm and hope that it provoked in the periphery, Wallerstein discusses the uprisings in Egypt, Haiti, and Ireland, all three of which were initially suppressed, including some with shocking brutality and bloodshed. In what follows, I argue that the anti-authoritarian uprisings that engulfed Middle East and North Africa starting in late 2010, popularly known as the Arab Revolutions or the Arab Spring, constitute a similar world-historical event of perhaps even greater significance than the French Revolution in the long-term. These uprisings and the attitudes different actors adopted in relation to them served as a litmus test not just for the various Arab elites and masses or for the Middle Eastern states and societies but for all the neighbouring regions and indeed for the world at large. What happens when hundreds of millions of people, who may be considered as global subalterns, take up and act on the promises of the internationally hegemonic discourse of democratic emancipation and force the core states and societies of the world-system to take a side in their struggle for dignity, equality, and justice? More than a decade after the beginning of the Arab Spring, one can clearly observe that rather than assisting and or even remaining neutral in this honourable struggle, the great powers of the Euro-American core joined forces with the regional nodes of authoritarianism to violently suppress the Arab uprisings with a mixture of direct military interventions, military coups, and proxy wars, among other punitive measures that contributed to mass suffering. The Arab Spring has been arguably, if not undoubtedly, the defining world-historical development of the 2010s, and it is still too early to tell whether a new wave of the Arab Spring may define the 2020s. The Arab Spring already had vast ideational and geopolitical consequences, some of which I try to lay out in this necessarily brief examination.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="64be7062117093a0ecdbb9a215ea6748" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":115200608,"asset_id":119885485,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115200608/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="119885485"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="119885485"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 119885485; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=119885485]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=119885485]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 119885485; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='119885485']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "64be7062117093a0ecdbb9a215ea6748" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=119885485]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":119885485,"title":"Aktürk, Şener. 2023. “The Arab Spring as a World- Historical Event.” In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 338-367. Istanbul: TRT World Research Centre.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/119885485/Akt%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Eener_2023_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_World_Historical_Event_In_%C5%9Eener_Akt%C3%BCrk_and_Tarek_Cherkaoui_eds_The_Arab_Spring_Past_Present_and_Future_pp_338_367_Istanbul_TRT_World_Research_Centre","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[{"id":115200608,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/115200608/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Akturk_2023_Arab_Spring_Chapter_12_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_World_Historical_Event.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115200608/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Akturk_Sener_2023_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/115200608/Akturk_2023_Arab_Spring_Chapter_12_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_World_Historical_Event-libre.pdf?1716485768=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAkturk_Sener_2023_The_Arab_Spring_as_a_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1740398918\u0026Signature=QWwCrgNokSxOgeoKNwfWWQP0F1WhFjUs0GLWPYghv7knLhIzZ7mnRFTMJEDeI9bx1Jv8WUJHANRdixuqbGsQDi1yUF~LThkDH~RDKxlz6XnUiiGkwBlav3m-K0KmU~~hf9pNpJ3z3luIO0QQ3WemdAjp9OKg8D-4HQ4M4R9hwDVujxT0msF0KboHNnvAruHZKAtSMRkEUnhNi5r0cmyWRls19Y~MzyWvwha2WXfJJBB6zTDxLjHJK2NTTVxzqWOcqpbZZxmFZlIsU6yoR4PWSTJWeeFASSJn7Za4sFLy9iRVLxmvTjQqcizQWRBfikGS4S566~Wm8mTCUG~3vg~4BA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="119884871"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/119884871/Akt%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Eener_2023_Operation_Peace_Spring_and_the_Battle_for_a_Free_Syria_In_%C5%9Eener_Akt%C3%BCrk_and_Tarek_Cherkaoui_eds_The_Arab_Spring_Past_Present_and_Future_pp_204_235"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Aktürk, Şener. 2023. "Operation Peace Spring and the Battle for a Free Syria." In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp.204-235." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/115200208/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/119884871/Akt%C3%BCrk_%C5%9Eener_2023_Operation_Peace_Spring_and_the_Battle_for_a_Free_Syria_In_%C5%9Eener_Akt%C3%BCrk_and_Tarek_Cherkaoui_eds_The_Arab_Spring_Past_Present_and_Future_pp_204_235">Aktürk, Şener. 2023. "Operation Peace Spring and the Battle for a Free Syria." In Şener Aktürk and Tarek Cherkaoui (eds.), The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future, pp.204-235.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Arab Spring: Past, Present, and Future</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction: Operation Peace Spring, which was launched in October 2019, had been in the making ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction: Operation Peace Spring, which was launched in October 2019, had been in the making for more than four years. By mid-2015, the YPG- PYD’s expanding occupation of the mostly Arab-majority Northern Syria, combined their deliberate policy of forced displacement of its opponents, primarily Arabs and Turkmens, but also many dissident Kurds, led to a new wave of Syrian refugees entering Türkiye. Moreover, the PYD’s occupation of Northern Syria was accompanied by the deadliest wave of terrorist attacks of the last two decades against Türkiye by the PKK. Beginning in July 2015, this wave of attacks had claimed the lives of approximately one thousand Turkish citizens by July 2016. Based on these two major motivations, Operation Peace Spring was launched by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and the allied Syrian National Army (SNA).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="71e51524bf37ac2f2aa25e92af6ecd45" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":115200208,"asset_id":119884871,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115200208/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="119884871"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="119884871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 119884871; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43106589"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43106589/The_Covid_19_Pandemic_A_Global_Outlook"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Outlook" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63360662/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43106589/The_Covid_19_Pandemic_A_Global_Outlook">The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Outlook</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TRTWorldResearchCentre">TRT World Research Centre</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aut.academia.edu/TarekCherkaoui">Tarek Cherkaoui</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk">Sener Akturk</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bogaziciuniversity.academia.edu/MustafaMetinBa%C5%9Fbay">Mustafa Metin Başbay</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TRT World Research Centre</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Covid-19 pandemic has taken the world by surprise, subjecting polities, economies, healthcare...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Covid-19 pandemic has taken the world by surprise, subjecting polities, economies, healthcare systems, and social structures to significant upheavals. The pandemic has caused hundreds of thousands of fatalities and infected millions of people around the globe. This book is an endeavour to search for meaning through an examination of possible implications of the pandemic from a variety of angles and perspectives.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="66270de38f24582072f6b2e99aa722a2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63360662,"asset_id":43106589,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63360662/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43106589"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43106589"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43106589; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43106589]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43106589]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43106589; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43106589']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3326385"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/3326385/Turkiyenin_Kimlikleri_Din_Dil_Etnisite_Milliyet_Devlet_ve_Medeniyet_Turkeys_Identities_Religion_Language_Ethnicity_Nationality_State_and_Civilization_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Turkiye'nin Kimlikleri: Din, Dil, Etnisite, Milliyet, Devlet ve Medeniyet (Turkey's Identities: Religion, Language, Ethnicity, Nationality, State and Civilization)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/3326385/Turkiyenin_Kimlikleri_Din_Dil_Etnisite_Milliyet_Devlet_ve_Medeniyet_Turkeys_Identities_Religion_Language_Ethnicity_Nationality_State_and_Civilization_">Turkiye'nin Kimlikleri: Din, Dil, Etnisite, Milliyet, Devlet ve Medeniyet (Turkey's Identities: Religion, Language, Ethnicity, Nationality, State and Civilization)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Elinizdeki kitap, Rusya’dan İspanya’ya, Çin’den Almanya’ya kadar pek çok ülkeden örneklerin ışığı...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Elinizdeki kitap, Rusya’dan İspanya’ya, Çin’den Almanya’ya kadar pek çok ülkeden örneklerin ışığında Türkiye’nin barındırdığı çeşitli kimlikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak inceliyor ve her seviyede yaşanan kimlik sorunlarını masaya yatırıyor. Kimlik politikaları ve milliyetçilik konularında yaptığı çalışmalarla uluslararası akademik camiada yakından tanınan Şener Aktürk, Türkiye’nin Kimlikleri’nde karşılaştırmalı siyasetin imkânlarından da faydalanıyor. Akıcı bir dille yazılmış bu akademik çalışma, kimliğe dair birçok konuda daha detaylı, farklı ve çözüme yönelik düşünmenin kapısını aralıyor. <br />• Osmanlı kimliğinin ana unsurları kimlerdi? <br />• Rum, Ermeni ve Musevi olmadan Osmanlılık olur mu? <br />• Medeniyet nedir? Bir İslâm medeniyeti var mı(ydı)? <br />• Günümüz Türkiye’si hangi medeniyetin mensubu? <br />• Avrupa’da İslâm ve Yahudi düşmanlığının kökenleri nelerdir? <br />• Cumhuriyeti Rumeli muhacirleri mi kurdu? <br />• Türkiye, Türkmenlerin devleti mi? <br />• Kimlik krizinin çözümü İslâmcılık mı? <br />• Türklük, ortak kimlik olabilir mi?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3326385"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3326385"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3326385; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3326385]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3326385,"title":"Turkiye'nin Kimlikleri: Din, Dil, Etnisite, Milliyet, Devlet ve Medeniyet (Turkey's Identities: Religion, Language, Ethnicity, Nationality, State and Civilization)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3326385/Turkiyenin_Kimlikleri_Din_Dil_Etnisite_Milliyet_Devlet_ve_Medeniyet_Turkeys_Identities_Religion_Language_Ethnicity_Nationality_State_and_Civilization_","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1404196"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1404196/Regimes_of_Ethnicity_and_Nationhood_in_Germany_Russia_and_Turkey"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1404196/Regimes_of_Ethnicity_and_Nationhood_in_Germany_Russia_and_Turkey">Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This is a book about what it meant to be German, Soviet, Russian, and Turkish in the twentieth ce...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This is a book about what it meant to be German, Soviet, Russian, and Turkish in the twentieth century, and how that definition radically changed at the turn of the twenty-first century. Germany's ethnic citizenship law, the Soviet Union's inscription of ethnic origins in personal identification documents, and Turkey's prohibition on the public use of minority languages, all put in place in the early twentieth century, underpinned the definition of nationhood in these countries. Despite many challenges from political and societal actors, these policies did not change for many decades, until around the turn of the twenty-first century, when Russia removed ethnicity from the internal passport, Germany changed its citizenship law, and Turkish public television began to broadcast in minority languages. How did such tremendous changes occur? Using a new typology of "regimes of ethnicity" and a close study of primary documents and numerous interviews, Sener Akturk argues that the coincidence of three key factors - counterelites, new discourses, and hegemonic majorities - explains successful change in state policies toward ethnicity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1404196"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1404196"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1404196; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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We argue that the image of a polity as a union of multiple ethnocultural groups, reflected in concrete state policies and institutional arrangements, may be conducive to better descriptive representation of Muslim minorities, who were not originally envisioned as one of the communities constituting the nation. The results of multivariate regression analysis provide support for our hypothesis that the extent to which ethnocultural diversity is recognized and institutionalized helps explain variation in the levels of descriptive representation of European Muslims. We supplement our findings with congruence testing in four brief case studies: Belgium, France, the Nethe...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="54850383"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54850383"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54850383; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54850383]").text(description); 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Öyle ki Lizbon’dan Londra’ya, Paris’ten Toledo’ya kadar faal tek bir cami veya sinagog, tek bir Müslüman veya Yahudi cemaati kalmamıştı. Ulus devletlerin kuruluşundan çok önceki bir dönemde sağlanan bu dini ve mezhepsel türdeşliğin kökenleri milliyetçilik kuramları açısından cevaplanmayı bekleyen büyük bir soru ve sorundur. 2010 yılından bu yana yayınlanan bir dizi makalemde, öncelikle Batı Avrupa’nın dünyanın geri kalan bölgeleriyle kıyaslandığında modern milliyetçiliğin ortaya çıkışından asırlar öncesinde dahi dini ve mezhepsel açıdan çok daha türdeş olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalıştım (Aktürk 2010). İkinci aşamada, bu türdeşliğin ezelden gelen veya doğal bir özellik olmadığını, örneğin 10. ve 15. yüzyıllar arasında, Sicilya başta olmak üzere güney İtalya’da, İspanya ve Portekiz’in neredeyse tamamında ve yaklaşık yüzyıl boyunca güney Fransa’da yerleşik kayda değer Müslüman topluluklar olduğunu, benzer şekilde İngiltere, Fransa, İspanya ve Portekiz’de kayda değer Yahudi topluluklar olduğunu, fakat bu Müslüman ve Yahudi topluluklarının tamamının müteakip yüzyıllarda yok edildiğini ortaya koymaya çalıştım (Aktürk 2012; 2020). Üçüncü aşamada, Hristiyanlar haricindeki tüm dini grupların yok edilmesi sonrasında emsalsiz bir dini ve hatta mezhepsel (Katolik) türdeşliğe ulaşan, bir nevi “mezhep tekeli“nin egemen olduğu Batı Avrupa devletlerinin, Protestan Reformu, Aydınlanma Çağı ve sonrasındaki sekülerleşme süreçlerinde bu dini türdeşliği nasıl ve ne ölçüde koruyabildiklerini, hangi mekanizmaların bu dini türdeşliğin devamında rol oynadığını açıklamaya odaklandım (Aktürk 2020). Bir yandan da Protestan Reformundan mezhep savaşlarına, Batı Avrupa siyasetinin din ile kurduğu ilişkinin günümüzde halen devam eden kurban kesimi yasakları ve sünnet yasakları gibi girişimlerdeki yansımasının izini sürdüm (Aktürk 2019). Dördüncü aşamada dini ve mezhepsel türdeşliğin modern milliyetçilik ve ulus devletlerle nasıl bir ilişkisi olduğunu, din ve milliyetçilik arasındaki örtüşme ve çatışmayı modellediğim dörtlü bir tipolojiyle ortaya koydum (Aktürk 2021).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e9e87f4a62e004653151b077b6ab403c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105881572,"asset_id":107031221,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105881572/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="107031221"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107031221"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107031221; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e9e87f4a62e004653151b077b6ab403c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=107031221]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":107031221,"title":"Mezhep Devletlerinden Ulus Devletlere: Avrupa ve Amerika’da Din Temelli Ayrımcılığın Siyasi Tarihi","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107031221/Mezhep_Devletlerinden_Ulus_Devletlere_Avrupa_ve_Amerika_da_Din_Temelli_Ayr%C4%B1mc%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n_Siyasi_Tarihi","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[{"id":105881572,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105881572/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Akturk_2021_Mezhep_Devletlerinden_Ulus_Devletlere.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105881572/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Mezhep_Devletlerinden_Ulus_Devletlere_Av.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105881572/Akturk_2021_Mezhep_Devletlerinden_Ulus_Devletlere-libre.pdf?1695413458=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMezhep_Devletlerinden_Ulus_Devletlere_Av.pdf\u0026Expires=1740398918\u0026Signature=Sf-0Ivu6QIeCHdmVOpAcXcJlTM4AUkgzPsRisIDC4zbkS7bO06aAewZfvSr1b9I9SkLdzGjj9EaLuSz3oC-nZzg5d73qult72BAIiPPZ2~K3vYN6rHiWpj~uzCBZsiZTbr3MDhcYuuiubhPZ0MaUb~5ffZLbw3H7Op9qgbKQW5u6bBfdIch~ClJPlY5i~e3kQUn3buevNvs24oojyKNkK0rKsyc2pGiB8sYxQy4o9F-o9eZ8DujfyU4eQMWfCyn~yzU5FaPTyB7W8zEBpgHzEzSCQCDpEI6Lc78T1mo60sDRtFyEvptxULpkIQdfn2nu91trACbNO6sd3l9fgyS0dw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105356157"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105356157/Why_African_Americans_Do_Not_Rebel_How_Hierarchic_Integration_Prevents_Rebellion"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why African Americans Do Not Rebel? How Hierarchic Integration Prevents Rebellion" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104832128/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105356157/Why_African_Americans_Do_Not_Rebel_How_Hierarchic_Integration_Prevents_Rebellion">Why African Americans Do Not Rebel? How Hierarchic Integration Prevents Rebellion</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nationalities Papers 51 (4): 959–963</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Why African Americans do not rebel? Why is there no armed insurrection of African Americans acros...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Why African Americans do not rebel? Why is there no armed insurrection of African Americans across the USA, especially in cities and states where they make up almost half of the population? In many parts of the world, ethnic, racial, and religious groups that are much smaller in size, much less disadvantaged socioeconomically and politically, and with relatively fewer historical grievances than African Americans, launched armed insurrections that lasted for decades. The quiescence of African Americans is a momentous puzzle if one subscribes to grievance-based theories of violent ethnic insurgencies (e.g., Gurr 1970). There are more than 40 million African Americans in the USA, which makes them a more populous ethnic group or a potential nation than any Eastern European nation in the European Union. Yet, approximately 40 million African Americans, despite their high level of collective consciousness and multifaceted grievances, did not produce as much armed insurgency as less than three million Basques in Spain have, to expand a comparison Manuel Vogt (4) briefly alludes to. What accounts for this dramatic difference? Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States provides an answer to the following question in a comparative perspective: "Why is ethnic mobilization more likely to trigger violent conflict in some countries than in others?" (1). In a nutshell, colonial settler societies such as the USA and the rest of the Americas are stratified societies characterized by very rigid ethnic hierarchies and a high level of integration (read assimilation), making it nearly impossible for the subordinated ethnic groups such as African Americans to rebel. In contrast, ethnic groups in decolonized African polities are characterized by unranked and segmented ethnic cleavages that are particularly prone to violent ethnic mobilization. This partially results in what I understand as an inverted-U relationship between inequality and rebellion; the most egregiously oppressed and thoroughly assimilated ethnic groups in colonial settler polities cannot rebel. However, the effect of inequality (hierarchization), the first dimension of Vogt's theory, is conditioned by the second dimension of his theory, which is whether the group is integrated (i.e., assimilated, having the same religion and language as the majority) or, on the contrary, segmented. The combination of high inequality and high integration makes ethnic rebellion nearly impossible. In contrast, linguistic and religious differences are the indicators of segmentation that endow ethnic groups in decolonized African polities with the capacity to mobilize and, when necessary, rebel in pursuit of their interests, especially in the absence of historically rigid inequalities (hierarchies) between ethnic groups. Applying Vogt's main argument to the question I posed in framing my commentary, I understand that African Americans do not have the capacity to rebel because they do not have a different religion or language that distinguishes them from the dominant, White American majority—namely, they are both (mostly Protestant) Christian and English speaking.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="24066d59546f56738bfd96dfda3c3117" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104832128,"asset_id":105356157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104832128/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105356157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105356157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105356157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105356157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105356157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105356157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105356157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "24066d59546f56738bfd96dfda3c3117" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105356157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105356157,"title":"Why African Americans Do Not Rebel? 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="90311397"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/90311397/Turkey_s_Grand_Strategy_as_the_Third_Power_A_Realist_Proposal"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Turkey’s Grand Strategy as the Third Power: A Realist Proposal" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93908780/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/90311397/Turkey_s_Grand_Strategy_as_the_Third_Power_A_Realist_Proposal">Turkey’s Grand Strategy as the Third Power: A Realist Proposal</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs</span><span>, Jan 4, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article proposes a grand strategy for Turkey that is based on neorealist assumptions. While ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article proposes a grand strategy for Turkey that is based on neorealist assumptions. While Turkey's immediate neighbors, with the partial exception of Iran, do not pose a conventional, existential threat to Turkey in terms of their latent or military power, the "periphery" of Turkey's immediate neighbors includes half a dozen regional powers that have the military or economic capacity to threaten Turkey's neighbors or Turkey itself. Thus, Turkey should adopt a "neighborly core doctrine" to keep great powers' military forces out of its immediate neighborhood and, if possible, should seek integration with its immediate neighbors through bilateral or multilateral economic, political and security initiatives. The urgency of this imperative is underlined by the fact that four of Turkey's eight neighbors have been occupied by the great powers or their proxies since the end of the Cold War. Turkey's position has to be that of the "third power", buttressing the independence and territorial integrity of the countries in its neighborhood that are being partitioned and destroyed in proxy wars between the two major rival alliances. Among Turkey's immediate neighbors, Bulgaria, Georgia and Syria are critical as Turkey's gateways to the West, East and South, respectively. Turkey's historically rooted and overwhelmingly amicable ties with more than a dozen countries across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia are highlighted for their positive significance in this grand strategy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="182a1eb8c930abfd15abdab7ba22e412" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93908780,"asset_id":90311397,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93908780/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90311397"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90311397"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90311397; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="90311396"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/90311396/Relations_between_Russia_and_Turkey_Before_During_and_After_the_Failed_Coup_of_2016"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Relations between Russia and Turkey Before, During, and After the Failed Coup of 2016" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93908811/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/90311396/Relations_between_Russia_and_Turkey_Before_During_and_After_the_Failed_Coup_of_2016">Relations between Russia and Turkey Before, During, and After the Failed Coup of 2016</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Insight Turkey</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Increasing cooperation between Russia and Turkey date back to the 1990s, and go beyond the prefer...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Increasing cooperation between Russia and Turkey date back to the 1990s, and go beyond the preferences of a specific political party or leader. A number of geopolitical interests pitted Russia and Turkey against one another in neighboring regions. The escalation of PKK attacks in Turkey starting in July 2015 and the failed coup attempt of the Gülenists in July 2016 motivated Turkey to seek closer relations with Russia as the United States became an increasingly unreliable actor in the context of Turkey's fight against the PKK-PYD and the Gülenists. Likewise, Russia's dependence on the Turkish Straits as its main supply route to its bases in Syria, Turkey's role as a key customer of Russian natural gas and grain, the goal of breaching Western economic sanctions, as well as consolidating Russia's internal security, all motivate Russia to seek closer relations with Turkey.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="59deaaaae5895ce46afedbb141b1ad06" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93908811,"asset_id":90311396,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93908811/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90311396"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90311396"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90311396; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="86979363"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/86979363/Apsr_External_Reviewers_2013_2014"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Apsr External Reviewers, 2013–2014" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/91315576/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/86979363/Apsr_External_Reviewers_2013_2014">Apsr External Reviewers, 2013–2014</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Political Science Review</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">TheAmerican Political Science Reviewpeer review process relies on the professionalism and generos...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">TheAmerican Political Science Reviewpeer review process relies on the professionalism and generosity of those who contribute their time to read and evaluate the work of others. The Co-editors thank these scholars for serving as manuscript reviewers between September 1, 2012, and August 31, 2013.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7016ca09801c643a542e3eb2c72f6daa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91315576,"asset_id":86979363,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91315576/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="86979363"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86979363"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86979363; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489418"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489418/Nationalism_and_Religion_in_Comparative_Perspective_A_New_Typology_of_National_Religious_Configurations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nationalism and Religion in Comparative Perspective: A New Typology of National-Religious Configurations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187136/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489418/Nationalism_and_Religion_in_Comparative_Perspective_A_New_Typology_of_National_Religious_Configurations">Nationalism and Religion in Comparative Perspective: A New Typology of National-Religious Configurations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nationalities Papers</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Does religion motivate and intensify nationalism, or does religion moderate and even suppress nat...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Does religion motivate and intensify nationalism, or does religion moderate and even suppress nationalism? Six kinds of relationships between nationalism and religion are critically reviewed: nationalism as a modern religion in competition with traditional religions; religious origins of the “Chosen People” as the mythomoteur of nationalism; religious exclusion as nation-building; religious influences on national policies; influence of religious observance on national identification; and religiously based “civilizations” transcending nationalisms. Western Christian experience with nationalism is not generalizable due to the institutional autonomy and supranational organization of the Catholic Church. Western European nationalisms were premised on religious sectarian homogeneity, and the homogenous “confessional state” served as the template of European nation-states. Furthermore, I argue that the late medieval eradication of Muslims and Jews across Western Europe prefigured sectaria...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7ee4366f4189857ac758b900eed97a50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86187136,"asset_id":79489418,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187136/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489418"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489418"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489418; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489417"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489417/Replication_Data_for_Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Replication Data for: Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489417/Replication_Data_for_Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims">Replication Data for: Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article seeks to explain variation in the descriptive representation of Muslim minorities in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article seeks to explain variation in the descriptive representation of Muslim minorities in national legislatures, relying on an original data set that includes 635 seats filled by Muslim-origin MPs in the lower chambers of national parliaments of 26 European polities in three legislative cycles between 2007 and 2018. We argue that the image of a polity as a union of multiple ethnocultural groups, reflected in concrete state policies and institutional arrangements, may be conducive to better descriptive representation of Muslim minorities, who were not originally envisioned as one of the communities constituting the nation. The results of multivariate regression analysis provide support for our hypothesis that the extent to which ethnocultural diversity is recognized and institutionalized helps explain variation in the levels of descriptive representation of European Muslims. We supplement our findings with congruence testing in four brief case studies: Belgium, France, the Ne...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489417"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489417"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489417; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489417]").text(description); 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silent revolution , &amp;quot; under...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Turkey went through a civil rights movement, or a &amp;quot; silent revolution , &amp;quot; under the AK Party governments between 2002 and 2013, in which the legally sanctioned segregationist measures that had previously struc-tured the country&amp;#39;s political and social order were gradually abolished. This civil rights movement allowed for the public expression of religious observance and ethno-linguistic distinctiveness, thus elevating the status of previously denigrated religious conservatives and ethno-linguistic minorities to the level of equal citizenship. These reforms deprived the Gülenists and the PKK of their raison d&amp;#39; être. The PKK offensive in July 2015 and the Gülenist attempt at a military coup in July 2016 can be interpreted as the most violent reactions to-date against the non-violent civil rights movement Turkey went through under the AK Party governments.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489415"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489415"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489415; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489412"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489412/Perspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Perspectives on Assyrian Nationalism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187132/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489412/Perspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism">Perspectives on Assyrian Nationalism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Assyrians are the indigenous people of Mesopotamia. They pride themselves on being the heirs of t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Assyrians are the indigenous people of Mesopotamia. They pride themselves on being the heirs of the ancient Assyrian Empire. They still speak the language of Christ (Syriac) and were among the first Christians in the world. Their ‘national’ church sent missionaries to India, China and Japan as early as the seventh century. Their national identity, as they claim it to be, is as old as history; their forefathers founded one of the first civilizations on Earth, and their religion encompassed the entire Asian continent. Such claims of nationality and national history are thought-provoking for scholars who have studied the history of nationalisms. Thus, I seek to find the particular events and broader processes through which Assyrian nationalism is synthesized, raised and then failed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="17dcdc10f771dce73354cf8234a76cff" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86187132,"asset_id":79489412,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187132/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489412"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489412"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489412; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489412]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489412]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489412; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='79489412']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "17dcdc10f771dce73354cf8234a76cff" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489412]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489412,"title":"Perspectives on Assyrian Nationalism","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489412/Perspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[{"id":86187132,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187132/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"poan.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187132/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Perspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86187132/poan-libre.pdf?1653026356=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPerspectives_on_Assyrian_Nationalism.pdf\u0026Expires=1740562872\u0026Signature=eLuMyygVtthbEGf6~YmFoOq9QN9-6kaVD5yqRpIG8BLr2W1HShQMKEnhLXBmeF0dNe51lDX28o~5i3vzkiq65GVkzhOfwfeO032GiPB70S3cxi~vvEKHQw~H8gBt18dbCQy2UBF8Zgw4VJPEM1jGmuq7NEYdy2rIzxsf5jDOaJQaQ1-bfbWlm~ozIgVAyLgasuGZ1bR-JvTiD9KG3XiNjjOjDbj2SAEDTaDacfPV1rUqaEKnavmjL6ROLqXDNhPEVJJ0P8V~gWkE~If80cJGLOZElIyUr0r12ZvuEKGNU~iMZyzzy4t2XWJy3Z0QKB2NZK-~AL941rBcM84eA8NGTg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489411"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489411/Toward_a_Turkish_Russian_Axis_Conflicts_in_Georgia_Syria_and_Ukraine_and_Cooperation_over_Nuclear_Energy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Toward a Turkish-Russian Axis? Conflicts in Georgia, Syria, and Ukraine, and Cooperation over Nuclear Energy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489411/Toward_a_Turkish_Russian_Axis_Conflicts_in_Georgia_Syria_and_Ukraine_and_Cooperation_over_Nuclear_Energy">Toward a Turkish-Russian Axis? Conflicts in Georgia, Syria, and Ukraine, and Cooperation over Nuclear Energy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article analyzes Turkish-Russian relations since the end of the Cold War (1992-2014) from a ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article analyzes Turkish-Russian relations since the end of the Cold War (1992-2014) from a neorealist perspective, while highlighting relevant analogies and major turning points. Georgia (2008), Syria (2011-), and Ukraine (2014-) crises have has been detrimental for the two countries, mutual economic interests with strategic significance, such as the increasing importance of Turkey as a potential reseller of Russian natural gas, have sustained a high level of cooperation between the two countries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489411"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489411"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489411; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489411]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489411]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489411; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='79489411']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489411]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489411,"title":"Toward a Turkish-Russian Axis? Conflicts in Georgia, Syria, and Ukraine, and Cooperation over Nuclear Energy","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489411/Toward_a_Turkish_Russian_Axis_Conflicts_in_Georgia_Syria_and_Ukraine_and_Cooperation_over_Nuclear_Energy","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489410"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489410/Varieties_of_Resilience_and_Side_Effects_of_Disobedience_Cross_National_Patterns_of_Survival_during_the_Coronavirus_Pandemic"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Varieties of Resilience and Side Effects of Disobedience: Cross-National Patterns of Survival during the Coronavirus Pandemic" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489410/Varieties_of_Resilience_and_Side_Effects_of_Disobedience_Cross_National_Patterns_of_Survival_during_the_Coronavirus_Pandemic">Varieties of Resilience and Side Effects of Disobedience: Cross-National Patterns of Survival during the Coronavirus Pandemic</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The coronavirus pandemic allows us to test several hypotheses regarding state capacity and power ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The coronavirus pandemic allows us to test several hypotheses regarding state capacity and power by using a group of thirty-one Eurasian countries. These countries vary on a number of potentially r...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489410"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489410"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489410; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489410]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489410]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489410; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='79489410']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489410]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489410,"title":"Varieties of Resilience and Side Effects of Disobedience: Cross-National Patterns of Survival during the Coronavirus Pandemic","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489410/Varieties_of_Resilience_and_Side_Effects_of_Disobedience_Cross_National_Patterns_of_Survival_during_the_Coronavirus_Pandemic","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489409"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489409/A_Military_History_of_the_New_World_Order_and_the_Emergence_of_the_U_S_Hegemony"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Military History of the New World Order and the Emergence of the U.S. Hegemony" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187195/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489409/A_Military_History_of_the_New_World_Order_and_the_Emergence_of_the_U_S_Hegemony">A Military History of the New World Order and the Emergence of the U.S. Hegemony</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this paper, I trace the rise of the United States (U.S.) military power and the different mili...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this paper, I trace the rise of the United States (U.S.) military power and the different military strategies the U.S. pursued in this process, outlining in particular the military-economic aspect of the role that the United States came to play in the New World Order. In this regard, I argue that the institutional arrangements made in the 1950s between the U.S. and Western European countries, which are now being presented as the New World Order, lag behind the radical economic, demographic and political shifts that have occurred since then. As a result of this discrepancy, I contend that the United States increasingly resorts to military force to enforce these archaic arrangements, which do not correlate with the current state of the world. Finally, I claim that a plausible way to prevent further militarization of the world order would be to reform the international institutional order to better represent current economic, demographic, and political realities. Alfred Mahan's views regarding the elements of sea power and the advantages of the U.S. in relation to those elements sheds some light in tracing the rise of U.S. military hegemony. His argument, which depends on the comparative advantage of sea transport, especially given the material conditions of the 18 th and early 19 th centuries, is economic. According to Mahan, sea power is by far the most important component of military might, because the most important trade routes are found in the seas, and the trade volume of the world consists mostly of sea trade, or at least it did in x century, when Mahan wrote. People choose to trade overseas as opposed to over land, because "both travel and traffic by water have always been easier and cheaper than by land." 2 Moreover, historical examples, such as the rise of the British Empire, support Mahan's case.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8cc7c7645a233d30f527c40473088a21" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86187195,"asset_id":79489409,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187195/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489409"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489409"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489409; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8cc7c7645a233d30f527c40473088a21" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489409]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489409,"title":"A Military History of the New World Order and the Emergence of the U.S. Hegemony","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489409/A_Military_History_of_the_New_World_Order_and_the_Emergence_of_the_U_S_Hegemony","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[{"id":86187195,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187195/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"sakturk.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187195/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Military_History_of_the_New_World_Orde.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86187195/sakturk-libre.pdf?1653026343=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Military_History_of_the_New_World_Orde.pdf\u0026Expires=1740562872\u0026Signature=QTxAKdkn1Y4ZTWTptpUfKmeEK~4m0HO5fmzz0sJzXnThTOvngTqgj4fKUHMpEDQ5eZCcVlrHqIgccGIpi97rqcpOO9oCAhNwrUVXrEPZ6bRvpVxuDGy2IKIBsu-ZfcXHAhddOa75oNgzesgmPBJOlUd642mkq-KtUb3-4JHN1IXPbLzqMCLb6bgZKe9MBY5N4Lug2UhIgWv9zMIdfRu6IO1sK~dbsCCpbvUemb~k~wrd0RrkXe063hJ6Z~-uOLjY4GDN8KpdNTAXAZorY4iQYM-Vbm0B-TWZPchGZaT6kv4KHi~nA2e~soR5736ZiMg-kixnfqXk~-fk9qUBoMBGIA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489408"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489408/Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489408/Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims">Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Perspectives on Politics</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We seek to explain variation in the descriptive representation of Muslim minorities in national l...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We seek to explain variation in the descriptive representation of Muslim minorities in national legislatures, relying on an original data set that includes 635 seats filled by Muslim-origin MPs in the lower chambers of national parliaments of twenty-six European polities in three legislative cycles between 2007 and 2018. We argue that the image of a polity as a union of multiple ethnocultural groups, reflected in concrete state policies and institutional arrangements, may be conducive to better descriptive representation of Muslim minorities, who were not originally envisioned as one of the communities constituting the nation. The results of multivariate regression analysis provide support for our hypothesis that the extent to which ethnocultural diversity is recognized and institutionalized helps explain variation in the levels of descriptive representation of European Muslims. We supplement our findings with congruence testing in four brief case studies: Belgium, France, the Nethe...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489408"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489408"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489408; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489408]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489408]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489408; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='79489408']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489408]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489408,"title":"Institutionalization of Ethnocultural Diversity and the Representation of European Muslims","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489408/Institutionalization_of_Ethnocultural_Diversity_and_the_Representation_of_European_Muslims","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489407"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489407/Comparative_Politics_of_Circumcision_Bans_in_Western_Europe_A_Causal_Narrative"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Politics of Circumcision Bans in Western Europe: A Causal Narrative" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187196/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489407/Comparative_Politics_of_Circumcision_Bans_in_Western_Europe_A_Causal_Narrative">Comparative Politics of Circumcision Bans in Western Europe: A Causal Narrative</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Between 2012 and 2018, a wave of attempts to prohibit the circumcision of infant males swept acro...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Between 2012 and 2018, a wave of attempts to prohibit the circumcision of infant males swept across German-speaking and Scandinavian polities, from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (all in 2012), to Sweden (2013-2018), Denmark (2016-2018), Norway (2017), and finally Iceland (2018), where it came closest to being approved by the parliament. This article develops a causal narrative of those attempts, highlighting the key actors and the chronology of their involvement in the attempts to prohibit circumcision. First, medical and/or legal professionals advocated prohibition, which was then politicized by the far right (and/or secularist left) parties, and once the issue became politically salient, public opinion polls demonstrated significant support for prohibition. The politicized demand for prohibition forced the national legislature to debate the issue. In the meantime, international Jewish and Muslim organizations campaigned against prohibition, which finally provoked the national ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="409c068b644440753946c0ad90adf162" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86187196,"asset_id":79489407,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187196/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489407"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489407"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489407; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489407]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489407]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489407; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='79489407']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "409c068b644440753946c0ad90adf162" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489407]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489407,"title":"Comparative Politics of Circumcision Bans in Western Europe: A Causal Narrative","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489407/Comparative_Politics_of_Circumcision_Bans_in_Western_Europe_A_Causal_Narrative","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[{"id":86187196,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187196/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"comparative-politics-of-circumcision-bans-in-western-europe-a-causal-narrative.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187196/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Comparative_Politics_of_Circumcision_Ban.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86187196/comparative-politics-of-circumcision-bans-in-western-europe-a-causal-narrative-libre.pdf?1653026352=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComparative_Politics_of_Circumcision_Ban.pdf\u0026Expires=1740562872\u0026Signature=EtEpF4FmQf4Y-MswWnLAuIuBg13Dxve7ouhmFNH5WtHE3JhEWobNZwp~rezqhU1Kj5DGjuuFnYAZww5hUfyfyRrWzTUk3Wp03xtShVzI1fNdwI1vyp3yjxaqoDXAXWy1IobBdETeszru0FsuTQG5lQsaGbmdCRHETSkgq8yLp3iZ9VjvPKN291s5s~ZWqRHVLo5pMjLFe6fZBrtVHQz5bVQXY1gv2sWcS2-Mz0GMxbtT3kjfVWvH9LX-YhPysM1kRbBy8CE~TATTYaUMvepO-cbAofyr8hGxGELht3S4mm~1AyNM2Bboncd60Xt8gsOJonPFRs15EVDX3lLouz0sGg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="79489406"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489406/One_nation_under_Allah_Islamic_multiculturalism_Muslim_nationalism_and_Turkey_s_reforms_for_Kurds_Alevis_and_non_Muslims"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of One nation under Allah? Islamic multiculturalism, Muslim nationalism and Turkey’s reforms for Kurds, Alevis, and non-Muslims" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187199/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/79489406/One_nation_under_Allah_Islamic_multiculturalism_Muslim_nationalism_and_Turkey_s_reforms_for_Kurds_Alevis_and_non_Muslims">One nation under Allah? Islamic multiculturalism, Muslim nationalism and Turkey’s reforms for Kurds, Alevis, and non-Muslims</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Turkish Studies</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A number of reforms and initiatives, undertaken by the Justice and Development Party (AKP or AK P...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A number of reforms and initiatives, undertaken by the Justice and Development Party (AKP or AK Party) governments in Turkey, widely known as Kurdish and Alevi 'openings,' and the less prominent non-Muslim (primarily Armenian and Jewish) openings, have puzzled scholars as to their causes, consequences, and limitations. In this article, I first briefly review four different kinds of analytical accounts that seek to explain the AK Party's openings. Second, I introduce my argument that an Islamic conceptualization of a new religious-national identity is both the main motivation and the main limitation of these reformist initiatives. Third, I provide an analysis of critical speeches, official statements, and declarations by AK Party leaders, in particular by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, on the Kurdish, Alevi, and non-Muslim openings, demonstrating that they invoke overwhelmingly religious justifications.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9df79da05ea8d1b316cbf40ad5ba05e3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86187199,"asset_id":79489406,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187199/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="79489406"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79489406"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489406; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489406]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79489406]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79489406; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='79489406']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9df79da05ea8d1b316cbf40ad5ba05e3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=79489406]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":79489406,"title":"One nation under Allah? Islamic multiculturalism, Muslim nationalism and Turkey’s reforms for Kurds, Alevis, and non-Muslims","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79489406/One_nation_under_Allah_Islamic_multiculturalism_Muslim_nationalism_and_Turkey_s_reforms_for_Kurds_Alevis_and_non_Muslims","owner_id":96631,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":96631,"first_name":"Sener","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akturk","page_name":"SenerAkturk","domain_name":"ku","created_at":"2009-12-07T08:54:55.025-08:00","display_name":"Sener Akturk","url":"https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk"},"attachments":[{"id":86187199,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86187199/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"14683849.2018.143477520220520-1-s1utfc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86187199/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"One_nation_under_Allah_Islamic_multicult.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86187199/14683849.2018.143477520220520-1-s1utfc-libre.pdf?1653026347=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOne_nation_under_Allah_Islamic_multicult.pdf\u0026Expires=1740562872\u0026Signature=PDh2HlDW9YjVZjOgbFgwcTB1QdM6BpAxXq6GMYSYsHH-pqCl~OUWl~RoJcA5nvfrO6YQfHzMDaQABO~vQ9-fY6RG265t5ENwF92~GUtVZNNFesC7gn7pAJc1jXfl7zCSbKiPJRf2d7Zui7eghySwoV4rU9fSnjKdZOZHIgsE6QhauSApBBGN13nvKpt2zw8wwFWLIU~NixnbyOXpMWmd17VsZ~G9CGecDQJoT7COkZ1NCR9PKhkFjHMN~kzUay1Ud67WJqWpee324Z0UVF9k2BFGE-b7CnIFSEyqVRmVRUyJ2D3qX9EG9OH4ZWzoIWgdrdf-JHlGdY4HpO~3ZFoXFQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="9974862" id="policyoutlook"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="42937139"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/42937139/After_the_Deluge_Comparative_Politics_of_the_Coronavirus_Pandemic"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of After the Deluge: Comparative Politics of the Coronavirus Pandemic" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63190424/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/42937139/After_the_Deluge_Comparative_Politics_of_the_Coronavirus_Pandemic">After the Deluge: Comparative Politics of the Coronavirus Pandemic</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TRTWorldResearchCentre">TRT World Research Centre</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk">Sener Akturk</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TRT World Research Centre </span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">From testing the resilience of countries with different political regimes and religious cultural ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">From testing the resilience of countries with different political regimes and religious cultural traditions to bringing world peace and economic equality, the world-historical significance and potential consequences of the coronavirus pandemic are topics of considerable speculation from a comparative perspective.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b9722bb1bb4a5badfbf50c7a7b3e0b18" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63190424,"asset_id":42937139,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63190424/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="42937139"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42937139"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42937139; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42937139]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42937139]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42937139; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='42937139']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36888009"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36888009/POLITICAL_ENGINEERING_AND_THE_EXCLUSION_OF_RELIGIOUS_CONSERVATIVE_MUSLIMS_IN_EUROPE"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of POLITICAL ENGINEERING AND THE EXCLUSION OF RELIGIOUS CONSERVATIVE MUSLIMS IN EUROPE" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56840315/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36888009/POLITICAL_ENGINEERING_AND_THE_EXCLUSION_OF_RELIGIOUS_CONSERVATIVE_MUSLIMS_IN_EUROPE">POLITICAL ENGINEERING AND THE EXCLUSION OF RELIGIOUS CONSERVATIVE MUSLIMS IN EUROPE</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>SETA Publications</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In numerous European countries, there has been a wave of prohibitions against Islamic practices r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In numerous European countries, there has been a wave of prohibitions<br />against Islamic practices ranging from ritual animal slaughter<br />to the building of mosque minarets, from male circumcision to<br />women’s headscarves. Moreover, religious conservatives among the<br />Muslim minority are almost completely excluded from the national<br />legislatures. As such, there is a “representation gap” between conservative<br />Muslims and their leftist representatives. This ideological<br />disconnect between the Muslim constituencies and their representatives<br />can be observed in almost every continental European country,<br />and it seems to persist across time. Despite major improvements<br />in some countries over the last decade, Muslim minorities are still<br />underrepresented in the national legislatures of most Western European<br />countries. Unfortunately, the descriptive representation of<br />Muslim minorities, that is, Muslim-origin MPs in the national legislatures,<br />does not necessarily translate into the substantive representation<br />of the religiously specific interests of the Muslim minorities.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7ce60b29bb0cf9ceecbba52a95f9670f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56840315,"asset_id":36888009,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56840315/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36888009"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36888009"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36888009; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41249678"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/41249678/Turkey_s_Operation_Peace_Spring_and_the_Battle_for_a_Free_Syria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Turkey’s Operation Peace Spring and the Battle for a Free Syria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61473139/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/41249678/Turkey_s_Operation_Peace_Spring_and_the_Battle_for_a_Free_Syria">Turkey’s Operation Peace Spring and the Battle for a Free Syria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TRTWorldResearchCentre">TRT World Research Centre</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk">Sener Akturk</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Operation Peace Spring was launched by the Turkish Armed Forces and the Syrian National Army in o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Operation Peace Spring was launched by the Turkish Armed Forces and the Syrian National Army in order to secure the Syrian refugees’ right of return and to put an end to the terrorist threat along Turkey’s border. The operation has been welcomed by a majority of Arabs and a significant portion of Kurds in Northern Syria. Popular support for Operation Peace Spring among Syrians has to do with Turkey being the only state supporting majority-rule in Syria, unlike Russia, Iran, France, and the United States, all of which support various factions that depend on small ethnic sectarian and ideological minorities.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4358f309be3fe6503702615910ecf12c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61473139,"asset_id":41249678,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61473139/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41249678"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41249678"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41249678; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="9987289" id="allazimuth82"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41360448"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41360448/Temporal_Horizons_in_the_Study_of_Turkish_Politics_Prevalence_of_Non_Causal_Description_and_Seemingly_Global_Warming_Type_of_Causality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Temporal Horizons in the Study of Turkish Politics: Prevalence of Non-Causal Description and Seemingly Global Warming Type of Causality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61558736/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41360448/Temporal_Horizons_in_the_Study_of_Turkish_Politics_Prevalence_of_Non_Causal_Description_and_Seemingly_Global_Warming_Type_of_Causality">Temporal Horizons in the Study of Turkish Politics: Prevalence of Non-Causal Description and Seemingly Global Warming Type of Causality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://foreignpolicyandpeace.academia.edu/CenterforForeignPolicyandPeaceResearch">All Azimuth : A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace Research</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk">Sener Akturk</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this article, I critically evaluate the causal and temporal dimension of social scientific stu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this article, I critically evaluate the causal and temporal dimension of social scientific studies focusing on Turkish politics. A very important and yet often neglected aspect of social scientific analysis involves the temporal dimension of causal processes. The temporal dimension of causal processes has direct consequences for operationalization and measurement, and hence it is an essential component of research design. Does the dependent variable (outcome) of interest unfold over the short term or the long term? Do the hypothesized independent variables (causes) unfold over the short term or the long term? Paul Pierson (2004) provided a classification of four types of causality based on the temporal dimension of causes and outcomes using metaphors of natural disasters: tornado, earthquake, meteorite, and global warming. Operationalization and measurement of long term causes and outcomes pose a major challenge, compounded by the challenges of periodization of causes and effects. Unfortunately, a large proportion of the studies of Turkish politics do not have a clearly discernible independent variable (cause) to begin with, and they are thus better characterized as works of "non-causal description." Moreover, many of the studies of Turkish politics tend to imply, but rarely state explicitly, a global warming type of causality (long term cause and long term outcome), which necessitates focusing even more intensively on such challenges of measurement and periodization. Yet the operationalization of the key (dependent and independent) variables is often missing even in articles published in reputable academic journals of Turkish politics and society. In the spirit of constructive criticism, I suggest a number of guidelines for research design in order to address the problems of causality and temporality discussed in this article, including awareness of multi-temporal equifinality.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0e977ebe452e3b6eb3eba22ff3b01d48" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61558736,"asset_id":41360448,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61558736/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41360448"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41360448"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41360448; 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Including four weeks on Soviet politics, followed by thematic weeks on various aspects of post-Soviet Russian politics and society, including but not limited to political parties and the parliament, ethnic politics and nationalism, law, media, civil society, military, economy, energy, demography, and foreign policy. Except for a week each dedicated exclusively to post-Soviet Ukraine and Central Asia, the rest of the course uses a regional or global comparative angle in approaching these issues, but with a heavy emphasis on the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2e2ee18ea79b85492ab6db35e0e0a50a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61895383,"asset_id":41738572,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61895383/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41738572"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41738572"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41738572; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="10796017" id="bookreviews"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44791581"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44791581/Communism_s_Shadow_Historical_Legacies_and_Contemporary_Political_Attitudes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Communism’s Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65288231/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44791581/Communism_s_Shadow_Historical_Legacies_and_Contemporary_Political_Attitudes">Communism’s Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TRTWorldResearchCentre">TRT World Research Centre</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk">Sener Akturk</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TRT World Research Centre </span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Communism’s Shadow (by Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua A. Tucker) is a remarkable book, one that d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Communism’s Shadow (by Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua A. Tucker) is a remarkable book, one that draws upon a wealth of data and sophisticated modelling and analytical approaches to answer a crucial question: how does the communist past impact the shaping of political perspectives in post-communist societies? 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44557022"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44557022/A_History_of_Muslim_Sicily"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A History of Muslim Sicily" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65008813/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44557022/A_History_of_Muslim_Sicily">A History of Muslim Sicily</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TRTWorldResearchCentre">TRT World Research Centre</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ku.academia.edu/SenerAkturk">Sener Akturk</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>TRT World Research Centre</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A History of Muslim Sicily (by Leonard Chiarelli) covers the period of Muslim Arab rule on the is...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A History of Muslim Sicily (by Leonard Chiarelli) covers the period of Muslim Arab rule on the island from 827 CE to the Norman conquest in 1070 CE.  It is first the comprehensive research in English covering the different aspects of this 243-year period. 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