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Talbert, S. Gillies, J. Åhlfeldt, R. Warner, J. Becker, T. Elliott |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=Pleiades}}</ref> Its remains—the '''Aldborough&nbsp;Roman&nbsp;Site'''—are in the care of [[English Heritage]]. The [[Roman roads in Britain|Roman road]] through the town formed a leg of both [[Dere Street]]—connecting [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]) to the [[Antonine Wall]]—and the Roman equivalent of [[Watling Street]], which here connected Eboracum with [[Luguvalium]] ([[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]). The modern village retains part of the Roman street plan and the church stands on the site of the forum. ==History== [[File:Roman mosaic in Aldborough (8109).jpg|thumb|Mosaic floor, in situ.]] Isurium Brigantum, one of the northernmost urban centres of the Roman Empire<ref>Dobinson, C. (1995 (revised reprint 2012)) ''Aldborough Roman Town''. English Heritage. p.1</ref> was probably founded in the late first century or early second century. The Roman [[civitas]] was the administrative centre of the [[Brigantes]] tribe, the largest and most northerly tribe in Roman Britain.<ref>"[http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/brigantes/ ''The Brigantes''] Roman-Britain.co.uk . 24 October 2007.</ref> Roman towns such as Exeter, Leicester, Chichester and Canterbury had the same status as ''Isurium''.<ref>(Dobinson 1995, p.3)</ref> [[Tacitus]] recorded that ''Isuer'' was the seat of [[Venutius]], king of the Brigantes who was usurped from power by his wife, [[Cartismandua]] and her lover Volucatus at the beginning of the first century. Cartismandua welcomed the Romans who perceived little threat from the Brigantes and the Roman army focused its occupation to the south of Brigantium.<ref>Fletcher, J. S. (1901) "A Picturesque History of Yorkshire: Being an Account of the History, Topography, and Antiquities of the Cities, Towns and Villages of the County of York, Founded on Personal Observations Made During Many Journeys Through the Three Ridings, Volume 3"</ref> When Venutius and his followers began to attack Brigantian centres towards the end of the first century, the Roman army pushed further north. Tacitus reports the final subjugation of the Brigantes came about by [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|Julius Agricola]] in 79 AD. who then constructed Isurium.<ref>Tacitus: "Agricola" c.98&nbsp;AD</ref> [[File:Pot at Aldborough Roman Museum.jpg|thumb|Part of a pot found in 2020, displayed in the museum]] Its name is believed to be derived from the Latin name of the river ''Iseur'' now the [[River Ure]]. It is likely there was a Brigantian settlement at ''Isurium'' before the Roman invasion. There are many prehistoric sites along the [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] corridor which partially follows the route of [[Watling Street|Watling]] and [[Dere Street]]s. There are three ancient standing stones in Boroughbridge known as the [[Devil's Arrows]] a mile distant from the site.<ref>[http://new.archaeologyuk.org/ new.archaeologyuk.org/.../583_Yorkshire%20Henges%20Booklet%20(general).pdf]</ref> There is in fact no archaeological evidence to suggest that there was a Brigantian settlement called Iseur: the most likely Iron Age settlement is [[Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications|Stanwick]] further north near [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]] where Cartimandua had her base. Isurium probably became a civilian settlement between the [[Roecliffe]] fort (see below) and the River Ure during the last part of the first century. The Civitas Capital was probably established in about 160&nbsp;AD. It was supposed that Isurium was the site of a 1st-century [[Roman fort]] where Watling and Dere Streets crossed the [[River Ure]]. Excavations in 1993 located two forts at Roecliffe near [[Boroughbridge]] and 1st-century finds at Aldborough most likely come from a related civilian site. Isurium Brigantum had substantial buildings from an early period; probably by the early 2nd century. Bank and ditch defences were erected later. Stone walls and four gates were added in the mid-3rd century. The visible remains are a small fraction of the Roman town. Isurium flourished for the next hundred years, with the building of elaborate private homes with fine decorative [[mosaic]] floors. In the middle of the 4th century, [[bastion]]s were added to its defences and general unrest across the [[Roman Empire|Empire]] seems to have affected the town's prosperity. [[File:Roman ruins in Aldborough (8096).jpg|thumb|Part of the wall of the Roman town]] There is little evidence of occupation after the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]] and by the 7th century the [[Anglo-Saxons]] had taken over the area. ==Archaeology== The 16th-century antiquary [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] noted, ''"There be now large feeldes, fruteful of corn, in the very places where the howsing of the town was; and in these feeldes yereley be founde in ploughing many coynes of sylver and brasse of the Romaine stampe—Ther also have been found sepulchres, aqaue ductus tessalata paviamenta &.c.''"<ref>Toulmin Smith, L (ed.) — (1964) The Itinerary of John Leland: In Or about the Years 1535-1543, Parts I to [XI]</ref> Two centuries after Leland, [[Daniel Defoe]] wrote ''"Not so much ruins, especially not above ground"''.<ref>Defoe, D. ''A Tour Thro' The Whole Island of Great Britain, Divided into Circuits or Journies (1724–1727)''</ref> In 2011, geomagnetic scanning revealed the existence of an [[amphitheatre]], emphasising Isurium's importance as a major Roman town.<ref name=amphitheatre>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/17/lost-yorkshire-amphitheatre-aldborough | title = Archaeologist digs into grandad's tale to uncover lost Yorkshire amphitheatre | last = Wainwright | first = Martin |date = 17 August 2011 | publisher = guardian.co.uk | access-date = 19 August 2011 }}</ref> The site came to prominence during excavations taking place in 2004. A young archaeologist, Daniel Ebdon, was using a metal detector for the first time and uncovered a Roman coin. This, along with others of its kind, can be found in The Yorkshire Museum, York. ==Aldborough Roman Site== Aldborough Roman Site is in the care of [[English Heritage]] and consists of a stretch of the massive town wall with its defensive towers and two in-situ mosaic pavements, once part of a Roman townhouse. Archaeological finds from the site are on display in the museum providing an insight into the lives of Roman civilians in its most northern capital. Aldborough Roman town has been designated a [[scheduled monument]] under the [[Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979]].<ref name="listed">{{English Heritage List entry |num= 1003133 |desc= Aldborough Roman town |grade= Scheduled Monument |accessdate=4 May 2022}}</ref> The Aldborough Roman Town Project, led by [[Rose Ferraby]] and [[Martin Millett]] has been investigating the site since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aldborough Roman Town Project — Faculty of Classics|url=https://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/aldborough-roman-town-project-1|access-date=2021-01-14|website=www.classics.cam.ac.uk|date=10 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019 Ferraby and sound artist Rob St John created a site specific audio trail exploring the Roman town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soundmarks: Beginnings {{!}} Caught by the River {{!}} Caught by the River|url=https://www.caughtbytheriver.net/2019/06/soundmarks-beginnings/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=www.caughtbytheriver.net}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Isurium Brigantum}} *[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/aldborough-roman-site/ English Heritage: Aldborough Roman Site] *[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/17/lost-yorkshire-amphitheatre-aldborough/ A national theatre of the north is found on summit of Studforth Hill in Aldborough] {{Major towns of Roman Britain}} {{Roman visitor sites in the UK}} {{coord|54.0908|-1.3816|type:city_region:GB|display=title}} {{authority control}} [[Category:History of North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Roman towns and cities in England]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Museums in North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Archaeological museums in England]] [[Category:Boroughbridge]] [[Category:English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Roman sites in North Yorkshire]] 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