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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Subsistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ceremonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Traditional narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_of_traditional_narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_traditional_narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Sources of traditional narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_traditional_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kiliwa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliwi_Indijanci" title="Kiliwi Indijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kiliwi Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Килиуа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Килиуа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilivai" title="Kilivai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kilivai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شعب كيليوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب كيليوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliwas" title="Kiliwas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kiliwas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">An indigenous people of Mexico living in northern Baja California, Mexico</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Kiliwa</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Ko’leeu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiliwa_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kiliwa_map.png/220px-Kiliwa_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Kiliwa_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nyakipa </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kiliwa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa</a>: <b>Ko’leeu</b>) are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of Mexico">indigenous people of Mexico</a> living in northern <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>. Historically they occupied a territory lying between the <a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a> on the south and the <a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a> on the north, and extending from <a href="/wiki/San_Felipe,_Baja_California" title="San Felipe, Baja California">San Felipe</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Quint%C3%ADn,_Baja_California" title="San Quintín, Baja California">San Quintín</a> on the Pacific coast. Their traditional language is the <a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa language</a>. </p><p>The Nyakipa have sometimes been distinguished from the Kiliwa as a separate ethnolinguistic group within the southwestern portion of what is here considered Kiliwa territory. The limited linguistic evidence that is available for the Nyakipa indicates that they spoke the same language as the eastern Kiliwa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little archaeological research has as yet been done within Kiliwa territory. A partial exception is a sampling program of systematic survey along the west coast between El Rosario and San Quintín by Jerry D. Moore. </p><p>Radiocarbon dates and <a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis points</a> from farther south on the peninsula suggest that the initial occupation to the north must have occurred prior to 11,000 years ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kiliwa first encountered Europeans when <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a> reached the San Quintín area in 1542. There were few subsequent contacts during the next two centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionary-explorer <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Linck" title="Wenceslaus Linck">Wenceslaus Linck</a> came overland from the south into the eastern part of Kiliwa territory in 1766. The expedition to establish Spanish settlements in California, led by <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a> passed through the western portions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> mission of <a href="/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_Santo_Domingo_de_la_Frontera" title="Misión Santo Domingo de la Frontera">Santo Domingo</a> was founded in Kiliwa territory near the coast in 1775. It was followed by an inland mission of <a href="/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir_de_Verona" title="Misión San Pedro Mártir de Verona">San Pedro Mártir</a> in 1794. By around the time of Mexican independence in 1821, the population at the Kiliwa missions had sharply declined. </p><p>In 1929, Meigs reported that only 36 adult Kiliwa were then living, primarily at three settlements around Arroyo León, at San Isidoro, and in Valle Trinidad. Twenty years later in 1949, Hohenthal found 30 adult Kiliwa living at four settlements, including Arroyo León, Agua Caliente, La Parra, and Tepí. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meigs suggested that the aboriginal population of the Kiliwa was about 1,300 individuals, or a density of about 0.3 persons per square kilometer. He excluded the southwestern "Nyakipa" territory from his estimates, which would raise the total to at least 2,000. Meigs considered his estimate to be a "conservative" one. However, Roger C. Owen has argued that Meigs' population estimates were substantially too high. They currently live in the <a href="/wiki/Ensenada_Municipality" title="Ensenada Municipality">Ensenada Municipality</a> (settlements of Arroyo de León (Ejido Kiliwas), Ejido San Francisco R. Serrano (Valle San Matías), Ensenada, Francisco Zarco (Guadalupe), Juntas Neji, La Zorra, Lázaro Cárdenas (Valle de la Trinidad), Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Parcela Número 19 (Familia Castro Ejido Nalta), and Rancho las Pinzas).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAPElNorte004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MAPElNorte004.JPG/220px-MAPElNorte004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MAPElNorte004.JPG/330px-MAPElNorte004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MAPElNorte004.JPG/440px-MAPElNorte004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Kiliwa willow baskets at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Popular" title="Museo de Arte Popular">Museo de Arte Popular</a> in Mexico City</figcaption></figure> <p>Information about the cultural practices of the pre-contact Kiliwa comes from a variety of sources. These include accounts of early explorers, such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a>; from late eighteenth and early nineteenth century observers, such as <a href="/wiki/Luis_Sales" title="Luis Sales">Luis Sales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Longinos_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José Longinos Martínez">José Longinos Martínez</a>; and from twentieth century ethnographers, including <a href="/wiki/Peveril_Meigs" title="Peveril Meigs">Peveril Meigs</a>, William D. Hohenthal, and Jesús Ángel Ochoa Zazueta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsistence">Subsistence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aboriginal Kiliwa subsistence was based on hunting and gathering of natural animal and plants rather than on agriculture. At least two dozen different plants were food resources, and many others were used for medicine or as materials for construction or craft products. Pit-roasted <i><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a></i> (mezcal; <i>maal</i>) was the most important plant food. In the fall season, harvesting of acorns and pine nuts from the higher-elevation portions of Kiliwa territory was a major activity. </p><p>Rabbits and deer were the most important animal food sources, but a wide range of others were also hunted, including pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, medium-sized mammals such as mountain lions, many small mammal species, birds, reptiles, fish, and shellfish. Jackrabbits and quail were hunted communally, by being driven into nets. Treks were made to San Felipe on the east coast to harvest fish and shellfish and to collect salt. </p><p>Crop growing and stock raising were introduced during the historic period. Another highly valued food resource that was introduced during the historic period was wild honey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional material culture of the Kiliwa was not highly elaborate, as would be expected for a seasonally mobile group. </p> <ul><li><b>Structures</b> included semi-subterranean houses with willow poles and thatching, ramadas, and sweat houses.</li> <li><b>Hunting equipment</b> included willow bows; arrows with carrizo reed shafts, wooden foreshafts, and stone points; wooden throwing sticks; and agave fiber nets.</li> <li><b>Processing equipment</b> included manos and metates for grinding seeds, wooden drills and hearths for making fire, and pottery and basketry for cooking, storing, and transporting.</li> <li><b>Clothing</b> was generally lacking for men. Women wore deer hide aprons and reed caps. Both sexes wore agave fiber sandals. Rabbitskin blankets provided warmth, and human hair capes were used in ceremonies. Cradles were used to transport infants.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional leadership roles in communities and kin groups were held on a hereditary basis, but subject to an assessment of the individual leader's competence. Leaders' authority does not seem to have been extensive. </p><p>Kinship and community membership seems to have been defined to a large extent on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal inheritance</a>. Two levels of patrilineages (or clans, sibs) were recognized, corresponding to the <i>šimułs</i> of other western Yuman groups. <i>Maselkwa</i> were the smaller, more strongly localized groups. Several <i>maselkwa</i> might collectively constitute an <i>ichiupu</i>. On the broadest level, all Kiliwa were believed to be descended from four mythic brothers, the sons of the creator. </p><p>Social recreations included a variety of games: racing with balls, shinny, top spinning, archery, dice, a guessing game, and, most importantly, peón. Music was produced by singing and by instruments, including flutes, rattles, clappers, and bullroarers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonies">Ceremonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceremonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shamans were believed to be able to effect magical cures of disease or injuries, or to cause them. They presided at some religious ceremonies, and they were thought to transform themselves into animals or birds and to bring rain. </p><p>Most documented Kiliwa ceremonies were linked to rites of passage in the lives of individuals: </p> <ul><li><b>Birth</b> involved various taboos or special requirements, but it was primarily a private family matter. The father observed a <a href="/wiki/Couvade" title="Couvade">couvade</a>.</li> <li><b>Boys' initiation</b> for groups of boys aged around 15 years was marked by the nose-piercing ceremony (<i>mipípŭsá</i>) and other activities extending over two months.</li> <li><b>Girls' initiation</b> at the time of first menstruation involved being baked in ashes for five days, washed in cold water for five days, and made to observe various prescriptions and taboos.</li> <li><b>Marriage</b> involved little ceremony, other than the groom giving gifts to the bride's parents. Marrying up to two wives was permitted, and divorce was easy for either party.</li> <li><b>Death</b> was the focus of the most elaborate Kiliwa ceremonies, occurring both immediately after an individual's death and as subsequent collective mourning observances. Talking to the dead and burning his possessions are among the formal actions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_narratives">Traditional narratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traditional narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional narratives are conventionally classed as myths, legends, tales, and oral histories. The oral literature recorded for the Kiliwa includes narratives that can be assigned to each of these categories. </p><p>The Kiliwa creation myth conspicuously diverges from those of the other Yuman-speaking groups. However, the Kiliwa name for the creator, Metipá, recalls similar figures in other Yuman myths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources_of_traditional_narratives">Sources of traditional narratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources of traditional narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Meigs, Peveril, III. 1939. <i>The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California</i>. Iberoamericana No. 15. University of California, Berkeley.(Myths narrated by Emiliano Uchurte and José Espinosa, ca. 1928–1936, pp. 64–82.)</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 1976. "Kiliwa Texts". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics Native American Text Series</i> 1:92–101.</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 1983. <i>Kiliwa Texts: "When I Have Donned My Crest of Stars"</i> University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 107. Salt Lake City. (Myths and legends narrated by Rufino Ochurte and Braulio Espinosa after 1966.)</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 1993. "Kiliwa Mountain Sheep Traditions". In <i>Counting Sheep: Twenty Ways of Seeing Desert Bighorn Sheep</i>, edited by Gary Paul Nabhan, pp. 37–41.</li> <li>Ochoa Zazueta, Jesús Ángel. 1978. <i>Los kiliwa y el mundo se hizo así</i>. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico City. (Ochoa's account of Kiliwa traditions is inconsistent with Meigs' data and other Yuman accounts, and its authenticity has been questioned by Mixco.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/html/v_kiliwa.html">Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Hohenthal, William D. Jr. 2001. <i>Tipai Ethnographic Notes: A Baja California Indian Community at Mid Century</i>. Edited by Thomas Blackburn. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California.</li> <li>Magaña Mancillas, Mario Alberto Gerardo. 1995. "Los ñakipá: grupo indígena extinto de Baja California". <i>Estudios Fronterizos</i> 35/36:205-213.</li> <li>Meigs, Peveril, III. 1939. <i>The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California</i>. Iberoamerica No. 15. University of California, Berkeley.</li> <li>Michelsen, Ralph C. 1977. "The Construction of a Kiliwa House". <i>Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly</i> 10(1):39-47.</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 1971. <i>Kiliwa Grammar</i>. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley.</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 1977. "The Linguistic Affiliation of the Ñakipa and Yakakwal of Lower California". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i> 43:189-200.</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 1985. <i>Kiliwa Dictionary</i>. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 109. Salt Lake City.</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 1996. <i>Kiliwa de Arroyo León, Baja California</i>. Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México No. 18. Colegio de México, Mexico City.</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 2000. <i>Kiliwa</i>. Lincom, Munich, Germany.</li> <li>Mixco, Mauricio J. 2006. "The Indigenous Languages". In <i>The Prehistory of Baja California: Advances in the Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula</i>, edited by Don Laylander and Jerry D. Moore, pp. 24–41. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.</li> <li>Moore, Jerry D. 1999. "Archaeology in the Forgotten Peninsula: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence in Northern Baja California". <i>Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology</i> 21:17–44.</li> <li>Moore, Jerry D. 2006. "The San Quintín-El Rosario Region". In <i>The Prehistory of Baja California: Advances in the Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula</i>, edited by Don Laylander and Jerry D. Moore, pp. 179–195. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.</li> <li>Ochoa Zazueta, Jesús Ángel. 1978. <i>Los kiliwa y el mundo se hizo así</i>. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico City.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiliwa_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Yuman_languages">Kiliwa Swadesh vocabulary list</a> (from Wiktionary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aulex.org/es-klb/">AULEX Spanish–Kiliwa dictionary</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000 – 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Wixarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000 – 20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_people" title="Akatek people">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_people" title="Matlatzinca people">Matlatzinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucapá">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintleco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_people" title="Tektitek people">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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