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href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_examples_of_science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_examples_of_science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early examples of science fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_examples_of_science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>20th century science fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_types_of_science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_types_of_science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Different types of science fiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Different_types_of_science_fiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Different types of science fiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Different_types_of_science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hard_SF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_SF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hard SF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_SF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_SF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_SF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Soft SF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_SF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_styles_of_science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_styles_of_science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Different styles of science fiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Different_styles_of_science_fiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Different styles of science fiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Different_styles_of_science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternate_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alternate history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apocalyptic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocalyptic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Apocalyptic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocalyptic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyberpunk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyberpunk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cyberpunk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyberpunk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Military science fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Maritime science fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superhuman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superhuman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Superhuman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superhuman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Space opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_western" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_western"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Space western</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_western-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Time travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sub-genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sub-genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Other sub-genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sub-genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_science_fiction_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_science_fiction_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable science fiction writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_science_fiction_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fandom_and_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fandom_and_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fandom and community</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fandom_and_community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fandom and community subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fandom_and_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions,_clubs,_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions,_clubs,_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Conventions, clubs, and organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions,_clubs,_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fanzines_and_online_fandom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fanzines_and_online_fandom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fanzines and online fandom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fanzines_and_online_fandom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fan_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fan fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fan_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Science fiction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenskapsfiksie" title="Wetenskapsfiksie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wetenskapsfiksie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction" title="Science-Fiction – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Science-Fiction" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="خيال علمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيال علمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencia ficción – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1-%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6_(science_fiction)" title="Գիտա-երեւակայութիւն (science fiction) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիտա-երեւակայութիւն (science fiction)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কল্পবিজ্ঞান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কল্পবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencia ficción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_fantastika" title="Elmi fantastika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elmi fantastika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="বিজ্ঞান কল্পকাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিজ্ঞান কল্পকাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho-ha%CC%8Dk_si%C3%A1u-soat" title="Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навуковая фантастыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навуковая фантастыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навуковая фантастыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Навуковая фантастыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="साइंस फिक्शन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साइंस फिक्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научна фантастика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Научна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dna_fantastika" title="Naučna fantastika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Naučna fantastika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiant-faltazi" title="Skiant-faltazi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skiant-faltazi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia-ficci%C3%B3" title="Ciència-ficció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència-ficció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddonias" title="Gwyddonias – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddonias" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تعاويد عيلمي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تعاويد عيلمي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction" title="Science-Fiction – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Science-Fiction" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadusulme" title="Teadusulme – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teadusulme" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Επιστημονική φαντασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστημονική φαντασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencia ficción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencfikcio" title="Sciencfikcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sciencfikcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientzia-fikzio" title="Zientzia-fikzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientzia-fikzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="علمی-تخیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علمی-تخیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-fiction" title="Science-fiction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Science-fiction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficsean_eola%C3%ADochta" title="Ficsean eolaíochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ficsean eolaíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-skeealaght_heanse" title="Far-skeealaght heanse – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Far-skeealaght heanse" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficsean-saidheans" title="Ficsean-saidheans – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ficsean-saidheans" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencia ficción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_(%EC%9E%A5%EB%A5%B4)" title="SF (장르) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SF (장르)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գիտական ֆանտաստիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիտական ֆանտաստիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="विज्ञान कथा साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विज्ञान कथा साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvena_fantastika" title="Znanstvena fantastika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanstvena fantastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienco_fiktiva" title="Cienco fiktiva – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cienco fiktiva" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiksi_ilmiah" title="Fiksi ilmiah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fiksi ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_fictive" title="Scientia fictive – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scientia fictive" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientic_fiction" title="Scientic fiction – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Scientic fiction" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsindask%C3%A1ldskapur" title="Vísindaskáldskapur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vísindaskáldskapur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantascienza" title="Fantascienza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fantascienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מדע בדיוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדע בדיוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiksi_sains" title="Fiksi sains – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fiksi sains" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სამეცნიერო ფანტასტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამეცნიერო ფანტასტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ғылыми фантастика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғылыми фантастика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugieth_Skiensel" title="Fugieth Skiensel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fugieth Skiensel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunilizi_ya_kisayansi" title="Bunilizi ya kisayansi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bunilizi ya kisayansi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaka_zanist%C3%AE" title="Honaka zanistî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Honaka zanistî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Илимий фантастика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Илимий фантастика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictio_scientifica" title="Fictio scientifica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fictio scientifica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81tnisk%C4%81_fantastika" title="Zinātniskā fantastika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zinātniskā fantastika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction" title="Science-Fiction – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Science-Fiction" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslin%C4%97_fantastika" title="Mokslinė fantastika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslinė fantastika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naras_siensal" title="Naras siensal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Naras siensal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantascienza" title="Fantascienza – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fantascienza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-fi" title="Sci-fi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sci-fi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научна фантастика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Научна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5" title="ശാസ്ത്രകഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശാസ്ത്രകഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="विज्ञानकथा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विज्ञानकथा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ომენცარე ფანტასტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ომენცარე ფანტასტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89" title="خيال علمى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خيال علمى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereka_sains" title="Cereka sains – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cereka sains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencefiction" title="Sciencefiction – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sciencefiction" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="サイエンス・フィクション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイエンス・フィクション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia-ficcion" title="Sciéncia-ficcion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sciéncia-ficcion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80" title="ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କାହାଣୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କାହାଣୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmiy_fantastika" title="Ilmiy fantastika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilmiy fantastika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%90%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سائنس فِکشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائنس فِکشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1" title="علمي تخیلي ژانر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="علمي تخیلي ژانر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastyka_naukowa" title="Fantastyka naukowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fantastyka naukowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Ficção científica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ficção científica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bifico-fantastic" title="Științifico-fantastic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Științifico-fantastic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научная фантастика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Научная фантастика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Билимнээх ыра – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Билимнээх ыра" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasi%C3%A8ntzia" title="Fantasièntzia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fantasièntzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wietenskupsdichtenge" title="Wietenskupsdichtenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wietenskupsdichtenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_fiktive" title="Shkenca fiktive – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca fiktive" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0" title="විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%DA%AA%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سائنس فڪشن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سائنس فڪشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedeck%C3%A1_fantastika" title="Vedecká fantastika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vedecká fantastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvena_fantastika" title="Znanstvena fantastika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Znanstvena fantastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خەیاڵی زانستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەیاڵی زانستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научна фантастика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Научна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dna_fantastika" title="Naučna fantastika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naučna fantastika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathang-isip_na_pang-agham" title="Kathang-isip na pang-agham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kathang-isip na pang-agham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="அறிவியல் புனைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிவியல் புனைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సైన్స్ ఫిక్షన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సైన్స్ ఫిక్షన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="บันเทิงคดีแนววิทยาศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บันเทิงคดีแนววิทยาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%A3-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Илмӣ-тахайюлӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Илмӣ-тахайюлӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilimkurgu" title="Bilimkurgu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilimkurgu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наукова фантастика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наукова фантастика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سائنس فکشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائنس فکشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%85n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Khoa học viễn tưởng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học viễn tưởng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syince-ficcion" title="Syince-ficcion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Syince-ficcion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB" title="科幻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科幻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB" title="科幻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科幻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%BB%E6%83%B3" title="科學幻想 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科學幻想" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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have <b>too many <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Red_link" title="Wikipedia:Red link">red links</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <small>You can help Wikipedia by writing articles to help lower the number of red links.</small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SF" redirects here. For the Californian city, see <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynamic_science_fiction_195308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dynamic_science_fiction_195308.jpg/220px-Dynamic_science_fiction_195308.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dynamic_science_fiction_195308.jpg/330px-Dynamic_science_fiction_195308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Dynamic_science_fiction_195308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Cover, Dynamic Science Fiction, August 1953</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Science fiction</b> (often shortened to <b>sci-fi</b> or <b>SF</b>) is a genre of speculative fiction which deals with <a href="/wiki/Imaginative" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginative">imaginative</a> and futuristic concepts such as advanced <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">interstellar travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel universes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">extraterrestrial life</a>. It has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideas">ideas</a>", and it often explores the potential consequences of <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">scientific, social, and technological innovations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science fiction stories can be <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movie" title="Movie">movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_show" class="mw-redirect" title="TV show">TV shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comic" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic">comic</a> books and other <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>. </p><p>SF is often about the <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>. It can be about imaginary new science and inventions such as <a href="/wiki/Spaceship" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceship">spaceships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alien" class="mw-disambig" title="Alien">aliens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>. Science fiction stories are often in a world that is very different from the real world. They can have science and tools that do not exist in reality. Science fiction stories often take place on other worlds. There are often <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">alien creatures</a>. </p><p>Science fiction is drastically different from <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>. Fantasy stories often have magic and other things that do not exist and are not science. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> was a famous science fiction writer. He once said that science fiction is possible, but fantasy is not.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writers often use SF to explain everyday questions or problems by putting them in the future. Usually they invent a very different <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> to help people notice important ideas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_examples_of_science_fiction">Early examples of science fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Early examples of science fiction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Early examples of science fiction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Science fiction changes over time. Some authors wrote SF books before this type of writing had a name. These writers and books were not called science fiction when they were published. But, they are often called science fiction today. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea</a> (1870)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> – <i>The Time Machine</i> (1895).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century_science_fiction">20th century science fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: 20th century science fiction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: 20th century science fiction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> are seen as the big three science fiction authors of the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> are other well-known science fiction authors from the 20th century.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> – a 1960s American TV show that led to a <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">media franchise</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> – a long-running British TV show.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> -a trilogy of movies preceded by a novel that turned into a <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">media franchise</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_types_of_science_fiction">Different types of science fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Different types of science fiction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Different types of science fiction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two broad genres of science fiction are Hard SF and Soft SF. Although not everyone agrees on the exact definitions of these two types, the way they use science or the type of science used in the stories is different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_SF">Hard SF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Hard SF" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Hard SF"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hard science fiction, or "hard SF", is special because it uses true facts and <a href="/wiki/Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory">theories</a> from sciences. These sciences are very important in Hard SF: <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. Also, Hard SF can show worlds that more advanced technology may make possible. Many correct predictions of the future come from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_science_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hard science fiction (not yet started)">hard science fiction</a> subgenre. However, there have been many incorrect ideas about the future, too. Some hard SF writers have also worked as professional scientists. A few of these scientist/writers are <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_A._Landis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey A. Landis (not yet started)">Geoffrey A. Landis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-author_scientists_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-author_scientists-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while mathematician authors include <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Rucker" title="Rudy Rucker">Rudy Rucker</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernor_Vinge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vernor Vinge (not yet started)">Vernor Vinge</a>. Other noteworthy hard SF authors include <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Clement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hal Clement (not yet started)">Hal Clement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bear" title="Greg Bear">Greg Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Lem" title="Stanislav Lem">Stanislav Lem</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Niven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Niven (not yet started)">Larry Niven</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._Sawyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J. Sawyer (not yet started)">Robert J. Sawyer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Baxter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Baxter (not yet started)">Stephen Baxter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alastair_Reynolds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alastair Reynolds (not yet started)">Alastair Reynolds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sheffield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Sheffield (not yet started)">Charles Sheffield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Egan" title="Greg Egan">Greg Egan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_SF">Soft SF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Soft SF" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Soft SF"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soft science fiction stories take ideas from <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. Some important writers in this category include <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sf_history_nvcc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf_history_nvcc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hartwell_soft_def_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartwell_soft_def-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soft SF can be mostly about character and emotion. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> won a prize called the SFWA Grand Master and writes in this style.<sup id="cite_ref-bradbury_master_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradbury_master-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> produced social science fiction too. Some examples are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strugatsky_brothers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strugatsky brothers (not yet started)">Strugatsky brothers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kir_Bulychov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kir Bulychov (not yet started)">Kir Bulychov</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Yefremov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Yefremov (not yet started)">Ivan Yefremov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Social SF and Soft SF can be types of <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dystopian (not yet started)">dystopian</a> stories. <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Handmaid's Tale (not yet started)">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i>, are examples. Some people think that <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> novels in fantastic settings (places) such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> are speculative fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_styles_of_science_fiction">Different styles of science fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Different styles of science fiction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Different styles of science fiction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within Hard or Soft SF, there are different types, or <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">subgenres</a>, of science fiction. Each subgenre is a group of stories that uses similar ideas or styles of story-telling. Publishing companies and <a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">critics</a> put works of SF into different subgenres to help describe the work to help readers choose which books to read or movies to watch. Assigning genres is not simple. Some stories can be in two or more genres at the same time. Other stories may not fit any genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternate_history">Alternate history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Alternate history" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Alternate history"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Alternate (or alternative) history stories, writers imagine how the past might have been different. These stories may use time travel to change the past. Some set a story in a universe with a different history from our own. These are some important alternate history books: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bring_the_Jubilee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bring the Jubilee (not yet started)">Bring the Jubilee</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ward_Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ward Moore (not yet started)">Ward Moore</a> - the South won the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><i>The Man in the High Castle</i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a> - Germany and Japan won <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise Award</a> is for the best works in this subgenre. The name Sidewise is taken from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Leinster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Leinster (not yet started)">Murray Leinster</a>'s 1934 story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidewise_in_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidewise in Time (not yet started)">Sidewise in Time</a>." <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a> is one of the most famous writers in the subgenre. He is often called the "master of alternate history".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apocalyptic">Apocalyptic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Apocalyptic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Apocalyptic"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocalyptic_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apocalyptic fiction (not yet started)">Apocalyptic fiction</a></div><p>Apocalyptic fiction is about the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">end of civilization</a>. There are several types: through war (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Beach_(novel)" title="On the Beach (novel)">On The Beach</a></i>), pandemic (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Last Man (not yet started)">The Last Man</a></i>), astronomic impact (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=When_Worlds_Collide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="When Worlds Collide (not yet started)">When Worlds Collide</a></i>), ecological disaster (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wind_From_Nowhere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wind From Nowhere (not yet started)">The Wind From Nowhere</a></i>), or mankind's self-destruction (<i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Oryx and Crake</a></i>), or some other <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">general disaster</a>. Apocalyptic SF may also be about world or civilization after a disaster. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Cyberpunk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Cyberpunk"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> began in the early 1980s. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Bethke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Bethke (not yet started)">Bruce Bethke</a> used this word as the title for a <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> in 1980<sup id="cite_ref-cyber_def_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyber_def-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by putting together two words: "<a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Punk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk music">punk</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, people used this word to describe William Gibson's book, <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i>. Cyberpunk authors can put their stories in different settings. Stories usually take place in the near-future and the settings are often <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> (characterized by misery). These are often societies with very advanced technology. A few huge <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> usually control the society. Another early cyberpunk novel that has become a classic is <i>Snow Crash</i> by Neal Stephenson. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_science_fiction">Military science fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Military science fiction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Military science fiction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military science fiction stories happen during wars. These wars can be between different countries, different planets, or between different species. The stories are told by characters who are soldiers. They include detail about military technology, rules, and history. Some Military SF may be similar to real historical conflicts. Heinlein's <i><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a></i> is an early example. Another is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsai (not yet started)">Dorsai</a> novels of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Dickson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Dickson (not yet started)">Gordon Dickson</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Haldeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Haldeman (not yet started)">Joe Haldeman</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Forever_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Forever War (not yet started)">The Forever War</a></i> is a response to the World War II–style stories of earlier military SF authors. Haldeman was a soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forever_war_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forever_war-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important military SF authors include <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ringo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ringo (not yet started)">John Ringo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Drake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Drake (not yet started)">David Drake</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Weber (not yet started)">David Weber</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._M._Stirling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. M. Stirling (not yet started)">S. M. Stirling</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baen_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baen Books (not yet started)">Baen Books</a> is known for cultivating military science fiction authors.<sup id="cite_ref-baen_mil_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baen_mil-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_science_fiction">Maritime science fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Maritime science fiction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Maritime science fiction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_science_fiction" title="Maritime science fiction">Maritime science fiction</a></div> <p>Maritime science fiction is science fiction that features a maritime or marine environment and technology and/or marine lifeforms mixed with science fiction. The probably earliest form of maritime science fiction literature is <i><a href="/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="20,000 Leagues Under the Sea">20,000 Leagues Under the Sea</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superhuman">Superhuman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Superhuman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Superhuman"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Superhuman stories are about humans who get special abilities that are not normal. Maybe the new powers come from nature. Two examples of this type are <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a>'s novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odd_John&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odd John (not yet started)">Odd John</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=More_Than_Human&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="More Than Human (not yet started)">More Than Human</a></i>. Sometimes scientists give people special powers on purpose. one example is <a href="/w/index.php?title=A.E._van_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.E. van Vogt (not yet started)">A.E. van Vogt</a>'s novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slan (not yet started)">Slan</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a>'s novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_Plus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man Plus (not yet started)">Man Plus</a></i> is another good example from this category. In that book, government scientists make a man into a powerful cyborg (part human, part machine). </p><p>These stories usually have two main points. One is the feeling of loneliness and separation that these superhuman people feel. The other is society's reaction to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_opera">Space opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Space opera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Space opera"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_to_the_Moon_comic_book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rocket_to_the_Moon_comic_book.jpg/220px-Rocket_to_the_Moon_comic_book.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rocket_to_the_Moon_comic_book.jpg/330px-Rocket_to_the_Moon_comic_book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rocket_to_the_Moon_comic_book.jpg/440px-Rocket_to_the_Moon_comic_book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Typical space opera magazine cover</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a> is adventure science fiction in outer space or on distant planets. Action is more important than the science or characters. There is usually a strong hero and a very big conflict. The action often moves to many different places. Edward E. (Doc) Smith was an early Space opera writer. <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> are also popular examples. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_western">Space western</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Space western" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Space western"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_western&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space western (not yet started)">Space western</a></div> <p>Space western takes ideas from books and movies about exploring the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" title="American Old West">American Old West</a> and moves them to space in the future. These stories are often on "frontier" colony worlds (colonies that have only recently been <a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">terraformed</a> and/or settled) serving as stand-ins for the backdrop of lawlessness and economic expansion that were predominant in the American west. Some examples are <i><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(TV_series)" title="Firefly (TV series)">Firefly</a></i> and the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(movie)" title="Serenity (movie)">Serenity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joss_Whedon" title="Joss Whedon">Joss Whedon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> programs like <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outlaw_Star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outlaw Star (not yet started)">Outlaw Star</a></i> are also Space Westerns. <a href="/wiki/Han_Solo" title="Han Solo">Han Solo</a> from "Star Wars" is an important Space Western character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_travel">Time travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Time travel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Time travel"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first important time travel novel was <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Connecticut_Yankee_in_King_Arthur%27s_Court" title="A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court</a></i>. The most famous is <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>'s 1895 novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Time_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Time Machine (not yet started)">The Time Machine</a></i>. Well's book uses a machine that allows an operator to travel to an exact time. Twain's time traveler is struck in the head and wakes up in the past. The term "<i><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time machine</a></i>" was invented by Wells. Now it is the name for any vehicle that can take a rider to another time. Ray Bradbury's 1952 short story called <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sound_of_Thunder" title="A Sound of Thunder">A Sound of Thunder</a></i> is a more recent and very famous example of this genre. Time travel stories can be complicated. They have logical problems such as the <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_paradox" title="Grandfather paradox">grandfather paradox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grandfather_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grandfather-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time travel is a popular subject in modern science fiction, in print, movies, and television. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sub-genres">Other sub-genres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Other sub-genres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Other sub-genres"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comic_science_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comic science fiction (not yet started)">Comic science fiction</a> is a sub-genre of science fiction that is more humorous or funny.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">Feminist</a> science fiction asks questions about society. How does society make <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> <a href="/wiki/Role" title="Role">roles</a>? How does having children define gender? Does having children change the political and personal power of men and women? Some well-known feminist science fiction stories use <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopias</a> to answer those questions. The stories explore a society in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist. Also <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopias</a> can explore worlds in which gender inequalities are stronger. Those dystopias explain that feminist work should continue.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_science_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertarian science fiction (not yet started)">Libertarian science fiction</a> is written from a political point of view. This subgenre uses fiction to explore ideas from <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> political philosophy about government and social organization. A classic example of libertarian science fiction is <i>The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</i> by Robert Heinlein.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Wave (science fiction) (not yet started)">New Wave</a> is science fiction writing with a lot of experimentation. Writers try new ways of writing and new story ideas. It may feel more intellectual. New Wave seems more like important "literature" or art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a> is the idea of future technology in the past. These stories are usually in the 19th century and often in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> England. Steampunk stories have strong images from either science fiction or <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>. Steampunk can have imaginary inventions like those found in books by <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>. Imagining a world where computers were invented a long time ago is also popular. Examples include <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Difference_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Difference Engine (not yet started)">The Difference Engine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Sterling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Sterling (not yet started)">Bruce Sterling</a>, and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Girl_Genius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girl Genius (not yet started)">Girl Genius</a></i> series by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil_Foglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil Foglio (not yet started)">Phil and Kaja Foglio</a>. The start of this style may be seen in some writing by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Moorcock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Moorcock (not yet started)">Michael Moorcock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Jose_Farmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Jose Farmer (not yet started)">Philip Jose Farmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Stiles" title="Steve Stiles">Steve Stiles</a>. Games like <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_1889&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space 1889 (not yet started)">Space 1889</a></i> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Rowland_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Rowland (author) (not yet started)">Marcus Rowland's</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgotten_Futures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forgotten Futures (not yet started)">Forgotten Futures</a></i> can also be Steampunk. The name comes from the fact that machines are most often powered by steam in this genre.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biopunk (not yet started)">Biopunk</a> is like cyberpunk, but instead of focusing on cybernetic technology, it focuses on <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundane science fiction (not yet started)">Mundane science fiction</a> is science fiction set on a fiction Earth and not involving any space travel or extraterrestrial elements. <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park" title="Jurassic Park">Jurassic Park</a></i> is considered and example of mundane science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_science_fiction_writers">Notable science fiction writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Notable science fiction writers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Notable science fiction writers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8538344"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs to be made bigger</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a> author of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dune_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dune series (not yet started)">Dune series</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Foundation_series" title="Foundation series">Foundation series</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a> author of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darkover_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darkover series (not yet started)">Darkover series</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> author of a number of classic science fiction novels</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fandom_and_community">Fandom and community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Fandom and community" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Fandom and community"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_Wars_Celebration_Orlando_Clone_Commandos_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Star_Wars_Celebration_Orlando_Clone_Commandos_2.jpg/220px-Star_Wars_Celebration_Orlando_Clone_Commandos_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Star_Wars_Celebration_Orlando_Clone_Commandos_2.jpg/330px-Star_Wars_Celebration_Orlando_Clone_Commandos_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Star_Wars_Celebration_Orlando_Clone_Commandos_2.jpg/440px-Star_Wars_Celebration_Orlando_Clone_Commandos_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> celebration, Orlando. Clone Commandos</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_fandom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction fandom (not yet started)">Science fiction fandom</a> is the "community of the literature of ideas... the culture in which new ideas emerge and grow before being released into society at large".<sup id="cite_ref-fandom_def_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fandom_def-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of this community, "<a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">fans</a>", are in contact with each other at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_conventions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction conventions (not yet started)">conventions</a> or clubs, through print or online <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_fanzines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction fanzines (not yet started)">fanzines</a>, or on the Internet using web sites, <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing lists</a>, and other resources. </p><p>SF fandom emerged from the letters column in <i>Amazing Stories</i> magazine. Soon fans began writing letters to each other, and then grouping their comments together in informal publications that became known as fanzines.<sup id="cite_ref-fanzine_history_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fanzine_history-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once they were in regular contact, fans wanted to meet each other, and they organized local clubs. In the 1930s, the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_conventions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction conventions (not yet started)">science fiction conventions</a> gathered fans from a wider area.<sup id="cite_ref-fancyclopedia_con_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fancyclopedia_con-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventions, clubs, and fanzines were the main fan activities, or "fanac", for decades, until the Internet improved communication among a much larger population of interested people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Awards" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Awards"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_awards" title="List of science fiction awards">List of science fiction awards</a></div> <p>There are two very important science fiction awards: the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a>. The Hugo is presented by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Science_Fiction_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Science Fiction Society (not yet started)">World Science Fiction Society</a> at Worldcon each year. The Nebula is presented by SFWA and voted on by the community of authors. One important award for science fiction movies is the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award" title="Saturn Award">Saturn Award</a>. The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror movies gives this award each year.. </p><p>There are national awards, like Canada's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurora_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurora Award (not yet started)">Aurora Award</a> and the UK <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Arthur C. Clarke Award</a>, regional awards, like the <a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavour Award</a> presented at Orycon for works from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, special interest or subgenre awards like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chesley_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chesley Award (not yet started)">Chesley Award</a> for art or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Fantasy_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Fantasy Award (not yet started)">World Fantasy Award</a> for fantasy. Magazines may organize reader polls, notably the <a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus Award</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventions,_clubs,_and_organizations"><span id="Conventions.2C_clubs.2C_and_organizations"></span>Conventions, clubs, and organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Conventions, clubs, and organizations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Conventions, clubs, and organizations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg/220px-Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg/330px-Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg/440px-Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Pamela Dean reading at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minicon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minicon (not yet started)">Minicon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Conventions (in fandom, shortened as "cons"), are held in cities around the world, catering to a local, regional, national, or international membership. General-interest conventions cover all aspects of science fiction, while others focus on a particular interest like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_fandom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media fandom (not yet started)">media fandom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filking (not yet started)">filking</a>, etc. Most are organized by volunteers in <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit groups</a>, though most media-oriented events are organized by commercial promoters. The convention's activities are called the "program", which may include panel discussions, readings, autograph sessions, costume masquerades, and other events. Activities that occur throughout the convention are not part of the program; these commonly include a dealer's room, art show, and hospitality lounge (or "con suites").<sup id="cite_ref-con_activities_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-con_activities-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conventions may host award ceremonies. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldcon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Worldcon (not yet started)">Worldcons</a> present the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Awards</a> each year. SF societies are a year-round base of activities for science fiction fans. They may be associated with an ongoing science fiction convention, or have regular club meetings, or both. Most groups meet in libraries, schools and universities, community centers, pubs or restaurants, or the homes of individual members. Long-established groups like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Science_Fiction_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New England Science Fiction Association (not yet started)">New England Science Fiction Association</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Science_Fantasy_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society (not yet started)">Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society</a> have clubhouses for meetings and storage of convention supplies and research materials. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a> (SFWA) was founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damon_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damon Knight (not yet started)">Damon Knight</a> in 1965 as a non-profit organization to serve the community of professional science fiction authors,<sup id="cite_ref-SFWA_info_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFWA_info-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 24 years after his essay "Unite or Fie!" had led to the organization of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Fantasy_Fan_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Fantasy Fan Federation (not yet started)">National Fantasy Fan Federation</a>. Fandom has helped support related groups as they started to form, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_fandom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media fandom (not yet started)">media fandom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-media_fan_history_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media_fan_history-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Creative_Anachronism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Creative Anachronism (not yet started)">Society for Creative Anachronism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sca_fandom_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sca_fandom-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamer (not yet started)">gaming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gamer_fen_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamer_fen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filkers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filkers (not yet started)">filking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Furry fandom">furry fandom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-furry_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furry-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fanzines_and_online_fandom">Fanzines and online fandom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change section: Fanzines and online fandom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Fanzines and online fandom"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first science fiction fanzine, <i>The Comet</i>, was published in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-first_fanzine_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first_fanzine-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fanzine printing methods have changed over the decades, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimeograph (not yet started)">mimeograph</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ditto_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ditto machine (not yet started)">ditto machine</a>, to modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photocopying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photocopying (not yet started)">photocopying</a>. The number of copies was usually not enough to use commercial printing. Modern fanzines are printed on <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" title="Computer printer">computer printers</a> or at local copy shops, or they may only be sent as <a href="/wiki/Email" class="mw-redirect" title="Email">email</a>. The best known fanzine (or "'<a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zine</a>") today is <i><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Langford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Langford (not yet started)">David Langford</a> is the editor and it has won several Hugo awards.<sup id="cite_ref-fan_awards_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fan_awards-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists working for fanzines have risen to prominence in the field, including Brad W. Foster, Teddy Harvia, and Joe Mayhew; the Hugos include a category for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fan_Artist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist (not yet started)">Best Fan Artists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fan_awards_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fan_awards-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest organized fandom online was the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noreascon.org/users/sflovers/u1/web/">SF Lovers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061223120718/http://www.noreascon.org/users/sflovers/u1/web/">Archived</a> 2006-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> community, originally a mailing list in the late 1970s with a text <a href="/wiki/File_archiver" title="File archiver">archive file</a> that was updated regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-sf-lovers_hist_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf-lovers_hist-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> groups greatly expanded the circle of fans online. In the 1990s, the development of the <a href="/wiki/World-Wide_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="World-Wide Web">World-Wide Web</a> made the online fan community much, much larger. Fans created thousands and then millions of web sites devoted to science fiction and related genres for all media. Most of these websites are small, <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/ephemeral" class="extiw" title="wikt:ephemeral">ephemeral</a>, or about very specific topics. Though sites like <a href="/w/index.php?title=SF_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF Site (not yet started)">SF Site</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readandfindout.com">Read and Find Out</a> give readers a broad range of references and reviews about science fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fan_fiction">Fan fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Change section: Fan fiction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Fan fiction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fan fiction is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-commercial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-commercial (not yet started)">non-commercial</a> fiction created by people who love an SF story or world. Fans write stories that take place in the setting of an established book, movie, or television series. Some people call it "fanfic".<sup id="cite_ref-fanfic_def_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fanfic_def-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the copyright owners of the books, movies, or television series have instructed their lawyers to issue "cease and desist" letters to fans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_movie" title="Science fiction movie">Science fiction movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthell, Robert J. "Science Fiction: A Literature of Ideas." Extrapolation 13.1 (1971): 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfsite.com/columns/amy26.htm">"The SF Site: Science Fiction & Fantasy -- a genre with many faces"</a>. <i>sfsite.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfsite.com&rft.atitle=The+SF+Site%3A+Science+Fiction+%26+Fantasy+--+a+genre+with+many+faces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfsite.com%2Fcolumns%2Famy26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-author_scientists-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-author_scientists_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFraknoi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fraknoi, Andrew (2003-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519064705/http://aer.noao.edu/cgi-bin/article.pl?id=33">"Teaching Astronomy with Science Fiction: A Resource Guide"</a>. <i>Astronomy Education Review</i>. National Optical Astronomy Observatory. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2FAER2003010">10.3847/AER2003010</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aer.noao.edu/cgi-bin/article.pl?id=33">the original</a> on 2006-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+Education+Review&rft.atitle=Teaching+Astronomy+with+Science+Fiction%3A+A+Resource+Guide&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2FAER2003010&rft.aulast=Fraknoi&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faer.noao.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.pl%3Fid%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212020947/http://www.sigmaforum.org/members.php">"Scientist science fiction authors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigmaforum.org/members.php">the original</a> on 2008-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientist+science+fiction+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaforum.org%2Fmembers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sf_history_nvcc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sf_history_nvcc_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAgatha_Taormina2005" class="citation web cs1">Agatha Taormina (2005-01-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040326191128/http://nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/">"A History of Science Fiction"</a>. Northern Virginia Community College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/">the original</a> on 2004-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Northern+Virginia+Community+College&rft.date=2005-01-19&rft.au=Agatha+Taormina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvcc.edu%2Fhome%2Fataormina%2Fscifi%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hartwell_soft_def-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hartwell_soft_def_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell1996" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, David G. (August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321144608/http://www.tor.com/sampleAgeofWonders.html"><i>Age of Wonders</i></a>. Tor Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tor.com/sampleAgeofWonders.html">the original</a> on 2007-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Wonders&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=1996-08&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2FsampleAgeofWonders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bradbury_master-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bradbury_master_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2004" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Wendy (July 2004). <i>Ray Bradbury: Master of Science Fiction and Fantasy</i>. Enslow Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ray+Bradbury%3A+Master+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=2004-07&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235713/The-evolution-of-science-fiction">Science fiction</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHowell1994" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Yvonne (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apocalypticreali01howe"><i>Apocalyptic Realism: The Science Fiction of Arkady and Boris Strugatsky</i></a>. Peter Lang Publishing Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-1962-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-1962-6"><bdi>978-0-8204-1962-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalyptic+Realism%3A+The+Science+Fiction+of+Arkady+and+Boris+Strugatsky&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing+Incorporated&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-1962-6&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapocalypticreali01howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAdam-Troy_Castro2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam-Troy_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam-Troy Castro (not yet started)">Adam-Troy Castro</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614204437/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue351/books.html">"Off the Shelf: In the Presence of Mine Enemies"</a>. <i>Book review</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci_Fi_Weekly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sci Fi Weekly (not yet started)">Sci Fi Weekly</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue351/books.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+review&rft.atitle=Off+the+Shelf%3A+In+the+Presence+of+Mine+Enemies&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Adam-Troy+Castro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scifi.com%2Fsfw%2Fissue351%2Fbooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Melissa Mia (April 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6548135.html">"Master of Alternate History"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishers_Weekly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publishers Weekly (not yet started)">Publishers Weekly</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Master+of+Alternate+History&rft.pub=Publishers+Weekly&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Mia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Farticle%2FCA6548135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyber_def-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cyber_def_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBethke" class="citation web cs1">Bethke, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infinityplus.co.uk/stories/cpunk.htm">"Foreword to "Cyberpunk," a short story by Bruce Bethke"</a>. Infinity Plus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+%22Cyberpunk%2C%22+a+short+story+by+Bruce+Bethke&rft.pub=Infinity+Plus&rft.aulast=Bethke&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infinityplus.co.uk%2Fstories%2Fcpunk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2006" class="citation book cs1">Stableford, Brian (2006). <i>Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis Group LLC. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fact+and+Science+Fiction%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group+LLC&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forever_war-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-forever_war_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Jenkins1999" class="citation web cs1">Henry Jenkins (1999-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/m-I-t/science_fiction/profiles/haldeman.html">"Joe Haldeman, 1943-"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Haldeman%2C+1943-&rft.date=1999-07-23&rft.au=Henry+Jenkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fm-I-t%2Fscience_fiction%2Fprofiles%2Fhaldeman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baen_mil-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-baen_mil_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229144229/http://www.baen.com/intweis.htm">"Website Interview with Toni Weisskopf on SF Canada"</a>. Baen Books. 2005-09-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baen.com/intweis.htm">the original</a> on 2010-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+Interview+with+Toni+Weisskopf+on+SF+Canada&rft.pub=Baen+Books&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baen.com%2Fintweis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grandfather-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-grandfather_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Artzenius_and_Tim_Maudlin2000" class="citation web cs1">Frank Artzenius and Tim Maudlin (2000-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-travel-phys/">"Time Travel and Modern Physics"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Travel+and+Modern+Physics&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2000-02-17&rft.au=Frank+Artzenius+and+Tim+Maudlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftime-travel-phys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elyce Rae Helford, in Westfahl, Gary. <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy</i>: Greenwood Press, 2005: 289-290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100219225539/http://io9.com/5254742/10-greatest-libertarian-science-fiction-stories">"10 Greatest Libertarian Science Fiction Stories - Libertarian Science Fiction - io9"</a>. <i>io9.com</i>. 15 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/5254742/10-greatest-libertarian-science-fiction-stories">the original</a> on 19 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9.com&rft.atitle=10+Greatest+Libertarian+Science+Fiction+Stories+-+Libertarian+Science+Fiction+-+io9&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2F5254742%2F10-greatest-libertarian-science-fiction-stories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://best-sci-fi-books.com/22-best-mundane-science-fiction-books/">"22 Best Mundane Science Fiction Books"</a>. 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=22+Best+Mundane+Science+Fiction+Books&rft.date=2021-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbest-sci-fi-books.com%2F22-best-mundane-science-fiction-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fandom_def-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fandom_def_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Thorn,_Alexander2002" class="citation journal cs1">von Thorn, Alexander (August 2002). "Aurora Award acceptance speech". Calgary, Alberta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aurora+Award+acceptance+speech&rft.date=2002-08&rft.au=von+Thorn%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fanzine_history-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fanzine_history_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWertham1973" class="citation book cs1">Wertham, Fredric (1973). <i>The World of Fanzines</i>. Carbondale & Evanston: Southern Illinois University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Fanzines&rft.pub=Carbondale+%26+Evanston%3A+Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Wertham&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fancyclopedia_con-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fancyclopedia_con_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fanac.org/Fannish_Reference_Works/Fancyclopedia/Fancyclopedia_I/c.html">"Fancyclopedia I: C — Cosmic Circle"</a>. fanac.org. 1999-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fancyclopedia+I%3A+C+%E2%80%94+Cosmic+Circle&rft.pub=fanac.org&rft.date=1999-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffanac.org%2FFannish_Reference_Works%2FFancyclopedia%2FFancyclopedia_I%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-con_activities-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-con_activities_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Watt-Evans2000" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence Watt-Evans (2000-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watt-evans.com/whataresfconventionslike.html">"What Are Science Fiction Conventions Like?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+Science+Fiction+Conventions+Like%3F&rft.date=2000-03-15&rft.au=Lawrence+Watt-Evans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watt-evans.com%2Fwhataresfconventionslike.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFWA_info-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SFWA_info_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224090923/http://sfwa.org/org/sfwa_info.htm">"Information About SFWA"</a>. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfwa.org/org/sfwa_info.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+About+SFWA&rft.pub=Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy+Writers+of+America%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfwa.org%2Forg%2Fsfwa_info.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-media_fan_history-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-media_fan_history_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Runte2003" class="citation web cs1">Robert Runte (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfeditor.ca/ncf/fandom.htm?#invasion">"History of sf Fandom"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+sf+Fandom&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Robert+Runte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfeditor.ca%2Fncf%2Ffandom.htm%3F%23invasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sca_fandom-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sca_fandom_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104015357/http://www.midrealm.org/midrealm_origins.html">"Origins of the Middle Kingdom"</a>. Folump Enterprises. 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midrealm.org/midrealm_origins.html">the original</a> on 2015-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Middle+Kingdom&rft.pub=Folump+Enterprises&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midrealm.org%2Fmidrealm_origins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamer_fen-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gamer_fen_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKen_St._Andre2006" class="citation web cs1">Ken St. Andre (2006-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206133219/http://www.casfs.org/history.html">"History"</a>. Central Arizona Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casfs.org/history.html">the original</a> on December 6, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Central+Arizona+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2006-02-03&rft.au=Ken+St.+Andre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casfs.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-furry-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-furry_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPatten2006" class="citation book cs1">Patten, Fred (2006). <i>Furry! The World's Best Anthropomorphic Fiction</i>. ibooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furry%21+The+World%27s+Best+Anthropomorphic+Fiction&rft.pub=ibooks&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first_fanzine-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-first_fanzine_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Hansen2003" class="citation web cs1">Rob Hansen (2003-08-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/biblio/">"British Fanzine Bibliography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Fanzine+Bibliography&rft.date=2003-08-13&rft.au=Rob+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiawol.demon.co.uk%2Fbiblio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fan_awards-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fan_awards_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fan_awards_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/hc.html">"Hugo Awards by Category"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 2006-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hugo+Awards+by+Category&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2006-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsfs.org%2Fhc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sf-lovers_hist-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sf-lovers_hist_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Lynch1994" class="citation web cs1">Keith Lynch (1994-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keithlynch.net/history.net.html">"History of the Net is Important"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Net+is+Important&rft.date=1994-07-14&rft.au=Keith+Lynch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeithlynch.net%2Fhistory.net.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fanfic_def-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fanfic_def_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fanfic"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Ffanfic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Science fiction"><span style="">Science fiction</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgewebsite.com/index.html">EDGE Science Fiction and Fantasy Publishing</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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