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<li id="toc-Rhythmicon_(1930–1932)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythmicon_(1930–1932)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rhythmicon (1930–1932)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythmicon_(1930–1932)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamberlin_Rhythmate_(1957)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamberlin_Rhythmate_(1957)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chamberlin Rhythmate (1957)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamberlin_Rhythmate_(1957)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_commercial_product_–_Wurlitzer_Side_Man_(1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_commercial_product_–_Wurlitzer_Side_Man_(1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man (1959)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_commercial_product_–_Wurlitzer_Side_Man_(1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raymond_Scott_(1960–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raymond_Scott_(1960–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Raymond Scott (1960–1963)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raymond_Scott_(1960–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_fully_transistorized_drum_machines_–_Seeburg/Gulbransen_(1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_fully_transistorized_drum_machines_–_Seeburg/Gulbransen_(1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>First fully transistorized drum machines – Seeburg/Gulbransen (1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_fully_transistorized_drum_machines_–_Seeburg/Gulbransen_(1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keio-Giken_(Korg),_Nippon_Columbia,_and_Ace_Tone_(1963–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keio-Giken_(Korg),_Nippon_Columbia,_and_Ace_Tone_(1963–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Keio-Giken (Korg), Nippon Columbia, and Ace Tone (1963–1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keio-Giken_(Korg),_Nippon_Columbia,_and_Ace_Tone_(1963–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_preset_drum_machine_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_preset_drum_machine_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Early preset drum machine users</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_preset_drum_machine_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programmable_drum_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmable_drum_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Programmable drum machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmable_drum_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drum_sound_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drum_sound_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Drum sound synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drum_sound_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Digital sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roland_TR-808_and_TR-909" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roland_TR-808_and_TR-909"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Roland TR-808 and TR-909</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roland_TR-808_and_TR-909-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Later machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_live_drumming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_live_drumming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison with live drumming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_live_drumming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with live drumming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_live_drumming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labor_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Labor costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Drum machine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="آلة طبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة طبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxa_de_ritmos" title="Caxa de ritmos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caxa de ritmos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Барабанна машина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Барабанна машина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixa_de_ritmes" title="Caixa de ritmes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caixa de ritmes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic%C3%AD_automat" title="Bicí automat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bicí automat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommemaskine" title="Trommemaskine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trommemaskine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumcomputer" title="Drumcomputer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drumcomputer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_de_ritmos" title="Caja de ritmos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caja de ritmos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumoma%C5%9Dino" title="Drumomaŝino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Drumomaŝino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ماشین درام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماشین درام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%AEte_%C3%A0_rythmes" title="Boîte à rythmes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boîte à rythmes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixa_de_ritmos" title="Caixa de ritmos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caixa de ritmos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9F%BC_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="드럼 머신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드럼 머신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_drum" title="Mesin drum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin drum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Drum machine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מכונת תופים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונת תופים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_drum" title="Mesin drum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesin drum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumcomputer" title="Drumcomputer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drumcomputer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ドラムマシン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドラムマシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommemaskin" title="Trommemaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trommemaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trommemaskin" title="Trommemaskin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trommemaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automat_perkusyjny" title="Automat perkusyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Automat perkusyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixa_de_ritmos" title="Caixa de ritmos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caixa de ritmos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintetizator_de_ritm" title="Sintetizator de ritm – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sintetizator de ritm" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Драм-машина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Драм-машина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drum machine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic%C3%AD_automat" title="Bicí automat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bicí automat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpukone" title="Rumpukone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rumpukone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trummaskin" title="Trummaskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trummaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ดรัมแมชชีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดรัมแมชชีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davul_makinesi" title="Davul makinesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Davul makinesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Драм-машина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Драм-машина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q831698#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic musical instrument that creates percussion sounds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the early "drum machine" computers that used a rotating cylinder as their main memory, see <a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">drum memory</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Drum_machine" title="Special:EditPage/Drum machine">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Drum_machine" title="Talk:Drum machine">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Drum_machine" title="Special:EditPage/Drum machine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Drum+machine%22">"Drum machine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Drum+machine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Drum+machine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Drum+machine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Drum+machine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Drum+machine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BOSS_Dr.Rhythm_DR-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BOSS_Dr.Rhythm_DR-3.jpg/230px-BOSS_Dr.Rhythm_DR-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BOSS_Dr.Rhythm_DR-3.jpg/345px-BOSS_Dr.Rhythm_DR-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BOSS_Dr.Rhythm_DR-3.jpg/460px-BOSS_Dr.Rhythm_DR-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A BOSS DR-3 Dr. Rhythm drum machine</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>drum machine</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instrument</a> that creates percussion sounds, drum beats, and patterns. Drum machines may imitate <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drum kits</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a>, or produce unique sounds, such as synthesized electronic tones. A drum machine often has pre-programmed beats and patterns for popular genres and styles, such as pop music, rock music, and dance music. Most modern drum machines made in the 2010s and 2020s also allow users to program their own <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythms</a> and beats. Drum machines may create sounds using <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesis</a> or play prerecorded <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">samples</a>. </p><p>While a distinction is generally made between drum machines (which can play back pre-programmed or user-programmed beats or patterns) and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">electronic drums</a> (which have pads that can be struck and played like an acoustic drum kit), there are some drum machines that have buttons or pads that allow the performer to play drum sounds "live", either on top of a programmed drum beat or as a standalone performance. Drum machines have a range of capabilities, which go from playing a short beat pattern in a loop, to being able to program or record complex song <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arrangements</a> with changes of meter and style. </p><p>Drum machines have had a lasting impact on <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> in the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a>, introduced in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> significantly influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Dance_music_(popular)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance music (popular)">dance music</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. Its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-909" title="Roland TR-909">TR-909</a>, introduced in 1983, heavily influenced <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>. The first drum machine to use samples of real drum kits, the <a href="/wiki/Linn_LM-1" title="Linn LM-1">Linn LM-1</a>, was introduced in 1980 and was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> artists including <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">software emulations</a> began to overtake the popularity of physical drum machines housed in a separate plastic or metal chassis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythmicon_(1930–1932)"><span id="Rhythmicon_.281930.E2.80.931932.29"></span>Rhythmicon (1930–1932)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rhythmicon (1930–1932)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg/120px-Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhythmicon" title="Rhythmicon">Rhythmicon</a> (1932) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schillinger" title="Joseph Schillinger">Joseph Schillinger</a>, a music educator</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1930–32, the innovative and hard-to-use <i><a href="/wiki/Rhythmicon" title="Rhythmicon">Rhythmicon</a></i> was developed by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Theremin" class="mw-redirect" title="Léon Theremin">Léon Theremin</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a>, who wanted an instrument that could play compositions with multiple <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythmic unit">rhythmic patterns</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">overtone series</a>, that were far too hard to perform on existing keyboard instruments. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a particular <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, either individually or in any combination, including en masse, if desired. Received with considerable interest when it was publicly introduced in 1932, the Rhythmicon was soon set aside by Cowell.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamberlin_Rhythmate_(1957)"><span id="Chamberlin_Rhythmate_.281957.29"></span>Chamberlin Rhythmate (1957)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chamberlin Rhythmate (1957)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957, Harry Chamberlin, an engineer from Iowa, created the Chamberlin Rhythmate, which allowed users to select between 14 <a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">tape loops</a> of drum kits and percussion instruments performing various beats. Like the <a href="/wiki/Chamberlin_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamberlin keyboard">Chamberlin keyboard</a>, the Rhythmate was intended for family singalongs. Around 100 units were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_commercial_product_–_Wurlitzer_Side_Man_(1959)"><span id="First_commercial_product_.E2.80.93_Wurlitzer_Side_Man_.281959.29"></span>First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man (1959)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man (1959)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_(inside)_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg/170px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg/255px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg/340px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4488" data-file-height="5526" /></a><figcaption>Wurlitzer Sideman (1959, inner view)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> released the Side Man, which generates sounds mechanically by a rotating disc, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music box</a>. A slider controls the tempo (between 34 and 150 beats per minute). Sounds can also be triggered individually through buttons on a control panel. The Side Man was a success and drew criticism from the American Federation of Musicians, which ruled in 1961 that its local jurisdictions could not prohibit Side Man use, though it could not be used for dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wurlitzer ceased production of the Sideman in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raymond_Scott_(1960–1963)"><span id="Raymond_Scott_.281960.E2.80.931963.29"></span>Raymond Scott (1960–1963)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Raymond Scott (1960–1963)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Scott" title="Raymond Scott">Raymond Scott</a> constructed the <i>Rhythm Synthesizer</i> and, in 1963, a drum machine called <i>Bandito the Bongo Artist</i>. Scott's machines were used for recording his album <i><a href="/wiki/Soothing_Sounds_for_Baby" title="Soothing Sounds for Baby">Soothing Sounds for Baby</a></i> series (1964). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_fully_transistorized_drum_machines_–_Seeburg/Gulbransen_(1964)"><span id="First_fully_transistorized_drum_machines_.E2.80.93_Seeburg.2FGulbransen_.281964.29"></span>First fully transistorized drum machines – Seeburg/Gulbransen (1964)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First fully transistorized drum machines – Seeburg/Gulbransen (1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seeburg_Rhythm_Prince_(without_left_panel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seeburg_Rhythm_Prince_%28without_left_panel%29.jpg/165px-Seeburg_Rhythm_Prince_%28without_left_panel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seeburg_Rhythm_Prince_%28without_left_panel%29.jpg/248px-Seeburg_Rhythm_Prince_%28without_left_panel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seeburg_Rhythm_Prince_%28without_left_panel%29.jpg/330px-Seeburg_Rhythm_Prince_%28without_left_panel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seeburg/Gulbransen <i>Rhythm Prince</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">using a mechanical wheel, as seen on bailed out left panel</span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg/165px-Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg/248px-Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg/330px-Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seeburg/Gulbransen <i>Select-A-Rhythm</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">an earliest fully transistorized rhythm machine</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the 1960s, the implementation of rhythm machines had evolved into fully solid-state (<a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistorized</a>) from early electro-mechanical with <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, and also size was reduced to desktop size from earlier floor type. In the early 1960s, a home organ manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Gulbransen" title="Gulbransen">Gulbransen</a> (later acquired by <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a>) cooperated with an automatic musical equipment manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Seeburg_Corporation" title="Seeburg Corporation">Seeburg Corporation</a>, and released early compact rhythm machines <i>Rhythm Prince</i> (PRP),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although, at that time, these sizes were still as large as small <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar amp">guitar amp</a> head, due to the use of bulky electro-mechanical pattern generators. Then in 1964, Seeburg invented a compact electronic rhythm pattern generator using "<a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a> matrix" (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3358068">U.S. patent 3,358,068</a></span> in 1967),<sup id="cite_ref-uspat3358068_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspat3358068-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fully transistorized electronic rhythm machine with pre-programmed patterns, <i>Select-A-Rhythm</i> (SAR1),<sup id="cite_ref-sarman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-matrixsynth_sar1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matrixsynth_sar1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was released. As a result of its robustness and enough compact size, these rhythm machines were gradually installed on the electronic organ as an accompaniment of organists and finally spread widely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keio-Giken_(Korg),_Nippon_Columbia,_and_Ace_Tone_(1963–1967)"><span id="Keio-Giken_.28Korg.29.2C_Nippon_Columbia.2C_and_Ace_Tone_.281963.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Keio-Giken (<a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Columbia" title="Nippon Columbia">Nippon Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ace_Tone" title="Ace Tone">Ace Tone</a> (1963–1967)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Keio-Giken (Korg), Nippon Columbia, and Ace Tone (1963–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KORG_Donca_Matic_DA-20_(1963)_clip1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/KORG_Donca_Matic_DA-20_%281963%29_clip1.jpg/170px-KORG_Donca_Matic_DA-20_%281963%29_clip1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/KORG_Donca_Matic_DA-20_%281963%29_clip1.jpg/255px-KORG_Donca_Matic_DA-20_%281963%29_clip1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/KORG_Donca_Matic_DA-20_%281963%29_clip1.jpg/340px-KORG_Donca_Matic_DA-20_%281963%29_clip1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="3921" /></a><figcaption>Korg <i>Donca-Matic DA-20</i> (1963)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1960s, a nightclub owner in Tokyo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsutomu_Katoh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsutomu Katoh (page does not exist)">Tsutomu Katoh</a> was consulted by a notable accordion player, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadashi_Osanai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadashi Osanai (page does not exist)">Tadashi Osanai</a>, about the rhythm machine he used for accompaniment in the club, a Wurlitzer Side Man. Osanai, a graduate of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>, convinced Katoh to finance his efforts to build a better one.<sup id="cite_ref-Colbeck1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colbeck1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, their new company Keio-Giken (later <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a>) released their first rhythm machine, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korg_products#1960s" title="List of Korg products">Donca-Matic DA-20</a>, using vacuum tube circuits for sounds and a mechanical wheel for rhythm patterns. It was a floor-type machine with a built-in speaker, and featured a keyboard for manual play, in addition to the multiple automatic rhythm patterns. Its price was comparable with the average annual income of Japanese at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-DoncaMatic_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoncaMatic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next, their effort was focused on the improvement of reliability and performance, along with size and cost reductions. Unstable vacuum tube circuits were replaced with reliable transistor circuits on the Donca-Matic DC-11 in the mid-1960s. In 1966, the bulky mechanical wheel was also replaced with a compact transistor circuit on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korg_products#1960s" title="List of Korg products">Donca-Matic DE-20</a> and DE-11. In 1967, the Mini Pops MP-2 was developed as an option for the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Electone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha Electone">Yamaha Electone</a> (electric organ), and Mini Pops was established as a series of compact desktop rhythm machines. In the United States, Mini Pops MP-3, MP-7, etc. were sold under the <a href="/wiki/Univox" title="Univox">Univox</a> brand by the distributor at that time, Unicord Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-DoncaMatic_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoncaMatic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Columbia" title="Nippon Columbia">Nippon Columbia</a> filed a patent for an automatic rhythm instrument. It described it as an "automatic rhythm player which is simple but capable of electronically producing various rhythms in the characteristic tones of a drum, a piccolo and so on." It has some similarities to Seeburg's slightly earlier 1964 patent.<sup id="cite_ref-US3482027_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US3482027-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ace_Tone_Rhythm_Ace_FR-3_-_%22The_Synth_World_in_Naniwa%22_screenings,_talk,_and_live_-_UPLINK,_Shibuya,_2014-08-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ace_Tone_Rhythm_Ace_FR-3_-_%22The_Synth_World_in_Naniwa%22_screenings%2C_talk%2C_and_live_-_UPLINK%2C_Shibuya%2C_2014-08-24.jpg/170px-Ace_Tone_Rhythm_Ace_FR-3_-_%22The_Synth_World_in_Naniwa%22_screenings%2C_talk%2C_and_live_-_UPLINK%2C_Shibuya%2C_2014-08-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ace_Tone_Rhythm_Ace_FR-3_-_%22The_Synth_World_in_Naniwa%22_screenings%2C_talk%2C_and_live_-_UPLINK%2C_Shibuya%2C_2014-08-24.jpg/255px-Ace_Tone_Rhythm_Ace_FR-3_-_%22The_Synth_World_in_Naniwa%22_screenings%2C_talk%2C_and_live_-_UPLINK%2C_Shibuya%2C_2014-08-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ace_Tone_Rhythm_Ace_FR-3_-_%22The_Synth_World_in_Naniwa%22_screenings%2C_talk%2C_and_live_-_UPLINK%2C_Shibuya%2C_2014-08-24.jpg/340px-Ace_Tone_Rhythm_Ace_FR-3_-_%22The_Synth_World_in_Naniwa%22_screenings%2C_talk%2C_and_live_-_UPLINK%2C_Shibuya%2C_2014-08-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Ace-Tone Rhythm Ace FR-3</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Ace_Tone" title="Ace Tone">Ace Tone</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Ikutaro_Kakehashi" title="Ikutaro Kakehashi">Ikutaro Kakehashi</a> (later founder of <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a>) developed the preset rhythm-pattern generator using <i>diode matrix</i> circuit, which has some similarities to the earlier Seeburg and Nippon Columbia patents. Kakehashi's patent describes his device as a "plurality of inverting circuits and/or clipper circuits" which "are connected to a counting circuit to synthesize the output signal of the counting circuit" where the "synthesized output signal becomes a desired rhythm."<sup id="cite_ref-uspat3651241_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspat3651241-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ace Tone commercialized its preset rhythm machine, called the FR-1 Rhythm Ace, in 1967. It offered 16 preset patterns, and four buttons to manually play each instrument sound (<a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowbell" title="Cowbell">cowbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>). The rhythm patterns could also be cascaded together by pushing multiple rhythm buttons simultaneously, and the possible combination of rhythm patterns were more than a hundred (on the later models of Rhythm Ace, the individual volumes of each instrument could be adjusted with the small knobs or faders). The FR-1 was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond Organ Company</a> for incorporation within their latest organ models. In the US, the units were also marketed under the <a href="/wiki/Multivox" title="Multivox">Multivox</a> brand by Peter Sorkin Music Company, and in the UK, marketed under the Bentley Rhythm Ace brand.<sup id="cite_ref-sos_roland_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sos_roland-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_preset_drum_machine_users">Early preset drum machine users</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early preset drum machine users"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of other preset drum machines were released in the 1970s, but early examples of the use can be found on <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_of_America_(band)" title="The United States of America (band)">The United States of America</a>'s eponymous album from 1967–8. The first major pop song to use a drum machine was "<a href="/wiki/Saved_by_the_Bell_(song)" title="Saved by the Bell (song)">Saved by the Bell</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Gibb" title="Robin Gibb">Robin Gibb</a>, which reached #2 in Britain in 1969. Drum machine tracks were also heavily used on the <a href="/wiki/Sly_%26_the_Family_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sly & the Family Stone">Sly & the Family Stone</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/There%27s_a_Riot_Goin%27_On" title="There's a Riot Goin' On">There's a Riot Goin' On</a></i>, released in 1971. Sly & the Family Stone was the first group to have a number #1 pop single that used a drum machine: that single was "<a href="/wiki/Family_Affair_(Sly_and_the_Family_Stone_song)" title="Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)">Family Affair</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a> also used a drum machine on their songs "<a href="/wiki/Peking_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking O">Peking O</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Spoon_(Can_song)" title="Spoon (Can song)">Spoon</a>". The 1972 <a href="/wiki/Timmy_Thomas" title="Timmy Thomas">Timmy Thomas</a> single "<a href="/wiki/Why_Can%27t_We_Live_Together" title="Why Can't We Live Together">Why Can't We Live Together</a>"/"Funky Me" featured a distinctive use of a drum machine and keyboard arrangement on both tracks. Another early example of electronic drums used by a rock band is <i><a href="/wiki/Obscured_by_Clouds" title="Obscured by Clouds">Obscured by Clouds</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> in 1972. The first album on which a drum machine produced all the percussion was <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Come_(British_band)" title="Kingdom Come (British band)">Kingdom Come</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_(Kingdom_Come_album)" title="Journey (Kingdom Come album)">Journey</a></i>, recorded in November 1972 using a Bentley Rhythm Ace. French singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Léo Ferré">Léo Ferré</a> mixed a drum machine with a <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonic orchestra">symphonic orchestra</a> in the song "Je t'aimais bien, tu sais..." in his album <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Espoir_(album)" title="L'Espoir (album)">L'Espoir</a></i>, released in 1974. <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>' live band began to use a drum machine in 1974 (played by percussionist <a href="/wiki/James_Mtume" title="James Mtume">James Mtume</a>), which can be heard on <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Magus" title="Dark Magus">Dark Magus</a></i> (1977). <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Kitajima" title="Osamu Kitajima">Osamu Kitajima</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Benzaiten</a></i> (1974) also used drum machines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmable_drum_machines">Programmable drum machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Programmable drum machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eko_ComputeRhythm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/199px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/299px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/398px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="929" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eko_guitars" class="mw-redirect" title="Eko guitars">Eko</a> ComputeRhythm (1972), one of the first programmable drum machines.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAiA_Programmable_Drum_Set_(1975).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAiA_Programmable_Drum_Set_%281975%29.jpg/241px-PAiA_Programmable_Drum_Set_%281975%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAiA_Programmable_Drum_Set_%281975%29.jpg/362px-PAiA_Programmable_Drum_Set_%281975%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAiA_Programmable_Drum_Set_%281975%29.jpg/482px-PAiA_Programmable_Drum_Set_%281975%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3148" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/PAiA_Electronics" title="PAiA Electronics">PAiA</a> Programmable Drum Set (1975), one of the earliest electronically programmable drum machines.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Eko_guitars" class="mw-redirect" title="Eko guitars">Eko</a> released the ComputeRhythm, which was one of the first programmable drum machines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a 6-row push-button matrix that allowed the user to enter a pattern manually. The user could also push punch cards with pre-programmed rhythms through a reader slot on the unit.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another stand-alone drum machine released in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/PAiA_Electronics" title="PAiA Electronics">PAiA</a> Programmable Drum Set was also one of the first programmable drum machines,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was sold as a kit with parts and instructions which the buyer would use to build the machine. </p><p>In 1975,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Estimated year on ESTECHO.com is noted "(according to Wikipedia)", thus not reliable at all (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ace_Tone" title="Ace Tone">Ace Tone</a> released the Rhythm Producer FR-15 that enables the modification of the pre-programmed rhythm patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-ESTECHO_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESTECHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, Roland released the <a href="/wiki/Roland_CR-78" title="Roland CR-78">Roland CR-78</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>-based programmable rhythm machine,<sup id="cite_ref-sos_roland_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sos_roland-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with four memory storage for user patterns. In 1979, a simpler version with four sounds, <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a> DR-55, was released.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drum_sound_synthesis">Drum sound synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Drum sound synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key difference between such early machines and more modern equipment is that they use <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">sound synthesis</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> in order to generate their sounds. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maraca</a> sound would typically be created using a burst of <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a> whereas a <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a> sound would be made using <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine waves</a> or other basic <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a>. This meant that while the resulting sound was not very close to that of the real instrument, each model tended to have a unique character. For this reason, many of these early machines have achieved a certain "cult status" and are now sought after by <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">producers</a> for use in production of modern <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_808_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc_808-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_sampling">Digital sampling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Digital sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg/220px-Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg/330px-Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg/440px-Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linn_LM-1" title="Linn LM-1">Linn LM-1</a> (1980)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Linn_LM-1" title="Linn LM-1">Linn LM-1</a> Drum Computer, released in 1980 at $4,995 (equivalent to $18,500 in 2023), was the first drum machine to use digital samples. It also featured revolutionary rhythmic concepts such as swing factors, shuffle, accent, and real-time programming, all of which have since rooted themselves in beat box technology.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only about 500 were ever made, but its effect on the music industry was extensive. Its distinctive sound almost defines 1980s pop, and it can be heard on hundreds of hit records from the era, including <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">The Human League</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dare_(album)" title="Dare (album)">Dare</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Gary_Numan_album)" title="Dance (Gary Numan album)">Dance</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/New_Traditionalists" title="New Traditionalists">New Traditionalists</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Ric_Ocasek" title="Ric Ocasek">Ric Ocasek</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Beatitude_(album)" title="Beatitude (album)">Beatitude</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> bought one of the first LM-1s and used it on nearly all of his most popular albums, including <i><a href="/wiki/1999_(Prince_album)" title="1999 (Prince album)">1999</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Purple_Rain_(album)" title="Purple Rain (album)">Purple Rain</a></i>. </p><p>Many of the drum sounds on the LM-1 were composed of two chips that were triggered at the same time, and each voice was individually tunable with individual outputs. Due to memory limitations, a <a href="/wiki/Crash_cymbal" title="Crash cymbal">crash cymbal</a> sound was not available except as an expensive third-party modification. A cheaper version of the LM-1 was released in 1982 called the <a href="/wiki/LinnDrum" title="LinnDrum">LinnDrum</a>. Priced at $2,995 (equivalent to $9,500 in 2023), not all of its voices were tunable, but crash cymbal was included as a standard sound. Like its predecessor the LM-1, it featured swappable sound chips. The LinnDrum can be heard on records such as <a href="/wiki/The_Cars" title="The Cars">The Cars</a>' <i>Heartbeat City</i> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>'s soundtrack for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1983_film)" title="Scarface (1983 film)">Scarface</a></i>. </p><p>It was feared the LM-1 would put every session drummer in Los Angeles out of work and it caused many of L.A.'s top session drummers (<a href="/wiki/Jeff_Porcaro" title="Jeff Porcaro">Jeff Porcaro</a> is one example) to purchase their own drum machines and learn to program them themselves in order to stay employed. Linn even marketed the LinnDrum specifically to drummers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberheim_DMX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oberheim_DMX.jpg/231px-Oberheim_DMX.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oberheim_DMX.jpg/347px-Oberheim_DMX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Oberheim_DMX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Oberheim_DMX" title="Oberheim DMX">Oberheim DMX</a> (1981)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SCI_model_400_drumtraks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SCI_model_400_drumtraks.jpg/209px-SCI_model_400_drumtraks.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SCI_model_400_drumtraks.jpg/314px-SCI_model_400_drumtraks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SCI_model_400_drumtraks.jpg/418px-SCI_model_400_drumtraks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1668" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Drumtraks" title="Drumtraks">SCI Drumtraks</a> (1984)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Following the success of the LM-1, <a href="/wiki/Oberheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberheim">Oberheim</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Oberheim_DMX" title="Oberheim DMX">DMX</a>, which also featured digitally sampled sounds and a "swing" feature similar to the one found on the Linn machines. It became very popular in its own right, becoming a staple of the nascent hip-hop scene. </p><p>Other manufacturers soon began to produce machines, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits">Sequential Circuits</a> <a href="/wiki/Drumtraks" title="Drumtraks">Drumtraks</a> and Tom, the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Drumulator" title="E-mu Drumulator">E-mu Drumulator</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_RX-11" title="Yamaha RX-11">Yamaha RX11</a>. </p><p>In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/SpecDrum" title="SpecDrum">SpecDrum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cheetah_Marketing" title="Cheetah Marketing">Cheetah Marketing</a>, an inexpensive 8-bit sampling drum external module for the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced, with a price less than £30, when similar models cost around £250.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roland_TR-808_and_TR-909">Roland TR-808 and TR-909</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roland TR-808 and TR-909"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-909" title="Roland TR-909">Roland TR-909</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg/220px-Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg/330px-Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg/440px-Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a> Rhythm Composer (1980)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a> launched the TR-808 Rhythm Composer. It was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Programming_(music)" title="Programming (music)">programmable</a> drum machines, with which users could create their own rhythms rather than having to use preset patterns. Unlike the more expensive LM-1, the 808 is completely <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog</a>, meaning its sounds are generated non-digitally via hardware rather than <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">samples</a> (prerecorded sounds).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Launched when electronic music had yet to become mainstream, the 808 received mixed reviews for its unrealistic drum sounds and was a commercial failure.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having built approximately 12,000 units, Roland discontinued the 808 after its <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">semiconductors</a> became impossible to restock.<sup id="cite_ref-:83_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the 1980s, the 808 attracted a <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult following</a> among underground musicians for its affordability on the used market,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ease of use,<sup id="cite_ref-:122_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and idiosyncratic sounds, particularly its deep, "booming" <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:83_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a cornerstone of the emerging electronic, <a href="/wiki/Dance_music_(popular)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance music (popular)">dance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> genres, popularized by early hits such as <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sexual_Healing" title="Sexual Healing">Sexual Healing</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-:83_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soulsonic_Force" title="Soulsonic Force">Soulsonic Force</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 808 was eventually used on more hit records than any other drum machine;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its popularity with hip hop in particular has made it one of the most influential inventions in popular music, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster" title="Fender Stratocaster">Fender Stratocaster</a>'s influence on <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its sounds continue to be used as samples included with music software and modern drum machines.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 808 was followed in 1983 by the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-909" title="Roland TR-909">TR-909</a>, the first Roland drum machine to use <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:15_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which synchronizes devices built by different manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the first Roland drum machine to use samples for some sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the 808, the 909 was a commercial failure, but had a lasting influence on popular music after cheap units circulated on the used market; alongside the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TB-303" title="Roland TB-303">Roland TB-303</a> bass synthesizer, it influenced the development of electronic genres such as <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_machines">Later machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">Groovebox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-mu_SP-1200_(111607sp1200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg/220px-E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg/330px-E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/E-mu_SP-1200_%28111607sp1200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200" title="E-mu SP-1200">E-mu SP-1200</a> (1987)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alesis_SR-16,_Devi_Ever_OK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alesis_SR-16%2C_Devi_Ever_OK.jpg/220px-Alesis_SR-16%2C_Devi_Ever_OK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alesis_SR-16%2C_Devi_Ever_OK.jpg/330px-Alesis_SR-16%2C_Devi_Ever_OK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alesis_SR-16%2C_Devi_Ever_OK.jpg/440px-Alesis_SR-16%2C_Devi_Ever_OK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alesis" title="Alesis">Alesis</a> SR-16 (1991)</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2000, standalone drum machines had become less common, partly supplanted by general-purpose hardware samplers controlled by sequencers (built-in or external), software-based sequencing and sampling and the use of loops, and <a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">music workstations</a> with integrated sequencing and drum sounds. TR-808 and other digitized drum machine sounds can be found in archives on the Internet. However, traditional drum machines are still being made by companies such as Roland Corporation (under the name <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zoom_Corporation" title="Zoom Corporation">Zoom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alesis" title="Alesis">Alesis</a>, whose SR-16 drum machine has remained popular since it was introduced in 1991. </p><p>There are percussion-specific <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound modules</a> that can be triggered by pickups, <a href="/wiki/Trigger_pad" title="Trigger pad">trigger pads</a>, or through MIDI. These are called <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">drum modules</a>; the Alesis D4 and Roland TD-8 are popular examples. Unless such a sound module also features a sequencer, it is, strictly speaking, not a drum machine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korg_Volca_Beats_7928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Korg_Volca_Beats_7928.jpg/220px-Korg_Volca_Beats_7928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Korg_Volca_Beats_7928.jpg/330px-Korg_Volca_Beats_7928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Korg_Volca_Beats_7928.jpg/440px-Korg_Volca_Beats_7928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2489" /></a><figcaption>Korg Volca Beats (2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2010s a revival of interest in analogue synthesis resulted in a new wave of analogue drum machines, ranging from the budget-priced Korg Volca Beats and Akai Rhythm Wolf<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the mid-priced Arturia DrumBrute,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the high-end MFB Tanzbär and <a href="/wiki/Sequential_(company)" title="Sequential (company)">Dave Smith Instruments</a> Tempest. Roland's TR-08 and TR-09 Rhythm Composers were digital recreations of the original TR-808 and 909, while Behringer released an analogue clone of the 808 as the Behringer RD-8 Rhythm Designer.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korg released an analog drum machine, the <a href="/wiki/Volca_Beats" title="Volca Beats">Volca Beats</a>, in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming">Programming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_to_the_floor_Roland_TR-707.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Four_to_the_floor_Roland_TR-707.jpg/220px-Four_to_the_floor_Roland_TR-707.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Four_to_the_floor_Roland_TR-707.jpg/330px-Four_to_the_floor_Roland_TR-707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Four_to_the_floor_Roland_TR-707.jpg/440px-Four_to_the_floor_Roland_TR-707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2276" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Four_on_the_floor_(music)" title="Four on the floor (music)">4-on-the-floor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-707" title="Roland TR-707">Roland TR-707</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Programming of drum machines varies from product to product. On most products, it can be done in <b>real time</b>: the user creates drum patterns by pressing the trigger pads as though a <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drum kit</a> were being played; or using <b>step-sequencing</b>: the pattern is built up over time by adding individual sounds at certain points by placing them, as with the TR-808 and TR-909, along a 16-step bar. For example, a generic <a href="/wiki/Four_on_the_floor_(music)" title="Four on the floor (music)">4-on-the-floor</a> dance pattern could be made by placing a closed high hat on the 3rd, 7th, 11th, and 15th steps, then a kick drum on the 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th steps, and a clap or snare on the 5th and 13th. This pattern could be varied in a multitude of ways to obtain <a href="/wiki/Fill_(music)" title="Fill (music)">fills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakdown_(music)" title="Breakdown (music)">breakdowns</a> and other elements that the programmer sees fit, which in turn could be sequenced with <b>song-sequence</b> — essentially the drum machine plays back the programmed patterns from memory in an order the programmer has chosen. The machine will <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(music)" title="Quantization (music)">quantize</a> entries that are slightly off-beat in order to make them exactly in time. </p><p>If the drum machine has <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> connectivity, then one could program the drum machine with a computer or another MIDI device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_live_drumming">Comparison with live drumming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comparison with live drumming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While drum machines have been used much in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> since the 1980s, "...scientific studies show there are certain aspects of human-created rhythm that machines cannot replicate, or can only replicate poorly" such as the "feel" of human drumming and the ability of a human drummer to respond to changes in a song as it is being played live onstage.<sup id="cite_ref-Music.mic_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music.mic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human drummers also have the ability to make slight variations in their playing, such as playing "ahead of the beat" or "behind the beat" for sections of a song, in contrast to a drum machine that plays a pre-programmed rhythm. As well, human drummers play a "tremendously wide variety of rhythmic variations" that drum machines cannot reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-Music.mic_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music.mic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_costs">Labor costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Labor costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drum machines developed out of a need to create drum beats when a drum kit was not available. Increasingly, drum machines and drum programming are used by major record labels to undercut the costly expense of studio drummers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">Electronic drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">Groovebox</a>  (generic groove machines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drum_machine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mixdownmag.com.au/features/columns/the-history-of-the-roland-tr-808-in-eight-iconic-tracks/">"The history of the Roland TR-808 in eight iconic tracks"</a>. <i>mixdownmag</i>. 2020-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mixdownmag&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+Roland+TR-808+in+eight+iconic+tracks&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmixdownmag.com.au%2Ffeatures%2Fcolumns%2Fthe-history-of-the-roland-tr-808-in-eight-iconic-tracks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reverb.com/news/prince-and-the-linn-lm-1">"Prince's Drum Machine: How His Use of the Linn LM-1 Heralded a New Age of Pop Rhythm Creation"</a>. <i>reverb.com</i>. 19 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reverb.com&rft.atitle=Prince%27s+Drum+Machine%3A+How+His+Use+of+the+Linn+LM-1+Heralded+a+New+Age+of+Pop+Rhythm+Creation&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freverb.com%2Fnews%2Fprince-and-the-linn-lm-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mixdownmag.com.au/features/columns/mixdowns-greatest-drum-machines-of-all-time-part-two/">"Mixdown's Greatest Drum Machines Of All Time: Part Two"</a>. <i>mixdownmag</i>. 2020-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FACT+Magazine%3A+Music+News%2C+New+Music.&rft.atitle=The+14+drum+machines+that+shaped+modern+music&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmag.com%2F2016%2F09%2F22%2Fthe-14-drum-machines-that-shaped-modern-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wurlitzer Congratulates the AFM on its Progressive Ruling on the Wurlitzer Side Man." Down Beat, 27 April 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.matrixsynth.com/2011/02/vintage-seeburg-rhythm-prince-drum.html">"Vintage Seeburg Rhythm Prince Drum Machine"</a>. MatrixSynth. 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vintage+Seeburg+Rhythm+Prince+Drum+Machine&rft.pub=MatrixSynth&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.matrixsynth.com%2F2011%2F02%2Fvintage-seeburg-rhythm-prince-drum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uspat3358068-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uspat3358068_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFRichard_H._Campbell_Jr.,_Gilford,_N.H._(Seeburg_Corporation)1967"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3358068">US patent 3358068</a>, Richard H. Campbell Jr., Gilford, N.H. (Seeburg Corporation), "Musical Instruments", issued 1967-12-12</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3358068&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Musical+Instruments&rft.inventor=Richard+H.+Campbell+Jr.%2C+Gilford%2C+N.H.+%28Seeburg+Corporation%29&rft.date=1967-12-12&rft.appldate=1964-06-26"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <br /> — When this patent was filed in 1964-06-26, also <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3358068">Automatic Rhythm Device</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3255292">Automatic Repetitive Rhythm Instrument Timing Circuitry</a></span>, and its sound circuits <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3328506">Snare Drum Instrument</a></span> and <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3325578">Cow Bell Instrument</a></span> were filed at the same time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sarman_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233730/http://ericarcher.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/seeburg-sar-1-select-a-rhythm-service-manual.pdf"><i>Seeburg Portable Select-A-Rhythm Service Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seeburg Sales Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ericarcher.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/seeburg-sar-1-select-a-rhythm-service-manual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeburg+Portable+Select-A-Rhythm+Service+Manual&rft.pub=Seeburg+Sales+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fericarcher.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F11%2Fseeburg-sar-1-select-a-rhythm-service-manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span> — rhythm patterns were fully electronically generated by 48-step binary counter using 6-stage <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">flip-flops</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matrixsynth_sar1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matrixsynth_sar1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.matrixsynth.com/2011/05/seeburg-select-rhythm-vintage-drum.html">"Seeburg Select-a-Rhythm Vintage Drum Machine"</a>. MatrixSynth. 3 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seeburg+Select-a-Rhythm+Vintage+Drum+Machine&rft.pub=MatrixSynth&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.matrixsynth.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fseeburg-select-rhythm-vintage-drum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colbeck1996-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colbeck1996_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbeck1996" class="citation book cs1">Colbeck, Julian (1996). <i>Keyfax Omnibus Edition</i>. MixBooks. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918371-08-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918371-08-9"><bdi>978-0-918371-08-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keyfax+Omnibus+Edition&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=MixBooks&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-918371-08-9&rft.aulast=Colbeck&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoncaMatic-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DoncaMatic_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoncaMatic_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050903144901/http://www.korg.co.jp/SoundMakeup/Museum/Doncamatic/">"Donca-Matic (1963)"</a>. <i>Korg Museum</i>. <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korg+Museum&rft.atitle=Donca-Matic+%281963%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korg.co.jp%2FSoundMakeup%2FMuseum%2FDoncamatic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US3482027-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US3482027_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.ms/patents/US3482027">"Automatic rhythm instrument"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automatic+rhythm+instrument&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ms%2Fpatents%2FUS3482027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uspat3651241-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uspat3651241_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFIkutaro_Kakehashi_(Ace_Electronics_Industries,_Inc.)1972"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3651241">US patent 3651241</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikutaro_Kakehashi" title="Ikutaro Kakehashi">Ikutaro Kakehashi</a> (Ace Electronics Industries, Inc.), "Automatic Rhythm Performance Device", issued 1972-03-21</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3651241&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Automatic+Rhythm+Performance+Device&rft.inventor=%5B%5BIkutaro+Kakehashi%5D%5D+%28Ace+Electronics+Industries%2C+Inc.%29&rft.date=1972-03-21&rft.appldate=3 June 1971"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sos_roland-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sos_roland_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sos_roland_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2004" class="citation cs2">Reid, Gordon (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm">"The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i> (November)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Roland+Part+1%3A+1930%26ndash%3B1978&rft.issue=November&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fnov04%2Farticles%2Froland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Randall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-sly-stone-drum-machine-tracks-20141105-column.html">"New release gathers Sly Stone's drum machine tracks of '69-'70"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=New+release+gathers+Sly+Stone%27s+drum+machine+tracks+of+%2769-%2770&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fposts%2Fla-et-ms-sly-stone-drum-machine-tracks-20141105-column.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRéveillac2019" class="citation book cs1">Réveillac, Jean-Michel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119618089"><i>Electronic Music Machines: The New Musical Instruments</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 93–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119618089">10.1002/9781119618089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119618089" title="Special:BookSources/9781119618089"><bdi>9781119618089</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155674364">155674364</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Music+Machines%3A+The+New+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=93-115&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155674364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119618089&rft.isbn=9781119618089&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9veillac&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781119618089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2009/08/25/the-eko-computerhythm-jean-michel-jarres-drum-machine/">"The EKO ComputeRhythm – Jean Michel Jarre's Drum Machine"</a>. synthtopia.com. 25 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+EKO+ComputeRhythm+%E2%80%93+Jean+Michel+Jarre%27s+Drum+Machine&rft.pub=synthtopia.com&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synthtopia.com%2Fcontent%2F2009%2F08%2F25%2Fthe-eko-computerhythm-jean-michel-jarres-drum-machine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synthmuseum.com/paia/paipdrset01.html">"Programmable Drum Set"</a>. Synthmuseum.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programmable+Drum+Set&rft.pub=Synthmuseum.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synthmuseum.com%2Fpaia%2Fpaipdrset01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESTECHO-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESTECHO_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estecho.com/gear/Acetone_Rhythm_Producer.php">"Ace Tone Rhythm Producer FR-15"</a>. <i>ESTECHO.com</i>. 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESTECHO.com&rft.atitle=Ace+Tone+Rhythm+Producer+FR-15&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estecho.com%2Fgear%2FAcetone_Rhythm_Producer.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span> — Sakata Shokai/Ace Tone Rhythm Producer, a successor of Rhythm Ace after the reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Ace_Tone" title="Ace Tone">Ace Tone</a> brand in 1972, provided feature to modify the pre-programmed rhythms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc_808-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc_808_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Anderson2008" class="citation web cs1">Jason Anderson (28 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/slaves-to-the-rhythm-1.771508">"Slaves to the rhythm: Kanye West is the latest to pay tribute to a classic drum machine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mixmag&rft.atitle=9+of+the+best+909+tracks+using+the+TR-909&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmixmag.net%2Ffeature%2F909-tracks-using-the-tr-909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/korg-volca-beats-bass-keys">"Sound on Sound: Korg Volca Beats, Bass & Keys, October 2013"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sound+on+Sound%3A+Korg+Volca+Beats%2C+Bass+%26+Keys%2C+October+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Freviews%2Fkorg-volca-beats-bass-keys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/arturia-drumbrute">"Sound on Sound: Arturia DrumBrute, December 2016"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sound+on+Sound%3A+Arturia+DrumBrute%2C+December+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Freviews%2Farturia-drumbrute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/behringer-rd-8-rhythm-designer">"Sound on Sound: Behringer RD-8 Rhythm Designer, January 2020"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sound+on+Sound%3A+Behringer+RD-8+Rhythm+Designer%2C+January+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Freviews%2Fbehringer-rd-8-rhythm-designer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_'JD73'_Goldman2013" class="citation web cs1">Dan 'JD73' Goldman (2013-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicradar.com/reviews/tech/korg-volca-beats-585530">"Korg Volca Beats review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MusicRadar" class="mw-redirect" title="MusicRadar">MusicRadar</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicRadar&rft.atitle=Korg+Volca+Beats+review&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft.au=Dan+%27JD73%27+Goldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicradar.com%2Freviews%2Ftech%2Fkorg-volca-beats-585530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Music.mic-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Music.mic_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Music.mic_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2015" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Tom (23 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mic.com/articles/113504/science-shows-why-drum-machines-will-never-replace-live-drummers">"Science shows why drum machines will never replace live drummers"</a>. <i>mic.com</i>. Music.mic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mic.com&rft.atitle=Science+shows+why+drum+machines+will+never+replace+live+drummers&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.com%2Farticles%2F113504%2Fscience-shows-why-drum-machines-will-never-replace-live-drummers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrum+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD_Arditi2014" class="citation journal cs1">D Arditi (2014). "Digital Downsizing: The Effects of Digital Music Production on Labor". <i>Journal of Popular Music Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 503–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpms.12095">10.1111/jpms.12095</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10106%2F27051">10106/27051</a></span>.</cite><span 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