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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_Wu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Wu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>During Wu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Wu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_Li_Bian's_reign_as_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Li_Bian's_reign_as_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>During Li Bian's reign as emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Li_Bian's_reign_as_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Middle reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Late reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_with_Later_Zhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Later_Zhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>War with Later Zhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Later_Zhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_losses_to_Later_Zhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_losses_to_Later_Zhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>After losses to Later Zhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_losses_to_Later_Zhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EA%B2%BD_(%EB%82%A8%EB%8B%B9)" title="이경 (남당) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이경 (남당)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Jing_(%E2%80%A0961)" title="Li Jing (†961) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Li Jing (†961)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%92%9F" title="李璟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="李璟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Yuanzong_od_Ju%C5%BEnog_Tanga" title="Car Yuanzong od Južnog Tanga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Car Yuanzong od Južnog Tanga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD_(%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Лі Цзін (Південна Тан) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лі Цзін (Південна Тан)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_C%E1%BA%A3nh_(Nam_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng)" title="Lý Cảnh (Nam Đường) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lý Cảnh (Nam Đường)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90%E5%85%83%E5%AE%97" title="南唐元宗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南唐元宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%92%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90%EF%BC%89" title="李璟（南唐） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="李璟（南唐）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">2nd Chinese emperor from 943 to 961</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南唐元宗</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">(Southern) Tang</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">(more...)</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum,_Detail_of_Li_Jing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Li_Jing.jpg/220px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Li_Jing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Li_Jing.jpg/330px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Li_Jing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Li_Jing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="517" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Li Jing, detail from a larger painting by <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Wenju" title="Zhou Wenju">Zhou Wenju</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 942-961)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd ruler of Southern Tang</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">943 – 961</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian (Emperor Liezu)</a>, father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a>, son</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Xu Jingtong (徐景通)<br />916 or January 917<br />Probably <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Sheng Prefecture</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Guangling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 12, 961 (Aged 44-45)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Shun Mausoleum (順陵, in modern <a href="/wiki/Jiangning_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangning District">Jiangning District</a>, Nanjing, Jiangsu)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhong" title="Empress Zhong">Empress Zhong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concubine</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Ling (凌氏)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Children">Among others</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Li Hongji, son</li><li>Li Hongmao (李弘茂), son</li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a>, son</li><li>Li Congshan, son</li><li>Li Congyi (李從益), son</li><li>Li Congqian (李從謙), son</li><li>Li Congdu (李從度), son</li><li>Li Congxin (李從信), son</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Surname</a>: Xú (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:徐">徐</a>), changed to Lǐ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:李">李</a>) with father<br /><a href="/wiki/Chinese_given_name" title="Chinese given name">Given name</a>: Jǐngtōng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:景">景</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:通">通</a>), changed to Yáo (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%91%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:瑤">瑤</a>), then to Jǐng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%92%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:璟">璟</a>), and eventually to Jǐng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:景">景</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Bǎodà (保大): 943–957<br />Zhōngxīng (中興): 958<br />Jiāotài (交泰): 958<br /><i>Adopted the era name of <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a>:</i><br />Xiǎndé (顯德): 958<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–960<br /><i>Adopted the era name of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></i>:<br />Jiànlóng (建隆): 960–961</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor (before 958)<br />King of Tang (唐國主) (after 958)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Míngdào Chóngdé Wénxuān Xiào (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:明">明</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:道">道</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:崇">崇</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:德">德</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:文">文</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:宣">宣</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:孝">孝</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:皇帝">皇帝</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Yuánzōng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:元">元</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:宗">宗</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Li <span style="font-size: 85%;">(by birth)</span><br />Xu <span style="font-size: 85%;">(adoptive)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Song_(Southern_Tang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Song (Southern Tang)">Empress Song</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Li_(surname_%E6%9D%8E)" title="Li (surname 李)">Li</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Xu_(surname_%E5%BE%90)" title="Xu (surname 徐)">Xú</a>)</i>.</div> <p><b>Li Jing</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">李璟</span>, later changed to <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李景</span></span>; 916<sup id="cite_ref-HFD134_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD134-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – August 12, 961<sup id="cite_ref-XZZTJ2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XZZTJ2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), originally <b>Xu Jingtong</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徐景通</span></span>), briefly <b>Xu Jing</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徐璟</span></span>) in 937–939, <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Boyu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">伯玉</span></span>), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> as the <b>Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南唐元宗</span></span>), also known in historiography as the <b>Middle Lord of Southern Tang</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南唐中主</span></span>), was the second and penultimate <a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">monarch</a> of China's <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. He reigned his state from 943 until his death. </p><p>During Li Jing's earlier reign, he expanded Southern Tang's borders by extinguishing smaller neighboring states: <a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a> in 945 and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Ma Chu</a> in 951. However, the warfare also exhausted the wealth of the country, leaving it ill-prepared to resist the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a> invasion in 956. Forced to cede all <a href="/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (country subdivision)">prefectures</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, he also had to relinquish his title as an <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> and accept the Later Zhou's overlordship in 958, and later the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a>'s overlordship after 960. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Parents</b> </p> <ul><li>Father: <a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian</a></li> <li>Mother: <a href="/wiki/Empress_Yuanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Yuanjing">Empress Yuanjing</a>, of the Song clan (元敬皇后宋氏), personal name Song Fujin (宋福金)</li></ul> <p><b>Wives</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhong" title="Empress Zhong">Empress Guangmu</a> (光穆皇后; d.965) of the Zhong clan (鍾氏) <ul><li>Li Hongji, Crown Prince Wenxian (文獻太子李弘冀, d. 959), first son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a>, King of Tang (唐國主李煜, 937 – 15 August 978), fifth son</li> <li>Li Congqian, Duke of E (鄂國公李從謙), ninth son</li></ul></li> <li>Lady Ling, of the Ling clan (凌氏) <ul><li>Li Congshan, Duke of Nanchu (南楚國公李從善, 940 – 987), seventh son</li></ul></li> <li>Unknown: <ul><li>Li Hongmao, Prince of Qing (慶王李弘茂), second son</li> <li><i>Third son</i></li> <li><i>Li Congqin, Duke of Zhaoping (昭平郡公李從慶), fourth son</i></li> <li>Li Liangzuo (李良佐) sixth son</li> <li>Li Congyi, Duke of Jiang (江國公李從鎰), eight son</li> <li>Li Congxin, Duke of Wenyang (文陽郡公李從信), tenth son</li> <li>Li Congfu (李從甫), eleventh son</li> <li>Princess Taining (太寧公主), third daughter <ul><li>married Liu Jie (劉節), a son of Liu Chongjun (劉崇俊)</li></ul></li> <li>Princess Yongjia (永嘉公主), fourth daughter</li> <li>Princess Li <ul><li>married a man surnamed Sun (孫)</li> <li>married <a href="/wiki/Shengzong_of_Liao" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengzong of Liao">Shengzong of Liao</a> and had issue (a daughter)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Li Jing, then named Xu Jingtong, was born in 916.<sup id="cite_ref-HFD134_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD134-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father <a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Xu Zhigao</a> was then <a href="/wiki/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu (Ten Kingdoms)">Wu</a>'s prefect of Sheng Prefecture (昇州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), under his adoptive father (Xu Jingtong's grandfather) <a href="/wiki/Xu_Wen" title="Xu Wen">Xu Wen</a>, who was then Wu's regent.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ269_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ269-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was Xu Zhigao's oldest son.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was Xu Zhigao's second wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Song_Fujin" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Song Fujin">Song Fujin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would later give birth to three more sons, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingqian" title="Xu Jingqian">Xu Jingqian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jingsui" title="Li Jingsui">Xu Jingsui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Li_Jingda" title="Li Jingda">Xu Jingda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Wu">During Wu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During Wu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 923, by which time Xu Zhigao was the junior regent under Xu Wen, there was an incident where the general Zhong Taizhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鍾泰章</span></span>), who had assisted in Xu Wen's coming to power, was under investigation for corruption. Xu Zhigao advocated punishing Zhong, but Xu Wen, pointing out Zhong's contributions, declined, and instead ordered Xu Zhigao to take one of Zhong's <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhong" title="Empress Zhong">daughters</a> as wife for Xu Jingtong, although it is not clear whether the marriage took place that year or later.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ272_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ272-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 925, Xu Jingtong, then age nine, was given the office of <i>Jiabu Langzhong</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">駕部郎中</span></span>), a supervisory official at the ministry of defense (兵部, <i>Bingbu</i>). He later was given the title of an imperial guard general.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ16_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 930, by which point Xu Zhigao had succeeded Xu Wen as regent, Xu Zhigao planned to leave the Wu capital Jiangdu (江都, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>) and take up his headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Jinling</a> (i.e., the former Sheng Prefecture), he started the preparations of leaving Xu Jingtong at Jiangdu as junior regent by having him given the titles of minister of defense (兵部尚書, <i>Bingbu Shangshu</i>) and acting <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">chancellor</a> (參政事, <i>Can Zhengshi</i>). In 931, when Xu Zhigao's chief advisor <a href="/wiki/Song_Qiqiu" title="Song Qiqiu">Song Qiqiu</a> suddenly claimed to want to retire, it was Xu Jingtong that Xu Zhigao sent to Song's retirement mansion to urge Song to return to the government. Later in the year, Xu Zhigao left Jiangdu and took up headquarters at Jinling, leaving Xu Jingtong at Jiangdu to oversee the government, assisted by Song and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Lingmou" title="Wang Lingmou">Wang Lingmou</a>. Xu Jingtong received the titles of <i>Situ</i> (司徒, one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Excellencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Excellencies">Three Excellencies</a>), chancellor (同中書門下平章事, <i>Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi</i>), and acting director of military matters (知中外左右諸軍事, <i>Zhi Zhongwai Zuoyou Zhujunshi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 934, Xu Zhigao summoned Xu Jingtong from Jiangdu to Jinling, to serve as his deputy at Jinling, with the titles of deputy military governor of Zhenhai (鎮海, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>) and Ningguo (寧國, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>) Circuits, deputy commander of the armies of all circuits (諸道副都統, <i>Zhudao Fu Dutong</i>), and acting overseer of military matters (判中外諸軍事, <i>Pan Zhongwai Zhujunshi</i>). His younger brother Xu Jingqian was made junior regent at Jiangdu in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ279_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ279-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 935, as part of the prelude of taking over the Wu throne, Xu Zhigao had Wu's emperor <a href="/wiki/Yang_Pu" title="Yang Pu">Yang Pu</a> bestow on him the titles of Prince of Qi and Generalissimo (大元帥, <i>Da Yuanshuai</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ279_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ279-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 936, as he began to create a Generalissimo headquarters with six ministries, he made Xu Jingtong the deputy generalissimo and <i>Taiwei</i> (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ280_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ280-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 937, he created Xu Jingtong the <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> of the Principality of Qi, but Xu Jingtong declined.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ281_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ281-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Li_Bian's_reign_as_emperor"><span id="During_Li_Bian.27s_reign_as_emperor"></span>During Li Bian's reign as emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During Li Bian's reign as emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In winter 937, Xu Zhigao had Yang Pu yield the throne to him, ending Wu, and starting a new state later known as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ280_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ280-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although it was likely known as Qi at this point).<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ15_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes around the transition, Xu Jingtong was apparently given the titles of commander of all circuits (諸道都統, <i>Zhudao Dutong</i>) and acting generalissimo, and shortly after the transition, he was given the titles of deputy generalissimo, overseer of the imperial guards, <i>Taiwei</i>, <i>Shangshu Ling</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尚書令</span></span>), and Prince of Wu. Shortly after, his name was changed from Jingtong to Jing. In 938, his princely title was changed to Prince of Qi.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ281_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ281-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 939, Xu Zhigao changed his surname from the adoptive <a href="/wiki/Xu_(surname_%E5%BE%90)" title="Xu (surname 徐)">Xu</a> to the birth <a href="/wiki/Li_(%E6%9D%8E)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (李)">Li</a> and took a new personal name of Bian<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ282_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ282-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and likely changed the name of the state to Tang at that point).<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ15_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xu Jing, and the rest of the imperial family (other than the lines from Xu Wen's biological sons) changed their names to Li at that time as well. Li Bian decreed that all the matters of state be submitted to Li Jing for decision, except that he himself would still oversee military matters. Later in the year, Li Bian wanted to create him to be the crown prince, but he declined, and so Li Bian gave him a number of additional titles—Generalissimo, acting commander of the imperial guards, acting <i>Taiwei</i>, director of the executive bureau of government (錄尚書事, <i>Lu Shangshu Shi</i>), and grand prefect of Sheng and Yang Prefectures (i.e., Jinling and Jiangdu). In fall 940, Li Bian created him crown prince, while having him continue to retain the titles of Generalissimo and <i>Lu Shangshu Shi</i>, but he again declined, and so Li Bian allowed him to but ordered that the entire realm honor him as if he were crown prince. In late 940, there was an occasion when the fortuneteller Sun Zhiyong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">孫智永</span></span>) claimed, due to planet alignments, that Li Bian should visit Jiangdu. Li Bian agreed, and left Li Jing in charge of the state as regent at Jinling, while he headed for Jiangdu. He considered taking up residence there for some time, but because supplying Jiangdu at that time was difficult due to freezing conditions, he soon thereafter returned to Jinling.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ282_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ282-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 942, when Song Qiqiu complained that he was not given sufficient authority, Li Bian put Song in charge of overseeing the executive bureau (尚書省, <i>Shangshu Sheng</i>), while having Li Jing's younger brother Li Jingsui oversee the two other bureaus of government—the legislative (中書省, <i>Zhongshu Sheng</i>) and examination (門下省, <i>Menxia Sheng</i>), with Li Jing in charge of reviewing Song's and Li Jingsui's decisions. (However, this arrangement did not last long, as, later in the year, Song's associate Xia Changtu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夏昌圖</span></span>) was accused of corruption, but Song refused to execute him. Li Bian, in anger, directly ordered Xia's execution, and after this incident, Song requested retirement and was allowed to retire.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In any case, though, over the years, Song had often praised the abilities of Li Jing's younger brother Li Jingda, whom Li Bian himself considered resolute and magnanimous and therefore considered making his heir. While it did not actually occur, as Li Jing was older, Li Jing was resentful to Song for making the suggestion. Once, however, when Li Bian visited Li Jing's palace, he happened to see Li Jing playing instruments—which Li Bian considered frivolous, and therefore rebuked Li Jing for several straight days. Li Bian's favorite concubine Consort Zhong, who had given birth to Li Bian's youngest son Li Jingti (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李景逷</span></span>), took this opportunity to try to persuade Li Bian to divert succession from Li Jing to Li Jingti—which, however, angered Li Bian, who stated, "When a son has faults, the father rebukes him. This is normal. How can a woman interfere with important matters of state?" He sent her away and gave her in marriage to someone else. Meanwhile, Li Jing's staff members <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jue_(Southern_Tang)" title="Chen Jue (Southern Tang)">Chen Jue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yanji" title="Feng Yanji">Feng Yanji</a> were in alliance with Song and finding ways to expel people who were not cooperating with them. Both Chang Mengxi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">常夢錫</span></span>) and Xiao Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蕭儼</span></span>) submitted petitions to Li Bian accusing Chen of abuse of power, and it was said that while Li Bian understood some of the accusations to be true, he did not get a chance to act on them, before he fell deathly ill in spring 943 from poisoning due to pills given him by alchemists.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 30,<sup id="cite_ref-AS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he summoned Li Jing to his deathbed, and, after entrusting the state to him, died. Li Jing did not immediately announce his death, but instead issued an edict in his name naming Li Jing regent and announcing a general pardon. Meanwhile, the official <a href="/wiki/Sun_Sheng_(Southern_Tang)" title="Sun Sheng (Southern Tang)">Sun Sheng</a>, trying to stop the influence by Chen and the others on the incoming emperor, considered trying to announce that Li Bian's will named Empress Song regent for Li Jing, but when the official Li Yiye (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李貽業</span></span>) pointed out that Li Bian often spoke against women's influence on governments and stated that he would publicly tear up the will if it were announced, Sun relented. Shortly after, Li Jing announced Li Bian's death, and then took the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon taking the throne, Li Jing honored his mother Empress Song as <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empress dowager</a>, and created his wife Princess Zhong empress. As he considered Song Qiqiu and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zong" title="Zhou Zong">Zhou Zong</a> to be the most respected senior officials of the land, he made them his leading chancellors (as <i>Zhongshu Ling</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中書令</span></span>) and <i>Shizhong</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侍中</span></span>), respectively), but decided the main decisions himself. He gave greater princely titles to his brothers Li Jingsui (from Prince of Shou to Prince of Yan) and Li Jingda (from Prince of Xuancheng to Prince of E). It was said after he took the throne, he entrusted much responsibility to Chen Jue, and a group of his associates thus emerged from this association—Chen, Feng Yanji, Feng Yanji's brother Feng Yanlu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馮延魯</span></span>), Wei Cen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魏岑</span></span>), and Cha Wenhui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">查文徽</span></span>)—who became influential at his court, influencing him to benefit themselves, such that they became known as the "Five Ghosts". However, soon thereafter, when Chen left governmental service for some time to observe a mourning period for his mother, the alliance fractured, as Wei took the opportunity to defame Chen. With Chen gone, and with Li Jing unhappy with Song Qiqiu's repeated attempt to defame Zhou, Li Jing sent Song outside Jinling to serve as the military governor of Zhenhai, and then, when Song submitted a retirement request in anger, approved it.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the year, believing that it was Li Bian's wish that he pass the throne to his brothers eventually, Li Jing made Li Jingsui Generalissimo and Prince of Qi, and had him move into the eastern palace—i.e., the palace of the Crown Prince—and created Li Jingda the Prince of Yan. He publicly declared that he intended to pass the throne to the two of them, in order, despite their attempts to decline their greater titles. Li Jingsui thereafter took, as his courtesy name, "Tuishen" (退身, "withdrawing body"), to show that he had no intent to occupy the position. Li Jing also created his oldest son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Hongji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Hongji (page does not exist)">Li Hongji</a> the Prince of Nanchang, and youngest brother Li Jingti the Prince of Baoning. It was said that because Empress Dowager Song resented Consort Zhong for attempt to try to displace Li Jing with Li Jingti, she considered killing Li Jingti, but Li Jingti survived with Li Jing's protection.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In winter 943, with the agrarian rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yuxian" title="Zhang Yuxian">Zhang Yuxian</a>—who had earlier plagued Southern Tang's southern neighbor <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>—now inside his realm, Li Jing sent the officer Yan En (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">嚴恩</span></span>) to attack Zhang, with the official <a href="/wiki/Bian_Hao" title="Bian Hao">Bian Hao</a> serving as Yan's army monitor. Bian, using one Bai Changyu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白昌裕</span></span>) as his chief strategist, attacked Zhang and defeated him. Zhang was then arrested and surrendered by his own subordinate Li Tai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李台</span></span>), and was taken to Jinling and executed there.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 944, Feng Yanji, Wei, and Cha were trying to monopolize access to the emperor, and they took advance of Li Jing's desire to pass the throne to Li Jingsui and Li Jingda to persuade him to issue an edict that stated, "Li Jingsui the Prince of Qi should oversee all matters. Among the officials, only the deputy chiefs of staff Wei Cen and Cha Wenhui may come to us to present matters; otherwise, they can only see us by our summons." This greatly shocked the state, and Xiao Yan's petition to reverse this decision was ignored. However, the imperial guard commander Jia Chong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">賈崇</span></span>) went to the palace door and knelt, requesting an audience, and when Li Jing saw him, pointed out that this was ill-advised and would cut off the rest of the government from him, causing Li Jing to withdraw this policy.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the year, with Southern Tang's southeastern neighbor <a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a> embroiled in a civil war between its emperor <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanxi" title="Wang Yanxi">Wang Xi</a> and Wang Xi's brother <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanzheng" title="Wang Yanzheng">Wang Yanzheng</a>, who had declared himself emperor of a new state of <a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a>, Li Jing sent them letters, rebuking them for a fraternal civil war and urging them to make peace. Neither listened: Wang Xi wrote back and invoked the precedents of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a> executing his rebellious brothers Lord Guan and Lord Cai, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> killing his brothers <a href="/wiki/Li_Jiancheng" title="Li Jiancheng">Li Jiancheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanji" title="Li Yuanji">Li Yuanji</a>, while Wang Yanzheng wrote back and rebuked Li Jing (and his father Li Bian) for usurping the Wu throne. In anger, Li Jing cut off diplomatic relations with Yin.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer 944, after Wang Xi was assassinated by his general <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wenjin" title="Zhu Wenjin">Zhu Wenjin</a>, who then claimed the Min throne, Zhu sent emissaries to Southern Tang, hoping to establish relations. Li Jing arrested Zhu's emissaries and considered attacking him, but as there were hot weather and plagues at the time, Southern Tang did not actually attack.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ284_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ284-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 944, Cha made a proposal to attack Yin's capital Jian Prefecture (建州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>), and, despite much opposition, Li sent him to oversee the borders with Yin to see if such a plan were feasible. When Cha reached Xin Prefecture (信州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>), near the Yin border, he submitted a report indicating his belief that an attack would be successful. Li thereafter sent Bian to command an army to rendezvous with Cha. However, their initial attacks were unsuccessful. The Yin general Wu Chengyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">吳成義</span></span>), who was then attacking the Min capital Changle (長樂, in modern <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>), decided to use this opportunity to falsely claim to the people of Changle that Southern Tang was <i>aiding</i> Yin in the military efforts against Zhu, causing much alarm in Changle. The Min official Lin Renhan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">林仁翰</span></span>) used this opportunity to rise against Zhu, first killing Zhu's confederate <a href="/wiki/Lian_Chongyu" title="Lian Chongyu">Lian Chongyu</a>, and then Zhu, and then opened the city to welcome Wu in. Shortly after, Wang Yanzheng claimed the Min throne, but kept his capital at Jian rather than moving it back to Changle. Soon thereafter, the Southern Tang general Zu Quan'en (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">祖全恩</span></span>), whom Li sent to reinforce Cha, crushed the Min army commanded by Wang Yanzheng's chancellor <a href="/wiki/Yang_Sigong" title="Yang Sigong">Yang Sigong</a>, and then put Jian under siege.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ284_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ284-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fall 945, Jian fell, and Wang Yanzheng surrendered to Southern Tang, ending Min's existence as a state. However, the pillages of the Southern Tang army of Jian disappointed the Min people, who had welcomed Southern Tang forces as liberators from the oppressive Min regime, but Li chose not to pursue charges against the officers responsible due to the great accomplishment of destroying Min.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ285_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ285-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the Min territory, after Jian's fall, pledged allegiance to Southern Tang. This included Fu Prefecture (福州, i.e., Changle),<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ285_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ285-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been under the control of <a href="/wiki/Li_Renda" title="Li Renda">Li Renda</a>, who seized control of the prefecture when Jian was under Southern Tang attack, and whom Li Jing had, in response, given him a new hame of Hongyi and adopted him into the Southern Tang imperial clan.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ284_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ284-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jian's fall, however, Fu remained out of effective control by Southern Tang. Chen Jue, who was then Li Jing's chief of staff (<i><a href="/wiki/Shumishi" title="Shumishi">Shumishi</a></i>), volunteered to go to meet Li Hongyi, promising that he would be able to persuade Li Hongyi to give up his semi-independence and go to Jinling to pay homage to Li Jing. When Chen reached Fu, however, Li Hongyi took a defiant stance and treated Chen with disrespect. Chen did not dare to speak of having him come to Jinling, but, when he reached Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Nanping) on the way back to Jinling, Chen felt humiliated, and issued an order in Li Jing's name, without authorization, claiming for himself the acting authority to oversee Fu, conscripting the militia soldiers in the region to head toward Fu, and ordering Li Hongyi to report to Jinling. When Li Hongyi resisted, battles began. Li Jing was incensed by Chen's issuing of orders without authority, but by that point, Southern Tang officials became supportive of Chen's endeavor, and so Li Jing sent reinforcements. Southern Tang forces put Fu under siege, but even though the general Wang Chongwen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王崇文</span></span>) was in command of the entire operations, Chen, Feng Yanlu, and Wei Cen were all interfering with his authority, while the generals Wang Jianfeng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王建封</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Congxiao" title="Liu Congxiao">Liu Congxiao</a> were also resistant, causing the siege to lose focus and unable to succeed, so the siege wore on.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ285_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ285-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 947, Li Jing formally created Li Jingsui his crown prince. He also created Li Jingda the Prince of Qi, and Li Hongji the Prince of Yan, with Li Jingda also serving as Generalissimo and Li Hongji his deputy. As the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> had recently destroyed Southern Tang's northern neighbor <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a> and taken over central China, Li Jing sent emissaries to congratulate Liao's <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong</a>, and also, as Li Bian claimed ancestry from <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> emperors, requested permission to send soldiers to repair the tombs of the Tang emperors. The Liao emperor refused, but still sent emissaries to Southern Tang in return. At this time, a number of Later Jin officials who did not want to submit to Liao fled to Southern Tang, and the agrarian rebels north of the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> (which formed the border between Southern Tang and Later Jin) were also pledging allegiance to Southern Tang. The official <a href="/wiki/Han_Xizai" title="Han Xizai">Han Xizai</a> suggested that Southern Tang take an aggressive military stance to contest the central Chinese territories, but as the army was occupied with sieging Fu, such a campaign could not be carried out at the time, causing Li Jing much regret.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ286_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ286-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late spring 947, forces from <a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a>, which Li Hongyi (who now carried the name of Li Da) had sought aid from, had arrived at Fu. The Southern Tang forces allowed the Wuyue forces to land, hoping to defeat them and then take the city. However, Wuyue forces, once they landed, attacked and defeated the Southern Tang forces, lifting the siege on Fu. Subsequently, Liu returned to his stronghold Quan Prefecture (泉州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>) and forced the Southern Tang forces there to leave—thus, while he remained formally a Southern Tang subject, the modern southern Fujian region, which he controlled, was in effect semi-independent from that point on. (Thus, the only part of the former Min territory that Southern Tang had effective control of was the northwestern portion, centered around Jian Prefecture.) Li Jing, angry over the defeat, considered executing Chen and Feng Yanlu, but eventually, at the intercession of Song Qiqiu and Feng Yanji, only exiled them.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ286_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ286-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Li Jing subsequently heard that Liao abandoned the former Later Jin capital <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Daliang</a>, he considered a campaign north, with the general <a href="/wiki/Li_Jinquan" title="Li Jinquan">Li Jinquan</a> in command. However, he soon heard that the Later Jin general <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a> had entered Daliang and claimed imperial title (as founder of a new state of <a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a>, and therefore, not daring to confront Liu, cancelled those plans.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ287_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ287-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Liu Zhiyuan's death in early 948 and succession by his son <a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ287_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ287-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Later Han general <a href="/wiki/Li_Shouzhen" title="Li Shouzhen">Li Shouzhen</a> rebelled at Hezhong (河中, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), and sought aid from Southern Tang. Li Jing sent Li Jinquan to attack north. Li Jinquan's army entered Later Han territory and reached Yi Prefecture (沂州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), but with Hezhong being far away, across Later Han territory and with the Southern Tang soldiers having low morale, Li Jinquan soon thereafter withdrew back to Southern Tang territory. Li Jing subsequently wrote Liu Chengyou, apologizing for the incursion, asking for him to pardon Li Shouzhen, and requesting resumption of trade relations between Southern Tang and Later Han. Liu did not respond. Soon, Li Shouzhen was defeated by the Later Han general <a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a> and committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ288_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ288-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_reign">Middle reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum,_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg/330px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg/500px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg/960px-Zhou_Wenju_%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%A3%8B%E5%9B%BE_Palace_Museum%2C_Detail_of_Go_Players.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Li Jing playing <i><a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">weiqi</a></i> with his brothers, detail from a larger painting by <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Wenju" title="Zhou Wenju">Zhou Wenju</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 942–961)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 950, Cha Wenhui, then the acting military governor of Yong'an Circuit (永安, headquartered at Jian Prefecture), received false reports that Wuyue had abandoned Fu Prefecture, and decided to head for Fu to take control of it. When he approached, though, he fell into an ambush set by Wuyue's acting military governor of Weiwu Circuit (威武, headquartered at Fu), and was defeated and captured. Wuyue's king <a href="/wiki/Qian_Chu" title="Qian Chu">Qian Hongchu</a> subsequently returned Cha, and, in return, Southern Tang returned a number of Wuyue officers that it had previously captured to Wuyue. (Southern Tang would not subsequently make another attempt at capturing the former Min capital.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ289_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ289-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Southern Tang's southwestern neighbor <a href="/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Chu</a> had fallen into a civil war, as its then prince <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a>'s older brother <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a>, upset that he was bypassed by their older brother <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Ma Xifan</a> when Ma Xifan was choosing an heir, rebelled against Ma Xiguang in 949 and effectively made Wuping Circuit (武平, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), independent of the main Chu state.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ288_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ288-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spring 950, Ma Xi'e, after unable to get the Later Han emperor Liu Chengyou, to which Chu was a vassal of, to recognize him as an independent vassal, instead pledged fealty to Li Jing. Later in the year, he captured Chu's capital Tan Prefecture (潭州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), executed Ma Xiguang, and claimed the princely title for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ289_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ289-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to be Southern Tang's vassal, and sent his secretary Liu Guangfu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉光輔</span></span>) to pay tribute to Li. Li, in return, sent the officials <a href="/wiki/Sun_Sheng_(Southern_Tang)" title="Sun Sheng (Southern Tang)">Sun Sheng</a> and Yao Feng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姚鳳</span></span>) to Tan to formally bestow the Prince of Chu title on Ma Xi'e. However, Liu secretly informed Li that the Chu realm was not secure, and so Li stationed Bian Hao at Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yichun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>), in anticipation of a strike against Chu. Shortly after this, the Wuping officers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Kui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Kui (page does not exist)">Wang Kui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xingfeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Xingfeng">Zhou Xingfeng</a>, upset that Ma Xi'e had driven the soldiers under them into hard labor and not properly rewarded them, escaped from Tan back to Wuping's capital Lang Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朗州</span></span>) and seized it, deposing Ma Xi'e's son Ma Guangzan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬光贊</span></span>) as acting military governor, and replacing him, first with Ma Xi'e's nephew <a href="/wiki/Ma_Guanghui" title="Ma Guanghui">Ma Guanghui</a>, but in fact having a group of officers exercise joint leadership. When Ma Xi'e reported this to Li, Li sent emissaries to Wuping with gifts, hoping that these officers would acknowledge him as overlord, but Wang and the others received the gifts and sent the emissaries back to Li without answering him. Wang and the other officers subsequently supported the general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yan_(Chu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yan (Chu) (page does not exist)">Liu Yan</a> to be Wuping's military governor, and Liu sent an emissary requesting that Southern Tang commission him as military governor. When Li did not respond, he submitted to Later Han's successor state <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a>, founded and ruled by Guo Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ290-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After taking Tan over, Ma Xi'e governed the Chu state with violence and incompetence, spending his days and nights feasting. In fall 950, a coup happened at Tan, overthrowing him. Ma Xi'e's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a>, who had been one of the conspirators against him, became the ruler of the regime. Ma Xichong exiled Ma Xi'e to Hengshan (衡山, in modern <a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), hoping that the non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> chieftain Peng Shigao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彭師暠</span></span>), who had supported Ma Xiguang previously and therefore Ma Xi'e punished, and who was in control of the Hengshan region, would kill Ma Xi'e for him, but Peng instead supported Ma Xi'e to be the leader in resisting Ma Xichong. Upon hearing of the coup, Liu Yan took his troops and headed toward Tan, and Ma Xichong was apprehensive. At Liu's demand, Ma Xichong executed a number of officers close to Ma Xi'e, but that did not stop Liu's advance. With threats from Liu and Peng, Ma Xichong's fellow conspirators considered assassinating him. In fear, Ma Xichong sent his general Fan Shoumu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">范守牧</span></span>) to the Southern Tang court, requesting to submit his state to Southern Tang. Li sent Bian to Tan to accept the surrender, ending Chu as a state under the Ma family's rule. With the Chu realm suffering from famine due to the wars, Bian distributed the food that the Ma family had stored up, initially greatly pleasing the Chu people. Thereafter, when Ma Xi'e requested to be restored to be position of military governor of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered at Tan), the people of Tan, hating Ma Xi'e for his previous misrule, requested that Bian remain as their military governor, and Li agreed. Li subsequently continued to allow Ma Xi'e to carry the title of Prince of Chu, but moved him to Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>). He gave lesser offices to Ma Xichong and the other former Chu officials, moving them away from the former Chu lands. In light of Chu's fall, the Southern Tang officials, in a celebrating mode, became arrogant, believing that Southern Tang would soon be destroying other states, while some secretly harbored reservations about how the campaigns were draining the state.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ290-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 952, the Later Zhou general <a href="/wiki/Murong_Yanchao" title="Murong Yanchao">Murong Yanchao</a> (Liu Zhiyuan's half-brother) rebelled against Later Zhou, and sought aid from Southern Tang. However, the Southern Tang relief army that Li Jing sent was repelled, and Murong subsequently was defeated. Guo returned the Southern Tang general Yan Jingquan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燕敬權</span></span>), and in return, Li returned Southern Tang's captives from the central Chinese regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ290-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, it was said that Li Jing favored literary talent, and that at the time, Southern Tang had the most literary talents of the states of China. However, it did not hold <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a>. In 952, Li reinstitute the imperial examinations and put the official Jiang Wenwei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">江文蔚</span></span>) in charge of them. When Li asked how the examinations compared to those of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, which Southern Tang claimed to be the successor to, Jiang responded, "In the past dynasty, half of those who passed imperial examinations were properly passed based on their public performance, and half passed based on private favors. I, your subject, only base them on public performance." Li was pleased, but when the official Zhang Wei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張緯</span></span>), who was a Tang examination, heard this, he became resentful of Jiang and began to speak against the imperial examinations. Further, the other high-level officials were also not imperial examinees, and therefore did not like the idea of them. Soon, the imperial examinations were abolished again.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ290-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Tang's entrance of the Chu capital Tan Prefecture did not mean that Southern Tang possessed all of Chu lands—as while its forces controlled Wu'an, Wuping remained in Liu Yan's hands, and Chu's third main circuit, Jingjiang (靜江, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>), fell into Southern Han's hands. Li contemplated campaigns to capture Wu'an and Jingjiang, but by summer 952 was contemplating giving up the campaign to capture Jingjiang and simply to issue a commission to Liu without taking actual control. When he consulted Sun Sheng and Feng Yanji, whom he had earlier made chancellors, Sun agreed, but Feng dissuaded him, suggesting that that would mean that the seizure of Chu was an empty one. However, an attack on Jingjiang's capital Gui Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">桂州</span></span>) was repelled by Southern Han at heavy losses to Southern Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ290-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Bian, while known for kindness, was not governing Wu'an properly, as he was indecisive and allowed many of his subordinate to interfere with his decisions. In winter 952, Liu sent Wang Kui to launch a surprise attack on Tan. Bian, after trying to defend Tan briefly, abandoned it and fled back to Southern Tang proper. The other Southern Tang prefects assigned to former Chu prefectures, hearing of Tan's fall, also abandoned their prefectures, allowing Liu's army to recover nearly all of Chu's territory north of the <a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a> (i.e., except Jingjiang). Southern Tang, in effect, gained nothing from the Chu adventure. Sun and Feng resigned their chancellorships, and Li stated that he would never launch another army.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ291_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ291-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, in 955, when <a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a>'s emperor <a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a> sent emissaries to him and to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a>'s emperor <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jun_(Northern_Han)" title="Liu Jun (Northern Han)">Liu Jun</a>, with proposal to have a three-state alliance against Later Zhou, he agreed, although no real joint attack occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ292_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ292-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_reign">Late reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_Later_Zhou">War with Later Zhou</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War with Later Zhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earlier in Southern Tang's history, it had been standard procedure for the Southern Tang army to carefully guard the southern bank of the Huai River when the water level were low. However, at some point in or before 955, Wu Tingshao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">吳庭紹</span></span>), the army monitor, thought it was unlikely that there would be war with Later Zhou, and proposed that this procedure be cancelled, to save costs. Wu's proposal was approved, despite vehement opposition by Liu Renzhan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉仁瞻</span></span>) the military governor of Qinghuai Circuit (清淮, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>). Thus, when, in late 955, Later Zhou launched a major attack against Southern Tang, commanded by its chancellor <a href="/wiki/Li_Gu_(Later_Zhou)" title="Li Gu (Later Zhou)">Li Gu</a>, assisted by the general Wang Yanchao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王彥超</span></span>), Southern Tang was caught unprepared. Li Jing sent the general Liu Yanzhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉彥貞</span></span>) to try to aid Liu Renzhan, whose capital Shou Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">壽州</span></span>) was the apparent initial target of the Later Zhou attack, and summoned Song Qiqiu, who was then the military governor of Zhennan, back to Jinling, to help him make military decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ292_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ292-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li Gu did, in fact, put Shou under siege, but could not capture it. When Liu Yanzhen's army arrived in Shou's vicinity, he decided to withdraw rather than confront Liu Yanzhen immediately. Liu Yanzhen's subordinate Xian Shilang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">咸師朗</span></span>) advocated chasing after Li Gu and attacking his army, and Liu Yanzhen decided to do so, despite Liu Renzhan's advice against it. When Liu Yanzhen reached Zhengyang (正陽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), Li Gu counterattacked, defeating and killing him in battle while capturing Xian and many other of his officers. Over 10,000 Southern Tang soldiers were killed. Subsequently, the Later Zhou emperor <a href="/wiki/Chai_Rong" title="Chai Rong">Guo Rong</a> (Guo Wei's adoptive son) arrived at Shou and again put it under siege, while replacing Li Gu as commander of the army with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Li_Chongjin" title="Li Chongjin">Li Chongjin</a>. Li Jing subsequently wrote a letter to Guo, stating, "The Emperor of Tang respectfully addresses the Emperor of the Great Zhou. We request that you quiet your army and restore peace. We are willing to serve you as if you were an older brother, and willing to contribute goods toward your army costs." Guo did not respond. Worried about what might come next at his state's detriment, Li then sent his officials Zhong Mo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鍾謨</span></span>) and Li Deming (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李德明</span></span>), both of whom known for their speaking skills, to submit tributes of imperial clothing, tea, traditional medicine, gold, silver, silk, cattle, and wine, at the Zhou army's then camp outside Shou. When Zhong and Li Deming arrived there, however, Guo rebuked them and refused their overture of peace, demanding that Li Jing himself come to beg forgiveness instead. Li Jing's emissary to Liao to ask Liao to attack Later Zhou from the north was intercepted by Later Zhou and never reached Liao. Meanwhile, concerned about the possibility that the Wu imperial Yang clan, whose members were then housed at Tai Prefecture (泰州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Taizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), would be taken and used by the Later Zhou army, Li Jing sent the official Yin Yanfan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尹延範</span></span>) to Tai to move them south of the Yangtze to Zhenhai's capital Run Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">潤州</span></span>). However, Yin, believing that the road is difficult and concerned that the Yangs would rebel, slaughtered them. Li Jing, shocked at this result, executed Yin.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ292_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ292-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 956, after continuous Later Zhou victories, including capturing Jiangdu in a surprise attack,<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ292_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ292-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li Jing made another peace overture, sending Sun Sheng and Wang Chongzhi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王崇質</span></span>) to again pay tributes of gold, silver, and silk to Guo, and this time submitting a submissive petition (i.e., as a subject, rather than on equal terms):<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ever since <i>Tianyou</i> [(天佑, Tang's last <a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">era name</a>)], the realm had been divided into parts; parts were occupied by warlords, and parts kept changing ruling families. I, your subject, inherited from my father, and I possessed the lands south of the Yangtze, but I was looking forward to being able to submit to a phoenix. Now, heaven has bestowed its mandate on you, and your fame and guidance reach through all the lands. I am willing to be like the Two Zhes [(i.e., Wuyue, whose lands were Tang's former Zhexi and Zhedong Circuits)] and Hunan [(i.e., the former Chu lands, then again under vassalage of Later Zhou)], to accept the rightful calendar and defend just my own territory. May you take back your military punishment and pardon my sins of late submission. Let us be the first of your subordinate states, and be a subject to you on the outside. Then, your grace will calm everyone from a far, and no one will dare to resist you.</p></blockquote> <p>Subsequently, through Li Deming and Sun, Li Jing further offered to give up his imperial title; give annual tributes of gold and silk; and cede six prefectures—Shou, Hao (濠州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Chuzhou" title="Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>), Si (泗州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Shuzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuzhou">Shuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>), Chu (楚州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), Guang (光州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), and Hai (海州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>)—to Later Zhou. However, Guo, with his confidence bolstered by the Later Zhou victories, believed that he would be able to conquer all of Southern Tang's territories north of the Yangtze, refused. Li Deming and Sun convinced Guo to allow Li Deming and Wang to return to the Southern Tang court to relay the Later Zhou emperor's demands, and Guo himself issued letters addressed at Li Jing and the high-level Southern Tang officials, offering peace, but only at Later Zhou's stated terms. Li Jing again submitted a petition thanking Guo. When Li Deming arrived at Jinling, pointed out the Later Zhou military strength, and argued for ceding all of the territory north of the Yangtze for peace, however, Li Jing was displeased at his report, and Song argued that ceding land had no benefit to the state. Further, Chen Jue, who was then Li Jing's chief of staff, and Chen's deputy Li Zhenggu both had hated both Li Deming and Sun, and therefore enticed Wang into making different assessments than Li Deming about the Later Zhou strength. They then stated to Li Jing, "Li Deming has sold out the empire for his own benefit." In anger, Li Jing executed Li Deming—thus ending hopes of peace at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While facing the Later Zhou invasion, Southern Tang was also facing the threat of Wuyue's invasion from the southeast. Li Jing, concerned that Wuyue would attack Run from Chang Prefecture (常州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), decided to recall Li Hongji, who was then the commandant at Run, to Jinling, as he saw Li Hongji as too young to oversee the defense. Li Hongji, however, listened to his subordinate Zhao Duo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">趙鐸</span></span>) and decided that if he left Run, it would throw the city and the surrounding region into panic, and declined the recall and instead prepared to defend. He also gave full support to the general Chai Kehong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">柴克宏</span></span>) in Chai's efforts of resisting Wuyue forces. Chai subsequently crushed Wuyue forces under <a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(Wuyue)" title="Wu Cheng (Wuyue)">Wu Cheng</a>, ending Wuyue's campaign against Southern Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the faltering of the peace efforts, Li Jing commissioned Li Jingda to head an army to counterattack and to try to lift the siege on Shou, but made Chen the army monitor, in actual control of the army. He also commissioned the official Zhu Yuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱元</span></span>), whom he considered to be militarily talented, to lead an army in trying to recover the prefectures that Later Zhou had captured. Zhu was able to quickly recapture Shu (舒州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>) and He (和州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>) Prefectures, while Li Ping (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李平</span></span>) recaptured Qi Prefecture (蘄州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>). With these losses and with Li Jingda's army approaching Shou, Guo decided to withdraw from Jiangdu, concentrating his forces on capturing Shou. Li Jingda's army set up camp near Shou, but did not dare to engage the Later Zhou siege army.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In winter 956, Li Jing, hearing of discord between the Later Zhou generals Zhang Yongde (張永德, Guo Rong's brother-in-law) and Li Chongjin, Li Jing wrote a secret letter to Li Chongjin, apparently trying to entice him to turn against Guo, in which he made many disparaging remarks about Guo. Li Chongjin, however, presented the letter to Guo, who had at that point returned to the Later Zhou capital Daliang. Upon seeing the letter, Guo, incensed, summoned Sun (whom he had taken back to Daliang with him, along with Zhong), and confronted him about how, unlike what he had previously stated about Li Jing (that Li Jing wanted to become a vassal), Li Jing was trying to entice Li Chongjin to rebel. He also ordered Sun to tell him Southern Tang state secrets. Sun refused and asked for death. Guo thereafter executed Sun and exiled Zhong, but soon thereafter regretted executing the faithful Sun, and therefore recalled Zhong back to his court. Meanwhile, Li Jing sent another emissary, Chen Chuyao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳處堯</span></span>), over the seas to go to the Liao court to request aid from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Muzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Muzong of Liao">Emperor Muzong of Liao</a>. Liao did not launch an army to aid Southern Tang, and detained Chen at the Liao court.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of Zhu's battlefield achievements, he became arrogant and often resisted orders issued by Li Jingda (but actually by Chen). In spring 957, Chen submitted a petition to Li Jing, arguing that Zhu could not be trusted, and Li Jing sent the general Yang Shouzhong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楊守忠</span></span>) to replace Zhu. Zhu, in anger and fear, initially considered committing suicide, but instead decided to surrender to Later Zhou, with more than 10,000 soldiers. The Later Zhou forces sieging Shou took this opportunity to attack and crush Li Jingda's army. Yang, Xu Wenzhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">許文稹</span></span>), and Bian Hao were captured. Li Jingda and Chen fled back to Jinling. With Liu Renzhan deathly ill, the Shou garrison surrendered. When Liu died shortly after, Li Jing, in remembrance of his faithfulness in defending the city for so long, bestowed posthumous honors on him. After capturing Shou, Guo Rong, now again personally commanding the Later Zhou army, approached Jiangdu. Southern Tang forces burned the city and abandoned it, as Later Zhou forces continue to capture city after city north of the Yangtze.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of spring 958, Guo's army had arrived at the Yangtze and was inflicting losses on the Southern Tang fleet, posturing to cross the Yangtze. At this point, Southern Tang only retained four prefectures north of the Yangtze—Lu (廬州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>), Shu, Qi, and Huang (黃州, in modern Huanggang).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ294-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, Li Jingsui, who had continuously offered to yield the crown prince title, again did so and argued that Li Hongji, due to his contributions during the campaign against Wuyue, should become crown prince. Li Jingda also offered to yield the title of generalissimo of all circuits. Li Jing agreed, creating Li Jingsui the Prince of Jin and making him the commandant at Hong Prefecture (洪州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>) as well as the generalissimo of Jiangnan West Circuit (i.e., Zhennan), and making Li Jingda the commandant at Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>). He created Li Hongji crown prince.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ294-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Later Zhou forces at the Yangtze, Li Jing finally decided to capitulate, but felt ashamed of personally becoming a vassal to Guo, and therefore sent Chen as an emissary to Guo, offering to pass the throne to Li Hongji and have Li Hongji submit as a vassal. Chen, upon arriving at Guo's camp, saw the impressiveness of the Later Zhou army, and therefore spoke humbly to Guo, requesting that he be allowed to send his subordinate Liu Chengyu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉承遇</span></span>) back to Jinling to obtain a petition from Li Jing, offering to cede Lu, Shu, Qi, and Huang to Later Zhou, so that the Yangtze would form the new border. Guo agreed, and authored a letter in which he addressed Li Jing, "The respectful greeting of the Emperor to the Lord of Jiangnan." When Liu arrived at Jinling to report, Li Jing agreed, and, in a petition in which he referred to himself as "The Lord of Tang", offered submit the four prefectures and annual tributes. Guo agreed to the terms, and ordered cessation of hostilities. He also had Chen inform Li Jing that it was unnecessary to pass the throne to Li Hongji. Pursuant to his submission to Later Zhou, Li Jing stopped using his own <a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">era names</a> and adopted Later Zhou's, to show submission. He stopped referring to himself as "emperor" but only as "lord", and stopped using imperial ceremonies. He also changed his own name from the character 璟 to 景, to observe <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">naming taboo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ294-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Guo Wei's great-great-grandfather was named Guo Jing with the character of 璟.<sup id="cite_ref-HFD110_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD110-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_losses_to_Later_Zhou">After losses to Later Zhou</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After losses to Later Zhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In summer 958, Li Hongji, fearful that Li Jing would restore Li Jingsui to crown prince status, poisoned Li Jingsui to death. Subsequently, Li Jing again proposed to Guo that he pass the throne to Li Hongji, and Guo again declined to approve. Guo did return Feng Yanlu (who had previously been captured), Zhong Mo, Xu Wenzhen, Bian Hao, and Zhou Tinggou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周廷構</span></span>) to Southern Tang. Li Jing, viewing Xu and Bian to be defeated generals, never commissioned them again with army commands.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ294-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, Li Jing was depressed over the military disasters. Li Zhenggu suggested that he go into seclusion and entrust the state to Song Qiqiu to govern. Zhong, who was friendly with Li Deming and who wanted to avenge Li Deming, used this opportunity to accuse Song, Li Zhenggu, and Chen Jue of collaborating to have Song usurp the throne. Further, at this time, Chen had also forged an order from Guo that the Southern Tang chancellor <a href="/wiki/Yan_Xu" title="Yan Xu">Yan Xu</a> be put to death. These events convinced Li Jing that the Song faction was up to no good. In winter 958, Li Jing thus acted, exiling Chen, executing Li Zhenggu, and ordering Song back into retirement, albeit with his titles still intact. After Song reached his retirement place at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a> in spring 959, Li Jing had his mansion securely guarded, only allowing food to be passed through a hole in the wall. Song lamented and believed that this was divine retribution for his suggestion to have Yang Pu's family put under secure guard, and thereafter hanged himself. Subsequently, at Guo's encouragement, Li Jing began to rebuild some of his defenses. (Li Jing had previously feared that that would be viewed by Guo as provocation, but Guo, who was ill at that point, pointed out that what might lie in the future was uncertain, and that Li Jing had to watch out for his own state's own good. Guo would, in fact, die in summer 959, and be succeeded by his six-year-old son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Chongxun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guo Chongxun (page does not exist)">Guo Chongxun</a>.) Meanwhile, with Jinling just across the Yangtze from Later Zhou territory, Li Jing began to consider moving the capital to Hong Prefecture, and put the deputy chief of staff Tang Hao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唐鎬</span></span>), who was the only high-level official in favor of the idea, in charge of building up Hong to serve as the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ294-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point, the Southern Tang economy had been greatly damaged by the wars with Later Zhou and the subsequent crippling annual tributes agreed to, particularly given that the supply of coins remaining from Tang times was dwindling and the inflation of prices of goods that the state was confronted with. At Zhong's suggestion, Li Jing ordered that large coins be minted and be deemed the worth of 50 Tang coins.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ294-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fall 959, Li Hongji died. Zhong, who had long been honored by both Li Jing and Guo Rong and therefore had been highly influential at the Southern Tang court, but whose arrogance was beginning to cause Li Jing to be displeased, spoke against having Li Jing's next oldest son <a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Congjia</a> the Prince of Zheng succeed Li Hongji as crown prince, instead recommending a younger son, Li Congshan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">李從善</span></span>) the Duke of Ji, arguing that Li Congjia was timid and overly devout in Buddhism, while Li Congshan was resolute. This greatly displeased Li Jing, who viewed him as overreaching. Soon, he exiled, and then executed Zhong and his ally Zhang Luan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張巒</span></span>), and cancelled the large coins that Zhong had advocated. He created Li Congjia the Prince of Wu and had him move into the Eastern Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ294-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 960, the major Later Zhou general <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizu of Song">Zhao Kuangyin</a> carried out a coup, overthrowing Guo Chongxun and claiming the throne himself as the emperor of a new state of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> (as its Emperor Taizu). When he subsequently sent an edict to Li Jing, Li Jing accepted it (thus accepting Song overlordship), and in fact then sent an emissary to congratulate the Song emperor's ascension. When, in fall 960, Li Chongjin rose against the Song emperor at Yang Prefecture (揚州, i.e., Jiangdu), where he was serving as the military governor of Huainan Circuit (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">淮南</span></span>), he sought an alliance with Southern Tang, but Li Jing rejected his overtures. The Song emperor shortly after defeated him, and he committed suicide. When the Song emperor subsequently reviewed the Song fleet on the Yangtze, Li Jing became very fearful, but was calmed somewhat when two minor Southern Tang officials, Du Zhuo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">杜著</span></span>) and Xue Liang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">薛良</span></span>) tried to defect to Song, but the Song emperor, despising their treachery, executed Du and exiled Xue. Still, he became more resolute on moving the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-XZZTJ1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XZZTJ1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 961, Li Jing ordered that the capital be moved to Hong, now upgraded to Nanchang Municipality. He created Li Congjia crown prince, to remain at Jinling and oversee the affairs of state during the capital move. When he reached Nanchang, however, he discovered that the city was too small to house his government, such that there was only office space for about 10-20% of his officials, and that it was not easily expandable. The officials longed for Jinling, and Li Jing himself often looked north (toward Jinling) in sadness, such that his imperial scholar Qin Chengyu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦承裕</span></span>), in order to alleviate his sadness, often blocked his view with a screen. He considered executing those who advocated the move, such that Tang Hao died in anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-XZZTJ2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XZZTJ2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li Jing himself died in summer 961. He left directions that he be buried in the mountains west of Nanchang. However, instead, his casket was returned to Jinling, where Li Congjia took the throne (and thereafter kept the capital at). Subsequently, at Li Congjia's request, Li Jing was allowed to be against posthumously referred to as "emperor" and have his tomb considered an imperial tomb. The <i><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Xu Zizhi Tongjian">Xu Zizhi Tongjian</a></i> commented about Li Jing:<sup id="cite_ref-XZZTJ2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XZZTJ2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Lord of Southern Tang was talented and studious. During his reign, he was kind and frugal, and he had the disposition suitable for a ruler. However, as he regarded himself to be a descendant of the Tang imperial clan, he fell under the seduction of suggestions to enlarge his realm. After he suffered losses at Fu Prefecture and Hunan, he finally began to know the difficulties of capturing territory. He thus once stated, "I do not want to use the army again in my lifetime." When the Zhou army invaded, he entrusted his own army to the wrong people and thus could not resist the army from the north. He was forced to humiliate his state and reduce his own titles, and die in fear and regret.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">958 was the 5th year of <i>Xiǎndé</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFD134-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HFD134_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFD134_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7134" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷134">vol. 134</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XZZTJ2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XZZTJ2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-XZZTJ2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-XZZTJ2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Xu Zizhi Tongjian">Xu Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E7%BA%8C%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7002" class="extiw" title="zh:s:續資治通鑑/卷002">vol. 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw">Chinese-Western Calendar Converter</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ269-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ269_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7269" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷269">vol. 269</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ16_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ16_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B/%E5%8D%B7016" class="extiw" title="zh:s:十國春秋/卷016">vol. 16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ18_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B/%E5%8D%B7018" class="extiw" title="zh:s:十國春秋/卷018">vol. 18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ19-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ19_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B/%E5%8D%B7019" class="extiw" title="zh:s:十國春秋/卷019">vol. 19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ272-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ272_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7272" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷272">vol. 272</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ277-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7277" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷277">vol. 277</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ279-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ279_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ279_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7279" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷279">vol. 279</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ280-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ280_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ280_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7280" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷280">vol. 280</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ281-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ281_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ281_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7281" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷281">vol. 281</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ15-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ15_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ15_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B/%E5%8D%B7015" class="extiw" title="zh:s:十國春秋/卷015">vol. 15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ282-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ282_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ282_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7282" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷282">vol. 282</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ283-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7283" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷283">vol. 283</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ284-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ284_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ284_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ284_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7284" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷284">vol. 284</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ285-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ285_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ285_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ285_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7285" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷285">vol. 285</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ286-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ286_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ286_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7286" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷286">vol. 286</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ287-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ287_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ287_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7287" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷287">vol. 287</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ288-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ288_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ288_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7288" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷288">vol. 288</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ289-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ289_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ289_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7289" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷289">vol. 289</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ290-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ290_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7290" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷290">vol. 290</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ291-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ291_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7291" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷291">vol. 291</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ292-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ292_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ292_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ292_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ292_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7292" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷292">vol. 292</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ293-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ293_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7293" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷293">vol. 293</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ294-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ294_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7294" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷294">vol. 294</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFD110-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HFD110_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Five Dynasties</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7110" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷110">vol. 110</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XZZTJ1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XZZTJ1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Xu Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E7%BA%8C%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7001" class="extiw" title="zh:s:續資治通鑑/卷001">vol. 1</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKurz,_Johannes_L.2011" class="citation book cs1">Kurz, Johannes L. (2011). <i>China's Southern Tang Dynasty (937-976)</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/-9780415454964" title="Special:BookSources/-9780415454964"><bdi>-9780415454964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Southern+Tang+Dynasty+%28937-976%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=-9780415454964&rft.au=Kurz%2C+Johannes+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALi+Jing+%28Southern+Tang%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMote,_F.W.1999" class="citation book cs1">Mote, F.W. (1999). <i>Imperial China (900-1800)</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 11, <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+%28900-1800%29&rft.pages=11%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01212-7&rft.au=Mote%2C+F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALi+Jing+%28Southern+Tang%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7134" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷134">vol. 134</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B762" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷62">vol. 62</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">History of Song</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7478" class="extiw" title="zh:s:宋史/卷478">vol. 478</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B/%E5%8D%B7016" class="extiw" title="zh:s:十國春秋/卷016">vol. 16</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7272" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷272">272</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7277" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷277">277</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7279" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷279">279</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7280" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷280">280</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7281" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷281">281</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7282" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷282">282</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7283" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷283">283</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7284" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷284">284</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7285" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷285">285</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7286" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷286">286</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7287" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷287">287</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7288" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷288">288</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7289" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷289">289</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7290" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷290">290</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7291" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷291">291</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7292" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷292">292</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7293" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷293">293</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7294" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷294">294</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Xu Zizhi Tongjian">Xu Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E7%BA%8C%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7001" class="extiw" title="zh:s:續資治通鑑/卷001">1</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E7%BA%8C%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7002" class="extiw" title="zh:s:續資治通鑑/卷002">2</a>.</li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanzheng" title="Wang Yanzheng">Wang Yanzheng</a> of <a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruler of China (Southern Fujian) (<i>de facto</i>) </b><br />945–947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Congxiao" title="Liu Congxiao">Liu Congxiao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Emperor of China (Southern Fujian) (<i>de jure</i>) </b><br />945–961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Emperor of China (Northwestern Fujian) </b><br />945–961 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian</a> (Emperor Liezu)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Emperor of Southern Tang</a> </b><br />943–961 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Emperor of China (Jiangxi/Southern Jiangsu/Southern Anhui) </b><br />943–961 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Emperor of China (Central Jiangsu/Central Anhui/Eastern Hubei) </b><br />943–958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chai_Rong" title="Chai Rong">Guo Rong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Yanming" title="Zhuo Yanming">Zhuo Yanming</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Emperor of China (Northeastern Fujian) (<i>de jure</i>) </b><br />945–946 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Shi_Chonggui" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shi_Chonggui" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzuo" title="Qian Hongzuo">Qian Hongzuo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Emperor of China (Northwestern Hunan) (<i>de jure</i>) </b><br />950–951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Emperor of China (Southeastern Hunan) (<i>de jure</i>) </b><br />951–952 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Emperor of China (Northeastern Guangxi) (<i>de jure</i>) </b><br />951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Sheng_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Sheng (Southern Han)">Liu Sheng</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Chu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruler of China (Southeastern Hunan) (<i>de facto</i>) </b><br />951–952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yan_(Chu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yan (Chu) (page does not exist)">Liu Yan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> rulers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five Dynasties<br />(and other northern states)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yougui" title="Zhu Yougui">Zhu Yougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youzhen" title="Zhu Youzhen">Zhu Youzhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concurrent warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shouguang" title="Liu Shouguang">Liu Shouguang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Rong_(warlord)" title="Wang Rong (warlord)">Wang Rong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jin34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxu" title="Li Cunxu">Li Cunxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Conghou" title="Li Conghou">Li Conghou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Congke" title="Li Congke">Li Congke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jingtang" title="Shi Jingtang">Shi Jingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Chonggui" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interregnum<br />(<a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a> occupation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chong" title="Liu Chong">Liu Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jun_(Northern_Han)" title="Liu Jun (Northern Han)">Liu Chengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ji%27en" title="Liu Ji'en">Liu Ji'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiyuan" title="Liu Jiyuan">Liu Jiyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Rong" title="Chai Rong">Chai Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Zongxun" title="Guo Zongxun">Guo Zongxun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms<br />(other than Northern Han)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Former_Shu)" title="Wang Jian (Former Shu)">Wang Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zongyan" title="Wang Zongyan">Wang Zongyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Zhixiang" title="Meng Zhixiang">Meng Zhixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jixing" title="Gao Jixing">Gao Jixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Conghui" title="Gao Conghui">Gao Conghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baorong" title="Gao Baorong">Gao Baorong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baoxu" title="Gao Baoxu">Gao Baoxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jichong" title="Gao Jichong">Gao Jichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Ma Xifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Southern_Han)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yan (Southern Han)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Bin (Southern Han)">Liu Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Sheng_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Sheng (Southern Han)">Liu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chang_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Chang (Southern Han)">Liu Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wu" title="Yang Wu">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wo" title="Yang Wo">Yang Wo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Longyan" title="Yang Longyan">Yang Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Pu" title="Yang Pu">Yang Pu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Li Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chao_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)">Wang Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shenzhi" title="Wang Shenzhi">Wang Shenzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanhan" title="Wang Yanhan">Wang Yanhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanjun" title="Wang Yanjun">Wang Yanjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jipeng" title="Wang Jipeng">Wang Jipeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanxi" title="Wang Yanxi">Wang Yanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wenjin" title="Zhu Wenjin">Zhu Wenjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanzheng" title="Wang Yanzheng">Wang Yanzheng</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yuanguan" title="Qian Yuanguan">Qian Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzuo" title="Qian Hongzuo">Qian Hongzuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzong" title="Qian Hongzong">Qian Hongzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Chu" title="Qian Chu">Qian Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718254#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718254#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718254#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000073603778">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68945483">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/89890/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCCr4WvQx4dg6XkVHDMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11903543X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82045258">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033540d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033540d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36610653">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071559787">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201752056">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007443859805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1327111">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&oldid=1246162574">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)&oldid=1246162574</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:910s_births" title="Category:910s births">910s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:961_deaths" title="Category:961 deaths">961 deaths</a></li><li><a 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