Visionlearning | Your insight into science

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <base href="https://www.visionlearning.com"> <title>Visionlearning | Your insight into science</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.visionlearning.com/en"> <meta name="description" content="Visionlearning is a free resource for the study of science, technology and math (STEM)."> <meta name="keywords" content="science, education, STEM, math, biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, online learning"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="D8E20F39AD48052260032E56DE409970"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://visionlearning.com/en"> <meta property="og:title" content="Visionlearning | Your insight into science"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Visionlearning"> <meta property="og:description" content="Visionlearning is a free resource for the study of science, technology and math (STEM)."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://visionlearning.com/images/logo.png"> <meta property="fb:admins" content="100000299664514"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/visionlearning.css">  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/visionlearning-icons.css">  <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,700;1,400;1,700&family=Schoolbell&display=swap"> <style> textarea.myEditor { width: 90%; height: 350px; } </style> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </head> <body>  <header class="box-shadow-1" id="global-header"> <div class="theme-light text-align-center"> <a class="focusable-only" href="#skip-header-target"> Jump to main content </a> <a class="focusable-only" href="#global-footer"> Jump to website footer </a> </div> <div class="border-bottom"> <div class="vl-hat font-size-md wide margin-x-auto"> <div class="vl-hat__toggle-button"> <button class="button button--icon-only mobile-menu-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target-toggle="#vl-hat-nav"> <span class="icon icon-menu" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </div> <nav class="vl-hat__menu" id="vl-hat-nav"> <ul class="nav nav--horizontal--lg"> <li><a href="/en/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="/en/help">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/en/about/jobs">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/en/user/registration">Register</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="vl-hat__actions"> <div class="button-group gap-1"> <button class="button button--icon-only" aria-label="Search" data-toggle="collapse" data-target-toggle="#global-search" data-target-close="#vl-hat-nav" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> <a class="button button--has-icon" href="/en/user/signin" > <span class="icon icon-sign-in" ></span> <span class="button__text">Sign In</span> </a> <a class="button" href="/es/" id="es-translate" onclick="setCookie('lang', 'es', 1); window.location.href='/es/';"><span>Espa帽ol</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="collapse padding-y-3 border-bottom" id="global-search" data-focus-first> <div class="container narrow"> <form action="/en/search" aria-label="Search" method="post"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field "> <span class="form-entry__field__input"> <input type="text" name="query" id="search-input" autocomplete="off"> <button class="button theme-dark" data-clear-input> Search</button> </span> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div>  <div class="vl-header wide margin-x-auto"> <div class="vl-header__logo"> <a href="/en/" data-logo="brand">  <img src="/images/vl-logo.svg" alt="Visionlearning your insight into science." width="270" height="60" viewBox="0 0 270 60"> </a> </div> <nav class="vl-header__menu"> <ul> <li class="library"> <a href="en/library/" > <span class="title">Library</span> <span class="tagline">Learning modules</span> </a> </li> <li class="glossary"> <a href="/en/glossary/" > <span class="title">Glossary</span> <span class="tagline">Science terms</span> </a> </li> <li class="classroom"> <a href="/en/classroom" > <span class="title">Classroom</span> <span class="tagline">Custom courses</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="skip-header-content"> <h1 class="screen-reader-only"> A free learning space for science educators and students </h1> <div class="container wide margin-y-5"> <section> <h2 class="screen-reader-only">Browse our Disciplines</h2> <div class="grid grid--discipline"> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary biology" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-biology"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-biology-3x1.jpg" alt="Biology" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> Biology </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>Life as we know it is a wonderfully diverse enterprise. Organisms pass traits from parent to offspring, function in a varied and changing environment, and... </p> </div> </button> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary chemistry" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-chemistry"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-chemistry-3x1.jpg" alt="Chemistry" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> Chemistry </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>The universe is a vast soup of interacting particles and energy. The ways in which those interactions take place, as well as the structure and... </p> </div> </button> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary earth-science" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-earth-science"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-earth-science-3x1.jpg" alt="Earth Science" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> Earth Science </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>From the deep sea vents of the Cayman Trough to the shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian islands, Earth Scientists explore the structures and processes that... </p> </div> </button> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary environmental-science" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-environmental-science"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-environmental-science-3x1.jpg" alt="Environmental Science" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> Environmental Science </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>Understanding interactions and change in the world around us and our environment, requires integrating what we know from many different fields. Our Environmental Science library... </p> </div> </button> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary general-science" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-general-science"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-general-science-3x1.jpg" alt="General Science" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> General Science </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>Certain physical properties, processes, and concepts are fundamental to all areas of scientific study. Understanding the ways in which energy transfers from one object to... </p> </div> </button> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary math-in-science" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-math-in-science"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-math-in-science-3x1.jpg" alt="Math in Science" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> Math in Science </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>The German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss referred to mathematics as the "Queen of the Sciences". In doing so, Gauss not only identified Math as a... </p> </div> </button> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary physics" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-physics"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-physics-3x1.jpg" alt="Physics" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> Physics </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>When Buzz Aldrin joined Neil Armstrong on the moon in 1969, one of the first things he did was to try one-footed kangaroo hops. Why?... </p> </div> </button> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary process-of-science" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-process-of-science"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-process-of-science-3x1.jpg" alt="Process of Science" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> Process of Science </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>What is it about a scientific theory that sets it apart from other ideas? How does one conduct and control a scientific experiment? Why do... </p> </div> </button> <button class="backdrop backdrop--fixed theme-primary scientists-and-research" data-modal-open="modal-discipline-scientists-and-research"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-60 opacity-90--lg"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-scientists-and-research-3x1.jpg" alt="Scientists and Research" width="711" height="237"> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover justify-self-start align-self-end"> <div class="container padding-y-2"> <p class="h6 display-flex"> Scientists and Research </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid--discipline__info"> <p>For many people, the first thing they imagine when hearing the word "scientist" is a man in a white lab coat, maybe with crazy hair.... </p> </div> </button> </div> </section>  <hr class="margin-y-4"> <section> <h2 class="screen-reader-only">About Visionlearning</h2> <div class="grid grid--column-2--lg justify-items-center"> <article class="narrow text-align-center"> <img src="/images/vl-icon-sm.svg" alt="reading a book icon" width="60" height="60" viewBox="0 0 60 60"> <h2 class="h3">An online learning space for science educators and students.</h2> <p>We provide high-quality, accessible, educational material in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines at the introductory undergraduate level.</p> <a class="button button--has-icon font-size-md text-color-link" href="/en/about"> <span class="button__text">About Us</span> <span class="icon icon-caret-right"></span> </a> </article> <article class="narrow text-align-center"> <img src="/images/ngss-icon-sm.svg" alt="ngss icon" width="60" height="60" viewBox="0 0 60 60"> <h2 class="h3">A new vision for teaching and learning science.</h2> <p>Our exclusive content integrates science and engineering practices with disciplinary core ideas and cross-cutting concepts in alignment with the Next Generation Science Standards.</p> <a class="button button--has-icon font-size-md text-color-link" href="/en/about/ngss"> <span class="button__text">About NGSS</span> <span class="icon icon-caret-right"></span> </a> </article> </div> </section> <hr class="margin-y-4" /> <section> <h2 class="screen-reader-only"> Explore our features </h2> <div class="grid grid--column-3--lg gap-1"> <a class="no-hover-focus" href="/en/library"> <article class="card theme-library"> <div class="card__body"> <h3 class="h4"> Learning Modules </h3> <p> Our library includes more than just scientific concepts. Our learning modules explore the stories of the people behind the science and how we have come to know what we know. </p> </div> <div class="card__foot border-top font-size-md"> <span class="button button--has-icon text-transform-uppercase"> <span class="button__text">Library</span> <span class="icon icon-caret-right"></span> </span> </div> </article> </a> <a class="no-hover-focus" href="/en/glossary"> <article class="card theme-glossary"> <div class="card__body"> <h3 class="h4"> Science Terms </h3> <p> Our Glossary is a comprehensive collection of scientific terms and concepts used in the STEM disciplines. It's a valuable resource for students, educators, and anyone interested in understanding scientific concepts and terminology. </p> </div> <div class="card__foot border-top font-size-md"> <span class="button button--has-icon text-transform-uppercase"> <span class="button__text">Glossary</span> <span class="icon icon-caret-right"></span> </span> </div> </article> </a> <a class="no-hover-focus" href="/en/classroom"> <article class="card theme-classroom"> <div class="card__body"> <h3 class="h4"> Custom Courses </h3> <p> Our Classroom is a customizable environment dedicated to the content available on the website. Here educators can create personalized classrooms with specific course modules, make comments, store lesson plans, and track student progress. </p> </div> <div class="card__foot border-top font-size-md"> <span class="button button--has-icon text-transform-uppercase"> <span class="button__text">Classroom</span> <span class="icon icon-caret-right"></span> </span> </div> </article> </a> </div> </section> <hr class="margin-y-4" /> <section> <h2 class="screen-reader-only"> New and featured learning modules </h2> <ul class="grid grid--column-2--md grid--column-4--lg grid--divider"> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Description-in-Scientific-Research/151"> <article class="card theme-light"> <div class="margin-2 margin-bottom-0"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" width="370" height="277" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_151-23061210061423.jpeg" alt="Description in Scientific Research"> </div> <div class="card__body"> <strong class="font-size-sm"> <em> Process of Science </em> </strong> <h2 class="h3 font-weight-normal"> Description in Scientific Research </h2> <p> Observation is an important tool for scientific researchers, and describing what is observed is a... </p> </div> </article> </a> </li> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Franklin-Chang-D铆az/219"> <article class="card theme-light"> <div class="margin-2 margin-bottom-0"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" width="370" height="277" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_219-23061210064412.jpeg" alt="Franklin Chang D铆az"> </div> <div class="card__body"> <strong class="font-size-sm"> <em> Scientists and Research </em> </strong> <h2 class="h3 font-weight-normal"> Franklin Chang D铆az </h2> <p> Franklin Chang D铆az, the first Latin American to travel to space, ties the record for... </p> </div> </article> </a> </li> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Acids-and-Bases-II/272"> <article class="card theme-light"> <div class="margin-2 margin-bottom-0"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" width="370" height="277" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_272-23061209065128.jpg" alt="Acids and Bases II"> </div> <div class="card__body"> <strong class="font-size-sm"> <em> Chemistry </em> </strong> <h2 class="h3 font-weight-normal"> Acids and Bases II </h2> <p> Our bodies constantly produce carbon dioxide, some of which stays in the blood and becomes... </p> </div> </article> </a> </li> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Charles-Darwin-III/112"> <article class="card theme-light"> <div class="margin-2 margin-bottom-0"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" width="370" height="277" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_112-23061209063207.jpg" alt="Charles Darwin III"> </div> <div class="card__body"> <strong class="font-size-sm"> <em> Biology </em> </strong> <h2 class="h3 font-weight-normal"> Charles Darwin III </h2> <p> Our understanding of the term <em>evolution</em> has changed significantly since Darwin's time. This module explains... </p> </div> </article> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-biology" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary biology border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-biology" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-biology-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="Biology" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> Biology </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>Life as we know it is a wonderfully diverse enterprise. Organisms pass traits from parent to offspring, function in a varied and changing environment, and carry out a myriad of complex biochemical processes. Understanding the principles of biology helps give context and clarity to larger scientific and social issues. Our biology learning modules reveal the current state of scientific understanding on topics like cell structure and function, genetics, taxonomy, evolution by natural selection, and more.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>misconception:</h6> <p>All cells are the same size and shape.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-biology-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Biological Molecules</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Carbohydrates/61"> <strong> Carbohydrates: </strong> <em>Simple sugars and complex carbohydrates</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Fats-and-Proteins/62"> <strong> Fats and Proteins: </strong> <em>Structure and function of essential nutrients</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Biological-Proteins/243"> <strong> Biological Proteins: </strong> <em>Amino acids, peptide bonds, and protein structures</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Blood-Biology-I/242"> <strong> Blood Biology I: </strong> <em>Components of blood</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Lipids/207"> <strong> Lipids: </strong> <em>Composition, structure, and function</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Cell Biology</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Discovery-and-Structure-of-Cells/64"> <strong> Discovery and Structure of Cells: </strong> <em>Cell theory, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Respiration/285"> <strong> Respiration: </strong> <em>Oxygen, gas exchange, and energy release</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Membranes-I/198"> <strong> Membranes I: </strong> <em>Structure and function of biological membranes</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Membranes-II/204"> <strong> Membranes II: </strong> <em>Passive and active transporters</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Cellular-Organelles-I/195"> <strong> Cellular Organelles I: </strong> <em>Endosymbiosis and membrane-bound organelles</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Cell-Division-I/196"> <strong> Cell Division I: </strong> <em>The cell cycle</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Cell-Division-II/212"> <strong> Cell Division II: </strong> <em>Mitosis</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Membranes-and-Chemical-Transport/106"> <strong> Membranes and Chemical Transport: </strong> <em>Absorption, distribution, and storage of substances in organisms</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Energy in Living Systems</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Energy-Metabolism-I/215"> <strong> Energy Metabolism I: </strong> <em>Glycolosis and the Krebs cycle</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Energy-Metabolism-II/225"> <strong> Energy Metabolism II: </strong> <em>The Generation of ATP</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Photosynthesis-I/192"> <strong> Photosynthesis I: </strong> <em>Harnessing the energy of the sun</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Evolutionary Biology</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Origins-of-Life-I/226"> <strong> Origins of Life I: </strong> <em>Early ideas and experiments</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Origins-of-Life-II/227"> <strong> Origins of Life II: </strong> <em>Primeval environments and the origins of RNA</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Extinction/295"> <strong> Extinction: </strong> <em>When species come to an end</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Mass-Extinctions/294"> <strong> Mass Extinctions: </strong> <em>Major turning points in biodiversity</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Charles-Darwin-I/110"> <strong> Charles Darwin I: </strong> <em>The Origin of Species</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Charles-Darwin-II/111"> <strong> Charles Darwin II: </strong> <em>Natural selection</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Charles-Darwin-III/112"> <strong> Charles Darwin III: </strong> <em>Descent with modification</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Adaptation/68"> <strong> Adaptation: </strong> <em>The case of penguins</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Taxonomy-I/70"> <strong> Taxonomy I: </strong> <em>What's in a name?</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Taxonomy-II/89"> <strong> Taxonomy II: </strong> <em>Nomenclature</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Introduction-to-Paleoanthropology/258"> <strong> Introduction to Paleoanthropology: </strong> <em>Bones, stones, and tools</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/The-Piltdown-Hoax/263"> <strong> The Piltdown Hoax: </strong> <em>A lesson on confirmation bias in science</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Future-of-Human-Evolution/259"> <strong> Future of Human Evolution: </strong> <em>Artificial selection and transhumanism</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Genetics</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Inheritance/129"> <strong> Inheritance: </strong> <em>Mendel's experiments and laws</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Independent-Assortment/145"> <strong> Independent Assortment: </strong> <em>Mendel's testcrosses and Punnett squares</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/DNA-I/149"> <strong> DNA I: </strong> <em>The genetic material</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/DNA-II/160"> <strong> DNA II: </strong> <em>The structure of DNA</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/DNA-III/180"> <strong> DNA III: </strong> <em>The replication of DNA</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Tracking-Human-Ancestry/248"> <strong> Tracking Human Ancestry: </strong> <em>The Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Gene-Expression/214"> <strong> Gene Expression: </strong> <em>Enzymes and hereditary conditions</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Population-Genetics/249"> <strong> Population Genetics: </strong> <em>Hardy-Weinberg and genetic drift</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Ecology</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Biodiversity-I/276"> <strong> Biodiversity I: </strong> <em>Definitions and patterns of diversity</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Ecosystem-Services/279"> <strong> Ecosystem Services: </strong> <em>Categories and valuation</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Animal-Ecology/283"> <strong> Animal Ecology: </strong> <em>Competition, predation, and cooperation</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Biodiversity-II/281"> <strong> Biodiversity II: </strong> <em>Changing habits and habitats</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Animal-Behavior/286"> <strong> Animal Behavior: </strong> <em>Causes and approaches to studying behavior</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Population-Biology/287"> <strong> Population Biology: </strong> <em>Carrying capacity, demographics, and cycles</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Biology/2/Trophic-Ecology/293"> <strong> Trophic Ecology: </strong> <em>Feeding relationships and energy transfer</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-chemistry" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary chemistry border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-chemistry" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-chemistry-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="Chemistry" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> Chemistry </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>The universe is a vast soup of interacting particles and energy. The ways in which those interactions take place, as well as the structure and composition of matter, is the main focus of the field of chemistry. Our chemistry learning modules introduce you to the world of chemistry, exploring current research and scientific findings on concepts like the structure and function of atoms, forms of energy and its transfer, chemical bonding and reactions, and more.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>misconception:</h6> <p>Water molecules break down when heated.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-chemistry-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Atomic Theory and Structure</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Early-Ideas-about-Matter/49"> <strong> Early Ideas about Matter: </strong> <em>From Democritus to Dalton</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/The-Periodic-Table-of-Elements-I/52"> <strong> The Periodic Table of Elements I: </strong> <em>The periodic table</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/The-Periodic-Table-of-Elements-II/296"> <strong> The Periodic Table of Elements II: </strong> <em>History and development</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/The-Periodic-Table-of-Elements-III/297"> <strong> The Periodic Table of Elements III: </strong> <em>Electron configuration</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/The-Periodic-Table-of-Elements-IV/298"> <strong> The Periodic Table of Elements IV: </strong> <em>Chemical families</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/The-Periodic-Table-of-Elements-V/299"> <strong> The Periodic Table of Elements V: </strong> <em>Periodicity</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Atomic-Theory-I/50"> <strong> Atomic Theory I: </strong> <em>Detecting electrons and the nucleus</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Atomic-Theory-II/51"> <strong> Atomic Theory II: </strong> <em>Ions, neutrons, isotopes and quantum theory</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Atomic-Theory-III/223"> <strong> Atomic Theory III: </strong> <em>Wave-particle duality and the electron</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Atomic-Theory-IV/231"> <strong> Atomic Theory IV: </strong> <em>Quantum numbers and orbitals</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/The-Mole-and-Atomic-Mass/53"> <strong> The Mole and Atomic Mass: </strong> <em>Definitions, conversions, and Avogadro's number</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Physical States and Properties</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/States-of-Matter/120"> <strong> States of Matter: </strong> <em>Kinetic molecular theory and phase transitions</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Substances/280"> <strong> Substances: </strong> <em>Pure substances and mixtures</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Properties-of-Solids/209"> <strong> Properties of Solids: </strong> <em>The influence of crystal structure on behavior</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Properties-of-Liquids/222"> <strong> Properties of Liquids: </strong> <em>Intermolecular forces, cohesion, adhesion, and viscosity</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Properties-of-Gases/245"> <strong> Properties of Gases: </strong> <em>The gas laws and the ideal gas equation</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Diffusion-I/216"> <strong> Diffusion I: </strong> <em>Random molecular movement and influences on diffusion rate</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Kinetic-Molecular-Theory/251"> <strong> Kinetic-Molecular Theory: </strong> <em>Molecule collisions, the mean free path, and modern KMT</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Solutions/266"> <strong> Solutions: </strong> <em>Molarity, solubility, and colligative properties</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Water/267"> <strong> Water: </strong> <em>Properties and behavior</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Chemical Relationships</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Chemical-Bonding/55"> <strong> Chemical Bonding: </strong> <em>Ionic and covalent bonds and polarity</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Stoichiometry/270"> <strong> Stoichiometry: </strong> <em>The proportional nature of chemical reactions</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Chemical-Equations/268"> <strong> Chemical Equations: </strong> <em>Using shorthand to show balanced reactions</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Acids-and-Bases-I/271"> <strong> Acids and Bases I: </strong> <em>Definitions, pH and neutralization</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Acids-and-Bases-II/272"> <strong> Acids and Bases II: </strong> <em>Conjugate ions and buffers</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Reactions and Changes</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Chemical-Reactions/54"> <strong> Chemical Reactions: </strong> <em>Types of reactions and the laws that govern them</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Chemical-Reactions-II/278"> <strong> Chemical Reactions II: </strong> <em>Reaction kinetics</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Nuclear-Chemistry-I/284"> <strong> Nuclear Chemistry I: </strong> <em>Radiation, half-life, and nuclear reactions</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Chemistry/1/Carbon-Chemistry/60"> <strong> Carbon Chemistry: </strong> <em>Simple hydrocarbons, isomers, and functional groups</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-earth-science" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary earth-science border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-earth-science" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-earth-science-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="Earth Science" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> Earth Science </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>From the deep sea vents of the Cayman Trough to the shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian islands, Earth Scientists explore the structures and processes that define our world, the forces that continue to sculpt it, and how these processes have interacted over the last 4.6 billion years of Earth's history. Our Earth science modules introduce how scientists use detailed observations, modeling, and comparative studies to develop their understanding of plate tectonics, the foundational theory of the Earth sciences, as well as biogeochemical cycles, the structure of the Earth and its atmosphere, and rocks and minerals.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>misconception:</h6> <p>Humidity is a measure of air temperature.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-earth-science-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Plate Tectonics</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Origins-of-Plate-Tectonic-Theory/65"> <strong> Origins of Plate Tectonic Theory: </strong> <em>From early ideas to mapping the ocean floor</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Plate-Boundaries/66"> <strong> Plate Boundaries: </strong> <em>Tectonic activity where plates interact</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Earth-Structure/69"> <strong> Earth Structure: </strong> <em>A virtual journey to the center of Earth</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Earth Cycles</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/The-Rock-Cycle/128"> <strong> The Rock Cycle: </strong> <em>Uniformitarianism and recycling</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/The-Hydrologic-Cycle/99"> <strong> The Hydrologic Cycle: </strong> <em>Reservoirs and fluxes of water on Earth</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/The-Carbon-Cycle/95"> <strong> The Carbon Cycle: </strong> <em>Geology, biology, and the impact of human activities</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/The-Nitrogen-Cycle/98"> <strong> The Nitrogen Cycle: </strong> <em>Of microbes and men</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/The-Phosphorus-Cycle/197"> <strong> The Phosphorus Cycle: </strong> <em>Phosphates and fertilizer</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Rocks and Minerals</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Defining-Minerals/119"> <strong> Defining Minerals: </strong> <em>Composition and crystal structure</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Identifying-Minerals/130"> <strong> Identifying Minerals: </strong> <em>Characterizing minerals' physical properties</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/The-Silicate-Minerals/140"> <strong> The Silicate Minerals: </strong> <em>The silica tetrahedron and Earth's most common minerals</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Atmosphere and Oceans</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Ocean-Currents/282"> <strong> Ocean Currents: </strong> <em>Mapping and explaining the ocean鈥檚 gyres</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Water-in-the-Atmosphere/289"> <strong> Water in the Atmosphere: </strong> <em>The factors that influence evaporation and condensation</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Weather-Fronts-and-Forecasts/303"> <strong> Weather, Fronts, and Forecasts: </strong> <em>From observations to predictive models</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/History-of-Earths-Atmosphere-I/202"> <strong> History of Earth's Atmosphere I: </strong> <em>The origin of the modern atmosphere</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/History-of-Earths-Atmosphere-II/203"> <strong> History of Earth's Atmosphere II: </strong> <em>The rise of atmospheric oxygen</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Earths-Atmosphere/107"> <strong> Earth's Atmosphere: </strong> <em>Composition, temperature, and pressure</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Factors-that-Control-Earths-Temperature/234"> <strong> Factors that Control Earth's Temperature: </strong> <em>Energy from the sun and greenhouse gases</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Circulation-in-the-Atmosphere/255"> <strong> Circulation in the Atmosphere: </strong> <em>Earth's tilt, orbit, rotation, and the redistribution of energy</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Hazards</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Natural-Hazards-and-Risk/288"> <strong> Natural Hazards and Risk: </strong> <em>Where Earth processes and society intersect</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Earth History</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Extinction/295"> <strong> Extinction: </strong> <em>When species come to an end</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Mass-Extinctions/294"> <strong> Mass Extinctions: </strong> <em>Major turning points in biodiversity</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-environmental-science" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary environmental-science border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-environmental-science" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-environmental-science-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="Environmental Science" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> Environmental Science </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>Understanding interactions and change in the world around us and our environment, requires integrating what we know from many different fields. Our Environmental Science library provides learning modules that highlight the intersections between biology, chemistry, and Earth science in order to help you understand complex issues and cause-effect relationships. Discover how organisms interact with and adapt to their environment, the biogeochemical cycles that connect ecosystems with longer-term geological processes, and more.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>misconception:</h6> <p>Food is any material (water, air, minerals, etc.) that organisms take in from their environment.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-environmental-science-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Ecology</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/Biodiversity-I/276"> <strong> Biodiversity I: </strong> <em>Definitions and patterns of diversity</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/Biodiversity-II/281"> <strong> Biodiversity II: </strong> <em>Changing habits and habitats</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/Ecosystem-Services/279"> <strong> Ecosystem Services: </strong> <em>Categories and valuation</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/Population-Biology/287"> <strong> Population Biology: </strong> <em>Carrying capacity, demographics, and cycles</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Earth Cycles</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/The-Nitrogen-Cycle/98"> <strong> The Nitrogen Cycle: </strong> <em>Of microbes and men</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/The-Carbon-Cycle/95"> <strong> The Carbon Cycle: </strong> <em>Geology, biology, and the impact of human activities</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/The-Phosphorus-Cycle/197"> <strong> The Phosphorus Cycle: </strong> <em>Phosphates and fertilizer</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Scientific Research</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/Collaborative-Research-in-the-Arctic-Towards-Understanding-Climate-Change/183"> <strong> Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change: </strong> <em>The work of Kevin Arrigo</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Environmental-Science/61/Atmospheric-Chemistry-Research-that-Changed-Global-Policy/211"> <strong> Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy: </strong> <em>The work of Mario Molina</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-general-science" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary general-science border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-general-science" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-general-science-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="General Science" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> General Science </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>Certain physical properties, processes, and concepts are fundamental to all areas of scientific study. Understanding the ways in which energy transfers from one object to another, for example, is as important to a biologist as it is to a chemist or physicist. Our General Science library provides learning modules that explain a host of universal principles, including the people who contributed to their development. These readings help to lay the foundation for your further exploration in science. Modules in this area include basic scientific concepts such as density, temperature, the metric system, and more.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>misconception:</h6> <p>Evolution always causes a species to improve.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-general-science-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Methods</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/General-Science/3/The-Scientific-Method/45"> <strong> The Scientific Method: </strong> <em>Ways to test questions and hypotheses</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Measurement</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/General-Science/3/The-Metric-System/47"> <strong> The Metric System: </strong> <em>Metric and scientific notation</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Physical Properties</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/General-Science/3/Temperature/48"> <strong> Temperature: </strong> <em>Scales and conversions</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/General-Science/3/Density-and-Buoyancy/37"> <strong> Density and Buoyancy: </strong> <em>Definitions and units</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-math-in-science" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary math-in-science border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-math-in-science" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-math-in-science-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="Math in Science" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> Math in Science </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>The German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss referred to mathematics as the "Queen of the Sciences". In doing so, Gauss not only identified Math as a science itself in that it is defined as the study of numbers and their operations, but also as the underlying foundation for all other sciences allowing scientists to describe patterns in data, relationships between variables, and fundamental principles discovered in our quest for knowledge. From the study of a wave, which can be described by its length, height, and frequency, to the measurement of the rate at which the tectonic plates in the earth's crust are moving, mathematical principles are fundamental to understanding and doing science. Our Math in Science modules discuss select mathematical principles in context of their use across different scientific disciplines, focusing explicitly on how these principles are used in science.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>misconception:</h6> <p>You cannot take a bigger number from a smaller number (for example, subtract 85 from 30).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-math-in-science-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Equations</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Unit-Conversion/144"> <strong> Unit Conversion: </strong> <em>Dimensional analysis</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Linear-Equations/194"> <strong> Linear Equations: </strong> <em>Relationships with two variables</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Exponential-Equations-I/206"> <strong> Exponential Equations I: </strong> <em>Growth and decay</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Exponential-Equations-II/210"> <strong> Exponential Equations II: </strong> <em>The constant <em>e</em> and limits to growth</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Scientific-Notation/250"> <strong> Scientific Notation: </strong> <em>Working with orders of magnitude</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Measurement/257"> <strong> Measurement: </strong> <em>Units, measuring strategies, and error</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Statistics</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Introduction-to-Descriptive-Statistics/218"> <strong> Introduction to Descriptive Statistics: </strong> <em>Using mean, median, and standard deviation</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Introduction-to-Inferential-Statistics/224"> <strong> Introduction to Inferential Statistics: </strong> <em>Describing patterns and relationships in datasets</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Statistical-Techniques/239"> <strong> Statistical Techniques: </strong> <em>Constructing a confidence interval</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Trigonometric Functions</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Math-in-Science/62/Wave-Mathematics/131"> <strong> Wave Mathematics: </strong> <em>Trigonometric functions</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-physics" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary physics border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-physics" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-physics-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="Physics" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> Physics </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>When Buzz Aldrin joined Neil Armstrong on the moon in 1969, one of the first things he did was to try one-footed kangaroo hops. Why? To test out methods for moving around in lunar gravity (which is 1/6th that of Earth's). Aldrin was experimenting with physics, a discipline that involves the study of matter and forces and how they interact in space and time. The modules contained in our Physics Library explore the properties of light, electromagnetism, gravity, and more.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>fact:</h6> <p>A moving object does not have a force within it that keeps it moving.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-physics-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Light and Optics</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Physics/24/The-Nature-of-Light/132"> <strong> The Nature of Light: </strong> <em>Particle and wave theories</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Physics/24/Electromagnetism-and-Light/138"> <strong> Electromagnetism and Light: </strong> <em>Introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Mechanics</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Physics/24/Defining-Energy/199"> <strong> Defining Energy: </strong> <em>Forms of energy, conversions, and measuring</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Physics/24/Waves-and-Wave-Motion/102"> <strong> Waves and Wave Motion: </strong> <em>Describing waves</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Physics/24/Gravity/118"> <strong> Gravity: </strong> <em>The law of universal gravitation</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Physics/24/Thermodynamics-I/200"> <strong> Thermodynamics I: </strong> <em>Caloric theory, latent heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-process-of-science" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary process-of-science border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-process-of-science" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-process-of-science-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="Process of Science" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> Process of Science </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>What is it about a scientific theory that sets it apart from other ideas? How does one conduct and control a scientific experiment? Why do statistical statements weigh so heavily in science? Scientists often talk about the findings of their research, but they are less likely to talk about the processes and methods that lead to those discoveries. Yet these processes and methods, and the surprises scientists face while pursuing them define science. Our process of science modules use in-depth examples to introduce the methods used by scientists, the ways that scientists work with data and communicate their findings, and the culture and diversity of science.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>fact:</h6> <p>A model of something is similar to but not exactly like the thing being modeled.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-process-of-science-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Introduction</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/The-Process-of-Science/176"> <strong> The Process of Science: </strong> <em>Key concepts in thinking like a scientist</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">The Culture of Science</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/The-Nature-of-Scientific-Knowledge/185"> <strong> The Nature of Scientific Knowledge: </strong> <em>What is it and why should we trust it?</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Scientists-and-the-Scientific-Community/172"> <strong> Scientists and the Scientific Community: </strong> <em>The experiences that shape scientists</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Scientific-Ethics/161"> <strong> Scientific Ethics: </strong> <em>Ethical standards and their implications</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Scientific-Institutions-and-Societies/162"> <strong> Scientific Institutions and Societies: </strong> <em>Types of institutions and their influence</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Ideas in Science</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Theories-Hypotheses-and-Laws/177"> <strong> Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws: </strong> <em>Definitions, examples, and their roles in science</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Scientific-Controversy/181"> <strong> Scientific Controversy: </strong> <em>Development and resolution of controversies</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Creativity-in-Science/182"> <strong> Creativity in Science: </strong> <em>How scientists decide what to study</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Research Methods</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/The-Practice-of-Science/148"> <strong> The Practice of Science: </strong> <em>An introduction to research methods</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Experimentation-in-Scientific-Research/150"> <strong> Experimentation in Scientific Research: </strong> <em>Variables and controls in practice</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Description-in-Scientific-Research/151"> <strong> Description in Scientific Research: </strong> <em>Observations and multiple working hypotheses</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Comparison-in-Scientific-Research/152"> <strong> Comparison in Scientific Research: </strong> <em>Uncovering statistically significant relationships</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Modeling-in-Scientific-Research/153"> <strong> Modeling in Scientific Research: </strong> <em>Simplifying a system to make predictions</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Data</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Data-Analysis-and-Interpretation/154"> <strong> Data Analysis and Interpretation: </strong> <em>Revealing and explaining trends</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Uncertainty-Error-and-Confidence/157"> <strong> Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence: </strong> <em>Characterizing natural variability and human error</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Statistics-in-Science/155"> <strong> Statistics in Science: </strong> <em>Origins of descriptive and inferential statistics</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Using-Graphs-and-Visual-Data-in-Science/156"> <strong> Using Graphs and Visual Data in Science: </strong> <em>Reading and interpreting graphs</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Scientific Communication</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Understanding-Scientific-Journals-and-Articles/158"> <strong> Understanding Scientific Journals and Articles: </strong> <em>How to approach reading journal articles</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Utilizing-the-Scientific-Literature/173"> <strong> Utilizing the Scientific Literature: </strong> <em>The record of scientific progress</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Peer-Review-in-Scientific-Publishing/159"> <strong> Peer Review in Scientific Publishing: </strong> <em>What it is and how it works</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/The-How-and-Why-of-Scientific-Meetings/186"> <strong> The How and Why of Scientific Meetings: </strong> <em>How to approach attending a meeting</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="modal modal--scroll-all padding-y-4" id="modal-discipline-scientists-and-research" role="dialog" data-modal-close-outside="true"> <div class="modal__content medium theme-primary scientists-and-research border-radius box-shadow-3" aria-labelledby="modal-scientists-and-research" > <header class="position-relative"> <div class="backdrop backdrop--fixed"> <div class="backdrop__image gradient-veneer-bottom"> <picture class="opacity-30 width-100"> <img src="/images/categories/discipline-scientists-and-research-2x3.jpg" width="572" height="286" alt="Scientists and Research" /> </picture> </div> <div class="backdrop__cover align-content-start"> <header class="modal__content__head border-bottom"> <h1 class="text-transform-uppercase font-size-lg text-shadow grid__colspan-4--lg"> Scientists and Research </h1> <button class="button button--icon-only" data-modal-close> <span class="icon icon-close"></span> </button> </header> <div class="container grid grid--column-8--lg gap-4 margin-y-6 text-shadow"> <div class="grid__colspan-5--lg"> <p>For many people, the first thing they imagine when hearing the word "scientist" is a man in a white lab coat, maybe with crazy hair. But not all scientific research is done in a lab, much less wearing a lab coat, and science is not just for men! Scientists are diverse in their backgrounds, the topics they study, and the methods they use. This section introduces readers to scientists who work in the field studying big cats or penguins, who do research in greenhouses and with a microscope, who design experiments using novel techniques and who hail from a host of different backgrounds and cultures.</p> </div> <div class="grid__colspan-3--lg"> <h6>misconception:</h6> <p>40% of Americans believe that Astrology is a legitimate science.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="modal__content__body border-top" id="modal-scientists-and-research-content"> <div class="overflow-hidden"> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Scientific Research</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Collaborative-Research-in-the-Arctic-Towards-Understanding-Climate-Change/183"> <strong> Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change: </strong> <em>The work of Kevin Arrigo</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/From-Stable-Chromosomes-to-Jumping-Genes/184"> <strong> From Stable Chromosomes to Jumping Genes: </strong> <em>The work of Barbara McClintock</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/An-Elegant-Experiment-to-Test-the-Process-of-DNA-Replication/187"> <strong> An Elegant Experiment to Test the Process of DNA Replication: </strong> <em>The work of Meselsohn and Stahl</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/The-Founding-of-Neuroscience/233"> <strong> The Founding of Neuroscience: </strong> <em>The work of Santiago Ram贸n y Cajal and Camillo Golgi</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Tracking-Endangered-Jaguars-across-the-Border/189"> <strong> Tracking Endangered Jaguars across the Border: </strong> <em>The work of Sergio Avila</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Atmospheric-Chemistry-Research-that-Changed-Global-Policy/211"> <strong> Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy: </strong> <em>The work of Mario Molina</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Revolutionizing-Medicine-with-Monoclonal-Antibodies/220"> <strong> Revolutionizing Medicine with Monoclonal Antibodies: </strong> <em>The work of C茅sar Milstein</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Uncovering-the-Mysteries-of-Chronic-Mountain-Sickness/238"> <strong> Uncovering the Mysteries of Chronic Mountain Sickness: </strong> <em>The work of Fabiola L茅on-Velarde</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="category margin-y-4"> <h2 class="h6">Profiles in Science</h2> <ul class="list-divider"> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Luis-E.-Miramontes/232"> <strong> Luis E. Miramontes: </strong> <em>Chemist and inventor of oral contraceptives</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Bernardo-Houssay/237"> <strong> Bernardo Houssay: </strong> <em>Pioneer in endocrinology</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Craig-Lee/256"> <strong> Craig Lee: </strong> <em>Ice patch archaeologist</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/David-Ho/241"> <strong> David Ho: </strong> <em>HIV researcher</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Louis-Tompkins-Wright/244"> <strong> Louis Tompkins Wright: </strong> <em>Surgeon, scientist, civil rights activist</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Carlos-J.-Finlay/217"> <strong> Carlos J. Finlay: </strong> <em>Eradicating yellow fever</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Cecilia-Payne/290"> <strong> Cecilia Payne: </strong> <em>Figuring out what stars are made of</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Jazmin-Scarlett/291"> <strong> Jazmin Scarlett: </strong> <em>Fostering community resilience to hazards</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Ramari-Stewart/292"> <strong> Ramari Stewart: </strong> <em>Whale expert, at the crossroads of science and tradition</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Johnson-Cerda/300"> <strong> Johnson Cerda: </strong> <em>Promoting Indigenous perspectives in environmental management</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Ellen-Ochoa/201"> <strong> Ellen Ochoa: </strong> <em>Engineer and astronaut</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Ruth-Benerito/205"> <strong> Ruth Benerito: </strong> <em>Using basic physical chemistry to solve practical problems</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Franklin-Chang-D铆az/219"> <strong> Franklin Chang D铆az: </strong> <em>Propulsion pioneer for future generations of astronauts</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Percy-Lavon-Julian/221"> <strong> Percy Lavon Julian: </strong> <em>Revolutionizing medical treatment through chemical synthesis</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/Luis-Walter-Alvarez/229"> <strong> Luis Walter Alvarez: </strong> <em>Uncovering secrets of the atom and life on earth</em> </a> </li> <li> <a class="truncate-text" href="/en/library/Scientists-and-Research/58/France-Anne-Dominic-C贸rdova/230"> <strong> France Anne-Dominic C贸rdova: </strong> <em>Climbing through astrophysics and science policy</em> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> </div> </main>   <footer class="position-relative box-shadow-1 font-size-md" id="global-footer"> <h2 class="screen-reader-only">Page Footer</h2> <div class="back-to-top"> <div class="container wide"> <button class="button button--has-icon font-size-sm"> <span class="icon icon-arrow-up"></span> <span class="button__text">Back to top</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="container wide padding-y-2"> <div class="grid grid--column-2--md grid--column-4--lg gap-4 grid--divider--fill-x"> <nav> <ul class="nav font-weight-bold"> <li> <a href="/en/library" title="Readings & quizzes"> Library </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/glossary" title="Science terms"> Glossary </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/classroom" title="Courses & bookmarks"> Classroom </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav> <ul class="nav"> <li><a href="/en/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="/en/help">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/en/about/jobs">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/en/help/faq">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div> <ul class="nav nav--horizontal margin-bottom-2"> <li> <a class="display-flex" href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/images/sponsor-nsf.png" width="60" height="60" alt="US Education Department Logo" /> </a> </li> <li> <a class="display-flex" href="https://www.ed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/images/sponsor-doe.png" width="60" height="60" alt="US Education Department Logo" /> </a> </li> </ul> <p>Visionlearning is supported by the The National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Education. The views expressed here do not represent the views of our funders.</p> <p><a href="/en/about/sponsorship">Sponsorships</a></p> </div> <nav class="font-size-sm"> <p> <strong>Follow Visionlearning</strong> </p> <ul class="nav nav--has-icons" role="menu"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Visionlearning/129614736696" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span class="icon icon-facebook"></span> <span class="nav__text">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/visionlearning" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span class="icon icon-twitter"></span> <span class="nav__text">Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/visionlearning" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span class="icon icon-youtube"></span> <span class="nav__text">YouTube</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="container wide"> <div class="copyright padding-y-2"> <ul class="nav nav--horizontal font-size-sm"> <li>© 2000-2024 Visionlearning, Inc.</li> <li><a href="/en/terms#privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/terms">Terms of Service</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  <script src="/js/jquery-3.7.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/js/script_rsd.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function loadObjMaker(target, type_id, url){ console.log("Loading "+ url +" target " + target); if($(target).load(url)){ // alert("It should be loaded. " + url + " target " + target); } return false; } function closeEmbbed(div){ $(div).empty(); } </script>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-GEPQ8CJNEN"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-GEPQ8CJNEN'); </script> <script src="/js/visionlearning.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Visionlearning | Your insight into science