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href="#Pictland_from_Constantín_mac_Fergusa_to_Constantine_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pictland from Constantín mac Fergusa to Constantine I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pictland_from_Constantín_mac_Fergusa_to_Constantine_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_Ireland_at_the_end_of_the_9th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_Ireland_at_the_end_of_the_9th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Britain and Ireland at the end of the 9th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_Ireland_at_the_end_of_the_9th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vikings_and_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vikings_and_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vikings and bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vikings_and_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_the_Uí_Ímair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_the_Uí_Ímair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Return of the Uí Ímair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_the_Uí_Ímair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Æthelstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Æthelstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Æthelstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Æthelstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunanburh_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunanburh_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Brunanburh and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunanburh_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication_and_posterity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication_and_posterity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Abdication and posterity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication_and_posterity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constantine II of Scotland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_II_van_Skotland" title="Konstantyn II van Skotland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konstantyn II van Skotland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constontinus_II_Scotta_Cyning" title="Constontinus II Scotta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Constontinus II Scotta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="قنسطنطين الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قنسطنطين الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%AD_II_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Constantí II d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constantí II d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_II._Skotsk%C3%BD" title="Konstantin II. Skotský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konstantin II. Skotský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_2._af_Skotland" title="Konstantin 2. af Skotland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konstantin 2. af Skotland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_II._(Schottland)" title="Konstantin II. (Schottland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konstantin II. (Schottland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κωνσταντίνος Β΄ της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνσταντίνος Β΄ της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_II_de_Escocia" title="Constantino II de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constantino II de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantino_la_2-a_(Skotlando)" title="Konstantino la 2-a (Skotlando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstantino la 2-a (Skotlando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantino_II.a_Eskoziakoa" title="Konstantino II.a Eskoziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstantino II.a Eskoziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_II_(roi_d%27%C3%89cosse)" title="Constantin II (roi d'Écosse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constantin II (roi d'Écosse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2iseam_II_na_h-Alba" title="Còiseam II na h-Alba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Còiseam II na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2iseam_II_na_h-Alba" title="Còiseam II na h-Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còiseam II na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_II_de_Escocia" title="Constantino II de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constantino II de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9A%B0%EC%82%B0%ED%8B%B4_2%EC%84%B8_%EB%A7%89_%EC%95%84%EB%8B%A4" title="카우산틴 2세 막 아다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카우산틴 2세 막 아다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_II.,_kralj_%C5%A0kotske" title="Konstantin II., kralj Škotske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konstantin II., kralj Škotske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinus_II_dari_Skotlandia" title="Konstantinus II dari Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstantinus II dari Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costantino_II_di_Scozia" title="Costantino II di Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costantino II di Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Konstantin_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Konstantin skót király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Konstantin skót király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="قنسطنطين التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قنسطنطين التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantijn_II_van_Schotland" title="Constantijn II van Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constantijn II van Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_II_av_Skottland" title="Konstantin II av Skottland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konstantin II av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_II._(Schottland)" title="Konstantin II. (Schottland) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Konstantin II. (Schottland)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_II_(kr%C3%B3l_Szkocji)" title="Konstantyn II (król Szkocji) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstantyn II (król Szkocji)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_II_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Constantino II da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constantino II da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_al_II-lea_al_Sco%C8%9Biei" title="Constantin al II-lea al Scoției – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constantin al II-lea al Scoției" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Константин II (король Шотландии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Константин II (король Шотландии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_o_Scotland" title="Constantine II o Scotland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Constantine II o Scotland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constantine II of Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_II_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Константин II Шкотски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Константин II Шкотски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_od_%C5%A0kotske" title="Constantine II od Škotske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Constantine II od Škotske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_II_(Skotlanti)" title="Konstantin II (Skotlanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konstantin II (Skotlanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_II_av_Skottland" title="Konstantin II av Skottland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konstantin II av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Костянтин II (король Шотландії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Костянтин II (король Шотландії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="康斯坦丁二世 (苏格兰) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康斯坦丁二世 (苏格兰)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Alba from 900 to 943</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Constantine II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_II,_King_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Constantine_II%2C_King_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-Constantine_II%2C_King_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Constantine_II%2C_King_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-Constantine_II%2C_King_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Constantine_II%2C_King_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-Constantine_II%2C_King_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="850" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Fictional 17th-century drawing</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Alba_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Alba (Scotland)">King of Alba (Scotland)</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">April 900 – 943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald II">Donald II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm I">Malcolm I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">no later than 879</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">952 (aged 73–74)<br /><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a>, King of Alba<br />Cellach<br />one or more daughters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">Alpin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Áed of Scotland">Áed</a>, King of the Picts</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Causantín mac Áeda</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Modern Gaelic</a>: <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Còiseam mac Aoidh</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicised">anglicised</a> <b>Constantine II</b>; born no later than 879; died 952) was an early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scotland</a>, known then by the Gaelic name <i>Alba</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a>, a name which first appears in Constantine's lifetime, was situated in what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_Scotland" title="Northern Scotland">Northern Scotland</a>. </p><p>The core of the kingdom was formed by the lands around the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a>. Its southern limit was the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a>, northwards it extended towards the <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a> and perhaps to <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, while its western limits are uncertain. Constantine's grandfather <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth I">Kenneth I</a> (Cináed mac Ailpín, died 858) was the first of the family recorded as a king, but as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Picts">king of the Picts</a>. This change of title, from king of the Picts to <a href="/wiki/King_of_Alba" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Alba">king of Alba</a>, is part of a broader transformation of <a href="/wiki/Pictland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictland">Pictland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">origins of the Kingdom of Alba</a> are traced to Constantine's lifetime. </p><p>His reign, like those of his predecessors, was dominated by the actions of <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> rulers in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> ('Grandsons/Descenants of Ímar', or <a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a>). During Constantine's reign, the rulers of the southern kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, extended their authority northwards into the disputed kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. At first, the southern rulers allied with him against the Vikings, but in 934, Æthelstan, unprovoked, invaded Scotland both by sea and land with a huge retinue that included four <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Welsh kings</a>. He ravaged southern Alba, but there is no record of any battles. He had withdrawn by September. Three years later, in 937, probably in retaliation for the invasion of Alba, King Constantine allied with <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Dublin">King of Dublin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Owain_ap_Dyfnwal_(fl._934)" title="Owain ap Dyfnwal (fl. 934)">Owain ap Dyfnwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Strathclyde" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Strathclyde">King of Strathclyde</a>, but they were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">battle of Brunanburh</a>. In 943, Constantine abdicated the throne and retired to the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9li_D%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Céli Dé">Céli Dé</a> (Culdee) <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rock" title="Church of St Mary on the Rock">monastery of St Andrews</a> where he died in 952. He was succeeded by his predecessor's son <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm I">Malcolm I</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Domnaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Máel Coluim mac Domnaill">Máel Coluim mac Domnaill</a>). </p><p>Constantine's reign of 43 years, exceeded in Scotland only by that of King <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> in 1603, is believed to have played a defining part in the <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pictland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictland">Pictland</a>, in which his patronage of the Irish Céli Dé monastic reformers was a significant factor. During his reign, the words "Scots" and "Scotland" (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Scottas, Scotland</i>) are first used to mean part of what is now <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. The earliest evidence for the ecclesiastical and administrative institutions which would last until the <a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a> also appears at this time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>, few records of 9th and 10th century events in Scotland survive. The main local source from the period is the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba" title="Chronicle of the Kings of Alba">Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</a></i>, a list of kings from Kenneth MacAlpin (died 858) to <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth II">Kenneth II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A1ed_mac_Ma%C3%ADl_Coluim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cináed mac Maíl Coluim">Cináed mac Maíl Coluim</a>, died 995). The list survives in the <a href="/wiki/Poppleton_manuscript" title="Poppleton manuscript">Poppleton manuscript</a>, a 13th-century compilation. Originally simply a list of kings with reign lengths, the other details contained in the Poppleton manuscript version were added in the 10th and 12th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, later king lists survive.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogical records</a> of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> may date from the end of the 10th century, but their value lies more in their context, and the information they provide about the interests of those for whom they were compiled, than in the unreliable claims they contain.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For narrative history, the principal sources are the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a>. The evidence from <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charters</a> created in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> provides occasional insight into events in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagas">sagas</a> describe events in 10th century Britain, their value as sources of historical narrative, rather than documents of social history, is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainland European sources rarely concern themselves with affairs in any part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, and even less commonly with events in Scotland, but the life of Saint <a href="/wiki/Cathr%C3%B3e_of_Metz" title="Cathróe of Metz">Cathróe of Metz</a>, a work of <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> at the end of the 10th century, provides plausible details of the saint's early life in north Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the sources for north-eastern Britain, the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">kingdom of Northumbria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">former Pictland</a>, are limited and late, those for the areas on the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> and Atlantic coasts — the modern regions of north-west England and all of northern and western Scotland — are non-existent, and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> are of primary importance.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pictland_from_Constantín_mac_Fergusa_to_Constantine_I"><span id="Pictland_from_Constant.C3.ADn_mac_Fergusa_to_Constantine_I"></span>Pictland from Constantín mac Fergusa to Constantine I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pictland from Constantín mac Fergusa to Constantine I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Origins of the Kingdom of Alba</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Alpinid_kings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Early_Alpinid_kings.svg/280px-Early_Alpinid_kings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Early_Alpinid_kings.svg/420px-Early_Alpinid_kings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Early_Alpinid_kings.svg/560px-Early_Alpinid_kings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Recorded relationships within the early <a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">House of Alpin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The dominant kingdom in eastern Scotland before the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> was the northern <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Pictish kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a> on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a>. By the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> (Dalriada) were subject to the kings of Fortriu of the family of <a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Causantín mac Fergusa</a> (Constantine son of Fergus). Constantín's family dominated Fortriu after 789 and perhaps, if Constantín was a kinsman of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Óengus I of the Picts">Óengus I of the Picts</a> (Óengus son of Fergus), from around 730. The dominance of Fortriu came to an end in 839 with a defeat by Viking armies reported by the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></i> in which King <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uen</a> of Fortriu and his brother Bran, Constantín's nephews, together with the <a href="/wiki/King_of_D%C3%A1l_Riata" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Dál Riata">king of Dál Riata</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Boanta" title="Áed mac Boanta">Áed mac Boanta</a>, "and others almost innumerable" were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deaths led to a period of instability lasting a decade as several families attempted to establish their dominance in Pictland. By around 848 <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> had emerged as the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national myth</a> made Kenneth MacAlpin the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>, the founding of which was dated from 843, the year in which he was said to have destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> and inaugurated a new era. The historical record for 9th century Scotland is meagre, but the Irish annals and the 10th century <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i> agree that Kenneth was a Pictish king, and call him "king of the Picts" at his death. The same style is used of Kenneth's brother <a href="/wiki/Donald_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald I">Donald I</a> (Domnall mac Ailpín) and sons <a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a> (Constantín mac Cináeda) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a> (Áed mac Cináeda).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom ruled by Kenneth's descendants — older works used the name <a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">House of Alpin</a> to describe them but descent from Kenneth was the defining factor, Irish sources referring to <i>Clann Cináeda meic Ailpín</i> ("the Clan of Kenneth MacAlpin")<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — lay to the south of the previously dominant kingdom of Fortriu, centred in the lands around the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a>. The extent of Kenneth's nameless kingdom is uncertain, but it certainly extended from the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> in the south to the <a href="/wiki/Mounth" title="Mounth">Mounth</a> in the north. Whether it extended beyond the mountainous spine of north Britain — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Druim_Alban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druim Alban (page does not exist)">Druim Alban</a> — is unclear. The core of the kingdom was similar to the old counties of <a href="/wiki/Kincardineshire" title="Kincardineshire">Mearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forfarshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forfarshire">Forfarshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forfar" title="Forfar">Forfar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kinross-shire" title="Kinross-shire">Kinross</a>. Among the chief ecclesiastical centres named in the records are <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld" title="Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a>, probably the seat of the bishop of the kingdom, and <i>Cell Rígmonaid</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kenneth's son Constantine died in 876, probably killed fighting against a Viking army that had come north from Northumbria in 874. According to the king lists, he was counted as the 70th and last king of the Picts in later times.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Britain_and_Ireland_at_the_end_of_the_9th_century">Britain and Ireland at the end of the 9th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Britain and Ireland at the end of the 9th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_in_north_Britain_in_the_early_tenth_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Locations_in_north_Britain_in_the_early_tenth_century.png/220px-Locations_in_north_Britain_in_the_early_tenth_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Locations_in_north_Britain_in_the_early_tenth_century.png/330px-Locations_in_north_Britain_in_the_early_tenth_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Locations_in_north_Britain_in_the_early_tenth_century.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Some locations in northern Britain, late 9th and early 10th centuries. The dotted line marked A represents the southern boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 890–950. The dotted line marked B represents the southern boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a>, c. 925–945.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 899 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, died leaving his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> as ruler of England south of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and his daughter <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a> and son-in-law <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred</a> ruling the western, English part of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>. The situation in the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish kingdoms</a> of eastern England is less clear. King <a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric</a> was probably ruling in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, but no dates can reliably be assigned to the successors of <a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthfrith of York</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. It is known that Guthfrith was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Siefredus_of_Northumbria" title="Siefredus of Northumbria">Siefredus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cnut_of_Northumbria" title="Cnut of Northumbria">Cnut</a>, although whether these men ruled jointly or one after the other is uncertain. Northumbria may have been divided by this time between the Viking kings in York and the local rulers, perhaps represented by <a href="/wiki/Eadwulf_I_of_Bamburgh" title="Eadwulf I of Bamburgh">Eadulf</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh" title="Bamburgh">Bamburgh</a> who controlled the lands from the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> or <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a> to the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">Forth</a> in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flann_Sinna" title="Flann Sinna">Flann Sinna</a>, married to Constantine's aunt <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muire_ingen_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Máel Muire ingen Cináeda">Máel Muire</a>, was dominant. The years around 900 represented a period of weakness among the Vikings and <a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. They are reported to have been divided between two rival leaders. In 894 one group left Dublin, perhaps settling on the Irish Sea coast of Britain between the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>. The remaining Dubliners were expelled in 902 by Flann Sinna's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Cerball_mac_Muirec%C3%A1in" title="Cerball mac Muirecáin">Cerball mac Muirecáin</a>, and soon afterwards appeared in western and northern Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the southwest of Constantine's lands lay the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a>. This extended north into <a href="/wiki/The_Lennox" title="The Lennox">The Lennox</a>, east to the River Forth, and south into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>. In 900 it was probably ruled by King <a href="/wiki/Dyfnwal,_King_of_Strathclyde" title="Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde">Dyfnwal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Gaelic kingdoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> in western Scotland is uncertain. No kings are known by name after <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Boanta" title="Áed mac Boanta">Áed mac Boanta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Bertiniani" title="Annales Bertiniani">Annales Bertiniani</a></i> may record the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a>, the seaward part of Dál Riata, by Northmen in 849.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these, the arrival of new groups of Vikings from northern and western Europe was still commonplace. Whether there were Viking or Norse-Gael kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> at this time is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a>, Constantine's father, succeeded Constantine's uncle and namesake <a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a> in 876 but was killed in 878. Áed's short reign is glossed as being of no importance by most king lists. Although the date of his birth is nowhere recorded, Constantine II cannot have been born any later than the year after his father's death, <i>i.e.</i>, 879. His name may suggest that he was born a few years earlier, during the reign of his uncle Constantine I.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Áed's death, there is a two-decade gap until the death of <a href="/wiki/Donald_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald II">Donald II</a> (Domnall mac Constantín) in 900 during which nothing is reported in the Irish annals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entry for the reign between Áed and Donald II is corrupt in the <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i>, and in this case, the <i>Chronicle</i> is at variance with every other king list.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Chronicle</i>, Áed was followed by <a href="/wiki/Eochaid_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eochaid of Scotland">Eochaid</a>, a grandson of Kenneth MacAlpin, who is somehow connected with <a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a>, but all other lists say that Giric ruled after Áed and make great claims for him.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giric is not known to have been a kinsman of Kenneth's, although it has been suggested that he was related to him by marriage. The major changes in Pictland which began at about this time have been associated by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Alex Woolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archie_Duncan_(historian)" title="Archie Duncan (historian)">Archie Duncan</a> with Giric's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woolf suggests that Constantine and his younger brother Donald may have passed Giric's reign in exile in Ireland where their aunt Máel Muire was wife of two successive <a href="/wiki/High_Kings_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Kings of Ireland">High Kings of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_Findliath" title="Áed Findliath">Áed Findliath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flann_Sinna" title="Flann Sinna">Flann Sinna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giric died in 889. If he had been in exile, Constantine may have returned to Pictland where his cousin Donald II became king. Donald's reputation is suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> <i>dasachtach</i>, a word used of violent madmen and mad bulls, attached to him in the 11th-century writings of <a href="/wiki/Flann_Mainistrech" title="Flann Mainistrech">Flann Mainistrech</a>, echoed by his description in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%C3%A1n" title="The Prophecy of Berchán">The Prophecy of Berchán</a></i> as "the rough one who will think relics and psalms of little worth".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wars with the Viking kings in Britain and Ireland continued during Donald's reign and he was probably killed fighting yet more Vikings at <a href="/wiki/Dunnottar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunnottar">Dunnottar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mearns_(ward)" title="Mearns (ward)">Mearns</a> in 900. Constantine succeeded him as king.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vikings_and_bishops">Vikings and bishops</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vikings and bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMSMonymuskReliquary2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NMSMonymuskReliquary2.jpg/220px-NMSMonymuskReliquary2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NMSMonymuskReliquary2.jpg/330px-NMSMonymuskReliquary2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NMSMonymuskReliquary2.jpg/440px-NMSMonymuskReliquary2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>The cult of Saint <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a> and its relics were associated with victory in battle. The <i>Cathbuaid</i>, Columba's <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a> or staff, has been lost but the 8th century <i>Breccbennach</i> or <a href="/wiki/Monymusk_Reliquary" title="Monymusk Reliquary">Monymusk Reliquary</a> shown here, which held relics of Columba, is known to have been carried into battle from the reign of King <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a> onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest event recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba" title="Chronicle of the Kings of Alba">Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</a></i> in Constantine's reign is an attack by Vikings and the plundering of <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld" title="Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a> "and all Albania" in his third year. This is the first use of the word Albania, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i>Alba</i>, in the <i>Chronicle</i> which until then describes the lands ruled by the descendants of Cináed as Pictavia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Norsemen could have been some of those who were driven out of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in 902 or were the same group who had defeated Domnall in 900. The <i>Chronicle</i> states that the Northmen were killed in <i>Srath Erenn</i>, which is confirmed by the <i>Annals of Ulster</i> which records the death of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dmar_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ímar ua Ímair">Ímar grandson of Ímar</a> and many others at the hands of the men of Fortriu in 904. This Ímar was the first of the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a>, the grandsons of Ímar, to be reported; three more grandsons of Ímar appear later in Constantín's reign. The <i><a href="/wiki/Fragmentary_Annals_of_Ireland" title="Fragmentary Annals of Ireland">Fragmentary Annals of Ireland</a></i> contain an account of the battle, and this attributes the defeat of the Norsemen to the intercession of Saint <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a> following fasting and prayer. An entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Scotorum" title="Chronicon Scotorum">Chronicon Scotorum</a></i> under the year 904 may possibly contain a corrupted reference to this battle.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next event reported by the <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i> is dated to 906. This records that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>King Constantine and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Cellach_I" title="Cellach I">Cellach</a> met at the <i>Hill of Belief</i> near the royal city of <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> and pledged themselves that the laws and disciplines of the faith, and the laws of churches and gospels, should be kept <i>pariter cum Scottis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The meaning of this entry, and its significance, have been the subject of debate. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moot_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Moot_hill.jpg/220px-Moot_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Moot_hill.jpg/330px-Moot_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Moot_hill.jpg/440px-Moot_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">moot hill</a> at Scone, perhaps the <i>Hill of Belief</i> of 906<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The phrase <i>pariter cum Scottis</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> text of the <i>Chronicle</i> has been translated in several ways. <a href="/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene" title="William Forbes Skene">William Forbes Skene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Orr_Anderson" title="Alan Orr Anderson">Alan Orr Anderson</a> proposed that it should be read as "in conformity with the customs of the Gaels", relating it to the claims in the king lists that Giric liberated the church from secular oppression and adopted Irish customs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been read as "together with the Gaels", suggesting either public participation or the presence of Gaels from the western coasts as well as the people of the east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, it is suggested that it was the ceremony that followed "the custom of the Gaels" and not the agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that this gathering agreed to uphold Irish laws governing the church has suggested that it was an important step in the <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">gaelicisation</a> of the lands east of Druim Alban.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have proposed that the ceremony in some way endorsed Constantine's kingship, prefiguring later royal inaugurations at Scone.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, if Bishop Cellach was appointed by Giric, it may be that the gathering was intended to heal a rift between king and church.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_of_the_Uí_Ímair"><span id="Return_of_the_U.C3.AD_.C3.8Dmair"></span>Return of the Uí Ímair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return of the Uí Ímair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the events at Scone, there is little of substance reported for a decade. A story in the <i>Fragmentary Annals of Ireland</i>, perhaps referring to events sometime after 911, claims that <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, who ruled in <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and northern rulers against the Norsemen on the Irish sea coasts of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. The <i>Annals of Ulster</i> record the defeat of an Irish fleet from the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> by Vikings "on the coast of England" at about this time.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this period the <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i> reports the death of <a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Cuilenn%C3%A1in" title="Cormac mac Cuilennáin">Cormac mac Cuilennáin</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Munster">king of Munster</a>, in the eighth year of Constantine's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is followed by an undated entry which was formerly read as "In his time Domnall [i.e. Dyfnwal], king of the [Strathclyde] Britons died, and Domnall son of Áed was elected". This was thought to record the election of a brother of Constantine named Domnall to the kingship of the Britons of Strathclyde and was seen as early evidence of the domination of Strathclyde by the kings of Alba. The entry in question is now read as "... Dyfnwal ... and Domnall son Áed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ailech" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ailech">king of Ailech</a> died", this <a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_%C3%81eda" title="Domnall mac Áeda">Domnall</a> being a son of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_Findliath" title="Áed Findliath">Áed Findliath</a> who died on 21 March 915.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Flann_Sinna" title="Flann Sinna">Flann Sinna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niall_Gl%C3%BAndub" title="Niall Glúndub">Niall Glúndub</a> are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are more reports of Viking fleets in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> from 914 onwards. By 916 fleets under <a href="/wiki/Sihtric_C%C3%A1ech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihtric Cáech">Sihtric Cáech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall</a>, said to be grandsons of Ímar (that is, they belonged to the same <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> kindred as the Ímar who was killed in 904), were very active in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Sihtric inflicted a heavy defeat on the armies of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> and retook Dublin in 917.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year Ragnall appears to have returned across the Irish Sea intent on establishing himself as king at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only precisely dated event in the summer of 918 is the death of Æthelflæd of Mercia on 12 June 918 at <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth, Staffordshire</a>. Æthelflæd had been negotiating with the Northumbrians to obtain their submission, but her death put an end to this and her successor, her brother <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a>, was occupied with securing control of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dere_Street.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dere_Street.JPG/220px-Dere_Street.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dere_Street.JPG/330px-Dere_Street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dere_Street.JPG/440px-Dere_Street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a>; Corbridge is just south of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in the centre of the map</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern part of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, and perhaps the whole kingdom, had probably been ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ealdred_I_of_Bamburgh" title="Ealdred I of Bamburgh">Ealdred</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Eadwulf_I_of_Bamburgh" title="Eadwulf I of Bamburgh">Eadulf</a> since 913.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with Ragnall's invasion, Ealdred came north seeking assistance from Constantine. The two advanced south to face Ragnall, and this led to a battle somewhere on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>, probably at <a href="/wiki/Corbridge" title="Corbridge">Corbridge</a> where <a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a> crosses the river. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a> appears to have been indecisive; the <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i> is alone in giving Constantine the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report of the battle in the <i>Annals of Ulster</i> says that none of the kings or <a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaers</a> among the men of Alba were killed. This is the first surviving use of the word mormaer; other than the knowledge that Constantine's kingdom had its own bishop or bishops and royal villas, this is the only hint to the institutions of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Corbridge, Ragnall enjoyed only a short respite. In the south, Alfred's son Edward had rapidly secured control of Mercia and had a <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a> constructed at <a href="/wiki/Bakewell" title="Bakewell">Bakewell</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> from which his armies could easily strike north. An army from <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> led by Ragnall's kinsman Sihtric struck at north-western Mercia in 919, but in 920 or 921 Edward met with Ragnall and other kings. The <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> states that these kings "chose Edward as father and lord". Among the other kings present were Constantine, Ealdred son of Eadwulf, and the king of Strathclyde, <a href="/wiki/Owain_ap_Dyfnwal_(fl._934)" title="Owain ap Dyfnwal (fl. 934)">Owain ap Dyfnwal</a>. Here, again, a new term appears in the record, the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> for the first time using the word <i>scottas</i>, from which Scots derives, to describe the inhabitants of Constantine's kingdom in its report of these events.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward died in 924. His realms appear to have been divided with the West Saxons recognising <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a> while the Mercians chose <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> who had been raised at Æthelflæd's court. Ælfweard died within weeks of his father and Æthelstan was inaugurated as king of all of Edward's lands in 925.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Æthelstan"><span id=".C3.86thelstan"></span>Æthelstan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Æthelstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan%27s_invasion_of_Scotland" title="Æthelstan's invasion of Scotland">Æthelstan's invasion of Scotland</a></div> <p>By 926 Sihtric had evidently acknowledged <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> as overlord, adopting <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and marrying a sister of Æthelstan at <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a>. Within the year he appears to have forsaken his new faith and repudiated his wife, but before Æthelstan could respond, Sihtric died suddenly in 927. His kinsman, perhaps brother, <a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid</a>, who had remained as his deputy in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, came from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> to take power in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> but failed. Æthelstan moved quickly, seizing much of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. In less than a decade, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the English">kingdom of the English</a> had become by far the greatest power in Britain and Ireland, perhaps stretching as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John of Worcester's chronicle suggests that Æthelstan faced opposition from Constantine, <a href="/wiki/Owain_ap_Dyfnwal_(fl._934)" title="Owain ap Dyfnwal (fl. 934)">Owain</a>, and the Welsh kings. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> writes that Gofraid, together with Sihtric's young son <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Cuaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf Cuaran">Olaf Cuaran</a> fled north and received refuge from Constantine, which led to war with Æthelstan. A meeting at <a href="/wiki/Eamont_Bridge" title="Eamont Bridge">Eamont Bridge</a> on 12 July 927 was sealed by an agreement that Constantine, Owain, <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a>, and Ealdred would "renounce all idolatry": that is, they would not ally with the Viking kings. William states that Æthelstan stood godfather to a son of Constantine, probably <a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ildulb_mac_Constant%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ildulb mac Constantín">Ildulb mac Constantín</a>), during the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelstan followed up his advances in the north by securing the recognition of the Welsh kings.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next seven years, the record of events in the north is blank. Æthelstan's court was attended by the Welsh kings, but not by Constantine or Owain. This absence of record means that Æthelstan's reasons for marching north against Constantine in 934 are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelstan's invasion is reported in brief by the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, and later chroniclers such as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Worcester" title="John of Worcester">John of Worcester</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symeon_of_Durham" title="Symeon of Durham">Symeon of Durham</a> add detail to that bald account. Æthelstan's army began gathering at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> by 28 May 934 and travelled north to <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> by 7 June. He was accompanied by many leaders, including the <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Welsh kings</a> <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idwal_Foel" title="Idwal Foel">Idwal Foel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_ab_Owain" title="Morgan ab Owain">Morgan ab Owain</a>. From Mercia, the army continued to <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-Street" title="Chester-le-Street">Chester-le-Street</a>, before resuming the march accompanied by a fleet of ships. Owain was defeated and Symeon states that the army went as far north as <a href="/wiki/Dunnottar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunnottar">Dunnottar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a>, while the fleet is said to have raided <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, by which a much larger area, including <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a>, is probably intended. It is unlikely that Constantine's personal authority extended so far north, so the attacks were probably directed at his allies, comprising simple looting expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Annals of Clonmacnoise">Annals of Clonmacnoise</a></i> state that "the Scottish men compelled [Æthelstan] to return without any great victory", while Henry of Huntingdon claims that the English faced no opposition. A negotiated settlement might have ended matters: according to John of Worcester, a son of Constantine was given as a hostage to Æthelstan and Constantine himself accompanied the English king on his return south. He witnessed a charter with Æthelstan at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham" title="Buckingham">Buckingham</a> on 13 September 934 in which he is described as <i>subregulus</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, a king acknowledging Æthelstan's overlordship, the only place there is any record of such a description.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no record of Constantine having ever submitted to Æthelstan's overlordship or that he considered himself such. The following year, Constantine was again in England at Æthelstan's court, this time at <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a> where he appears as a witness, as the first of several kings, followed by Owain and Hywel Dda, who subscribed to the diploma.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Christmas of 935, Owain was once more at Æthelstan's court along with the Welsh kings, but Constantine was not. His return to England less than two years later would be in very different circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brunanburh_and_after">Brunanburh and after</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brunanburh and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his departure from Æthelstan's court after 935, there is no further report of Constantine until 937. In that year, together with Owain and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Constantine invaded England. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">battle of Brunanburh</a> — <i>Dún Brunde</i> — is reported in the <i>Annals of Ulster</i> as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a great battle, lamentable and terrible was cruelly fought... in which fell uncounted thousands of the Northmen. ... And on the other side, a multitude of Saxons fell; but Æthelstan, the king of the Saxons, obtained a great victory.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The battle was remembered in England a generation later as "the Great Battle". When reporting the battle, the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> abandons its usual terse style in favour of a heroic poem vaunting the great victory. In this, the "hoary" Constantine, by now around 60 years of age, is said to have lost a son in the battle, a claim which the <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i> confirms. The <i>Annals of Clonmacnoise</i> give his name as Cellach. For all its fame, the site of the battle is uncertain and several sites have been advanced, with <a href="/wiki/Bromborough" title="Bromborough">Bromborough</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral</a> the most favoured location.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brunanburh" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a>, for all that it had been a famous and bloody battle, settled nothing. On 27 October 939 Æthelstan, the "pillar of the dignity of the western world" in the words of the <i>Annals of Ulster</i>, died at <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury" title="Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a>. He was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund</a>, then aged 18. Æthelstan's realm, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaíb returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw. Edmund spent the remainder of Constantín's reign rebuilding his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Constantine's last years as king, there is only the meagre record of the <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i>. The death of Æthelstan is reported, as are two others. The first of these, in 938, is that of <a href="/wiki/Dubacan_of_Angus" title="Dubacan of Angus">Dubacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Angus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormaer of Angus">mormaer of Angus</a> or son of the mormaer. Unlike the report of 918, on this occasion, the title mormaer is attached to a geographical area, but it is unknown whether the Angus of 938 was in any way similar to the later mormaerdom or earldom.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second death entered with that of Æthelstan, is that of Eochaid mac Ailpín, who might, from his name, have been a kinsman of Constantín.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abdication_and_posterity">Abdication and posterity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abdication and posterity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 940s, Constantine was an old man in his late sixties or seventies. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">kingdom of Alba</a> was too new to be said to have a customary rule of succession, but Pictish and Irish precedents favoured an adult successor descended from <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a>. Constantine's surviving son <a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a>, probably baptised in 927, would have been too young to be a serious candidate for the kingship in the early 940s, and the obvious heir was Constantine's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm I">Malcolm I</a>. As Malcolm was born no later than 901, by the 940s he was no longer a young man and may have been impatient. Willingly or not — the 11th century <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%C3%A1n" title="The Prophecy of Berchán">The Prophecy of Berchán</a></i>, a verse history in the form of a supposed prophecy, states that it was not a voluntary decision — Constantine abdicated in 943 and entered a monastery, leaving the kingdom to Malcolm.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although his retirement might have been involuntary, the <i>Life</i> of <a href="/wiki/Cathr%C3%B3e_of_Metz" title="Cathróe of Metz">Cathróe of Metz</a> and <i>The Prophecy of Berchán</i> portray Constantine as a devout king. The monastery to which Constantine retired, and where he is said to have been <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>, was probably that of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rock" title="Church of St Mary on the Rock">St Andrews</a>. This had been refounded in his reign and given to the reforming <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9li_D%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Céli Dé">Céli Dé</a> (Culdee) movement. The Céli Dé were subsequently to be entrusted with many monasteries throughout the kingdom of Alba until replaced in the 12th century by new orders imported from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven years later the <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i> says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Malcolm I] plundered the English as far as the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">river Tees</a>, and he seized a multitude of people and many herds of cattle: and the Scots called this the raid of Albidosorum, that is, Nainndisi. But others say that Constantine made this raid, asking of the king, Malcolm I, that the kingship should be given to him for a week's time so that he could visit the English. In fact, it was Malcolm I who made the raid, but Constantine incited him, as I have said.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Woolf suggests that the association of Constantine with the raid is a late addition, one derived from a now-lost saga or poem.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine's death in 952 is recorded by the Irish annals, who enter it among ecclesiastics. His son Indulf would become king on Malcolm's death. The last of Constantine's certain descendants to be king in Alba was a great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a> (Constantín mac Cuiléin). Another son had died at Brunanburh and according to John of Worcester, <a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_mac_Gofraid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amlaíb mac Gofraid">Amlaíb mac Gofraid</a> was married to a daughter of Constantine. It is possible that Constantine had other children, but like the name of his wife, or wives, this has not been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The form of kingdom which appeared in Constantine's reign continued in much the same way until the <a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a> in the 12th century. As with his ecclesiastical reforms, his political legacy was the creation of a new form of Scottish kingship that lasted for two centuries after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Constantine's wife is not known, however, they are known to have had at least 3 children: </p> <ul><li>Ildulb mac Causantín (Indulf or Indulph)(died 962), king of Alba 954–962;</li> <li>Cellach, died in 937 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a>;</li> <li>A daughter, name not recorded, married <a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_mac_Gofraid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amlaíb mac Gofraid">Amlaíb mac Gofraid</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 87–93; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Kings and Kingship</i>, reproduces these lists and discusses their origins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broun, <i>Irish Identity</i>, pp. 133–164; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 2–3, 87–88, 357–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 277–285; Ó Corrain, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland"; Sawyer and Sawyer, <i>Medieval Scandinavia</i>, pp. 21–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacQuarrie, <i>Saints of Scotland</i>, pp. 199–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annals of Ulster</i>, s.a. 838.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 57–67, 93–98; Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 180–185; Duncan, <i>Kingship of the Scots</i>, pp. 8–10; Bannerman, "Scottish takeover"; Foster, <i>Picts, Gaels and Scots</i>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 93–117, 320–322; Broun, "Dunkeld"; Duncan, <i>Kingship of the Scots</i>, pp. 13–14; Herbert, "<i>Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban</i>"; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 220–221, 256–257; Broun, <i>Irish Identity</i>, pp. 173–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 98–101; Driscoll, <i>Alba</i> pp. 33–51; Foster, <i>Picts, Gaels and Scots</i>, pp. 8 fig. 1, 39 fig. 24, 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 106–116; Swanton, <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, pp. 72–75, s.a. 875. For Constantine as the last Pictish king, the original count being 66 kings, see Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 124–126; Broun, <i>Irish Identity</i>, pp. 168–169; Anderson, <i>Kings and Kingship</i>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keynes, "Rulers of the English", pp. 504–505; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 138–139; Blair, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 75–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annals of Ulster, s.a. 893 and 902; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp 131, 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 153–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, pp. 99–100, 286–289; Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 275–311, especially 286–289; Ó Corrain, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland"; Crawford, <i>Scandinavian Scotland</i>, pp. 39–62; Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 141–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 116–117, 124, and 166, note 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 357–358, 395; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On this, note Dumville's comments regarding <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a>, Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 75; see also Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 117–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Kings and Kingship</i>, pp. 251–252, 254, 263, 267, 274, 283 and 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan, pp. 11–16; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 117–121, 137–138 and 320–322. For an alternative view of all this, see Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 215–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 122–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. cxlix and 397–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, p. 125; Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 395–398. The account of the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a> in Domnall's time given by, for example, Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 217–218, is rejected by Duncan, <i>Kingship of the Scots</i>, p. 40, and Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 152–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yorke, <i>The Conversion of Britain</i>, pp. 190–191; Alcock, <i>Kings and Warriors</i>, pp. 327–329; Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, p.136. See also the <a href="/wiki/Cathach_of_St._Columba" title="Cathach of St. Columba">Cathach of St. Columba</a>, a 7th century <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">psalter</a> to which similar powers were attributed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 122–126; Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 444–446, where Albania is translated as Scotland; Broun, "Dunkeld".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 127–128, 130–131; Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 398, 399, 444–446; <i>Annals of Ulster</i>, s.a. 902, 904; <i>Chronicon Scotorum</i>, s.a. 902, 904; <i>Fragmentary Annals</i>, FA 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, p. 445, note 1; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, p. 135. This version is followed by Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Driscoll, p. 37, translates the phrase in this way; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, p. 136; see also Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 188–189, writes that "it marks the final triumph of the Gaelic order over the old Pictish order".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Driscoll, <i>Alba</i>, p. 37; Duncan, <i>Kingship of the Scots</i>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higham, <i>Kingdom of Northumbria</i>, pp. 185–186; <i>Fragmentary Annals of Ireland</i>, FA 429; <i>Annals of Ulster</i>, s.a. 913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Annals of Ulster</i> states that Cormac died on <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 908; Woolf, pp. 127–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domnall's death is recorded by the <i>Annals of Ulster</i>. For the re-reading by Benjamin Hudson, see Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 127–129, 152–157; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 77. Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 222–223, is typical of the interpretation found in older works. The phrase in question reads "<i>et Dunenaldus filius Ede elig<sub>7</sub></i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Annals of Ulster</i> record the death of Flann on 25 May 916 and that of Niall on 14 September 919; Woolf, pp. 127–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hart, "Sihtric Cáech"; Hart "Ragnall"; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 138–141; <i>Annals of Ulster</i>, s.a. 914–917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, p. 142; <i>Annals of Ulster</i>, s.a. 918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higham, <i>Kingdom of Northumbria</i>, pp. 186–188; Swanton, <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, p. 105, Ms. C, s.a. 918, 919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keynes, "Rulers of the English"; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 138–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is disagreement as to whether there was one battle at Corbridge in the 910s or two. The <i>Annals of Ulster</i>, s.a. 918, the <i>Fragmentary Annals of Ireland</i>, and the <i>Chronicle of the Kings of Alba</i>, report only one battle. The idea that there were two rests on the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_de_Sancto_Cuthberto" title="Historia de Sancto Cuthberto">Historia de Sancto Cuthberto</a></i>, for which see Anderson, <i>Scottish Annals</i>, p. 64. The question is discussed by Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 142–144; Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 332–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Mormaers, see Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp 342–350; Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 219–220. For the later institutions of the kingdom of Alba, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow, G. W. S.</a> (2003), <i>The Kingdom of the Scots. Government, Church and Society from the eleventh to the fourteenth century</i> (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, pp. 1–67, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1803-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1803-1"><bdi>0-7486-1803-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Scots.+Government%2C+Church+and+Society+from+the+eleventh+to+the+fourteenth+century&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=1-67&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7486-1803-1&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 333–335; Swanton, <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, p. 104, Ms. A, s.a. 924; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 145–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keynes, "Rulers of the English", p. 514; Miller, "Æthelstan"; Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higham, <i>Kingdom of Northumbria</i>, pp. 186–190; Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 339–340; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp.148–151; Swanton, <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, pp. 105 and 107, Ms. D, s.a. 925, 926, Ms. E, F, s.a. 927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Scottish Annals</i>, pp. 66–67; Swanton, <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, p.107, Ms. D, s.a. 926; Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 339–340; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp 150–152, 192–193; Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 201–202; Miller, "Æthelstan".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 340–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 161–165. The previous year had seen the death of Æthelstan's brother <a href="/wiki/Edwin_(son_of_Edward_the_Elder)" title="Edwin (son of Edward the Elder)">Edwin</a>, perhaps drowned on the king's orders; Swanton, <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, p. 107, Ms. E, s.a. 933 and note 11; Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 355–356. The following year Gofraid died and was succeeded by his son Amlaíb, Constantine's son-in-law; <i>Annals of Ulster</i>, s.a. 934. Finally, the <i>Annals of Clonmacnoise</i> report the death of "Adulf mcEtulfe, king of the North Saxons" in the same year as Æthelstan's campaign; Woolf suggests that this represents Ealdred, or some other son of Eadulf, ruling in Northumbria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanton, <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, p. 107, Ms. D, s.a. 934; Anderson, <i>Scottish Annals</i>, pp. 67–69; Miller, "Æthelstan"; Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, p. 342; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 160–166; Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, p. 426; Anderson, <i>Scottish Annals</i>, pp. 67–69; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 166–168; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=charter&id=426">"Charter S 426"</a>. <i>Anglo-Saxons.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Saxons.net&rft.atitle=Charter+S+426&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-saxons.net%2Fhwaet%2F%3Fdo%3Dget%26type%3Dcharter%26id%3D426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 166–168; only a part of this charter survives, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227002745/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/kemble/pelteret/Lsp/Lsp%2011.htm">"Charter S 1792"</a>. <i>Anglo-Saxon Charters Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/kemble/pelteret/Lsp/Lsp%2011.htm">the original</a> on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Saxon+Charters+Website&rft.atitle=Charter+S+1792&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trin.cam.ac.uk%2Fkemble%2Fpelteret%2FLsp%2FLsp%252011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 428–429; <i>Annals of Ulster</i>, s.a. 937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanton, <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, pp. 106–110, Ms. A, s.a. 937; Anderson, <i>Scottish Annals</i>, pp. 69–73; Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, p. 429; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, 168–173; Smyth, <i>Warlords and Holy Men</i>, pp. 203–204; Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 342–343; Scragg, "<i>Battle of Brunanburh</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, p. 174; Stenton, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 356–359; Higham, <i>Kingdom of Northumbria</i>, p. 193; Blair, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, pp. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 175, 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, p. 175; Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 444–448; Broun, "Constantine II".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 431–444; Broun, "Constantine II"; Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, p. 175; MacQuarrie, <i>Saints of Scotland</i>, pp. 199–210. <i>The Prophecy of Berchán</i> describes Constantine's "fair, long reign" as a time "with fruit upon slender branches, with ale, with music, with good cheer; with corn, with milk, with nimble cattle; with pride, with fortune, with [worth]"; Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 447–448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, pp. 452–453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 178–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 171, 175, 177; Duncan, <i>Kingship of the Scots</i>, p. 345, table A; Anderson, <i>Early Sources</i>, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broun, "Constantine II". The nature of that kingdom is, however, still a matter of debate, see Woolf, <i>Pictland to Alba</i>, pp. 342–350; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2000" class="citation cs2">Grant, Alexander (2000), "The Construction of the Early Scottish State", in Maddicott, J. R.; Palliser, D. M. (eds.), <i>The Medieval State: Essays presented to James Campbell</i>, London: Hambeldon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-195-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-195-3"><bdi>1-85285-195-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+the+Early+Scottish+State&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+State%3A+Essays+presented+to+James+Campbell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambeldon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85285-195-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeán_Mac_AirtGearóid_Mac_Niocaill1983" class="citation book cs1">Seán Mac Airt; <a href="/wiki/Gear%C3%B3id_Mac_Niocaill" title="Gearóid Mac Niocaill">Gearóid Mac Niocaill</a>, eds. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A"><i>The Annals of Ulster (to AD 1131)</i></a>. Translated by Mac Airt; Mac Niocaill. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies">Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Ulster+%28to+AD+1131%29&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpublished%2FG100001A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100016/"><i>Chronicon Scotorum</i></a>, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicon+Scotorum&rft.pub=CELT%3A+Corpus+of+Electronic+Texts&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpublished%2FT100016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1922" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Orr_Anderson" title="Alan Orr Anderson">Anderson, Alan Orr</a> (1922), <i>Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500 to 1286</i>, vol. I (1990 revised and corrected ed.), Stamford: Paul Watkins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871615-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-871615-03-8"><bdi>1-871615-03-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Sources+of+Scottish+History+A.D.+500+to+1286&rft.place=Stamford&rft.edition=1990+revised+and+corrected&rft.pub=Paul+Watkins&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=1-871615-03-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Alan+Orr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1908" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Alan Orr (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scottishannalsfr00andeuoft"><i>Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286</i></a>, London: D. Nutt</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Annals+from+English+Chroniclers+A.D.+500+to+1286&rft.place=London&rft.pub=D.+Nutt&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Alan+Orr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscottishannalsfr00andeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Ogilvie_Anderson" title="Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson">Anderson, M. O.</a> (1980), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scottishhistoric0000dona"><i>Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland</i></a></span> (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-1604-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-1604-8"><bdi>0-7011-1604-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Kingship+in+Early+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scottish+Academic+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7011-1604-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=M.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscottishhistoric0000dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannerman1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Bannerman_(historian)" title="John Bannerman (historian)">Bannerman, John</a> (1999), "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba", in <a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Broun, Dauvit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Owen_Clancy" title="Thomas Owen Clancy">Clancy, Thomas Owen</a> (eds.), <i>Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 71–94, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8"><bdi>0-567-08682-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scottish+Takeover+of+Pictland+and+the+relics+of+Columba&rft.btitle=Spes+Scotorum%3A+Hope+of+Scots.+Saint+Columba%2C+Iona+and+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=71-94&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-567-08682-8&rft.aulast=Bannerman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Blair, Peter Hunter</a> (1995), <i>An introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</i>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29219-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29219-0"><bdi>0-521-29219-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-29219-0&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Broun, Dauvit (2004). "Constantine II (Causantín mac Áeda) (<i>d</i>. 952)". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6115"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6115">10.1093/ref:odnb/6115</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6115&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F6115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun1999" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (1999), "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity", in <a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Broun, Dauvit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Owen_Clancy" title="Thomas Owen Clancy">Clancy, Thomas Owen</a> (eds.), <i>Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 96–111, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8"><bdi>0-567-08682-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dunkeld+and+the+origins+of+Scottish+Identity&rft.btitle=Spes+Scotorum%3A+Hope+of+Scots.+Saint+Columba%2C+Iona+and+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=96-111&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-567-08682-8&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Broun, Dauvit</a> (1999), <i>The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries</i>, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-375-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-375-5"><bdi>0-85115-375-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Identity+of+the+Kingdom+of+the+Scots+in+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-85115-375-5&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrounClancy1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Broun, Dauvit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Owen_Clancy" title="Thomas Owen Clancy">Clancy, Thomas Owen</a> (1999), <i>Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8"><bdi>0-567-08682-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spes+Scotorum%3A+Hope+of+Scots.+Saint+Columba%2C+Iona+and+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-567-08682-8&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rft.au=Clancy%2C+Thomas+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1987" class="citation cs2">Crawford, Barbara (1987), <i>Scandinavian Scotland</i>, Leicester: Leicester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-1282-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-1282-0"><bdi>0-7185-1282-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+Scotland&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7185-1282-0&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2002" class="citation cs2">Driscoll, Stephen (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albagaelickingdo00dris"><i>Alba: The Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland AD 800–1124</i></a>, The Making of Scotland, Edinburgh: Birlinn, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84158-145-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84158-145-3"><bdi>1-84158-145-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alba%3A+The+Gaelic+Kingdom+of+Scotland+AD+800%E2%80%931124&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+Making+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84158-145-3&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbagaelickingdo00dris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumville2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Dumville" title="David Dumville">Dumville, David</a> (2000), "The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", in Taylor, Simon (ed.), <i>Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297</i>, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 73–86, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9"><bdi>1-85182-516-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chronicle+of+the+Kings+of+Alba&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+clerics+and+chronicles+in+Scotland+500%E2%80%931297&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=73-86&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85182-516-9&rft.aulast=Dumville&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Duncan_(historian)" title="Archie Duncan (historian)">Duncan, A. A. M.</a> (2002), <i>The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1626-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1626-8"><bdi>0-7486-1626-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingship+of+the+Scots+842%E2%80%931292%3A+Succession+and+Independence&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7486-1626-8&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=A.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2004" class="citation cs2">Foster, Sally M. (2004), <i>Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland</i> (2nd ed.), London: Batsford, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8874-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-8874-3"><bdi>0-7134-8874-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picts%2C+Gaels+and+Scots%3A+Early+Historic+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7134-8874-3&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Sally+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hart, Cyril (2004). "Ragnall (<i>d</i>. 920/21)". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49264"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49264">10.1093/ref:odnb/49264</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49264&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F49264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hart, Cyril (2004). "Sihtric Cáech (<i>d</i>. 927)". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25543"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25543">10.1093/ref:odnb/25543</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25543&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F25543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2000" class="citation cs2">Herbert, Máire (2000), "<i>Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban</i>: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries", in Taylor, Simon (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/academic/smg/CDI/PDFs_articles/Herbert_RiAlban.pdf"><i>Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 62–72, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9"><bdi>1-85182-516-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229000708/http://www.ucc.ie/academic/smg/CDI/PDFs_articles/Herbert_RiAlban.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 February 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ri+%C3%89irenn%2C+Ri+Alban%3A+kingship+and+identity+in+the+ninth+and+tenth+centuries&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+clerics+and+chronicles+in+Scotland+500%E2%80%931297&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=62-72&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85182-516-9&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Facademic%2Fsmg%2FCDI%2FPDFs_articles%2FHerbert_RiAlban.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1993" class="citation cs2">Higham, N. J. (1993), <i>The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100</i>, Stroud: Sutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-730-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-730-5"><bdi>0-86299-730-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Northumbria+AD+350%E2%80%931100&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-86299-730-5&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1999" class="citation cs2">Keynes, Simon (1999), "Rulers of the English", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.), <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 500–516, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0"><bdi>0-631-22492-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rulers+of+the+English&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=500-516&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-22492-0&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge1999" class="citation cs2">Lapidge, Michael, ed. (1999), <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 500–516, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0"><bdi>0-631-22492-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=500-516&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-22492-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hudson, Benjamin T. (2004). "Óláf Guthfrithson (<i>d</i>. 941)". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20670"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20670">10.1093/ref:odnb/20670</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20670&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F20670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacQuarrie1997" class="citation cs2">MacQuarrie, Alan (1997), <i>The Saints of Scotland: Essays in Scottish Church History AD 450–1093</i>, Edinburgh: John Donald, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-446-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-446-X"><bdi>0-85976-446-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saints+of+Scotland%3A+Essays+in+Scottish+Church+History+AD+450%E2%80%931093&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-85976-446-X&rft.aulast=MacQuarrie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation cs2">Miller, Sean (1999), "Æthelstan", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.), <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 16–17, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0"><bdi>0-631-22492-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelstan&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-22492-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1896" class="citation cs2">Murphy, Dennis, ed. (1896), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofclonmacn00royauoft"><i>The Annals of Clonmacnoise, being annals of Ireland from the earliest period to A.D. 1408</i></a>, Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Clonmacnoise%2C+being+annals+of+Ireland+from+the+earliest+period+to+A.D.+1408&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Ireland&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannalsofclonmacn00royauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Corráin1998" class="citation cs2">Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/Vikings%20in%20Scotland%20and%20Ireland.pdf">"The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Peritia</i>, <b>12</b>: 296–339, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.Peri.3.334">10.1484/J.Peri.3.334</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050216014834/http://www.ucc.ie/celt/Vikings%20in%20Scotland%20and%20Ireland.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peritia&rft.atitle=The+Vikings+in+Scotland+and+Ireland+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=296-339&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.Peri.3.334&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Corr%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=Donnchadh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2FVikings%2520in%2520Scotland%2520and%2520Ireland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner1975" class="citation cs2">Radner, Joan N., ed. (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/index.html"><i>Fragmentary Annals of Ireland</i></a>, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragmentary+Annals+of+Ireland&rft.pub=CELT%3A+Corpus+of+Electronic+Texts&rft.date=1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpublished%2FT100017%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyerSawyer1993" class="citation cs2">Sawyer, Peter; Sawyer, Birgit (1993), <i>Medieval Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation circa 800–1500</i>, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1739-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1739-2"><bdi>0-8166-1739-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+From+Conversion+to+Reformation+circa+800%E2%80%931500&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8166-1739-2&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScragg1999" class="citation cs2">Scragg, Donald (1999), "Battle of Brunanburh", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.), <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 54–55, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0"><bdi>0-631-22492-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Brunanburh&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-22492-0&rft.aulast=Scragg&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1984" class="citation cs2">Smyth, Alfred P. (1984), <i>Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0100-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0100-7"><bdi>0-7486-0100-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Holy+Men%3A+Scotland+AD+80%E2%80%931000&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7486-0100-7&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation cs2">Stenton, Frank M. (1971), <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280139-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280139-2"><bdi>0-19-280139-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-280139-2&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1996" class="citation cs2">Swanton, Michael (1996), <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5"><bdi>0-415-92129-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-92129-5&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2000" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Simon, ed. (2000), <i>Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297</i>, Dublin: Four Courts Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9"><bdi>1-85182-516-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+clerics+and+chronicles+in+Scotland+500%E2%80%931297&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85182-516-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a> (2007), <i>From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070</i>, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1234-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-1234-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pictland+to+Alba%2C+789%E2%80%931070&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+New+Edinburgh+History+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1234-5&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+II+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=7690">Constantine 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/constantine-ii-r-900-943">Constantine II</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Constantine II of Scotland </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">House of Alpin</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <a href="/wiki/%C3%97" class="mw-redirect" title="×">×</a>879</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 952</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald II">Donald II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Alba</a> </b><br />900–943 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm I">Malcolm I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts <br /> (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots<br />(traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333748#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333748#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172624889">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1013280172">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1013280172.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1013280172">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&oldid=1254718738">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_II_of_Scotland&oldid=1254718738</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Alpin" title="Category:House of Alpin">House of Alpin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Scottish_monarchs" title="Category:9th-century Scottish monarchs">9th-century Scottish 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