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Mamelouk — Wikipédia

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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Système_mamelouk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Système mamelouk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Système_mamelouk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Régimes_particuliers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Régimes_particuliers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Régimes particuliers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Régimes_particuliers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Régimes particuliers</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Régimes_particuliers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mamelouks_d&#039;Égypte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamelouks_d&#039;Égypte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mamelouks d'Égypte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamelouks_d&#039;Égypte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>En France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autres_entités_au_sein_de_l&#039;empire_ottoman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autres_entités_au_sein_de_l&#039;empire_ottoman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Autres entités au sein de l'empire ottoman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autres_entités_au_sein_de_l&#039;empire_ottoman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_Inde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_Inde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>En Inde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_Inde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dans_l&#039;émirat_de_Grenade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dans_l&#039;émirat_de_Grenade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dans l'émirat de Grenade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dans_l&#039;émirat_de_Grenade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamelouk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 75 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluk" title="Mameluk – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mameluk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluken" title="Mameluken – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mameluken" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE)" title="مملوك (تاريخ) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملوك (تاريخ)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83" title="مملوك – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucu" title="Mamelucu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mamelucu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99ml%C3%BCkl%C9%99r" title="Məmlüklər – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məmlüklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مملوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مملوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мәмлүктәр – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәмлүктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мамелюци – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мамелюци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="মামলুক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মামলুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamlouked" title="Mamlouked – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mamlouked" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memluci" title="Memluci – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Memluci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucs" title="Mamelucs – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mamelucs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maml%C3%BAci" title="Mamlúci – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mamlúci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluk" title="Mameluk – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mameluk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluken" title="Mamluken – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mamluken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Μαμελούκοι – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαμελούκοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamlukoj" title="Mamlukoj – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mamlukoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mameluco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukid" title="Mamelukid – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mamelukid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluko" title="Mameluko – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mameluko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مملوک – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مملوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukit" title="Mamelukit – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mamelukit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal%C3%BAcach" title="Mamalúcach – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mamalúcach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mameluco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ממלוכים – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלוכים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluci" title="Mameluci – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mameluci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maml%C3%BAk" title="Mamlúk – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mamlúk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մամլուքներ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մամլուքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maml%C3%BAki" title="Mamlúki – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mamlúki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucchi" title="Mamelucchi – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mamelucchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="マムルーク – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マムルーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მამლუქები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მამლუქები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мәмлүктер – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәмлүктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%98%EB%A3%A8%ED%81%AC" title="맘루크 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맘루크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meml%C3%BBk" title="Memlûk – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Memlûk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мамлюктар – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мамлюктар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluci" title="Mamluci – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mamluci" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluc" title="Mamluc – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mamluc" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameliukai" title="Mameliukai – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mameliukai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluks" title="Mameluks – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mameluks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="मम्लुक – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मम्लुक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammelukken" title="Mammelukken – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mammelukken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukk" title="Mamelukk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mamelukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukk" title="Mamelukk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mamelukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelocs" title="Mamelocs – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mamelocs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਮਲੂਕ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਮਲੂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucy" title="Mamelucy – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mamelucy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مملوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucos" title="Mamelucos – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mamelucos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Mameluc%C4%83" title="Dinastia Mamelucă – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Mamelucă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мамлюки – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мамлюки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammaluccu" title="Mammaluccu – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mammaluccu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluci" title="Mameluci – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mameluci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluki" title="Mameluki – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mameluki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawladii_Mamaaliikta" title="Dawladii Mamaaliikta – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dawladii Mamaaliikta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk%C3%ABt" title="Mamlukët – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mamlukët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мамелуци – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мамелуци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluker" title="Mamluker – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mamluker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="மம்லூக் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மம்லூக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81" title="มัมลูก – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัมลูก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meml%C3%BBk" title="Memlûk – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Memlûk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мәмлүкләр – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәмлүкләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мамелюки – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мамелюки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مملوک – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملوک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluklar" title="Mamluklar – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mamluklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%A9%86%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="马穆鲁克 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马穆鲁克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%A9%86%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="马穆鲁克 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马穆鲁克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E5%85%8B" title="馬木留克 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬木留克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q947784#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cet article traite du système mamelouk. Pour l'État mamelouk d'Égypte, voir <a href="/wiki/Sultanat_mamelouk_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Sultanat mamelouk d&#39;Égypte">Sultanat mamelouk d'Égypte</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Mamluk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mamluk.jpg/220px-Mamluk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mamluk.jpg/330px-Mamluk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Mamluk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>«&#160;Mamelouk égyptien en habit ordinaire&#160;» (1778).</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>mamelouks</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabe</a>&#160;: <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">مملوك</span>, (singulier) mamlūk, <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">مماليك</span> (pluriel) mamālīk, <i>possédé</i>&#160;; en <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">turc</a>&#160;: <span class="lang-tr" lang="tr">Memlüklüler</span>) sont les membres d'une milice formée d'<a href="/wiki/Traite_orientale" title="Traite orientale">esclaves</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> affranchis, d'origine non musulmane, au service de différents souverains <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmans</a>, milice qui a occupé le pouvoir<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> à de nombreuses reprises. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origines">Origines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Origines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origines"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Mamluke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/220px-Mamluke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/330px-Mamluke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Cavalier mamelouk (dessin de <a href="/wiki/Carle_Vernet" title="Carle Vernet">Carle Vernet</a> en 1810).</figcaption></figure> <p>Au <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle, les premiers mamelouks forment la garde des <a href="/wiki/Calife" title="Calife">califes</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbassides" title="Abbassides">abbassides</a> à <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. Ils sont d'abord recrutés parmi les captifs non musulmans en provenance du <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> actuel, du <a href="/wiki/Caucase" title="Caucase">Caucase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Circassie" title="Circassie">Circassiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9orgiens" title="Géorgiens">Géorgiens</a>, etc.), d'<a href="/wiki/Europe_de_l%27Est" title="Europe de l&#39;Est">Europe orientale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slaves_orientaux" title="Slaves orientaux">Slaves orientaux</a>) ou de <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a> méridionale (<a href="/wiki/Coumanie" title="Coumanie">plaines du Kipchak</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Au départ, la position n'est pas héréditaire. Certains mamelouks parviennent à des positions importantes de commandement militaire. Ils sont ensuite au service de la dynastie <a href="/wiki/Ayyoubides" title="Ayyoubides">ayyoubide</a>. </p><p>Les Mamelouks (<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6lemens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kölemens (page inexistante)">Kölemens</a>), d'Égypte par des émirs d'origine <a href="/wiki/Langues_turciques" title="Langues turciques">turque</a> de l'armée <a href="/wiki/Ayyoubides" title="Ayyoubides">ayyoubide</a> et appelés État turc par les historiens de l'époque, peuvent être analysés en deux périodes&#160;: les Mamelouks Bahriens (Bahriyye, premiers Mamelouks&#160;; 1250-1382) et les Mamelouks Burjî (Burjiyye, deuxièmes Mamelouks&#160;; 1382-1517). L'État mamelouk présente une structure différente des autres en tant que forme d'administration parmi les États turcs. Mamelouk signifie littéralement «&#160;esclave&#160;», «&#160;chose possédée&#160;». Il porte ce nom parce qu'il s'agit d'un État fondé par des personnes originaires d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a>, recrutées pour être employées dans l'armée. Le nom de l'État est appelé «&#160;al-Dawlet al-Turkiyya&#160;» dans la correspondance et les documents officiels. Au cours de l'histoire, c'est le deuxième État turc à utiliser le mot «&#160;turc&#160;» dans le nom de l'État après les <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> et le premier État turc à utiliser le nom Turquie pour la première fois. Tout au long de l'histoire, les États turcs ont été gouvernés de la même manière. Dans ce système, que nous appelons monarchie, l'État est considéré comme la propriété commune de la dynastie régnante. Dans l'Empire ottoman en particulier, c'était la pratique jusqu'à ce que le système de succession soit déterminé par la loi. À la mort du souverain, les hommes de la famille dynastique avaient la possibilité de revendiquer le trône. L'absence d'un système de succession déterminé dans l'administration de l'État était la principale raison des luttes pour le trône. Ce système a perduré de manière générale jusqu'à l'Empire ottoman<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Système_mamelouk"><span id="Syst.C3.A8me_mamelouk"></span>Système mamelouk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Système mamelouk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Système mamelouk"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg/220px-Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg/330px-Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg/440px-Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="4933" /></a><figcaption>«&#160;Trois mamelouks à cheval avec lances&#160;» par <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hopfer" title="Daniel Hopfer">Hopfer</a> (v. 1526-1536).</figcaption></figure> <p>Le système mamelouk, tout comme le système <a href="/wiki/Janissaire" title="Janissaire">janissaire</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Ottomans</a>, qui permet l'accès aux plus hautes fonctions à des esclaves d'origine chrétienne, est hautement original pour une classe dirigeante. Propre à l’<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>, le terme est d'abord employé pour qualifier les soldats recrutés par le calife <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%CA%BFtas%CC%A9im_(Abbasside)" title="Al-Muʿtas̩im (Abbasside)">Al-Mutasim</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais le système perdure du <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#32;au&#32;<abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle. </p><p>Les mamelouks sont recrutés parmi des enfants capturés dans des pays non musulmans<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces enfants sont sélectionnés sur des critères de capacité, d’absence de liens et de résistance. Élevé loin de son pays d’origine, le futur mamelouk reçoit une éducation religieuse musulmane et une formation militaire notamment de cavalerie (<a href="/wiki/Fur%C3%BBsiyya" title="Furûsiyya">furûsiyya</a>). </p><p>Arrivé à l'âge adulte, il est <a href="/wiki/Affranchissement" title="Affranchissement">affranchi</a> par le <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> ou l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89mir" title="Émir">émir</a> (chef militaire) qui lui fournit un équipement et une <a href="/wiki/Solde_(arm%C3%A9e)" title="Solde (armée)">solde</a>. Il conserve toute sa vie l'<a href="/wiki/Esprit_de_corps" title="Esprit de corps">esprit de corps</a> ou <i>asabiyya</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> qui caractérise les mamelouks. Chaque mamelouk, en effet, est lié à sa maison, c'est-à-dire à son chef et aux mamelouks qui ont été formés en même temps que lui. </p><p>Il est difficile de déterminer le nombre exact de mamelouks transitant chaque année sur les <a href="/wiki/March%C3%A9_aux_esclaves" title="Marché aux esclaves">marchés aux esclaves</a>. Le voyageur et marchand vénitien Emmanuel Piloti prétend qu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle, dans la ville du <a href="/wiki/Le_Caire" title="Le Caire">Caire</a>, deux mille personnes étaient vendues chaque année. Bien que ces estimations paraissent excessives au vu des esclaves acquis par le sultan, elles semblent plus crédibles vis-à-vis de la somme générée par l'achat de mamelouks chaque année par le restant des acheteurs, d'autres marchés aux esclaves existant en dehors du Caire, notamment à <a href="/wiki/Alep" title="Alep">Alep</a> en <a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a> ou encore à <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a> en <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Régimes_particuliers"><span id="R.C3.A9gimes_particuliers"></span>Régimes particuliers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Régimes particuliers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Régimes particuliers"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamelouks_d'Égypte"><span id="Mamelouks_d.27.C3.89gypte"></span>Mamelouks d'Égypte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Mamelouks d&#039;Égypte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mamelouks d&#039;Égypte"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg/290px-The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg/435px-The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg/580px-The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption>Marché aux esclaves au Caire (v. 1830).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tombs_of_the_Royal_Family_of_Muhammad_Ali_Pasha_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tombs_of_the_Royal_Family_of_Muhammad_Ali_Pasha_01.jpg/290px-Tombs_of_the_Royal_Family_of_Muhammad_Ali_Pasha_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tombs_of_the_Royal_Family_of_Muhammad_Ali_Pasha_01.jpg/435px-Tombs_of_the_Royal_Family_of_Muhammad_Ali_Pasha_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tombs_of_the_Royal_Family_of_Muhammad_Ali_Pasha_01.jpg/580px-Tombs_of_the_Royal_Family_of_Muhammad_Ali_Pasha_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Mausolée des Mamelouks au Caire.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Sultanat_mamelouk_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Sultanat mamelouk d&#39;Égypte">Sultanat mamelouk d'Égypte</a>.</div></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a>, ils sont issus de la garde servile du sultan <a href="/wiki/Ayyoubides" title="Ayyoubides">ayyoubide</a> qu'ils renversent en 1250 à l'occasion de la <a href="/wiki/Septi%C3%A8me_croisade" title="Septième croisade">septième croisade</a>. </p><p>L'histoire de cette dynastie non héréditaire se divise en deux lignées, les <a href="/wiki/Baharites" title="Baharites">Baharites</a> (1250-1382) et les <a href="/wiki/Burjites" title="Burjites">Burjites</a> (1382-1517). </p><p>Les quarante-neuf <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a> de la dynastie mamelouke règnent sur l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_islamique" title="État islamique">État islamique</a> le plus puissant de son époque, qui s'étend sur l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Arabie" title="Arabie">péninsule Arabique</a> de 1250 jusqu’à la prise du pouvoir par les <a href="/wiki/Ottomans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottomans">Ottomans</a> sous le règne du sultan <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lim_Ier" title="Sélim Ier"><span class="nowrap">Sélim&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></span></a> en 1517. </p><p>Les mamelouks sont réputés pour leur qualité guerrière. Ils ont notamment arrêté la progression mongole lors de leur victoire à la bataille d'<a href="/wiki/Bataille_d%27A%C3%AFn_Djalout" title="Bataille d&#39;Aïn Djalout">Aïn Djalout</a> en 1260. </p><p>Après la conquête ottomane, les mamelouks conservent un rôle important dans la province, jusqu'au massacre de leurs chefs par <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9h%C3%A9met_Ali" title="Méhémet Ali">Méhémet Ali</a> en 1811<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="En_France">En France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : En France" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : En France"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Mamelouks_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale" title="Mamelouks de la Garde impériale">Mamelouks de la Garde impériale</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/220px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/330px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/440px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2359" /></a><figcaption>Dans <i><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_mayo" title="Dos de mayo">Dos de mayo</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a> représente un révolté madrilène s'apprêtant à tuer un mamelouk en le jetant à bas de son cheval.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pendant la <a href="/wiki/Campagne_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Campagne d&#39;Égypte">campagne d'Égypte</a> menée par <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ier" title="Napoléon Ier">Bonaparte</a>, une partie des mamelouks se rallient à lui et le suivent en <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <time class="nowrap" datetime="1802-04" data-sort-value="1802-04">avril 1802</time>, le capitaine Delaitre est chargé de réorganiser l'escadron des mamelouks de la <a href="/wiki/Garde_des_consuls" title="Garde des consuls">Garde consulaire</a> qu'il dirige jusqu'en 1807. Les mamelouks forment à cette période un escadron de la <a href="/wiki/Garde_imp%C3%A9riale_(Premier_Empire)" title="Garde impériale (Premier Empire)">Garde impériale</a>, qui est par la suite rattaché au régiment des <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_%C3%A0_cheval_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale" title="Chasseurs à cheval de la Garde impériale">chasseurs à cheval</a>. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1805-12-02" data-sort-value="1805-12-02">2 décembre 1805</time>, ils chargent les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_des_chevaliers-gardes" title="Régiment des chevaliers-gardes">chevaliers-gardes russes</a> à la <a href="/wiki/Bataille_d%27Austerlitz" title="Bataille d&#39;Austerlitz">bataille d'Austerlitz</a> et capturent de nombreux prisonniers, parmi lesquels se trouve le <a href="/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Grigorievitch_Repnine-Volkonski" title="Nikolaï Grigorievitch Repnine-Volkonski">prince Repnine</a>. </p><p>Présents parmi les troupes d'occupation françaises à <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> au moment de la <a href="/wiki/Soul%C3%A8vement_du_Dos_de_Mayo" title="Soulèvement du Dos de Mayo">révolte du 2 mai 1808</a> au cours de laquelle ils combattent les Madrilènes révoltés, ils sont une cause supplémentaire de la haine des Espagnols contre Napoléon, ceux-ci refusant d'être occupés par des combattants <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmans</a>. </p><p>Après la chute du <a href="/wiki/Premier_Empire" title="Premier Empire">Premier Empire</a>, ils sont dispersés. Les derniers d'entre eux sont assassinés à <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> pendant la <a href="/wiki/Terreur_blanche_de_1815" title="Terreur blanche de 1815">Terreur blanche</a> de 1815. Pendant le <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire" title="Second Empire">Second Empire</a>, on donne le nom de «&#160;mamelouks&#160;» aux bonapartistes autoritaires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autres_entités_au_sein_de_l'empire_ottoman"><span id="Autres_entit.C3.A9s_au_sein_de_l.27empire_ottoman"></span>Autres entités au sein de l'empire ottoman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Autres entités au sein de l&#039;empire ottoman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Autres entités au sein de l&#039;empire ottoman"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Irak_sous_l%27Empire_ottoman" title="Irak sous l&#39;Empire ottoman">mamelouks de Bagdad</a> proclament leur indépendance au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle, et la conservent jusqu'en 1830. </p><p>Dans les <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gence_de_Tunis" title="Régence de Tunis">Régences de Tunis</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger" title="Régence d&#39;Alger">Alger</a>, et celle de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gence_de_Tripoli" title="Régence de Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, aux <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#32;et&#32;<abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècles, les mamelouks, qu'ils soient issus de la <a href="/wiki/Piraterie" title="Piraterie">piraterie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Mer Méditerranée">Méditerranée</a> ou des <a href="/wiki/Caucase" title="Caucase">régions caucasiennes</a>, forment un corps militaire fermé autour du souverain. </p><p>Que ce soit le <a href="/wiki/Bey_de_Tunis" title="Bey de Tunis">bey de Tunis</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Dey_d%27Alger" title="Dey d&#39;Alger">dey d'Alger</a> ou le <a href="/wiki/Pacha_(titre)" title="Pacha (titre)">pacha</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_(Libye)" title="Tripoli (Libye)">Tripoli</a>, ils ont souvent recours à leurs services car les mamelouks sont jugés plus aptes et surtout plus sûrs que les populations autochtones. Ils accaparent la <a href="/wiki/Haute_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Haute administration">haute administration</a>, l'armée et le gouvernement local. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="En_Inde">En Inde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : En Inde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : En Inde"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 1206, <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BBtb_ud-D%C3%AEn_Aibak" title="Qûtb ud-Dîn Aibak">Qûtb ud-Dîn Aibak</a>, le commandant des forces mameloukes en <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, se proclame <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> de <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_des_esclaves" title="Dynastie des esclaves">dynastie des esclaves</a> demeurera jusqu'en 1290. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dans_l'émirat_de_Grenade"><span id="Dans_l.27.C3.A9mirat_de_Grenade"></span>Dans l'émirat de Grenade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Dans l&#039;émirat de Grenade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dans l&#039;émirat de Grenade"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La garde royale des émirs <a href="/wiki/Nasrides" title="Nasrides">nasrides</a> était aux <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#32;et&#32;<abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècles constituée d'anciens chrétiens capturés lors de raids en <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Castille" title="Royaume de Castille">Castille</a> ou achetés à des vendeurs d'esclaves méditerranéens<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a> les appelle <i>maʻluyun</i>, et <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a> les nomme <i>mamalik</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ayalon1951"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Ayalon1951">David Ayalon, <cite class="italique">L'esclavage du mamelouk</cite>, Jerusalem, Israel Oriental Society, <time>1951</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27esclavage+du+mamelouk&amp;rft.place=Jerusalem&amp;rft.pub=Israel+Oriental+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Ayalon&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=1951&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ennaji2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mohammed_Ennaji2007">Mohammed Ennaji, <cite class="italique">Le sujet et le mamelouk&#160;: esclavage, pouvoir et religion dans le monde arabe</cite>, Paris, Mille et une nuits, <time>2007</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+sujet+et+le+mamelouk+%3A+esclavage%2C+pouvoir+et+religion+dans+le+monde+arabe&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Mille+et+une+nuits&amp;rft.aulast=Ennaji&amp;rft.aufirst=Mohammed&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="El_Ouazizi2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Amin_El_Ouazizi2021">Amin El Ouazizi, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orientxxi.info/va-comprendre/qui-etaient-les-mamelouks,5129"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Qui étaient les mamelouks&#160;?</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Orient XXI</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-25" data-sort-value="2021-10-25">25 octobre 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-14" data-sort-value="2022-11-14">14 novembre 2022</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.ae/citations?user=JztR8REAAAAJ&amp;hl=fr"><cite style="font-style:normal;">ABDULKERİM ÖZAYDIN</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">scholar.google.ae</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-05-21" data-sort-value="2023-05-21">21 mai 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Çakir2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ömer_Faruk_Çakir2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> Ömer Faruk <span class="nom_auteur">Çakir</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="tr">Eyyûbî Yönetim Organizasyonunun Kabilesel Kökenleri</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-tr" lang="tr">Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;5, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-06-26" data-sort-value="2022-06-26">26 juin 2022</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">42–52</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/2667-4882">2667-4882</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.48120/oad.1088175">10.48120/oad.1088175</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/oad/issue/70559/1088175">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-05-21" data-sort-value="2023-05-21">21 mai 2023</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Eyy%C3%BBb%C3%AE+Y%C3%B6netim+Organizasyonunun+Kabilesel+K%C3%B6kenleri&amp;rft.jtitle=Orta%C3%A7a%C4%9F+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=%C3%87akir&amp;rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer+Faruk&amp;rft.date=2022-06-26&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=42%E2%80%9352&amp;rft.issn=2667-4882&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.48120%2Foad.1088175&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Güler2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hatice_Güler2020">Hatice <span class="nom_auteur">Güler</span>, <cite class="italique">Memlükler - Siyasetten Medeniyete Seçmeler</cite>, Akademisyen Kitabevi, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-605-258-842-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-605-258-842-0"><span class="nowrap">978-605-258-842-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.37609/akya.616">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meml%C3%BCkler+-+Siyasetten+Medeniyete+Se%C3%A7meler&amp;rft.pub=Akademisyen+Kitabevi&amp;rft.aulast=G%C3%BCler&amp;rft.aufirst=Hatice&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-605-258-842-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Vaissi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne de La Vaissière">Étienne de La Vaissière</a>, «&#160;L'origine des mamelouks&#160;», dans&#160;: <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire" title="L&#39;Histoire">L'Histoire</a></i> de mai 2015, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">72–74</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Clot1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_Clot1999">André <span class="nom_auteur">Clot</span>, <cite class="italique">L'Égypte des Mamelouks&#160;: L'empire des esclaves 1250-1517</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Perrin" title="Éditions Perrin">Perrin</a>, <time>1999</time>, 480&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-262-03045-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-262-03045-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-262-03045-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte+des+Mamelouks&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Perrin&amp;rft.stitle=L%27empire+des+esclaves+1250-1517&amp;rft.aulast=Clot&amp;rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.tpages=480&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-262-03045-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Asabiyya en arabe&#160;: ʿaṣabīya, <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">عصبيّة</span> «&#160;esprit de clan/corps&#160;; patriotisme&#160;»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Loiseau2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Julien_Loiseau2014"><a href="/wiki/Julien_Loiseau" title="Julien Loiseau">Julien Loiseau</a>, <cite class="italique">Les Mamelouks <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#32;et&#32;<abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècles&#160;: une expérience du pouvoir dans l'Islam médiéval</cite>, Paris, Editions du Seuil, <time>2014</time>, 434&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-02-087112-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-02-087112-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-02-087112-9</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;62<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Mamelouks+XIIIe%26%2332%3Bet%26%2332%3BXVIe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cles+%3A+une+exp%C3%A9rience+du+pouvoir+dans+l%27Islam+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Editions+du+Seuil&amp;rft.aulast=Loiseau&amp;rft.aufirst=Julien&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.pages=62&amp;rft.tpages=434&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-02-087112-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Corinne2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Julien_Corinne2000">Julien Corinne, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'humanité</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="6"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VI</span></abbr>, Paris, Unesco, <time>2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;578<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27humanit%C3%A9&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Unesco&amp;rft.aulast=Corinne&amp;rft.aufirst=Julien&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+%22+title%3D%226%22+%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22+style%3D%22text-transform%3Auppercase%22%3EVI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E&amp;rft.pages=578&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Savant1949"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Savant1949">Jean Savant, <cite class="italique">Les Mamelouks de Napoléon</cite>, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, <time>1949</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Mamelouks+de+Napol%C3%A9on&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Calmann-L%C3%A9vy&amp;rft.aulast=Savant&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.date=1949&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="&#91;introduction_et_notes_de_Paul_Cottin&#93;2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roustam_&#91;introduction_et_notes_de_Paul_Cottin&#93;2010">Roustam [introduction et notes de Paul Cottin], <cite class="italique">Le mamelouk de Napoléon&#160;: les mémoires de Roustam, le garde du corps de l'Empereur</cite>, Paris, Jourdan, <time>2010</time>, 217&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-87466-119-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-87466-119-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-87466-119-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+mamelouk+de+Napol%C3%A9on+%3A+les+m%C3%A9moires+de+Roustam%2C+le+garde+du+corps+de+l%27Empereur&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Jourdan&amp;rft.au=Roustam+%5Bintroduction+et+notes+de+Paul+Cottin%5D&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.tpages=217&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-87466-119-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Echevarría2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ana_Echevarría2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ana Echevarría, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Knights on the Frontier: The Moorish Guard of the Kings of Castile (1410–1467)</cite>, Leiden, Brill, <time>2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978_90_04_17110_7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978 90 04 17110 7"><span class="nowrap">978 90 04 17110 7</span></a>)</small>, p. 92<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Knights+on+the+Frontier%3A+The+Moorish+Guard+of+the+Kings+of+Castile+%281410%E2%80%931467%29&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.aulast=Echevarr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aufirst=Ana&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pages=p.+92&amp;rft.isbn=978+90+04+17110+7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Echevarría"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ana_Echevarría"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ana Echevarría, <cite class="italique" lang="en">op. cit.</cite>, p. 91<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=op.+cit.&amp;rft.aulast=Echevarr%C3%ADa&amp;rft.aufirst=Ana&amp;rft.pages=p.+91&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Les écrits de l'historien <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a> (Tunis, 1332 - Le Caire, 1406). Dans son <i>Histoire Universelle</i> (<i>Mukkadima</i>), le <i>Kitab al-Hibar</i> est un exposé sur le système mamelouk.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Ayalon1996"><span class="nom_auteur"><a href="/wiki/David_Ayalon" title="David Ayalon">David Ayalon</a></span>, <cite class="italique">Le phénomène mamelouk dans l'Orient islamique</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France" title="Presses universitaires de France">PUF</a>, <time>1996</time>, 176&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-047806-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-047806-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-047806-5</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8ne+mamelouk+dans+l%27Orient+islamique&amp;rft.pub=PUF&amp;rft.aulast=David+Ayalon&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.tpages=176&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-13-047806-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="André_Clot2009"><span class="nom_auteur"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Clot" title="André Clot">André Clot</a></span>, <cite class="italique">L'Égypte des Mamelouks 1250-1517. L'empire des esclaves</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Perrin" title="Éditions Perrin">Perrin</a>, <time>2009</time>, 474&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-262-03045-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-262-03045-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-262-03045-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte+des+Mamelouks+1250-1517.+L%27empire+des+esclaves&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Perrin&amp;rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9+Clot&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.tpages=474&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-262-03045-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Oualdi2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="M&#39;hamed_Oualdi2011">M'hamed Oualdi, <cite class="italique">Esclaves et Maîtres. Les mamelouks des beys de Tunis du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle aux années 1880</cite>, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Bibliothèque historique des pays d'Islam&#160;», <time>2011</time>, 506&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-85944-668-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-85944-668-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-85944-668-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Esclaves+et+Ma%C3%AEtres.+Les+mamelouks+des+beys+de+Tunis+du+XVIIIe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle+aux+ann%C3%A9es+1880&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Publications+de+la+Sorbonne&amp;rft.aulast=Oualdi&amp;rft.aufirst=M%27hamed&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.tpages=506&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-85944-668-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Loiseau2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Julien_Loiseau2014"><a href="/wiki/Julien_Loiseau" title="Julien Loiseau">Julien Loiseau</a>, <cite class="italique">Les Mamelouks <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#32;et&#32;<abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècles&#160;: Une expérience du pouvoir dans l'islam médiéval</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Éditions du Seuil</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09-04" data-sort-value="2014-09-04">4 septembre 2014</time>, 434&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-02-087112-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-02-087112-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-02-087112-9</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Mamelouks+XIIIe%26%2332%3Bet%26%2332%3BXVIe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cles&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&amp;rft.stitle=Une+exp%C3%A9rience+du+pouvoir+dans+l%27islam+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&amp;rft.aulast=Loiseau&amp;rft.aufirst=Julien&amp;rft.date=2014-09-04&amp;rft.tpages=434&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-02-087112-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMamelouk"></span></span></span></li> <li>Clément Onimus, <i>Les maîtres du jeu. Pouvoir et violence politique à l’aube du sultanat mamlouk circassien (784-815/1382-1412)</i>, Paris, Editions de la Sorbonne, Bibliothèque historique des pays d’Islam, 2019.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Veinstein" title="Gilles Veinstein">Gilles Veinstein</a>, <i>Les Esclaves du sultan chez les Ottomans. Des mamelouks aux janissaires, <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#32;et&#32;<abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècles</i>, Les Belles Lettres, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esclavage_des_Mamelouks" title="Esclavage des Mamelouks">Esclavage des Mamelouks</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janissaire" title="Janissaire">Janissaires</a>, corps d'esclaves au service des sultans ottomans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a>, esclaves et mercenaires slaves dans le monde arabe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam" title="Ghulam">Ghulams</a>, soldats esclaves de l'empire perse des <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9f%C3%A9vides" title="Séfévides">Séfévides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Histoire de l&#39;Égypte">Histoire de l'Égypte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Inde" title="Histoire de l&#39;Inde">Histoire de l'Inde</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelouk&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mamluks?uselang=fr">Mamelouks</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947784?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span>&#160;: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mamluk"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118730517.html"><i>Deutsche Biographie</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mamelucchi_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/"><i>Enciclopedia italiana</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3937015"><i>Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mamelucchi"><i>Treccani</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l&#39;information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947784?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span>&#160;: <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/30331952">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118730517">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007546073905171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph210146">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Esclavage" title="Portail de l’esclavage"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Official_medallion_of_the_British_Anti-Slavery_Society_%281795%29.jpg/24px-Official_medallion_of_the_British_Anti-Slavery_Society_%281795%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Official_medallion_of_the_British_Anti-Slavery_Society_%281795%29.jpg/36px-Official_medallion_of_the_British_Anti-Slavery_Society_%281795%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Official_medallion_of_the_British_Anti-Slavery_Society_%281795%29.jpg/48px-Official_medallion_of_the_British_Anti-Slavery_Society_%281795%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Esclavage" title="Portail:Esclavage">Portail de l’esclavage</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire_militaire" title="Portail de l’histoire militaire"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/43px-Military_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/65px-Military_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/86px-Military_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="113" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire_militaire" title="Portail:Histoire militaire">Portail de l’histoire militaire</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Islam" title="Portail de l’islam"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Islam_Portal_icon.svg/24px-Islam_Portal_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Islam_Portal_icon.svg/36px-Islam_Portal_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Islam_Portal_icon.svg/48px-Islam_Portal_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Islam" title="Portail:Islam">Portail de l’islam</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5ccf8d5c58‐94p65 Cached time: 20241211082225 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.546 seconds Real time usage: 0.686 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4014/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 59763/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1779/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 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