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They adopted the language and faith of the dominant society, being [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] in most of Ukraine, [[Catholic]] in [[Western Ukraine]] and [[Zakarpattia Oblast]], and [[Muslim]] in [[Crimea]]. ==History== ===Origin=== The [[Romani people]] originate from [[North India|northern India]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Hancock |first = Ian F. |year = 2005 |orig-year=2002 |title = We are the Romani People |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-19-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70 |page=70 | postscript =: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’}}</ref><ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723|doi-access=free|hdl=10230/25348|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|author=Sindya N. Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|work=New York Times|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&pg=PA50 |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives - K. Meira Goldberg, Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum, Michelle Heffner Hayes - Google Books |date= 2015-09-28|isbn=9780786494705 |last1=Meira Goldberg |first1=K. |last2=Bennahum |first2=Ninotchka Devorah |last3=Hayes |first3=Michelle Heffner }}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |quote=Roma Rajastan Penjab. |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |publisher=Rough Guides |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147 147] |isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 }}</ref> presumably from the northwestern Indian states [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google2"/> and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="google1"/> The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them parts of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | isbn = 80-7044-205-0 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It shares many phonetic features with [[Marwari (language)|Marwari]], while its grammar is closest to [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |publisher= Muzeum romské kultury|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref> Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science|date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of [[North India|northern India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the [[Ḍoma]], are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK | year = 2012 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...748477R | doi-access = free }}</ref> In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]] stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the [[Government of India]] to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite web|title=Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?|publisher=khaleejtimes.com|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora|date=29 February 2016}}</ref> ===2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine=== During the [[2022 invasion of Ukraine]], Roma people suffered since the often lack of civil status documentation held off their access to humanitarian assistance. Several sources report denying refugees access to European countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romani family denied exit from Ukraine: border guards accuse Roma of "wrongdoings" in Hungary |url=http://www.errc.org/news/romani-family-denied-exit-from-ukraine-border-guards-accuse-roma-of-wrongdoings-in-hungary |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=European Roma Rights Centre |language=HU}}</ref> EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) called for special attention to Roma seeking sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Ensure equal treatment for Roma fleeing Ukraine |url=https://fra.europa.eu/nl/news/2022/ensure-equal-treatment-roma-fleeing-ukraine |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |language=nl}}</ref> The previous discouragement of the education of Roma girls hit them harder after the war disturbance in the education system.<ref name="UN202204">{{cite web |title=Rapid gender analysis in Ukraine reveals different impacts and needs of women and men |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/news/2022/04/rapid-gender-analysis-in-ukraine-reveals-different-impacts-and-needs-of-women-and-men |website=UN Women – Headquarters |access-date=7 April 2022 |language=en |date=2022-04-05 }}</ref> Romani Ukrainians are also fighting Russian soldiers in [[Liubymivka, Kakhovka Raion, Kherson Oblast|Liubymivka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.romea.cz/en/news/world/roma-from-kherson-oblast-in-ukraine-capture-tank-from-russian-occupiers | title=Roma from Kherson oblast in Ukraine capture tank from Russian occupiers }}</ref> Despite being part of a marginalized minority, hundreds of Roma volunteered to fight for the [[Ukrainian Ground Forces|Ukrainian army]] and were awarded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Almost 200 pro-Roma and Romani organizations worldwide condemn Russia's war on Ukraine, call for it to end and for the human rights of all refugees to be upheld |url=http://www.romea.cz/en/news/world/almost-200-pro-roma-and-romani-organizations-worldwide-condemn-russia-apos-s-war-on-ukraine-call-for-it-to-end-and-for-the |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=romea.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Braća po oružju: Zbog pomoći protiv ruske agresije mijenja se stav Ukrajinaca prema Romima |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/svijet/braca-po-oruzju-zbog-pomoci-protiv-ruske-agresije-mijenja-se-stav-ukrajinaca-prema-romima/230309152 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.klix.ba |language=bs}}</ref> ==Demographics== * [[Russian Empire Census|Census 1897]]: 12,000 [[Romani people|Romani]] in Ukraine (without [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]] who comprise the highest Ukrainian Romani population) * Census 1920: 60,000 Romani in [[Ukrainian SSR]] (without Galicia and Transcarpathia) * [[Soviet Census (1959)|Census 1959]]: 28,000 Romani in Ukrainian SSR * [[Soviet Census (1970)|Census 1970]]: 30,100 Romani in Ukrainian SSR. * [[Soviet Census (1979)|Census 1979]]: 34,500 Romani in Ukrainian SSR * [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Census 2001]]: 47,587 Romani in Ukraine.<ref name=":1" /> The estimate of the World Romani Union and the [[Council of Europe]] is considerably higher. In 2006 the Romani organizations estimated the number at over 400,000 persons.<ref name="minelres.lv">[http://www.minelres.lv/reports/ukraine/PDF_Roma_of_Ukraine_eng.pdf]: ''In reality, by the preliminary estimates of communication within our nation, only the East of Ukraine has approximately 150 thousand Romani nationals, and we are sure that the Romani population on the territory of Ukraine reaches more than 400 thousand people.''</ref> ==Sub-groups== The [[Muslim Roma]] migrated from [[Central Asia]] in the 17th and 18th century to [[Crimea peninsula]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.academia.edu/37870913 | isbn=9783319410562 | title=Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus | year=2016 }}</ref> *[[Crimean Roma|Krimi (Крими)]], intermingled with [[Crimean Tatars]]. Further sub-groups include Audzhi (аюджі), Gurbety (гурбети), Mukani and others. During [[World War II]] Nazis killed 800 Krimi Roma in [[Simferopol]]. After the Nazi occupation, Stalin ordered all Crimean Tatars and Crimean Romani to be deported to Central Asia as "special settlers" in 1944, further devastating their community. **[[Gurbeti]]: The gypsy communities in Crimea in the 19th century were divided by "Yerli" (Yerli) and "Chingene" (Nomad).<ref name=GL-427-Gurbeti>Geisenhaner-Lange, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUo-lweX0C&pg=PA427 p. 427]</ref> The Gurbeti (sometimes called Turkmen), lived mainly in the towns and steppe regions.<ref name=GL-427-Gurbeti/> They traded horses and products made out of horse meat (such as the popular chir-chir-byurek).<ref name=GL-427-Gurbeti/> The ''Krimurja'' in Crimea incorporated small numbers of Gurbeti through marriage, although in the 19th century they are listed as a separate group of "locals".<ref name=GL-437-Gurbeti>Geisenhaner-Lange,[https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUo-lweX0C&pg=PA437 p. 437]</ref> Their small number likely prevented them from an own community.<ref name=GL-437-Gurbeti/> Their Romani language and nomadic lifestyle determined their separation to the ''Daifa'', and their joining to the Krimurja.<ref name=GL-437-Gurbeti/> In spite of intermarriage between the Gurbeti and Krimurja, a distinct origin is remembered, and an internal separation to some extent has been preserved.<ref name=GL-437-Gurbeti/> Some in Crimea suggest that the "chingene" deny their gypsy origin and declare as [[Crimean Tatars]].<ref>Geisenhaner-Lange, p. 432</ref> *Carpathian Romani The largest number of Roma is in the city of [[Mukachevo]] (1.4%), in [[Vynohradiv]] (0.8%), [[Berehove]] (4.1%) and [[Uzhhorod|Uzhgorod]] (4.1%) districts of the [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathian region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novasich.org.ua/index.php?go=News&in=view&id=117|title=Нова Січ – Новини – Історія українських циган|first=Нова|last=Січ|website=Novasich.org.ua|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref>Helbing Adriana, ''Ukraine: Performing Politics'', 28 February 2006</ref> **[[Kalderash]] (Hungarian name for Kotlyary; [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]), **Servica Roma (in Zakarpattia from [[Slovakia]]), **Ungriko Roma (in Zakarpattia from [[Hungary]]) **[[Ruska Roma|Chaladitka Roma]] (descended from [[Polska Roma|Polish Roma]]) * [[Ruska Roma]] (northern Ukraine), *[[Servitka Roma]] (Serby, southern and central Ukraine, from [[Serbia]]), Servitka live scattered in small groups among representatives of other ethnic groups. They are characterized by living in large cities of [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]] and [[Chernihiv Oblast|Chernihiv]] regions (cities of [[Chernihiv]], [[Zhytomyr]], [[Korosten]], and [[Malyn]]). *[[Lovari]] (central Ukraine), most representatives of the Lovari group have their compact settlements in [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]] (Bohunia district), Teterivka village of Zhytomyr district and in the city of [[Malyn]]. *Kelmysh, In the city of [[Bila Tserkva]] lives a group of gypsies-kelmish. In the [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy region]], kelmish live not in cities, but in gypsy villages that emerged in the 60s of the XX century. The main region of settlement is the town of [[Smila]] and its surroundings. ==Gallery== <gallery> RomaZakarpatska2001.PNG|The Romani minority in Zakarpattia Oblast ([[Ukrainian Census (2001)|census 2001]]) Gypsy Kids.JPG|Romani children in [[Dubove, Zakarpattia Oblast]] Romani people Lviv Ukraine.jpg|Romani people in [[Lviv]] Kratky, Frantisek - Halic, romove (ca 1895).jpg|Romani people in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] in 1895 Mass killing site Derazhnia 1995.jpg|Monument at the [[Nazi]] [[The Holocaust in Ukraine|mass killing]] site in [[Derazhnia]]. Approximately 4,000 [[Jews]] and Romani were shot here on 20 September 1942 Gipsy Fortune Teller by Taras Shevchenko.jpg|"Gypsy Fortune-Teller" 1841 watercolor composition by [[Taras Shevchenko]] </gallery> ==Notable people== {{further|:Category:Ukrainian Romani people}} ==See also== {{Portal|Ukraine}} * [[Servitka Roma]] * [[Romani people]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Sources == {{commons category}} * [https://www.academia.edu/112165245/Servura_and_Kryma_Crimean_Roma_as_indigenous_peoples_of_Ukraine_Warsaw_2023 Yanush Panchenko, Mykola Homanyuk. (2023). Servur'a and Krym'a (Crimean Roma) as indigenous peoples of Ukraine] // Etnografia Polska, 67(1–2). p. 155-173. * Encyclopedia of Ukraine Vol. 2 (G-K) Toronto, 1988 * [http://www.novasich.org.ua/index.php?go=News&in=view&id=117 УКРАЇНСЬКІ ЦИГАНИ] {{National minorities of Ukraine}} {{Romani diaspora}} {{Europe topic |Romani people in}} [[Category:Romani by country|Ukraine]] [[Category:Romani in Ukraine| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">Template:Abbr</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Abbr&action=edit" title="Template:Abbr">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" 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