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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wikipedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Funding partners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Public involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cochrane (organisation)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مؤسسة كوكرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤسسة كوكرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Кокрейн Колаборейшън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кокрейн Колаборейшън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C2%B7laboraci%C3%B3_Cochrane" title="Col·laboració Cochrane – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Col·laboració Cochrane" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" title="Cochrane Collaboration – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cochrane Collaboration" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" title="Cochrane Collaboration – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cochrane Collaboration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(Organisation)" title="Cochrane (Organisation) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cochrane (Organisation)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colaboraci%C3%B3n_Cochrane" title="Colaboración Cochrane – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colaboración Cochrane" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کاکرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاکرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cochrane (organisation)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colaboraci%C3%B3n_Cochrane" title="Colaboración Cochrane – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colaboración Cochrane" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%80_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%B2%B4)" title="코크란 (단체) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코크란 (단체)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organizzazione)" title="Cochrane (organizzazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cochrane (organizzazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(netwerk)" title="Cochrane (netwerk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cochrane (netwerk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3_(%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94)" title="コクラン (組織) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コクラン (組織)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane" title="Cochrane – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cochrane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organizacja)" title="Cochrane (organizacja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cochrane (organizacja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colabora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Cochrane" title="Colaboração Cochrane – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colaboração Cochrane" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кокран (организация) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кокран (организация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane-verkosto" title="Cochrane-verkosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cochrane-verkosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cochrane (organisation)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="คอเครน (องค์การ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอเครน (องค์การ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Кокранівська співпраця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кокранівська співпраця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%83%E7%A7%91%E8%97%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" 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vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cochrane</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochrane_logo_stacked.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Cochrane_logo_stacked.svg/220px-Cochrane_logo_stacked.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Cochrane_logo_stacked.svg/330px-Cochrane_logo_stacked.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Cochrane_logo_stacked.svg/440px-Cochrane_logo_stacked.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1993<span class="noprint">; 31 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1993</span>)</span> (as Cochrane Collaboration)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Charity in UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Independent research into data about health care</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England<sup id="cite_ref-UKcharitycomm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKcharitycomm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Tracey Howe</li> <li>Catherine Marshall</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Volunteers </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Over 37,000 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-aboutus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cochrane.org/">www<wbr />.cochrane<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105202#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Cochrane Collaboration</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cochrane</b> is a British<sup id="cite_ref-UKcharitycomm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKcharitycomm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> international charitable organisation formed to synthesize medical research findings to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based</a> choices about <a href="/wiki/Health_interventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Health interventions">health interventions</a> involving health professionals, patients and policy makers.<sup id="cite_ref-NIHlib_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHlib-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes 53 review groups that are based at research institutions worldwide. Cochrane has over 37,000<sup id="cite_ref-aboutus_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> volunteer experts from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Sepkowitz2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sepkowitz2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group conducts <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic reviews</a> of healthcare interventions and diagnostic tests and publishes them in the <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Library" title="Cochrane Library">Cochrane Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Konnerup2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konnerup2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIHlib_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHlib-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Library, articles are available via one-click access, but some require paid subscription or registration before reading.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few reviews, in <a href="/wiki/Occupational_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational health">occupational health</a> for example, incorporate results from non-randomised <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational studies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Konnerup2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konnerup2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as controlled before–after (CBA) studies and <a href="/wiki/Interrupted_time_series" title="Interrupted time series">interrupted time-series</a> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cochrane, previously known as the Cochrane Collaboration, was founded in 1993 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Iain_Chalmers" title="Iain Chalmers">Iain Chalmers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed in response to <a href="/wiki/Archie_Cochrane" title="Archie Cochrane">Archie Cochrane</a>'s call for up-to-date, systematic reviews of all relevant randomised controlled trials in the field of healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalmers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winkelstein_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkelstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, the Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CEMG) was established to facilitate the basing of decisions on <a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">health economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic reviews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cochrane's suggestion that methods used to prepare and maintain reviews of controlled trials in pregnancy and childbirth be applied more widely was taken up by the Research and Development Programme, initiated to support the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. Through the NHS research and development programme, led by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peckham" title="Michael Peckham">Michael Peckham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> funds were provided to establish a "Cochrane Centre", to collaborate with others, in the UK and elsewhere, to facilitate systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials across all areas of healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickersin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickersin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Collaboration" title="Campbell Collaboration">Campbell Collaboration</a> joined with the CEMG to form the Campbell & Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CCEMG).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 the organization published an editorial describing its efforts to train people in developing nations to perform Cochrane reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 editorial briefly discussed the history of Cochrane methodological approaches, such as including studies that use methodologies in lieu of <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomised control trials</a> and the challenge of having evidence adopted in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During its 2018 annual meeting, the Cochrane board expelled <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._G%C3%B8tzsche" title="Peter C. Gøtzsche">Peter C. Gøtzsche</a>, board member and director of Cochrane's Nordic center, from the organization, telling <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a> that it had received "numerous complaints" about Gøtzsche after he co-authored an article in <i>BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine</i> alleging bias in Cochrane's May 2018<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> review of <a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccines</a>. Gøtzsche's expulsion led four elected board members to resign in protest, which in turn led the board to cut two appointed members in order to comply with the ratio of elected to appointed members required by the organization's charter.<sup id="cite_ref-NN2018-09_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN2018-09-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gøtzsche announced that this had happened via an open letter, in which he said there is a "growing top-down authoritarian culture and an increasingly commercial business model" taking root at Cochrane that "threaten the scientific, moral and social objectives of the organization". Gøtzsche remains an outspoken critic of Cochrane's relationship with the pharmaceutical industry. The Cochrane board stated that Gøtzsche was expelled for his behavior, which had been reviewed by an independent counsel hired by Cochrane.<sup id="cite_ref-NN2018-09_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN2018-09-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2004 editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association_Journal" title="Canadian Medical Association Journal">Canadian Medical Association Journal</a></i> noted that Cochrane reviews appear to be more up to date and of better quality than other reviews, describing them as "the best single resource for methodologic research and for developing the science of meta-<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>" and crediting them with leading to methodological improvements in the medical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies comparing the quality of Cochrane meta-analyses in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Windsor2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windsor2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapy">physiotherapy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Windsor2012_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windsor2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodontics" title="Orthodontics">orthodontics</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to those published by other sources have concluded that Cochrane reviews incorporate superior methodological rigor. A broader analysis across multiple therapeutic areas reached similar conclusions but was performed by Cochrane authors.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to non-Cochrane reviews, those from Cochrane are less likely to reach a positive conclusion about the utility of medical interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key criticisms that have been directed at Cochrane's studies include a failure to include a sufficiently large number of unpublished studies, failure to pre-specify or failure to abide by pre-specified rules for endpoint<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or trial<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inclusion, insufficiently frequent updating of reviews, an excessively high percentage of inconclusive reviews,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a high incidence of <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostwriting">ghostwriting</a> and honorary authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases Cochrane's internal structure may make it difficult to publish studies that run against the preconceived opinions of internal subject matter experts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partnerships">Partnerships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Health_Organization">World Health Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World Health Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cochrane maintains an official relationship with the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-BeroBero2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeroBero2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that affords Cochrane the right to appoint nonvoting representatives to WHO meetings, including sessions of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Assembly" title="World Health Assembly">World Health Assembly</a>, and make statements on WHO resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane_October_2015_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_October_2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the Cochrane-Wikipedia partnership was formalised. This supports the inclusion of relevant evidence within all Wikipedia medical articles, as well as processes to help ensure that medical information included in Wikipedia is of the highest quality and accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia and Cochrane collaborate to increase the incorporation of Cochrane research into Wikipedia articles and provide Wikipedia editors with resources for interpreting medical data.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cochrane and John Wiley and Sons, publisher of Cochrane reviews, make one hundred free Cochrane accounts available to Wikipedia medical editors—the financial value of which has been estimated by Cochrane at between thirty thousand and eighty thousand US dollars per annum—and pay a nominal stipend and travel expenses to support a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedian in Residence">Wikipedian in Residence</a> at Cochrane.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the Cochrane blog hosted a rebuttal, written by four Wikipedia medical editors, of an article published in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">Journal of the American Osteopathic Association</a></i> that was critical of the accuracy of Wikipedia medical content.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_partners">Funding partners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Funding partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cochrane receives funding from governments, <a href="/wiki/Supranational_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranational organisation">supranational organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a>, academic institutions, hospitals, and foundations, while avoiding funding from corporate interests.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary government donors include the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research" title="National Institute for Health and Care Research">National Institute for Health and Care Research</a> (NIHR), the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Health_Authority" title="Danish Health Authority">Danish Health Authority</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Health_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)">Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH). </p><p>Academic funders include <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Medical_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam University Medical Centers">Amsterdam University Medical Centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Federal_University" title="Kazan Federal University">Kazan Federal University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, among others. Funding from foundations includes the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_(South_Africa)" title="National Research Foundation (South Africa)">National Research Foundation (South Africa)</a> and the Gerber Foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_involvement">Public involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cochrane <a href="/wiki/Patient_and_public_involvement" title="Patient and public involvement">involves patients and the public</a> via <a href="/wiki/Biocuration#Community_curation" title="Biocuration">community curation</a>, to produce systematic reviews and other outputs. Tasks can be organised as 'entry level' or higher. Tasks include: </p> <ul><li>Joining a collaborative volunteer effort to help categorise and summarise healthcare evidence<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Data extraction and risk of bias assessment</li> <li>Translation of reviews into other languages</li></ul> <p>A recent systematic review of how people were involved in systematic reviews aimed to document the evidence-base relating to stakeholder involvement in systematic reviews and to use this evidence to describe how stakeholders have been involved in systematic reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty per cent involved patients and/or carers. </p><p>While there has been some criticism of how Cochrane prioritises systematic reviews,<sup id="cite_ref-Has_Cochrane_lost_its_way_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Has_Cochrane_lost_its_way-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a recent project involved people in helping identify research priorities to inform future Cochrane Reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The representation of women as editors in Cochrane was found to be better than that of other organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Open&rft.atitle=Research+priorities+in+health+communication+and+participation%3A+international+survey+of+consumers+and+other+stakeholders&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e019481&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5942413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29739780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2017-019481&rft.aulast=Synnot&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Bragge%2C+P&rft.au=Lowe%2C+D&rft.au=Nunn%2C+JS&rft.au=O%27Sullivan%2C+M&rft.au=Horvat%2C+L&rft.au=Tong%2C+A&rft.au=Kay%2C+D&rft.au=Ghersi%2C+D&rft.au=McDonald%2C+S&rft.au=Poole%2C+N&rft.au=Bourke%2C+N&rft.au=Lannin%2C+N&rft.au=Vadasz%2C+D&rft.au=Oliver%2C+S&rft.au=Carey%2C+K&rft.au=Hill%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5942413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochrane+%28organisation%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaumikMathew2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Mathew, Rebecca Joyce (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25586454/">"Representation of women as editors in the Cochrane collaboration"</a>. <i>Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 249–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjebm.12123">10.1111/jebm.12123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-5391">1756-5391</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25586454">25586454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41957630">41957630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evidence-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Representation+of+women+as+editors+in+the+Cochrane+collaboration&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=249-251&rft.date=2014-12&rft.issn=1756-5391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41957630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25586454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjebm.12123&rft.aulast=Bhaumik&rft.aufirst=Soumyadeep&rft.au=Mathew%2C+Rebecca+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25586454%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACochrane+%28organisation%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="Evidence-based assessment">Evidence-based assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_conservation" title="Evidence-based conservation">Evidence-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_dentistry" title="Evidence-based dentistry">Evidence-based dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_design" title="Evidence-based design">Evidence-based design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_legislation" title="Evidence-based legislation">Evidence-based legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_library_and_information_practice" title="Evidence-based library and information practice">Evidence-based library and information practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medical_ethics" title="Evidence-based medical ethics">Evidence-based medical ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">Evidence-based medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_nursing" title="Evidence-based nursing">Evidence-based nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_pharmacy_in_developing_countries" title="Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries">Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policing" title="Evidence-based policing">Evidence-based policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_prosecution" title="Evidence-based prosecution">Evidence-based prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">Evidence-based policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_scheduling" title="Evidence-based scheduling">Evidence-based scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_toxicology" title="Evidence-based toxicology">Evidence-based toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalology" title="Journalology">Journalology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_study_design" title="Clinical study design">Methods</a> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">Systematic review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_review" title="Umbrella review">Umbrella review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_technology_assessment" title="Health technology assessment">Health technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO_process" title="PICO process">PICO process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRADE_approach" title="GRADE approach">GRADE approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_clinical_trial" title="Pragmatic clinical trial">Pragmatic clinical trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaced_repetition" title="Spaced repetition">Spaced repetition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li>Scientific <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_evidence_making" title="Policy-based evidence making">Policy-based evidence making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Cochrane" title="Archie Cochrane">Archie Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sackett" title="David Sackett">David Sackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Chalmers" title="Iain Chalmers">Iain Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Harvey_(professor)" title="Ken Harvey (professor)">Ken Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ioannidis" title="John Ioannidis">John Ioannidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-profit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lind_Alliance" title="James Lind Alliance">James Lind Alliance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cochrane Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Collaboration" title="Campbell Collaboration">Campbell Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-Based_Medicine" title="Science-Based Medicine">Science-Based Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Agency_for_Drugs_and_Technologies_in_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health">Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_for_Health_Technology_Assessment" title="European Network for Health Technology Assessment">EUnetHTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Agency_for_Quality_in_Medicine" title="German Agency for Quality in Medicine">German Agency for Quality in Medicine (AEZQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Agency_for_Health_Technology_Assessment_and_Assessment_of_Social_Services" title="Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services">Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-Informed_Policy_Network" title="Evidence-Informed Policy Network">WHO Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Reviews_and_Dissemination" title="Centre for Reviews and Dissemination">Centre for Reviews and Dissemination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Examine.com" title="Examine.com">Examine.com</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105202#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QH7Jmp9h98tW9cxhdp49DY6">WorldCat</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5544250-X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cochrane Collaboration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96800351">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cochrane Collaboration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20090506014&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99035395">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cochrane Collaboration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007390932505171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09750156?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cochrane Collaboration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/10600400X">IdRef</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&oldid=1239140303">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_(organisation)&oldid=1239140303</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evidence-based_medicine" title="Category:Evidence-based medicine">Evidence-based medicine</a></li><li><a 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