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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_and_exhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_and_exhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publications and exhibition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications_and_exhibition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications and exhibition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications_and_exhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collected_volumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_volumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Collected volumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_volumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dōjinshi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dōjinshi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Dōjinshi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dōjinshi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digital manga</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital_manga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital manga subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital_manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Web manga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webtoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webtoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Webtoons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webtoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International markets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_markets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International markets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localized_manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localized_manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Localized manga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localized_manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>University education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Inline citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B" title="ማንጋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማንጋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="مانغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մանկաներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մանկաներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manqa" title="Manqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="মাঙ্গা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাঙ্গা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_b%C3%A0ng-gah" title="Ji̍t-pún bàng-gah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-pún bàng-gah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Манга (мастацтва) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манга (мастацтва)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8D" title="མན་གྷ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མན་གྷ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_(banno%C3%B9-treset)" title="Manga (bannoù-treset) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manga (bannoù-treset)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%A7" title="مانݣا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مانݣا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Μάνγκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάνγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangao" title="Mangao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mangao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="مانگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" title="漫畫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漫畫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE" title="મેન્ગા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેન્ગા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EB%A7%8C%ED%99%94" title="일본 만화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본 만화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Մանգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="मांगा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मांगा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="মাঙ্গা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মাঙ্গা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%94" title="מאנגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאנגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮಂಗಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಂಗಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="მანგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B0" title="ມັງງະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມັງງະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D)" title="മാങ്ക (കോമിക്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാങ്ക (കോമിക്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="მანგა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანგა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="مانجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="မန်ဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မန်ဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_(strip)" title="Manga (strip) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manga (strip)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="日本の漫画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の漫画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_(benda_dessenhada)" title="Manga (benda dessenhada) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manga (benda dessenhada)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE" title="ମାଂଗା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଂଗା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਾਂਗਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਂਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7" title="مانګا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مانګا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6" title="ម៉ានហ្គា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ានហ្គា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%C3%A1" title="Mangá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mangá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7_(%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="مانگا (کۆمیک) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مانگا (کۆمیک)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="மங்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மங்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B0" title="มังงะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มังงะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Манга" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_(%C3%A7izgi_roman)" title="Manga (çizgi roman) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manga (çizgi roman)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Манґа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Манґа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="مانگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مانگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="日本漫画 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日本漫画" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90_(%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1)" title="מאנגא (קאמיקס) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנגא (קאמיקס)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ng%C3%A0" title="Mángà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mángà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" title="日本漫畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日本漫畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="日本漫画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本漫画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Manga" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8274#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Manga" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Comics or graphic novels created in Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Japanese comics. For Chinese comics, see <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a>. For Korean comics, see <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133511664">.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-header{background-color:#99c2ff}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-comics{width:24em}.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-label{width:40%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-comics-nationality ib-comics"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Manga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg/220px-Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg/330px-Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg/440px-Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="853" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A page from the manga <i>Tagosaku to Mokube no Tokyo Kenbutsu</i> (1902) by <a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Kitazawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Kitazawa">Rakuten Kitazawa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publishers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publications</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Japanese</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Related articles</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfra" title="Manfra">Manfra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_nouvelle_manga" title="La nouvelle manga">La nouvelle manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">OEL manga</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945135">.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-heading{background:lavender}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist anime-and-manga"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">manga</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/70px-Anime_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/105px-Anime_eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/140px-Anime_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anime</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">Longest series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">Longest franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Manga</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">International market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">Manga artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heta-uma" title="Heta-uma">Heta-uma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(manga)" title="New Wave (manga)">New Wave</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">Best-selling series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_series_by_volume_count" title="List of manga series by volume count">Longest series</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Demographic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōnen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōjo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seinen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Josei</i></span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_by_genre" title="Category:Anime and manga by genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bara</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_love" title="Boys' love">Boys' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Manga artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">Anime directors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Fandom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujin</i></span> shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span> printer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yaoi</i></span> fandom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moe</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon">Nijikon</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.5D_musical" title="2.5D musical">2.5D musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyAnimeList" title="MyAnimeList">MyAnimeList</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/16px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/60px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/80px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">Speech balloon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Media formats</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">Comics by country and culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentine comics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">Bande dessinées</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="French comics">France</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazilian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Welsh-language</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canadian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Dutch comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">German comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungarian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Indian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Irish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysian comics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexican comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistani comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Polish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portuguese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South African comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_comics" title="Vietnamese comics">Vietnamese comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Community</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_collecting" title="Comic book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/225px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/300px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Historical currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_system_in_Japan" title="Health care system in Japan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-occupation Japan">Post-Japanese occupation history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbeikei_Islanders" title="Ōbeikei Islanders">Ōbeikei Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukuyuans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Wasōbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Values</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Japan">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese urban legend">Urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folktales" title="Japanese folktales">Folktales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Food history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ingredients" title="List of Japanese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon_(festival)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon (festival)">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day" title="Coming of Age Day">Coming of Age Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hinamatsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichi-Go-San" title="Shichi-Go-San">Shichi-Go-San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_festival_(Japan)" title="Cultural festival (Japan)">Cultural festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">New religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Japanese pottery and porcelain">Pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anison" class="mw-redirect" title="Anison">Anison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Japan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Japan" title="Radio in Japan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Mobile phone culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumo in Japan (page does not exist)">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Japan" title="Football in Japan">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Japan" title="Basketball in Japan">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Japan" title="Ice hockey in Japan">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Japan" title="American football in Japan">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan" title="Rugby union in Japan">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics" title="Japan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">Cultural Landscapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Cultural Property (Japan)">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Japan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Japan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Japan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_museums" title="Japanese museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manga</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漫画</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[maŋga]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/TomJ-Manga.ogg\/TomJ-Manga.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"TomJ-Manga.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/TomJ-Manga.ogg/TomJ-Manga.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:TomJ-Manga.ogg" title="File:TomJ-Manga.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span> are <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a> originating from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the form has a long history in earlier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>manga</i> is used in Japan to refer to both comics and <a href="/wiki/Cartooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartooning">cartooning</a>. Outside of Japan, the word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in Japan. </p><p>In Japan, people of all ages and walks of life read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a>: <a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a>, business and commerce, <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotica</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">hentai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">ecchi</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Sports_novel" title="Sports novel">sports</a> and games, and suspense, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many manga are translated into other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Gravett_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gravett-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica-2022_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1950s, manga has become an increasingly major part of the Japanese publishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>586.4 billion</span> (<span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>6–7 billion</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchodt199619–20_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt199619–20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with annual sales of 1.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion manga books and <a href="/wiki/Manga_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Manga magazines">manga magazines</a> (also known as manga anthologies) in Japan (equivalent to 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>issues per person).<sup id="cite_ref-Indianapolis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indianapolis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 Japan's manga market value hit a new record of ¥612.6 billion due to the fast growth of digital manga sales as well as increase of print sales.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 Japan's manga market hit yet another record value of ¥675.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manga have also gained a significant worldwide readership.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the late 2010s manga started massively outselling American comics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, the top four comics publishers in the world are manga publishers <a href="/wiki/Shueisha" title="Shueisha">Shueisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadokawa_Future_Publishing" title="Kadokawa Future Publishing">Kadokawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 the <a href="/wiki/North_American" class="mw-redirect" title="North American">North American</a> manga market was valued at almost $250 million.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/NPD_BookScan" class="mw-redirect" title="NPD BookScan">NPD BookScan</a> manga made up 76% of overall comics and graphic novel sales in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fast growth of the North American manga market is attributed to manga's wide availability on digital reading apps, book retailer chains such as <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> and online retailers such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> as well as the increased streaming of <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manga represented 38% of the French comics market in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is equivalent to approximately three times that of the United States and was valued at about <span class="nowrap">€460 million</span> ($640<span class="nowrap"> </span>million).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe and the Middle East, the market was valued at $250 million in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Danica_Davidson_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danica_Davidson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Business_Federation" title="Japan Business Federation">Japan Business Federation</a> laid out a proposal aiming to spur the economic growth of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a> by further promoting the contents industry abroad, primarily anime, manga and <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">video games</a>, for measures to invite industry experts from abroad to come to Japan to work, and to link with the <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Japan" title="Tourism in Japan">tourism sector</a> to help foreign fans of manga and anime visit sites across the country associated with particular manga stories. The federation seeks to quadruple the sales of Japanese content in overseas markets within the upcoming 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manga stories are typically printed in <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a>—due to time constraints, artistic reasons (as coloring could lessen the impact of the artwork)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to keep printing costs low<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—although some full-color manga exist (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Colorful_(manga)" title="Colorful (manga)">Colorful</a></i>). In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often containing many stories, each presented in a single episode to be continued in the next issue. A single manga story is almost always longer than a single issue from a Western <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collected chapters are usually republished in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a></i></span> volumes, frequently but not exclusively <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">paperback books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GravettSchodt_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GravettSchodt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">manga artist</a> (<i>mangaka</i> in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsella_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsella-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a manga series is popular enough, it may be <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">animated</a> after or during its run.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, manga are based on previous <a href="/wiki/Live-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action">live-action</a> or animated films.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in those places that speak Chinese ("<a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>"), Korean ("<a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a>"), English ("<a href="/wiki/OEL_manga" class="mw-redirect" title="OEL manga">OEL manga</a>"), and French ("<a href="/wiki/Manfra" title="Manfra">manfra</a>"), as well as in the nation of Algeria ("DZ-manga").<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wong_2002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_2002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manga_in_Jp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Manga_in_Jp.svg/110px-Manga_in_Jp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Manga_in_Jp.svg/165px-Manga_in_Jp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Manga_in_Jp.svg/220px-Manga_in_Jp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> for "manga" from the preface to <i>Shiji no yukikai</i> (1798)</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "manga" comes from the Japanese word <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漫画</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>: <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">マンガ</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>: <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">まんが</span></span>), composed of the two <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漫</span></span></span> (man) meaning "whimsical or impromptu" and <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">画</span></span></span> (ga) meaning "pictures".<sup id="cite_ref-Shiji_no_yukikai_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiji_no_yukikai-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, <i><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a></i>, and the Chinese word <i><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-Prohl_2012_596_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prohl_2012_596-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the publication of such works as <a href="/wiki/Sant%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8Dden" title="Santō Kyōden">Santō Kyōden</a>'s picturebook <i>Shiji no yukikai</i> (1798),<sup id="cite_ref-Santō_Kyōden_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santō_Kyōden-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shiji_no_yukikai_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiji_no_yukikai-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's <i>Manga hyakujo</i> (1814) and the celebrated <i><a href="/wiki/Hokusai_Manga" title="Hokusai Manga">Hokusai Manga</a></i> books (1814–1834)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hokusai_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hokusai-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Kitazawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Kitazawa">Rakuten Kitazawa</a> (1876–1955) first used the word "manga" in the modern sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Manga_no_Jiten_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manga_no_Jiten-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japanese, "manga" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among English speakers, "manga" has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage of "<a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>" in and outside Japan. The term "<a href="/wiki/Ani-manga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ani-manga">ani-manga</a>" is used to describe comics produced from animation cels.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_characteristics">History and characteristics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History of manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Manga iconography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kiby%C5%8Dshi" title="Kibyōshi">Kibyōshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sazae-san_kamishibai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Sazae-san_kamishibai.jpg/220px-Sazae-san_kamishibai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b4/Sazae-san_kamishibai.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">kami-shibai</a></i> story teller from <i><a href="/wiki/Sazae-san" title="Sazae-san">Sazae-san</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Machiko_Hasegawa" title="Machiko Hasegawa">Machiko Hasegawa</a>. Sazae appears with her hair in a bun.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manga originated from <i><a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">emakimono</a></i> (scrolls), <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga" title="Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga">Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga</a></i>, dating back to the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Widewalls_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widewalls-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daini_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daini-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1867), a book of drawings titled <i>Toba Ehon</i> further developed what would later be called manga.<sup id="cite_ref-Widewalls_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widewalls-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daini_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daini-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word itself first came into common usage in 1798,<sup id="cite_ref-Prohl_2012_596_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prohl_2012_596-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the publication of works such as <a href="/wiki/Sant%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8Dden" title="Santō Kyōden">Santō Kyōden</a>'s picturebook <i>Shiji no yukikai</i> (1798),<sup id="cite_ref-Santō_Kyōden_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santō_Kyōden-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shiji_no_yukikai_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiji_no_yukikai-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's <i>Manga hyakujo</i> (1814) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Hokusai_Manga" title="Hokusai Manga">Hokusai Manga</a></i> books (1814–1834).<sup id="cite_ref-Hokusai_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hokusai-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adam L. Kern has suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Kibyoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyoshi">kibyoshi</a></i>, picture books from the late 18th century, may have been the world's first <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>. These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous, satirical, and romantic themes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some works were mass-produced as serials using <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indianapolis_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indianapolis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Eastern comics are generally held separate from the evolution of Western comics; Western comic art probably originated in 17th century Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view represented by other writers such as <a href="/wiki/Frederik_L._Schodt" title="Frederik L. Schodt">Frederik L. Schodt</a>, Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern, stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions, including pre-war, <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">pre-Meiji</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other view, emphasizes events occurring during and after the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Japan">Allied occupation of Japan</a> (1945–1952), and stresses U.S. cultural influences, including U.S. comics (brought to Japan by the <a href="/wiki/G.I._(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. (military)">GIs</a>) and images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity occurred in the post-war period,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving manga artists such as <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Machiko_Hasegawa" title="Machiko Hasegawa">Machiko Hasegawa</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sazae-san" title="Sazae-san">Sazae-san</a></i>). <i>Astro Boy</i> quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> adaptation of <i>Sazae-san</i> drew more viewers than any other anime on Japanese television in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Widewalls_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widewalls-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. In Tezuka's "cinematographic" technique, the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots. This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Schodt_1986_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schodt_1986-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasegawa's focus on daily life and women's experience also came to characterize later <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo manga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres, <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">shōnen manga</a></i> aimed at boys and <i>shōjo manga</i> aimed at girls.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, a group of female manga artists (later called the <i><a href="/wiki/Year_24_Group" title="Year 24 Group">Year 24 Group</a></i>, also known as <i>Magnificent 24s</i>) made their <i>shōjo</i> manga debut ("year 24" comes from the Japanese name for the year 1949, the birth-year of many of these artists).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group included <a href="/wiki/Moto_Hagio" title="Moto Hagio">Moto Hagio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riyoko_Ikeda" title="Riyoko Ikeda">Riyoko Ikeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yumiko_%C5%8Cshima" title="Yumiko Ōshima">Yumiko Ōshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Takemiya" title="Keiko Takemiya">Keiko Takemiya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ryoko_Yamagishi" title="Ryoko Yamagishi">Ryoko Yamagishi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GravettSchodt_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GravettSchodt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, primarily female manga artists would draw <i>shōjo</i> for a readership of girls and young women.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following decades (1975–present), <i>shōjo</i> manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogi_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogi-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major subgenres include romance, superheroines, and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese, <i>redisu</i> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">レディース</span></span>, <i>redikomi</i> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">レディコミ</span></span>, and <i>josei</i> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">女性</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <i>shōjo</i> manga romance features love as a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of <a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">self-realization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drazen_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drazen-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the superheroines, <i>shōjo</i> manga saw releases such as <a href="/wiki/Pink_Hanamori" title="Pink Hanamori">Pink Hanamori</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mermaid_Melody_Pichi_Pichi_Pitch" title="Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch">Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Reiko_Yoshida" title="Reiko Yoshida">Reiko Yoshida</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Mew_Mew" title="Tokyo Mew Mew">Tokyo Mew Mew</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi" title="Naoko Takeuchi">Naoko Takeuchi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon</a></i>, which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups (or <i><a href="/wiki/Sentai" title="Sentai">sentais</a></i>) of girls working together have also been popular within this genre. Like Lucia, Hanon, and Rina singing together, and Sailor Moon, Sailor Mercury, Sailor Mars, Sailor Jupiter, and Sailor Venus working together.<sup id="cite_ref-Poitras_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poitras-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manga for male readers sub-divides according to the age of its intended readership: boys up to 18 years old (<i>shōnen</i> manga) and young men 18 to 30 years old (<i><a href="/wiki/Seinen" class="mw-redirect" title="Seinen">seinen</a></i> manga);<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by content, including action-adventure often involving male heroes, slapstick humor, themes of honor, and sometimes explicit sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese use different kanji for two closely allied meanings of "seinen"—<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">青年</span></span> for "youth, young man" and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">成年</span></span> for "adult, majority"—the second referring to pornographic manga aimed at grown men and also called <i>seijin</i> ("adult" <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">成人</span></span>) manga.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shōnen</i>, <i>seinen</i>, and <i>seijin</i> manga share a number of features in common. </p><p>Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, <i>shōnen</i> manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy, including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic action-adventure.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular themes include <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a> generally did not become as popular.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls (<i><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">bishōjo</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Belldandy" title="Belldandy">Belldandy</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess!_(manga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oh My Goddess! (manga)">Oh My Goddess!</a></i>, stories where such girls and women surround the hero, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Negima!:_Magister_Negi_Magi" class="mw-redirect" title="Negima!: Magister Negi Magi">Negima</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hanaukyo_Maid_Team" title="Hanaukyo Maid Team">Hanaukyo Maid Team</a></i>, or groups of heavily armed female warriors (<i>sentō bishōjo</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the turn of the 21st century, manga "achieved worldwide popularity".<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica-2022_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s, an assortment of explicit sexual material appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly continued into the English translations.<sup id="cite_ref-PCmono_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCmono-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a> considered a bill to restrict minors' access to such content.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Was it passed by the full assembly? (July 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">gekiga</a></i> style of storytelling—thematically somber, adult-oriented, and sometimes deeply violent—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life, often drawn in a gritty and unvarnished fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gekiga</i> such as <a href="/wiki/Sampei_Shirato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampei Shirato">Sampei Shirato</a>'s 1959–1962 <i>Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments</i> (<i>Ninja Bugeichō</i>) arose in the late 1950s and 1960s, partly from left-wing student and working-class political activism,<sup id="cite_ref-SchodtG_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchodtG-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like <a href="/wiki/Yoshihiro_Tatsumi" title="Yoshihiro Tatsumi">Yoshihiro Tatsumi</a> with existing manga.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_and_exhibition">Publications and exhibition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delegates_of_3rd_Asian_Cartoon_Exhibition.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Delegates_of_3rd_Asian_Cartoon_Exhibition.JPG/220px-Delegates_of_3rd_Asian_Cartoon_Exhibition.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Delegates_of_3rd_Asian_Cartoon_Exhibition.JPG/330px-Delegates_of_3rd_Asian_Cartoon_Exhibition.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Delegates_of_3rd_Asian_Cartoon_Exhibition.JPG/440px-Delegates_of_3rd_Asian_Cartoon_Exhibition.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Delegates of 3rd Asian Cartoon Exhibition, held at Tokyo (Annual Manga Exhibition) by The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Foundation" title="Japan Foundation">Japan Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MangaStoreJapan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MangaStoreJapan.jpg/220px-MangaStoreJapan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MangaStoreJapan.jpg/330px-MangaStoreJapan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MangaStoreJapan.jpg/440px-MangaStoreJapan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>A manga store in Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, manga constituted an annual 40.6 billion yen (approximately US$395 million) publication-industry by 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-IndustrySize_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndustrySize-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 sales of manga books made up for about 27% of total book-sales, and sale of manga magazines, for 20% of total magazine-sales.<sup id="cite_ref-mangatrends_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mangatrends-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manga industry has expanded worldwide, where distribution companies license and reprint manga into their native languages. </p><p>Marketeers primarily classify manga by the age and gender of the target readership.<sup id="cite_ref-Schodt_1996_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schodt_1996-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, books and magazines sold to boys (<i>shōnen</i>) and girls (<i>shōjo</i>) have distinctive cover-art, and most bookstores place them on different shelves. Due to cross-readership, consumer response is not limited by demographics. For example, male readers may subscribe to a series intended for female readers, and so on. Japan has <a href="/wiki/Manga_caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Manga café">manga cafés</a>, or <i>manga kissa</i> (<i>kissa</i> is an abbreviation of <i><a href="/wiki/Kissaten" title="Kissaten">kissaten</a></i>). At a <i>manga kissa</i>, people drink <a href="/wiki/Coffee_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee (drink)">coffee</a>, read manga and sometimes stay overnight. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_International_Manga_Museum" title="Kyoto International Manga Museum">Kyoto International Manga Museum</a> maintains a very large website listing manga published in Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-KyMM_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KyMM-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazines">Magazines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">List of manga magazines</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-shimbun_Nippon-chi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/E-shimbun_Nippon-chi.jpg/220px-E-shimbun_Nippon-chi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/E-shimbun_Nippon-chi.jpg/330px-E-shimbun_Nippon-chi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/E-shimbun_Nippon-chi.jpg/440px-E-shimbun_Nippon-chi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3914" data-file-height="5690" /></a><figcaption><i>E-shimbun Nippon-chi</i> (1874), published by <a href="/wiki/Kanagaki_Robun" title="Kanagaki Robun">Kanagaki Robun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawanabe_Kyosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawanabe Kyosai">Kawanabe Kyosai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>E-shimbun Nippon-chi</i> (1874), published by <a href="/wiki/Kanagaki_Robun" title="Kanagaki Robun">Kanagaki Robun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawanabe_Kyosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawanabe Kyosai">Kawanabe Kyosai</a>, is credited as the first manga magazine ever made.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manga magazines or anthologies<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漫画雑誌</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">manga zasshi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other magazines such as the anime fandom magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype</a></i> featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like <i><a href="/wiki/Nakayoshi" title="Nakayoshi">Nakayoshi</a></i> feature many stories written by many different artists; these magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick. Manga magazines also contain <a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">one-shot comics</a> and various four-panel <i><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">yonkoma</a></i> (equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a>). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Popular shonen magazines include <i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump" title="Weekly Shōnen Jump">Weekly Shōnen Jump</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Magazine" title="Weekly Shōnen Magazine">Weekly Shōnen Magazine</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Sunday" title="Weekly Shōnen Sunday">Weekly Shōnen Sunday</a></i> - Popular shoujo manga include <i><a href="/wiki/Ciao_(magazine)" title="Ciao (magazine)">Ciao</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nakayoshi" title="Nakayoshi">Nakayoshi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ribon" title="Ribon">Ribon</a></i>. Manga artists sometimes start out with a few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. Magazines often have a short life.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_volumes">Collected volumes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">Tankōbon</a></div> <p>After a series has run for a while, publishers often collect the chapters and print them in dedicated book-sized volumes, called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tankōbon</i></span>. These can be hardcover, or more usually softcover books, and are the equivalent of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperbacks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a>. These volumes often use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to "catch up" with a series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. "Deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen (about $1 U.S. dollar) each to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used book</a> market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kanagaki_Robun" title="Kanagaki Robun">Kanagaki Robun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawanabe_Ky%C5%8Dsai" title="Kawanabe Kyōsai">Kawanabe Kyōsai</a> created the first manga magazine in 1874: <i>Eshinbun Nipponchi</i>. The magazine was heavily influenced by <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Punch" title="Japan Punch">Japan Punch</a></i>, founded in 1862 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wirgman" title="Charles Wirgman">Charles Wirgman</a>, a British cartoonist. <i>Eshinbun Nipponchi</i> had a very simple style of drawings and did not become popular with many people. <i>Eshinbun Nipponchi</i> ended after three issues. The magazine <i>Kisho Shimbun</i> in 1875 was inspired by <i>Eshinbun Nipponchi</i>, which was followed by <i>Marumaru Chinbun</i> in 1877, and then <i>Garakuta Chinpo</i> in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_Sekai" title="Shōnen Sekai">Shōnen Sekai</a></i> was the first <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōnen">shōnen</a></i> magazine created in 1895 by Iwaya Sazanami, a famous writer of Japanese children's literature back then. <i>Shōnen Sekai</i> had a strong focus on the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JapanFocus_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanFocus-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, the manga-magazine publishing boom started with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Poten_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poten-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Puck" title="Tokyo Puck">Tokyo Pakku</a></i> was created and became a huge hit.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakku_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakku-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <i>Tokyo Pakku</i> in 1905, a female version of <i>Shōnen Sekai</i> was created and named <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_Sekai" title="Shōjo Sekai">Shōjo Sekai</a></i>, considered the first <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōjo">shōjo</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-Wartime_Asia_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wartime_Asia-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shōnen Pakku</i> was made and is considered the first <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_manga" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's manga">children's manga</a> magazine. The children's demographic was in an early stage of development in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>. <i>Shōnen Pakku</i> was influenced from foreign children's magazines such as <i>Puck</i> which an employee of Jitsugyō no Nihon (publisher of the magazine) saw and decided to emulate. In 1924, <i>Kodomo Pakku</i> was launched as another children's manga magazine after <i>Shōnen Pakku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakku_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakku-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the boom, <i>Poten</i> (derived from the French "potin") was published in 1908. All the pages were in full color with influences from <i>Tokyo Pakku</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Puck" title="Osaka Puck">Osaka Puck</a></i>. It is unknown if there were any more issues besides the first one.<sup id="cite_ref-Poten_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poten-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kodomo Pakku</i> was launched May 1924 by Tokyosha and featured high-quality art by many members of the manga artistry like Takei Takeo, Takehisa Yumeji and Aso Yutaka. Some of the manga featured <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloons" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech balloons">speech balloons</a>, where other manga from the previous eras did not use speech balloons and were silent.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakku_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakku-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Published from May 1935 to January 1941, <i>Manga no Kuni</i> coincided with the period of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945). <i>Manga no Kuni</i> featured information on becoming a <a href="/wiki/Mangaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaka">mangaka</a> and on other comics industries around the world. <i>Manga no Kuni</i> handed its title to <i>Sashie Manga Kenkyū</i> in August 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-MangaKuni_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MangaKuni-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dōjinshi"><span id="D.C5.8Djinshi"></span><i>Dōjinshi</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjinshi">Dōjinshi</a></div> <p><i>Dōjinshi</i>, produced by small publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market, resemble in their publishing <a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">small-press</a> independently published <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Comiket" title="Comiket">Comiket</a>, the largest comic book <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">convention</a> in the world with around 500,000 visitors gathering over three days, is devoted to <i>dōjinshi</i>. While they most often contain original stories, many are parodies of or include <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">characters</a> from popular manga and anime series. Some <i>dōjinshi</i> continue with a series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters, much like <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a>. In 2007, <i>dōjinshi</i> sales amounted to 27.73 billion yen (US$245 million).<sup id="cite_ref-IndustrySize_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndustrySize-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 they represented about a tenth of manga books and magazines sales.<sup id="cite_ref-mangatrends_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mangatrends-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_manga">Digital manga</h2></div> <p>Thanks to the advent of the internet, there have been new ways for aspiring mangaka to upload and sell their manga online. Before, there were two main ways in which a mangaka's work could be published: taking their manga drawn on paper to a publisher themselves, or submitting their work to competitions run by magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-Post-2017_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-2017-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_manga">Web manga</h3></div> <p>In recent years, there has been a rise in manga released digitally. Web manga, as it is known in Japan, has seen an increase thanks in part to image hosting websites where anyone can upload pages from their works for free. Although released digitally, almost all web manga sticks to the conventional black-and-white format despite some never getting physical publication. <a href="/wiki/Pixiv" title="Pixiv">Pixiv</a> is the most popular site where amateur and professional work gets published on the site. It has grown to be the most visited site for artwork in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> has also become a popular place for web manga with many artists releasing pages weekly on their accounts in the hope of their work getting picked up or published professionally. One of the best examples of an amateur work becoming professional is <i><a href="/wiki/One-Punch_Man" title="One-Punch Man">One-Punch Man</a></i> which was released online and later received a professional remake released digitally and an anime adaptation soon thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the big print publishers have also released digital only magazines and websites where web manga get published alongside their serialized magazines. <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a> for instance has two websites, Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday, that release weekly chapters for web manga and even offer contests for mangaka to submit their work. Both Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday have become one of the top web manga sites in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have even released apps that teach how to draw professional manga and learn how to create them. <i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump" title="Weekly Shōnen Jump">Weekly Shōnen Jump</a></i> released <i>Jump Paint</i>, an app that guides users on how to make their own manga from making storyboards to digitally inking lines. It also offers more than 120 types of pen tips and more than 1,000 screentones for artists to practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Post-2017_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-2017-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a> has also used the popularity of web manga to launch more series and also offer better distribution of their officially translated works under <a href="/wiki/Kodansha_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodansha Comics">Kodansha Comics</a> thanks in part to the titles being released digitally first before being published physically.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise web manga has also been credited to smartphones and computers as more and more readers read manga on their phones rather than from a print publication. While paper manga has seen a decrease over time, digital manga have been growing in sales each year. The Research Institute for Publications reports that sales of digital manga books excluding magazines jumped 27.1 percent to ¥146 billion in 2016 from the year before while sales of paper manga saw a record year-on-year decline of 7.4 percent to ¥194.7 billion. They have also said that if the digital and paper keep the same growth and drop rates, web manga would exceed their paper counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 manga sales topped the ¥600 billion mark for the first time in history, beating the 1995 peak due to a fast growth of the digital manga market which rose by ¥82.7 billion from a previous year, surpassing print manga sales which have also increased.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webtoons">Webtoons</h3></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Webtoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Webtoons">webtoons</a> have caught on in popularity as a new medium for comics in Asia, Japan has been slow to adopt webtoons as the traditional format and print publication still dominate the way manga is created and consumed(although this is beginning to change). Despite this, one of the biggest webtoon publishers in the world, <a href="/wiki/Comico_(NHN_Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comico (NHN Japan)">Comico</a>, has had success in the traditional Japanese manga market. Comico was launched by <a href="/wiki/NHN_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="NHN Japan">NHN Japan</a>, the Japanese subsidiary of Korean company, <a href="/wiki/NHN_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="NHN Entertainment">NHN Entertainment</a>. As of now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, there are only two webtoon publishers that publish Japanese webtoons: Comico and <a href="/wiki/Naver_Webtoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Naver Webtoon">Naver Webtoon</a> (under the name XOY in Japan). <a href="/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao">Kakao</a> has also had success by offering licensed manga and translated Korean webtoons with their service <a href="/wiki/Piccoma" title="Piccoma">Piccoma</a>. All three companies credit their success to the webtoon pay model where users can purchase each chapter individually instead of having to buy the whole book while also offering some chapters for free for a period of time allowing anyone to read a whole series for free if they wait long enough.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The added benefit of having all of their titles in color and some with special animations and effects have also helped them succeed. Some popular Japanese webtoons have also gotten anime adaptations and print releases, the most notable being <i><a href="/wiki/ReLIFE" title="ReLIFE">ReLIFE</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Recovery_of_an_MMO_Junkie" title="Recovery of an MMO Junkie">Recovery of an MMO Junkie</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_markets">International markets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">Manga outside Japan</a></div> <p>By 2007, the influence of manga on international comics had grown considerably over the past two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Influence" is used here to refer to effects on the comics markets outside Japan and to <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> effects on comics artists internationally. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manga_reading_direction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Manga_reading_direction.svg/170px-Manga_reading_direction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Manga_reading_direction.svg/255px-Manga_reading_direction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Manga_reading_direction.svg/340px-Manga_reading_direction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The reading direction in a traditional manga</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">right to left</a>. Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. Other publishers mirror the pages horizontally before printing the translation, changing the reading direction to a more "Western" left to right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional comics-consumers. This practice is known as "flipping".<sup id="cite_ref-Farago_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farago-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, criticism suggests that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a shirt that reads "MAY" on it, and gets flipped, then the word is altered to "YAM"), who may be ignorant of how awkward it is to read comics when the eyes must flow through the pages and text in opposite directions, resulting in an experience that's quite distinct from reading something that flows homogeneously. If the translation is not adapted to the flipped artwork carefully enough it is also possible for the text to go against the picture, such as a person referring to something on their left in the text while pointing to their right in the graphic. Characters shown writing with their right hands, the majority of them, would become left-handed when a series is flipped. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with the gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or a shirt with the buttons on the wrong side, however these issues are minor when compared to the unnatural reading flow, and some of them could be solved with an adaptation work that goes beyond just translation and blind flipping.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_influence_on_Korean_culture" title="Japanese influence on Korean culture">Japanese influence on Korean culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_influence_on_Chinese_culture" title="Japanese influence on Chinese culture">Japanese influence on Chinese culture</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manga_bookshop_in_Hanoi,_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manga_bookshop_in_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/150px-Manga_bookshop_in_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manga_bookshop_in_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/225px-Manga_bookshop_in_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manga_bookshop_in_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/300px-Manga_bookshop_in_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Manga shelf in "Kim Đồng" bookstore, 55 Quang Trung, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p>Manga has highly influenced the art styles of <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manga in Indonesia is published by <a href="/wiki/Elex_Media_Komputindo" title="Elex Media Komputindo">Elex Media Komputindo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Level_Comic" class="mw-redirect" title="Level Comic">Level Comic</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%26C_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="M&C (publisher)">M&C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gramedia" title="Gramedia">Gramedia</a>. Manga has influenced Indonesia's original comic industry. Manga in the Philippines were imported from the US and were sold only in specialty stores and in limited copies. The first manga in Filipino language is <a href="/wiki/Doraemon" title="Doraemon">Doraemon</a> which was published by J-Line Comics and was then followed by <a href="/wiki/Case_Closed" title="Case Closed">Case Closed</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Boys' Love">Boys' Love</a> manga became popular through the introduction of BL manga by printing company BLACKink. Among the first BL titles to be printed were Poster Boy, Tagila, and Sprinters, all were written in Filipino. BL manga have become bestsellers in the top three bookstore companies in the Philippines since their introduction in 2015. During the same year, <a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Boys' Love</a> manga have become a popular mainstream with Thai consumers, leading to television series adapted from BL manga stories since 2016.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Manga piracy is an increasing problem in Asia which effects many publishers. This has led to the Japanese government taking legal action against multiple operators of pirate websites.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakura_Eldorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sakura_Eldorado.jpg/300px-Sakura_Eldorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sakura_Eldorado.jpg/450px-Sakura_Eldorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sakura_Eldorado.jpg/600px-Sakura_Eldorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The comic book and manga store <i>Sakura Eldorado</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Manga has influenced European cartooning in a way that is somewhat different from in the U.S. Broadcast anime in France and Italy opened the European market to manga during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Euromanga_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euromanga-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century (<a href="/wiki/Japonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonism">Japonism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Japonisme_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japonisme-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has its own highly developed tradition of <a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">bande dessinée</a> cartooning.<sup id="cite_ref-VollBD_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VollBD-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manga was introduced to France in the late 1990s, where Japanese pop culture became massively popular: in 2021, 55% of comics sold in the country were manga and France is the biggest manga importer.<sup id="cite_ref-mahousu_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahousu-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-2021, 75 percent of the €300 value of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture Pass (page does not exist)">Culture Pass</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_Culture" class="extiw" title="fr:Pass Culture">fr</a>]</span> accounts given to French 18 year-olds was spent on manga.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Japan External Trade Organization, sales of manga reached $212.6 million within France and Germany alone in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Euromanga_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euromanga-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France represents about 50% of the European market and is the second worldwide market, behind Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Danica_Davidson_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danica_Davidson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, there were 41 publishers of manga in France and, together with other Asian comics, manga represented around 40% of new comics releases in the country,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surpassing <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian comics</a> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European publishers marketing manga translated into French include Asuka, <a href="/wiki/Casterman" title="Casterman">Casterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A9nat_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glénat (publisher)">Glénat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kana_(publisher)" title="Kana (publisher)">Kana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pika_%C3%89dition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pika Édition">Pika Édition</a>, among others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> European publishers also translate manga into Dutch, German, Italian, and other languages. In 2007, about 70% of all comics sold in Germany were manga.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010 the country celebrates Manga Day on every 27 August. In 2021 manga sales in Germany rose by 75% from its original record of 70 million in 2005. As of 2022 Germany is the third largest manga market in Europe after Italy and France.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the Spanish manga market hit a record of 1033 new title publications. In 2022 the 28th edition of the <a href="/wiki/Manga_Barcelona" title="Manga Barcelona">Barcelona Manga Festival</a> opened its doors to more than 163,000 fans, compared to a pre-pandemic 120,000 in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Gollancz</a> and Titan Books.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the <a href="/wiki/Tanoshimi" title="Tanoshimi">Tanoshimi</a> line from <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2019 <a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Museum">The British Museum</a> held a <a href="/wiki/The_Citi_Exhibition:_Manga" title="The Citi Exhibition: Manga">mass exhibition dedicated to manga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manga_at_Barnes_%26_Noble,_Tanforan_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Manga_at_Barnes_%26_Noble%2C_Tanforan_3.JPG/300px-Manga_at_Barnes_%26_Noble%2C_Tanforan_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Manga_at_Barnes_%26_Noble%2C_Tanforan_3.JPG/450px-Manga_at_Barnes_%26_Noble%2C_Tanforan_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Manga_at_Barnes_%26_Noble%2C_Tanforan_3.JPG/600px-Manga_at_Barnes_%26_Noble%2C_Tanforan_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The manga section at <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Bruno" class="mw-redirect" title="San Bruno">San Bruno</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Manga made their way only gradually into U.S. markets, first in association with anime and then independently.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some U.S. <a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">fans</a> became aware of manga in the 1970s and early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten2_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten2-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to U.S. fans,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain, subtitle, and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate, reproduce, and distribute <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tankōbon</i></span>-style manga books.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U.S. was <a href="/wiki/Keiji_Nakazawa" title="Keiji Nakazawa">Keiji Nakazawa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_Gen" title="Barefoot Gen">Barefoot Gen</a></i>, an autobiographical story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Rifas" title="Leonard Rifas">Leonard Rifas</a> and Educomics (1980–1982).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including <i><a href="/wiki/Golgo_13" title="Golgo 13">Golgo 13</a></i> in 1986, <i><a href="/wiki/Lone_Wolf_and_Cub" title="Lone Wolf and Cub">Lone Wolf and Cub</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/First_Comics" title="First Comics">First Comics</a> in 1987, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kamui_(1964_manga)" title="Kamui (1964 manga)">Kamui</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Area_88" title="Area 88">Area 88</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Mai_the_Psychic_Girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mai the Psychic Girl">Mai the Psychic Girl</a></i>, also in 1987 and all from <a href="/wiki/Viz_Media" title="Viz Media">Viz Media</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Comics" title="Eclipse Comics">Eclipse Comics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others soon followed, including <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(manga)" title="Akira (manga)">Akira</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>' <a href="/wiki/Epic_Comics" title="Epic Comics">Epic Comics</a> imprint, <i><a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(manga)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)">Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind</a></i> from Viz Media, and <i><a href="/wiki/Appleseed_(manga)" title="Appleseed (manga)">Appleseed</a></i> from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later <i>Iczer-1</i> (<a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Press" title="Antarctic Press">Antarctic Press</a>, 1994) and <a href="/wiki/Ippongi_Bang" title="Ippongi Bang">Ippongi Bang</a>'s <i>F-111 Bandit</i> (Antarctic Press, 1995). </p><p>During the 1980s and 1990s, Japanese animation, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion" title="Neon Genesis Evangelion">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon (anime)">Pokémon</a></i>, made a larger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Toren_Smith" title="Toren Smith">Toren Smith</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Studio_Proteus" title="Studio Proteus">Studio Proteus</a> in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including <a href="/wiki/Masamune_Shirow" title="Masamune Shirow">Masamune Shirow</a>'s <i>Appleseed</i> and <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsuke_Fujishima" title="Kōsuke Fujishima">Kōsuke Fujishima</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess!_(manga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oh My Goddess! (manga)">Oh My Goddess!</a></i>, for <a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics" title="Dark Horse Comics">Dark Horse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eros_Comix" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros Comix">Eros Comix</a>, eliminating the need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a> opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills.<sup id="cite_ref-Farago_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farago-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese publishers began pursuing a U.S. market in the mid-1990s, due to a stagnation in the domestic market for manga.<sup id="cite_ref-Brienza2009_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brienza2009-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(manga)" title="Ghost in the Shell (manga)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (translated by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_L._Schodt" title="Frederik L. Schodt">Frederik L. Schodt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toren_Smith" title="Toren Smith">Toren Smith</a>) becoming very popular among fans.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extremely successful manga and anime translated and dubbed in English in the mid-1990s was <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1995–1998, the <a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon_(manga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailor Moon (manga)"><i>Sailor Moon</i> manga</a> had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, North America and most of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing <i>Sailor Moon</i>, along with <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(manga_artists)" title="Clamp (manga artists)">CLAMP</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Magic_Knight_Rayearth" title="Magic Knight Rayearth">Magic Knight Rayearth</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Iwaaki" title="Hitoshi Iwaaki">Hitoshi Iwaaki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Parasyte" title="Parasyte">Parasyte</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Takahashi" title="Tsutomu Takahashi">Tsutomu Takahashi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ice_Blade" title="Ice Blade">Ice Blade</a></i> in the monthly manga magazine <i><a href="/wiki/MixxZine" class="mw-redirect" title="MixxZine">MixxZine</a></i>. Mixx Entertainment, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Tokyopop" title="Tokyopop">Tokyopop</a>, also published manga in <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperbacks</a> and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, <a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Manga" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Horse Manga">Dark Horse Manga</a> was a major publisher of translated manga. In addition to <i><a href="/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess!_(manga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oh My Goddess! (manga)">Oh My Goddess!</a></i>, the company published <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(manga)" title="Akira (manga)">Akira</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Berserk_(manga)" title="Berserk (manga)">Berserk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_of_the_Immortal" title="Blade of the Immortal">Blade of the Immortal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(manga)" title="Ghost in the Shell (manga)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lone_Wolf_and_Cub" title="Lone Wolf and Cub">Lone Wolf and Cub</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nightow" title="Yasuhiro Nightow">Yasuhiro Nightow</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Trigun" title="Trigun">Trigun</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Blockade_Battlefront" title="Blood Blockade Battlefront">Blood Blockade Battlefront</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gantz" title="Gantz">Gantz</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kouta_Hirano" title="Kouta Hirano">Kouta Hirano</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hellsing" title="Hellsing">Hellsing</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Drifters_(manga)" title="Drifters (manga)">Drifters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blood%2B" title="Blood+">Blood+</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Personality_Detective_Psycho" title="Multiple Personality Detective Psycho">Multiple Personality Detective Psycho</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/FLCL" title="FLCL">FLCL</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mob_Psycho_100" title="Mob Psycho 100">Mob Psycho 100</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Oreimo" title="Oreimo">Oreimo</a></i>. The company received 13 <a href="/wiki/Eisner_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisner Award">Eisner Award</a> nominations for its manga titles, and three of the four manga creators admitted to <a href="/wiki/The_Will_Eisner_Award_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame">The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame</a> — <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Koike" title="Kazuo Koike">Kazuo Koike</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goseki_Kojima" title="Goseki Kojima">Goseki Kojima</a> — were published in Dark Horse translations.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon_manga" title="List of Pokémon manga"><i>Pokémon</i> manga</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Tale_of_Pikachu" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Tale of Pikachu">Electric Tale of Pikachu</a></i> issue #1 sold over 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling single <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> in the United States since 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market generated $175 million in annual sales.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, mainstream U.S. media began to discuss manga, with articles in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, manga distributor <a href="/wiki/Viz_Media" title="Viz Media">Viz Media</a> is the largest publisher of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a> and comic books in the United States, with a 23% share of the market.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BookScan" title="BookScan">BookScan</a> sales show that manga is one of the fastest-growing areas of the comic book and narrative fiction markets. From January 2019 to May 2019, the manga market grew 16%, compared to the overall comic book market's 5% growth. <a href="/wiki/The_NPD_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The NPD Group">The NPD Group</a> noted that, compared to other comic book readers, manga readers are younger (76% under 30) and more diverse, including a higher female readership (16% higher than other comic books).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2020, manga is the second largest category in the US comic book and graphic novel market, accounting for 27% of the entire market share.<sup id="cite_ref-manga-marketshare_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manga-marketshare-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> some stores of the American bookseller <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> saw up to a 500% increase in sales from <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> and manga sales due to the younger generations showing a high interest in the medium.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sales of print manga titles in the U.S. increased by 3.6 million units in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, 24.4 million units of manga were sold in the United States. This is an increase of about 15 million (160%) more sales than in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, most of the top-selling comic creators in the United States were mangaka.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year manga sales saw an increase of 9%.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Localized_manga">Localized manga</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Manfra" title="Manfra">Manfra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">Original English-language manga</a></div> <p>A number of artists in the United States have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga. As an early example, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Grant" title="Vernon Grant">Vernon Grant</a> drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller" title="Frank Miller">Frank Miller</a>'s mid-1980s <i><a href="/wiki/Ronin_(DC_Comics)" title="Ronin (DC Comics)">Ronin</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Warren_(comics)" title="Adam Warren (comics)">Adam Warren</a> and Toren Smith's 1988 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair" title="The Dirty Pair">The Dirty Pair</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-DirtyPair_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DirtyPair-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Dunn" title="Ben Dunn">Ben Dunn</a>'s 1987 <i><a href="/wiki/Ninja_High_School" title="Ninja High School">Ninja High School</a></i> and <i>Manga Shi 2000</i> from <a href="/wiki/Crusade_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade Comics">Crusade Comics</a> (1997). </p><p>By the beginning of the 21st century, several U.S. manga publishers had begun to produce work by U.S. artists under the broad marketing-label of manga.<sup id="cite_ref-Tai_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tai-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, I.C. Entertainment, formerly <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ironcat" title="Studio Ironcat">Studio Ironcat</a> and now out of business, launched a series of manga by U.S. artists called <i><a href="/wiki/Amerimanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerimanga">Amerimanga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amerimanga_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amerimanga-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/EigoMANGA" title="EigoMANGA">eigoMANGA</a> launched the <i><a href="/wiki/Rumble_Pak_(comics)" title="Rumble Pak (comics)">Rumble Pak</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Pakk" title="Sakura Pakk">Sakura Pakk</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Comics_anthology" title="Comics anthology">anthology series</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seven_Seas_Entertainment" title="Seven Seas Entertainment">Seven Seas Entertainment</a> followed suit with <i><a href="/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">World Manga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SSE1_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSE1-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, TokyoPop introduced <a href="/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">original English-language manga</a> (OEL manga) later renamed <i>Global Manga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TPopOEL_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPopOEL-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francophone artists have also developed their own versions of manga (<i><a href="/wiki/Manfra" title="Manfra">manfra</a></i>), like <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boilet" title="Frédéric Boilet">Frédéric Boilet</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_nouvelle_manga" title="La nouvelle manga">la nouvelle manga</a></i>. Boilet has worked in France and in Japan, sometimes collaborating with Japanese artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Boilet_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boilet-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div> <p>The Japanese manga industry grants a large number of awards, mostly sponsored by publishers, with the winning prize usually including publication of the winning stories in magazines released by the sponsoring publisher. Examples of these awards include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Akatsuka_Award" title="Akatsuka Award">Akatsuka Award</a> for humorous manga</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dengeki_Comic_Grand_Prix" title="Dengeki Comic Grand Prix">Dengeki Comic Grand Prix</a> for one-shot manga</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Cartoonists_Association_Award" title="Japan Cartoonists Association Award">Japan Cartoonists Association Award</a> various categories</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kodansha_Manga_Award" title="Kodansha Manga Award">Kodansha Manga Award</a> (multiple genre awards)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun Award</a> for best science fiction comic of the year</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan_Manga_Award" title="Shogakukan Manga Award">Shogakukan Manga Award</a> (multiple genres)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tezuka_Award" title="Tezuka Award">Tezuka Award</a> for best new serial manga</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tezuka_Osamu_Cultural_Prize" title="Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize">Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize</a> (multiple genres)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> has awarded the <a href="/wiki/International_Manga_Award" title="International Manga Award">International Manga Award</a> annually since May 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, LeftField Media (creators of the annual event Anime NYC) in cooperation with Japan Society created an awards program to honor manga creators with work available in English. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Manga_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Manga Awards (page does not exist)">American Manga Awards</a> (multiple genres)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_education">University education</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Seika_University" title="Kyoto Seika University">Kyoto Seika University</a> in Japan has offered a highly competitive course in manga since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, several established universities and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational schools</a> (専門学校: <i>Semmon gakkou</i>) established a <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" class="extiw" title="jp:マンガ学科">training curriculum</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABh%C5%8D_Sat%C5%8D" title="Shūhō Satō">Shuho Sato</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Umizaru" title="Umizaru">Umizaru</a></i> and <i>Say Hello to Black Jack</i>, has created some controversy on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. Sato says, "Manga school is meaningless because those schools have very low success rates. Then, I could teach novices required skills on the job in three months. Meanwhile, those school students spend several million yen, and four years, yet they are good for nothing." and that, "For instance, <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Takemiya" title="Keiko Takemiya">Keiko Takemiya</a>, the then professor of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Seika_University" title="Kyoto Seika University">Seika Univ.</a>, remarked in the Government Council that 'A complete novice will be able to understand where is "Tachikiri" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">margin section</a>) during four years.' On the other hand, I would imagine that, It takes about thirty minutes to completely understand that at work."<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACG_(subculture)" title="ACG (subculture)">ACG (subculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Anime and manga fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">Emakimono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-toki" title="E-toki">E-toki</a> (horizontal, illustrated narrative form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power#Japan" title="Soft power">Soft power § Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a> (small Chinese picture book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">List of best-selling manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_manga" title="List of films based on manga">List of films based on manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_licensed_manga_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="List of licensed manga in English">List of licensed manga in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_distributors" title="List of manga distributors">List of manga distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">List of manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Manga iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">Manga outside Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Truyện tranh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-version" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-version">Q-version</a> (cartoonification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump" title="Weekly Shōnen Jump">Weekly Shōnen Jump</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">also <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2009">Merriam-Webster 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLent2001">Lent 2001</a>, pp. 3–4, <a href="#CITEREFGravett2004">Gravett 2004</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKern2006">Kern 2006</a>, <a href="#CITEREFIto2005">Ito 2005</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSchodt1986">Schodt 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mit.edu/~rei/manga-list.html">"Manga/Anime topics"</a>. <i>mit.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622072635/http://www.mit.edu/~rei/manga-list.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mit.edu&rft.atitle=Manga%2FAnime+topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mit.edu%2F~rei%2Fmanga-list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gravett-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gravett_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravett2004">Gravett 2004</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-2022-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica-2022_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica-2022_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/comic-book">"comic book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. 30 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522162505/https://www.britannica.com/art/comic-book">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=comic+book&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fcomic-book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsella2000">Kinsella 2000</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt199619–20-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchodt199619–20_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indianapolis-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indianapolis_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indianapolis_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullen1997" class="citation news cs1">Mullen, Ruth (2 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/">"Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star" title="The Indianapolis Star">The Indianapolis Star</a></i>. p. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035505/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=Manga%2C+anime+rooted+in+Japanese+history&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1997-08-02&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F107097112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-02-26/manga-market-in-japan-hits-record-612.6-billion-yen-in-2020/.169987">"Manga Market in Japan Hits Record 612.6 Billion Yen in 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. 26 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114025427/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-02-26/manga-market-in-japan-hits-record-612.6-billion-yen-in-2020/.169987">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manga+Market+in+Japan+Hits+Record+612.6+Billion+Yen+in+2020&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2021-02-26%2Fmanga-market-in-japan-hits-record-612.6-billion-yen-in-2020%2F.169987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/topics/7559/manga-industry-in-japan/#topicHeader__wrapper">"Manga industry in Japan - statistics and facts"</a>. <i>Statista</i>. 11 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114025428/https://www.statista.com/topics/7559/manga-industry-in-japan/#topicHeader__wrapper">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Manga+industry+in+Japan+-+statistics+and+facts&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Ftopics%2F7559%2Fmanga-industry-in-japan%2F%23topicHeader__wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2023/02/26/japans-2022-manga-sales-reaches-the-highest-in-history-again">"Japan's 2022 Manga Sales Reaches The Highest in History Again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></i>. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415210418/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2023/02/26/japans-2022-manga-sales-reaches-the-highest-in-history-again">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crunchyroll&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+2022+Manga+Sales+Reaches+The+Highest+in+History+Again&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crunchyroll.com%2Fanime-news%2F2023%2F02%2F26%2Fjapans-2022-manga-sales-reaches-the-highest-in-history-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://otakuusamagazine.com/manga-sales-in-japan-reached-highest-point-in-history-in-2022/">"Manga Sales in Japan Reached Highest Point in History in 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Otaku_USA_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Otaku USA Magazine">Otaku USA Magazine</a></i>. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417022044/https://otakuusamagazine.com/manga-sales-in-japan-reached-highest-point-in-history-in-2022/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Paperback+manga+has+taken+over+the+world&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F22434330%2Fpaperback-manga-bookselling-viz-media-barnes-noble-anime-comics-sales-figures-my-hero-academia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190610-did-manga-shape-how-the-world-sees-japan">"Did manga shape how the world sees Japan?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+manga+shape+how+the+world+sees+Japan%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20190610-did-manga-shape-how-the-world-sees-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/01/ghouls-demon-slayers-and-socially-anxious-students-how-manga-conquered-the-world">"Ghouls, demon slayers and socially anxious students: how manga conquered the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 1 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725144042/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/01/ghouls-demon-slayers-and-socially-anxious-students-how-manga-conquered-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ghouls%2C+demon+slayers+and+socially+anxious+students%3A+how+manga+conquered+the+world&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2022%2Fnov%2F01%2Fghouls-demon-slayers-and-socially-anxious-students-how-manga-conquered-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rutgers.edu/news/why-are-manga-outselling-superhero-comics">"Why are manga outselling superhero comics?"</a>. <i>Rutgers Today</i>. 5 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114025433/https://www.rutgers.edu/news/why-are-manga-outselling-superhero-comics">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+Today&rft.atitle=Why+are+manga+outselling+superhero+comics%3F&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutgers.edu%2Fnews%2Fwhy-are-manga-outselling-superhero-comics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-webtoon-sales-western-comics/">"Manga and Webtoon Publishers Are Dominating the Comics Industry"</a>. <i>comicbook.com</i>. 8 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411222706/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-webtoon-sales-western-comics/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comicbook.com&rft.atitle=Manga+and+Webtoon+Publishers+Are+Dominating+the+Comics+Industry&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomicbook.com%2Fanime%2Fnews%2Fmanga-webtoon-sales-western-comics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icv2.com/articles/markets/view/48728/manga-sales-north-america-hit-all-time-high-2020">"Manga sales hit an all time high in North America"</a>. <i>Icv2</i>. 2 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114025430/https://icv2.com/articles/markets/view/48728/manga-sales-north-america-hit-all-time-high-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icv2&rft.atitle=Manga+sales+hit+an+all+time+high+in+North+America&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficv2.com%2Farticles%2Fmarkets%2Fview%2F48728%2Fmanga-sales-north-america-hit-all-time-high-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunenwald,_JoeMacDonald,_Heidi2022" class="citation news cs1">Grunenwald, Joe; <a href="/wiki/Heidi_MacDonald" title="Heidi MacDonald">MacDonald, Heidi</a> (4 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comicsbeat.com/report-graphic-novel-sales-were-up-65-in-2021/">"Report: Graphic novel sales were up 65% in 2021"</a>. <i>The Beat</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129124717/https://www.comicsbeat.com/report-graphic-novel-sales-were-up-65-in-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Beat&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Graphic+novel+sales+were+up+65%25+in+2021&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft.au=Grunenwald%2C+Joe&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Heidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comicsbeat.com%2Freport-graphic-novel-sales-were-up-65-in-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookriot.com/todays-north-american-manga-market/">"Today's North American manga market: The wins, the losses, and everything else"</a>. <i>Book Riot</i>. 13 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114025442/https://bookriot.com/todays-north-american-manga-market/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+Riot&rft.atitle=Today%27s+North+American+manga+market%3A+The+wins%2C+the+losses%2C+and+everything+else&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookriot.com%2Ftodays-north-american-manga-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/89184-manga-is-booming.html">"Manga is Booming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. 29 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424175258/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/89184-manga-is-booming.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Manga+is+Booming&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Findustry-news%2Fpublisher-news%2Farticle%2F89184-manga-is-booming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2022-05-11/manga-growth-in-popularity-is-here-to-stay-industry-leaders-predict/.183314">"Manga's Growth In Popularity Is Here To Stay, Industry Leaders Predict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. 13 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114025432/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2022-05-11/manga-growth-in-popularity-is-here-to-stay-industry-leaders-predict/.183314">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manga%27s+Growth+In+Popularity+Is+Here+To+Stay%2C+Industry+Leaders+Predict&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Ffeature%2F2022-05-11%2Fmanga-growth-in-popularity-is-here-to-stay-industry-leaders-predict%2F.183314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouissou2006" class="citation web cs1">Bouissou, Jean-Marie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00972716/document">"JAPAN'S GROWING CULTURAL POWER: THE EXAMPLE OF MANGA IN FRANCE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917033040/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00972716/document">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JAPAN%27S+GROWING+CULTURAL+POWER%3A+THE+EXAMPLE+OF+MANGA+IN+FRANCE&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bouissou&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00972716%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiam.com/english/art/art_vocation_manga.php">"The Manga Market: Eurasiam – Japanese art & communication School"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manga+Market%3A+Eurasiam+%E2%80%93+Japanese+art+%26+communication+School&rft.pub=Eurasiam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiam.com%2Fenglish%2Fart%2Fart_vocation_manga.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danica_Davidson-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danica_Davidson_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danica_Davidson_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanica_Davidson2012" class="citation web cs1">Danica Davidson (26 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024122838/https://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/26/manga-in-the-heart-of-europe/">"Manga grows in the heart of Europe"</a>. <i>Geek Out! 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Japan%3A+Manga+to+spearhead+nation%27s+economic+growth&rft.date=2023-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fjapan-manga-to-spearhead-nations-economic-growth%2Fa-65393781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/07/why-are-u-s-comics-colored-and-japanese-mangas-not.html">"Why Are U.S. Comics Colored and Japanese Mangas Not?"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. 15 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423130557/https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/07/why-are-u-s-comics-colored-and-japanese-mangas-not.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Why+Are+U.S.+Comics+Colored+and+Japanese+Mangas+Not%3F&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2015%2F07%2Fwhy-are-u-s-comics-colored-and-japanese-mangas-not.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzensteinShiraishi1997">Katzenstein & Shiraishi 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199608218.001.0001/acref-9780199608218-e-9582">"Manga"</a>. <i>The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960821-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960821-8"><bdi>978-0-19-960821-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manga&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Companion+to+English+Literature&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960821-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199608218.001.0001%2Facref-9780199608218-e-9582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GravettSchodt-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GravettSchodt_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GravettSchodt_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravett2004">Gravett 2004</a>, p. 8, <a href="#CITEREFSchodt1986">Schodt 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsella-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinsella_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsella2000">Kinsella 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKittelson1998">Kittelson 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnston-O'Neill2007">Johnston-O'Neill 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebb2006">Webb 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong_2002-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wong_2002_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2002">Wong 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRousmaniere2001">Rousmaniere 2001</a>, p. 54, <a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>, p. xiii, <a href="#CITEREFProhlNelson2012">Prohl & Nelson 2012</a>, p. 596,<a href="#CITEREFFukushima2013">Fukushima 2013</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiji_no_yukikai-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shiji_no_yukikai_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiji_no_yukikai_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiji_no_yukikai_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2534277/5?contentNo=5&itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2534277&__lang=en">"Shiji no yukikai(Japanese National Diet Library)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411045911/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2534277/5?contentNo=5&itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2534277&__lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiji+no+yukikai%28Japanese+National+Diet+Library%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2534277%2F5%3FcontentNo%3D5%26itemId%3Dinfo%253Andljp%252Fpid%252F2534277%26__lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebb2006">Webb 2006</a>,<a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>, p. xvi,<a href="#CITEREFOnoda2009">Onoda 2009</a>, p. 10,<a href="#CITEREFPetersen2011">Petersen 2011</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>, p. xiii, <a href="#CITEREFOnoda2009">Onoda 2009</a>, p. 10, <a href="#CITEREFProhlNelson2012">Prohl & Nelson 2012</a>, p. 596, <a href="#CITEREFFukushima2013">Fukushima 2013</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prohl_2012_596-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prohl_2012_596_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prohl_2012_596_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProhlNelson2012">Prohl & Nelson 2012</a>, p. 596,<a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy2014">McCarthy 2014</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santō_Kyōden-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santō_Kyōden_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santō_Kyōden_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106014407/http://heartland.geocities.jp/hamasakaba/44kyoden/">"Santō Kyōden's picturebooks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heartland.geocities.jp/hamasakaba/44kyoden/">the original</a> on 6 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sant%C5%8D+Ky%C5%8Dden%27s+picturebooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheartland.geocities.jp%2Fhamasakaba%2F44kyoden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dh-jac.net/db1/books-e/results.php?f39%5B%5D=%2A%2F000&f40%5B%5D=SB4738&-sortField1=f39&skip=0&enter=portal">"Hokusai Manga (15 Vols complete)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409002427/https://www.dh-jac.net/db1/books-e/results.php?f39%5B%5D=*/000&f40%5D=SB4738&-sortField1=f39&skip=0&enter=portal">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hokusai+Manga+%2815+Vols+complete%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dh-jac.net%2Fdb1%2Fbooks-e%2Fresults.php%3Ff39%26%2391%3B%26%2393%3B%3D%252A%252F000%26f40%26%2391%3B%26%2393%3B%3DSB4738%26-sortField1%3Df39%26skip%3D0%26enter%3Dportal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hokusai-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hokusai_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hokusai_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouquillardMarquet2007">Bouquillard & Marquet 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manga_no_Jiten-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manga_no_Jiten_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShimizu1985">Shimizu 1985</a>, pp. 53–54, 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204093242/http://www.animecornerstore.com/inuyaanno.html">"Inu Yasha Ani-MangaGraphic Novels"</a>. Animecornerstore.com. 1 November 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animecornerstore.com/inuyaanno.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inu+Yasha+Ani-MangaGraphic+Novels&rft.pub=Animecornerstore.com&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animecornerstore.com%2Finuyaanno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Widewalls-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Widewalls_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Widewalls_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Widewalls_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKageyama2016" class="citation web cs1">Kageyama, Y. (24 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528051728/http://www.widewalls.ch/japanese-manga-comics-history/">"A Short History of Japanese Manga"</a>. <i>Widewalls.ch</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.widewalls.ch/japanese-manga-comics-history/">the original</a> on 28 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Widewalls.ch&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Japanese+Manga&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft.aulast=Kageyama&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.widewalls.ch%2Fjapanese-manga-comics-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daini-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daini_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daini_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421042205/https://artscape.jp/artscape/eng/ht/0712index.html">"MedievalManga in Midtown: The Choju-Giga at the Suntory Museum"</a>. Dai Nippom Printing Co., Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artscape.jp/artscape/eng/ht/0712index.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MedievalManga+in+Midtown%3A+The+Choju-Giga+at+the+Suntory+Museum&rft.pub=Dai+Nippom+Printing+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartscape.jp%2Fartscape%2Feng%2Fht%2F0712index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKern2006">Kern (2006)</a>, pp. 139–144, Fig. 3.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKern2006">Kern 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRound2014" class="citation book cs1">Round, Julia (12 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3bfPAgAAQBAJ"><i>Gothic in Comics and Graphic Novels by Julia Round page 24 and 25</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4980-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-4980-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406230749/https://books.google.com/books?id=3bfPAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+in+Comics+and+Graphic+Novels+by+Julia+Round+page+24+and+25&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4980-4&rft.aulast=Round&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bfPAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1986">Schodt 1986</a>, <a href="#CITEREFIto2004">Ito 2004</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKern2006">Kern 2006</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKern2007">Kern 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsella2000">Kinsella 2000</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSchodt1986">Schodt 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1986">Schodt 1986</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSchodt2007">Schodt 2007</a>, <a href="#CITEREFGravett2004">Gravett 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKodansha1999">Kodansha 1999</a>, pp. 692–715, <a href="#CITEREFSchodt2007">Schodt 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schodt_1986-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schodt_1986_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1986">Schodt 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravett2004">Gravett 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065145/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101213003771.htm">"Tokyo Moves a Step Closer to Manga Porn Crackdown"</a>. <i>The Yomiuri Shimbun</i>. 14 December 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publishersweekly.com&rft.atitle=Strong+French+Manga+Market+Begins+to+Dip&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft.au=Brigid+Alverson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Fbooknews%2Fcomics%2Farticle%2F61030-strong-french-manga-market-begins-to-dip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich_Johnston2014" class="citation web cs1">Rich Johnston (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bleedingcool.com/2014/01/french-comics-in-2013-its-not-all-asterix-but-quite-a-bit-is/">"French Comics In 2013 – It's Not All Asterix. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bleedingcool.com&rft.atitle=French+Comics+In+2013+%E2%80%93+It%27s+Not+All+Asterix.+But+Quite+A+Bit+Is.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.au=Rich+Johnston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bleedingcool.com%2F2014%2F01%2Ffrench-comics-in-2013-its-not-all-asterix-but-quite-a-bit-is%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Fishbein2007" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer Fishbein (27 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,525417,00.html">"Europe's Manga Mania"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014050847/http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,525417,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+International&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Manga+Mania&rft.date=2007-12-27&rft.au=Jennifer+Fishbein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fbusiness%2F0%2C1518%2C525417%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/manga-comics-keep-booming-in-germany/a-62913999">"Manga comics keep booming in Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW</a></i>. 27 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506234731/https://www.dw.com/en/manga-comics-keep-booming-in-germany/a-62913999">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Manga+comics+keep+booming+in+Germany&rft.date=2022-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmanga-comics-keep-booming-in-germany%2Fa-62913999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/01/16/spains-pandemic-fuelled-addiction-to-manga-sparks-sales-surge">"Spain's pandemic-fuelled addiction to Manga sparks sales surge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Euronews.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Euronews.com">euronews.com</a></i>. 16 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511164757/https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/01/16/spains-pandemic-fuelled-addiction-to-manga-sparks-sales-surge">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews.com&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+pandemic-fuelled+addiction+to+Manga+sparks+sales+surge&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2F01%2F16%2Fspains-pandemic-fuelled-addiction-to-manga-sparks-sales-surge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/manga">"The Citi exhibition Manga マンガ"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>. 23 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309131035/https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/manga">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Citi+exhibition+Manga+%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fmanga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2019/may/18/manga-images-british-museum-exhibition">"Manga in the frame: images from the British Museum exhibition"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 23 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309131057/https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2019/may/18/manga-images-british-museum-exhibition">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Manga+in+the+frame%3A+images+from+the+British+Museum+exhibition&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fgallery%2F2019%2Fmay%2F18%2Fmanga-images-british-museum-exhibition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/23/manga-british-museum-elgin-marbles">"Manga belongs in the British Museum as much as the Elgin marbles"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 23 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309130954/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/23/manga-british-museum-elgin-marbles">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Manga+belongs+in+the+British+Museum+as+much+as+the+Elgin+marbles&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Fmay%2F23%2Fmanga-british-museum-elgin-marbles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patten-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patten_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatten2004">Patten 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patten2-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patten2_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1987, "...Japanese comics were more legendary than accessible to American readers", <a href="#CITEREFPatten2004">Patten 2004</a>, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapier2000">Napier 2000</a>, pp. 239–256, <a href="#CITEREFClementsMcCarthy2006">Clements & McCarthy 2006</a>, pp. 475–476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatten2004">Patten 2004</a>, <a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a>, pp. 305–340, <a href="#CITEREFLeonard2004">Leonard 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a>, p. 309, <a href="#CITEREFRifas2004">Rifas 2004</a>, Rifas adds that the original EduComics titles were <i>Gen of Hiroshima</i> and <i>I SAW IT</i> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatten2004">Patten 2004</a>, pp. 37, 259–260, <a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>, p. xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeonard2004">Leonard 2004</a>, <a href="#CITEREFPatten2004">Patten 2004</a>, pp. 52–73, <a href="#CITEREFFarago2007">Farago 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a>, pp. 318–321, <a href="#CITEREFDark_Horse_Comics2004">Dark Horse Comics 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brienza2009-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brienza2009_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrienza2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brienza, Casey E. (2009). "Books, Not Comics: Publishing Fields, Globalization, and Japanese Manga in the United States". <i>Publishing Research Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 101–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12109-009-9114-2">10.1007/s12109-009-9114-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143718638">143718638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishing+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Books%2C+Not+Comics%3A+Publishing+Fields%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Japanese+Manga+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-117&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12109-009-9114-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143718638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brienza&rft.aufirst=Casey+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="gho" class="citation book cs1">Kwok Wah Lau, Jenny (2003). "4". <i>Multiple modernities: cinemas and popular media in transcultural East Asia</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=Multiple+modernities%3A+cinemas+and+popular+media+in+transcultural+East+Asia&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kwok+Wah+Lau&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatten2004">Patten 2004</a>, pp. 50, 110, 124, 128, 135, <a href="#CITEREFArnold2000">Arnold 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold2000">Arnold 2000</a>, <a href="#CITEREFFarago2007">Farago 2007</a>, <a href="#CITEREFBacon2005">Bacon 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, Carl Gustav. "Horsepower," (Dark Horse Comics, March 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a>, pp. 308–319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509012448/https://blog.comichron.com/2014/05/batman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html">"The last million-selling comic book in North America? It's Batman vs. Pokémon for the title"</a>. <i>Comichron</i>. 8 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.comichron.com/2014/05/batman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comichron&rft.atitle=The+last+million-selling+comic+book+in+North+America%3F+It%27s+Batman+vs.+Pok%C3%A9mon+for+the+title&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.comichron.com%2F2014%2F05%2Fbatman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid2009">Reid 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/14/books/manga-comic-books.html">"How Manga Was Translated for America"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Manga+Was+Translated+for+America&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2023%2F07%2F14%2Fbooks%2Fmanga-comic-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlazer2005">Glazer 2005</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMasters2006">Masters 2006</a>, <a href="#CITEREFBosker2007">Bosker 2007</a>, <a href="#CITEREFPink2007">Pink 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagulick2017" class="citation news cs1">Magulick, Aaron (8 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102607/http://goboiano.com/viz-manga-sales-are-destroying-dc-marvel-in-comic-market/">"Viz Manga Sales are Destroying DC, Marvel in Comic Market"</a>. <i>GoBoiano</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sales+of+Manga+Books+are+on+the+Rise+in+the+United+States%2C+The+NPD+Group+Says%3A+A+big+wave+of+imported+Japanese+culture+is+finding+a+hungry+and+growing+reading+audience&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npd.com%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fnpd%2Fus%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2F2019%2Fsales-of-manga-books-are-on-the-rise-in-the-united-states-the-npd-group-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manga-marketshare-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manga-marketshare_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1806376/japans-image-has-changed-from-fierce-to-lovable-over-the-decades/amp/">"Japan's Image morphed from a fierce military empire to eccentric pop culture superpower"</a>. 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Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0561-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-0561-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sailor+Moon%3A+Japanese+superheroes+for+global+girls&rft.btitle=Japan+Pop%21+Inside+the+World+of+Japanese+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0561-0&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanpopinsidew00crai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2000" class="citation web cs1">Arnold, Adam (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/00.06/feature/1/index.php3">"Full Circle: The Unofficial History of MixxZine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502032141/http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/00.06/feature/1/index.php3">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+Circle%3A+The+Unofficial+History+of+MixxZine&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animefringe.com%2Fmagazine%2F00.06%2Ffeature%2F1%2Findex.php3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2005" class="citation web cs1">Bacon, Michelle (14 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304062655/http://tangerine.astraldream.net/tokyopop.html">"Tangerine Dreams: Guide to Shoujo Manga and Anime"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tangerine.astraldream.net/tokyopop.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tangerine+Dreams%3A+Guide+to+Shoujo+Manga+and+Anime&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftangerine.astraldream.net%2Ftokyopop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1992" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Klaus (1992). <i>Japonisme in Western Painting from Whistler to Matisse</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37321-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37321-0"><bdi>978-0-521-37321-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japonisme+in+Western+Painting+from+Whistler+to+Matisse&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37321-0&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoilet2001" class="citation book cs1">Boilet, Frédéric (2001). <i>Yukiko's Spinach</i>. Castalla-Alicante, Spain: Ponent Mon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-933093-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-933093-4-3"><bdi>978-84-933093-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yukiko%27s+Spinach&rft.place=Castalla-Alicante%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Ponent+Mon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-933093-4-3&rft.aulast=Boilet&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoiletTakahama2004" class="citation book cs1">Boilet, Frédéric; Takahama, Kan (2004). <i>Mariko Parade</i>. Castalla-Alicante, Spain: Ponent Mon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-933409-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-933409-1-9"><bdi>978-84-933409-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mariko+Parade&rft.place=Castalla-Alicante%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Ponent+Mon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-84-933409-1-9&rft.aulast=Boilet&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Takahama%2C+Kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosker2007" class="citation news cs1">Bosker, Bianca (31 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118851157811713921">"Manga Mania"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119120121/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118851157811713921">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Manga+Mania&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.aulast=Bosker&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB118851157811713921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouquillardMarquet2007" class="citation book cs1">Bouquillard, Jocelyn; Marquet, Christophe (1 June 2007). <i>Hokusai: First Manga Master</i>. New York: Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-9341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-9341-9"><bdi>978-0-8109-9341-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hokusai%3A+First+Manga+Master&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-9341-9&rft.aulast=Bouquillard&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft.au=Marquet%2C+Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2007" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Robin E. (2007). <i>Understanding Manga and Anime</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited/Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-332-5"><bdi>978-1-59158-332-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Manga+and+Anime&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited%2FGreenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-332-5&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Robin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementsMcCarthy2006" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2006). <i>The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Revised and Expanded Edition</i>. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933330-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933330-10-5"><bdi>978-1-933330-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anime+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Guide+to+Japanese+Animation+Since+1917%2C+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933330-10-5&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrandol2002" class="citation web cs1">Crandol, Mike (14 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/the-dirty-pair/run-from-the-future">"The Dirty Pair: Run from the Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116235400/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/the-dirty-pair/run-from-the-future">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dirty+Pair%3A+Run+from+the+Future&rft.pub=Anime+News+Network&rft.date=2002-01-14&rft.aulast=Crandol&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Freview%2Fthe-dirty-pair%2Frun-from-the-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCube2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cube (18 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inside-games.jp/article/2007/12/18/25855.html"><bdi lang="ja">2007年のオタク市場規模は1866億円―メディアクリエイトが白書</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Inside for All Games. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420101434/http://www.inside-games.jp/article/2007/12/18/25855.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E3%81%AF1866%E5%84%84%E5%86%86%E2%80%95%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E7%99%BD%E6%9B%B8&rft.pub=Inside+for+All+Games&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.au=Cube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inside-games.jp%2Farticle%2F2007%2F12%2F18%2F25855.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDark_Horse_Comics2004" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2004-02-06/dark-horse-buys-studio-proteus">"Dark Horse buys Studio Proteus"</a> (Press release). Dark Horse Comics. 6 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100918021933/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2004-02-06/dark-horse-buys-studio-proteus">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dark+Horse+buys+Studio+Proteus&rft.pub=Dark+Horse+Comics&rft.date=2004-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fpress-release%2F2004-02-06%2Fdark-horse-buys-studio-proteus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrazen2003" class="citation book cs1">Drazen, Patrick (2003). <i>Anime Explosion! The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation</i>. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-72-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-72-3"><bdi>978-1-880656-72-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime+Explosion%21+The+What%3F+Why%3F+%26+Wow%21+of+Japanese+Animation&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-880656-72-3&rft.aulast=Drazen&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarago2007" class="citation web cs1">Farago, Andrew (30 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=697&Itemid=70">"Interview: Jason Thompson"</a>. The Comics Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214003756/http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=697&Itemid=70">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Jason+Thompson&rft.pub=The+Comics+Journal&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.aulast=Farago&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcj.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D697%26Itemid%3D70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishbein2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fishbein, Jennifer (26 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230113428/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb20071226_346610.htm">"Europe's Manga Mania"</a>. <i>Bloomberg Businessweek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb20071226_346610.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Manga+Mania&rft.date=2007-12-26&rft.aulast=Fishbein&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fglobalbiz%2Fcontent%2Fdec2007%2Fgb20071226_346610.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukushima2013" class="citation book cs1">Fukushima, Yoshiko (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfeAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19"><i>Manga Discourse in Japan Theatre</i></a>. Routledge. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77273-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77273-3"><bdi>978-1-136-77273-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727151614/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfeAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Discourse+in+Japan+Theatre&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-77273-3&rft.aulast=Fukushima&rft.aufirst=Yoshiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfeAAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, William O. (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/gardner88.htm">"Attack of the Phallic Girls"</a>. <i>Science Fiction Studies</i> (88). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091211183932/http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/gardner88.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Attack+of+the+Phallic+Girls&rft.issue=88&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Freview_essays%2Fgardner88.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazer2005" class="citation news cs1">Glazer, Sarah (18 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/books/review/18glazer.html">"Manga for Girls"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826062637/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/books/review/18glazer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Manga+for+Girls&rft.date=2005-09-18&rft.aulast=Glazer&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F18%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F18glazer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravett2004" class="citation book cs1">Gravett, Paul (2004). <i>Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics</i>. New York: Harper Design. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-391-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-391-2"><bdi>978-1-85669-391-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%3A+Sixty+Years+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Design&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-391-2&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravett2006" class="citation web cs1">Gravett, Paul (15 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulgravett.com/index.php/articles/article/gekiga/">"Gekiga: The Flipside of Manga"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065152/http://www.paulgravett.com/index.php/articles/article/gekiga/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gekiga%3A+The+Flipside+of+Manga&rft.date=2006-10-15&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulgravett.com%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Farticle%2Fgekiga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2007" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths, Owen (22 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/-Owen-Griffiths/2528">"Militarizing Japan: Patriotism, Profit, and Children's Print Media, 1894–1925"</a>. <i>Japan Focus</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707185515/http://www.japanfocus.org/-Owen-Griffiths/2528">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Focus&rft.atitle=Militarizing+Japan%3A+Patriotism%2C+Profit%2C+and+Children%27s+Print+Media%2C+1894%E2%80%931925&rft.date=2007-09-22&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-Owen-Griffiths%2F2528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsao2001" class="citation book cs1">Isao, Shimizu (2001). "Red Comic Books: The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga". In Lent, John A. (ed.). <i>Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books</i>. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2471-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2471-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-2471-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Red+Comic+Books%3A+The+Origins+of+Modern+Japanese+Manga&rft.btitle=Illustrating+Asia%3A+Comics%2C+Humor+Magazines%2C+and+Picture+Books&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2471-6&rft.aulast=Isao&rft.aufirst=Shimizu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ito, Kinko (2004). "Growing up Japanese reading manga". <i>International Journal of Comic Art</i> (6): 392–401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Comic+Art&rft.atitle=Growing+up+Japanese+reading+manga&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=392-401&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Kinko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ito, Kinko (2005). "A history of manga in the context of Japanese culture and society". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Popular_Culture" title="The Journal of Popular Culture">The Journal of Popular Culture</a></i>. <b>38</b> (3): 456–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-3840.2005.00123.x">10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=A+history+of+manga+in+the+context+of+Japanese+culture+and+society&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=456-475&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0022-3840.2005.00123.x&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Kinko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston-O'Neill2007" class="citation web cs1">Johnston-O'Neill, Tom (3 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623151841/http://parobs.org/index.php?module=article">"Finding the International in Comic Con International"</a>. The San Diego Participant Observer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parobs.org/index.php?module=article&view=279&lay_quiet=1&8dced886a4bd24eb30fc46843fb4287a=23679635f7832235dae9949749a76f35">the original</a> on 23 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+the+International+in+Comic+Con+International&rft.pub=The+San+Diego+Participant+Observer&rft.date=2007-08-03&rft.aulast=Johnston-O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparobs.org%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Darticle%26view%3D279%26lay_quiet%3D1%268dced886a4bd24eb30fc46843fb4287a%3D23679635f7832235dae9949749a76f35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzensteinShiraishi1997" class="citation book cs1">Katzenstein, Peter J.; Shiraishi, Takashi (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/networkpowerjapa0000unse"><i>Network Power: Japan in Asia</i></a></span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8373-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-8373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Power%3A+Japan+in+Asia&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8373-8&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Shiraishi%2C+Takashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnetworkpowerjapa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern2006" class="citation book cs1">Kern, Adam (2006). <i>Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyōshi of Edo Japan</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02266-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+from+the+Floating+World%3A+Comicbook+Culture+and+the+Kiby%C5%8Dshi+of+Edo+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02266-9&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kern, Adam (2007). "Symposium: Kibyoshi: The World's First Comicbook?". <i>International Journal of Comic Art</i> (9): 1–486.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Comic+Art&rft.atitle=Symposium%3A+Kibyoshi%3A+The+World%27s+First+Comicbook%3F&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1-486&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2000" class="citation book cs1">Kinsella, Sharon (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adultmangacultur00kins"><i>Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society</i></a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2318-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2318-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2318-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adult+Manga%3A+Culture+and+Power+in+Contemporary+Japanese+Society&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2318-4&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadultmangacultur00kins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittelson1998" class="citation book cs1">Kittelson, Mary Lynn (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soulofpopularcul0000unse"><i>The Soul of Popular Culture: Looking at Contemporary Heroes, Myths, and Monsters</i></a></span>. Chicago: Open Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9363-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9363-8"><bdi>978-0-8126-9363-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Popular+Culture%3A+Looking+at+Contemporary+Heroes%2C+Myths%2C+and+Monsters&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9363-8&rft.aulast=Kittelson&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoulofpopularcul0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation book cs1">Lee, William (2000). "From Sazae-san to Crayon Shin-Chan". In Craig, Timothy J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanpopinsidew00crai"><i>Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture</i></a></span>. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0561-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-0561-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Sazae-san+to+Crayon+Shin-Chan&rft.btitle=Japan+Pop%21%3A+Inside+the+World+of+Japanese+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0561-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanpopinsidew00crai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLent2001" class="citation book cs1">Lent, John A. (2001). <i>Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books</i>. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2471-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2471-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-2471-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrating+Asia%3A+Comics%2C+Humor+Magazines%2C+and+Picture+Books&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2471-6&rft.aulast=Lent&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2004" class="citation web cs1">Leonard, Sean (12 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-columns.pdf">"Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426120754/http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-columns.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Progress+Against+the+Law%3A+Fan+Distribution%2C+Copyright%2C+and+the+Explosive+Growth+of+Japanese+Animation&rft.date=2004-09-12&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fseantek%2Fwww%2Fpapers%2Fprogress-columns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLone2007" class="citation book cs1">Lone, Stewart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmSnTIAPnoUC&q=shonen+sekai&pg=PA75"><i>Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33684-3"><bdi>978-0-313-33684-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Lives+of+Civilians+in+Wartime+Asia%3A+From+the+Taiping+Rebellion+to+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33684-3&rft.aulast=Lone&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmSnTIAPnoUC%26q%3Dshonen%2Bsekai%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahousu2005" class="citation web cs1">Mahousu (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203025821/http://home.comcast.net/~mahousu/editeurs.html">"Les editeurs des mangas"</a>. self-published. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~mahousu/editeurs.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+editeurs+des+mangas&rft.pub=self-published&rft.date=2005-01&rft.au=Mahousu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~mahousu%2Fediteurs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2009)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Masters, Coco (10 August 2006). "America is Drawn to Manga". <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=America+is+Drawn+to+Manga&rft.date=2006-08-10&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Coco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Japan2007" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html">"First International MANGA Award"</a> (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 29 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406213353/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+International+MANGA+Award&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Japan&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fannounce%2Fannounce%2F2007%2F6%2F1174276_828.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2014" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qg4FCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6"><i>A Brief History of Manga: The Essential Pocket Guide to the Japanese Pop Culture Phenomenon</i></a>. Hachette UK. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78157-130-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78157-130-9"><bdi>978-1-78157-130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Manga%3A+The+Essential+Pocket+Guide+to+the+Japanese+Pop+Culture+Phenomenon&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78157-130-9&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQg4FCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapier2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Napier" title="Susan J. Napier">Napier, Susan J.</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Anime_from_Akira_to_Princess_Mononoke:_Experiencing_Contemporary_Japanese_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation"><i>Anime: From </i>Akira<i> to </i>Princess Mononoke<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23863-6"><bdi>978-0-312-23863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime%3A+From+Akira+to+Princess+Mononoke&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23863-6&rft.aulast=Napier&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunez2006" class="citation news cs1">Nunez, Irma (24 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20060924a1.html">"Alternative Comics Heroes: Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205044658/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fb20060924a1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Alternative+Comics+Heroes%3A+Tracing+the+Genealogy+of+Gekiga&rft.date=2006-09-24&rft.aulast=Nunez&rft.aufirst=Irma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffb20060924a1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŌgi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ōgi, Fusami (2004). "Female subjectivity and <i>shōjo</i> (girls) manga (Japanese comics): <i>shōjo</i> in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics". <i>The Journal of Popular Culture</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 780–803. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-5931.00045">10.1111/1540-5931.00045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Female+subjectivity+and+sh%C5%8Djo+%28girls%29+manga+%28Japanese+comics%29%3A+sh%C5%8Djo+in+Ladies%27+Comics+and+Young+Ladies%27+Comics&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=780-803&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1540-5931.00045&rft.aulast=%C5%8Cgi&rft.aufirst=Fusami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnoda2009" class="citation book cs1">Onoda, Natsu (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC&pg=PA10"><i>God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-478-2"><bdi>978-1-60473-478-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727151658/https://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+of+Comics%3A+Osamu+Tezuka+and+the+Creation+of+Post-World+War+II+Manga&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-478-2&rft.aulast=Onoda&rft.aufirst=Natsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvaR1-9HE7YC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Patten" title="Fred Patten">Patten, Fred</a> (2004). <i>Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews</i>. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-92-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-92-1"><bdi>978-1-880656-92-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching+Anime%2C+Reading+Manga%3A+25+Years+of+Essays+and+Reviews&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-880656-92-1&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerperCornog2002" class="citation journal cs1">Perper, Timothy; Cornog, Martha (2002). "Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S.". <i>Sexuality & Culture</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 3–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12119-002-1000-4">10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143692243">143692243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexuality+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Eroticism+for+the+masses%3A+Japanese+manga+comics+and+their+assimilation+into+the+U.S.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-126&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12119-002-1000-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143692243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Perper&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Cornog%2C+Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerperCornog2003" class="citation book cs1">Perper, Timothy; Cornog, Martha (2003). "Sex, love, and women in Japanese comics". In Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (eds.). <i>The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality</i>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1488-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1488-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-1488-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sex%2C+love%2C+and+women+in+Japanese+comics&rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+International+Encyclopedia+of+Sexuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1488-5&rft.aulast=Perper&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Cornog%2C+Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2011" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Robert S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120"><i>Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36330-6"><bdi>978-0-313-36330-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727133923/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics%2C+Manga%2C+and+Graphic+Novels%3A+A+History+of+Graphic+Narratives&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36330-6&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHr7aZh6oonoC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhlNelson2012" class="citation book cs1">Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John K (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uiZi2mgC5a4C&pg=PA596"><i>Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions</i></a>. BRILL. p. 596. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23435-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23435-2"><bdi>978-90-04-23435-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727151604/https://books.google.com/books?id=uiZi2mgC5a4C&pg=PA596">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Contemporary+Japanese+Religions&rft.pages=596&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23435-2&rft.aulast=Prohl&rft.aufirst=Inken&rft.au=Nelson%2C+John+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuiZi2mgC5a4C%26pg%3DPA596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPink2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Pink, Daniel H. (22 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga">"Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. Vol. 15, no. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815230133/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Japan%2C+Ink%3A+Inside+the+Manga+Industrial+Complex&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft.aulast=Pink&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Ftechbiz%2Fmedia%2Fmagazine%2F15-11%2Fff_manga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoitras2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Poitras" title="Gilles Poitras">Poitras, Gilles</a> (2001). <i>Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know</i>. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-53-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-53-2"><bdi>978-1-880656-53-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime+Essentials%3A+Every+Thing+a+Fan+Needs+to+Know&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-880656-53-2&rft.aulast=Poitras&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2006" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, Calvin (28 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/comics/article/17182-harpercollins-tokyopop-ink-manga-deal.html">"HarperCollins, Tokyopop Ink Manga Deal"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117161152/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/comics/article/17182-harpercollins-tokyopop-ink-manga-deal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=HarperCollins%2C+Tokyopop+Ink+Manga+Deal&rft.date=2006-03-28&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Fbook-news%2Fcomics%2Farticle%2F17182-harpercollins-tokyopop-ink-manga-deal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, Calvin (6 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/24-comic-book-reviews/article/9362-2008-graphic-novel-sales-up-5--manga-off-17-.html">"2008 Graphic Novel Sales Up 5%; Manga Off 17%"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231060916/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/24-comic-book-reviews/article/9362-2008-graphic-novel-sales-up-5--manga-off-17-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=2008+Graphic+Novel+Sales+Up+5%25%3B+Manga+Off+17%25&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2F1-legacy%2F24-comic-book-reviews%2Farticle%2F9362-2008-graphic-novel-sales-up-5--manga-off-17-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiciputi2007" class="citation web cs1">Riciputi, Marco (25 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011141705/http://www.cafebabel.com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html">"Komikazen: European comics go independent"</a>. Cafebabel.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafebabel.com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Komikazen%3A+European+comics+go+independent&rft.pub=Cafebabel.com&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.aulast=Riciputi&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cafebabel.com%2Feng%2Farticle%2F22681%2Fkomikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2009)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifas2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rifas, Leonard (2004). 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Hotei Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-74822-44-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-74822-44-2"><bdi>978-90-74822-44-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Births+and+Rebirths+in+Japanese+Art+%3A+Essays+Celebrating+the+Inauguration+of+the+Sainsbury+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Japanese+Arts+and+Cultures&rft.pub=Hotei+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-74822-44-2&rft.aulast=Rousmaniere&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyj3rAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez1997–2003" class="citation web cs1">Sanchez, Frank (1997–2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205123443/http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html">"Hist 102: History of Manga"</a>. 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New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-48590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-48590-8"><bdi>978-0-345-48590-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828140225/https://books.google.com/books?id=GvEFDD4rdWMC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Manga+by+any+other+name+is...&rft.date=2006-05-28&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffl20060528x1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2002" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Wendy Siuyi (2002). <i>Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua</i>. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-269-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-269-4"><bdi>978-1-56898-269-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Comics%3A+A+History+of+Manhua&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-269-4&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Siuyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2006" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Wendy Siuyi (2006). "Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond". <i><a href="/wiki/Mechademia" title="Mechademia">Mechademia: an Annual Forum for Anime, Manga, and the Fan Arts</a></i>. pp. 23–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechademia%3A+an+Annual+Forum+for+Anime%2C+Manga%2C+and+the+Fan+Arts&rft.atitle=Globalizing+manga%3A+From+Japan+to+Hong+Kong+and+beyond&rft.pages=23-45&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Siuyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Wendy (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830211017/http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564.html">"The Presence of Manga in Europe and North America"</a>. <i>Media Digest</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564.html">the original</a> on 30 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+Digest&rft.atitle=The+Presence+of+Manga+in+Europe+and+North+America&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rthk.org.hk%2Fmediadigest%2F20070913_76_121564.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManga_Museum2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528115502/http://www.kyotomm.com/HP/international/english/about_genjo.html">"About Manga Museum: Current situation of manga culture"</a>. Kyoto Manga Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyotomm.com/HP/international/english/about_genjo.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Manga+Museum%3A+Current+situation+of+manga+culture&rft.pub=Kyoto+Manga+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyotomm.com%2FHP%2Finternational%2Fenglish%2Fabout_genjo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANN_10_May_2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-10/correction-world-manga">"Correction: World Manga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. 10 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100912141138/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-10/correction-world-manga">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correction%3A+World+Manga&rft.pub=Anime+News+Network&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2006-05-10%2Fcorrection-world-manga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANN2002" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-27/i.c-promotes-amerimanga">"I.C. promotes AmeriManga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. 11 November 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100912195913/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-27/i.c-promotes-amerimanga">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I.C.+promotes+AmeriManga&rft.pub=Anime+News+Network&rft.date=2002-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2002-11-27%2Fi.c-promotes-amerimanga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICv22007" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11249.html">"Interview with Tokyopop's Mike Kiley"</a>. <i>ICv2</i>. 7 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220163117/http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11249.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICv2&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Tokyopop%27s+Mike+Kiley&rft.date=2007-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icv2.com%2Farticles%2Fhome%2F11249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodansha1999" class="citation book cs1"><i>Japan: Profile of a Nation, Revised Edition</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2384-1"><bdi>978-4-7700-2384-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+Profile+of+a+Nation%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-2384-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANN2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-22/international-manga-award">"Japan's Foreign Minister Creates Foreign Manga Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. 22 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601045952/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-22/international-manga-award">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Foreign+Minister+Creates+Foreign+Manga+Award&rft.pub=Anime+News+Network&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2007-05-22%2Finternational-manga-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manga">"manga"</a>. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100219194151/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manga">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=manga&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmanga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANN2004" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2004-02-04/manga-mania-in-france">"Manga-mania in France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. 4 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923011226/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2004-02-04/manga-mania-in-france">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manga-mania+in+France&rft.pub=Anime+News+Network&rft.date=2004-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2004-02-04%2Fmanga-mania-in-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Manga_no_Kuni" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409073253/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Manga no Kuni': A manga magazine from the Second Sino-Japanese War period"</a>. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0">the original</a> on 9 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Manga+no+Kuni%27%3A+A+manga+magazine+from+the+Second+Sino-Japanese+War+period&rft.pub=Kyoto+International+Manga+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmsearch.kyotomm.jp%2Finfolib%2Fsearch%2FCsvSearch.cgi%3FDEF_XSL%3Deng%26GRP_ID%3DG0000002%26DB_ID%3DG0000002GALLERY%26IS_DB%3DG0000002GALLERY%26IS_TYPE%3Dcsv%26IS_STYLE%3Deng%26SUM_KIND%3DCsvSummary%26SUM_NUMBER%3D10%26IS_SCH%3DCSV%26META_KIND%3DNOFRAME%26IS_KIND%3DCsvDetail%26IS_NUMBER%3D1%26SUM_TYPE%3Dnormal%26IS_START%3D4%26IS_KEY_A1%3D%2522GALLERY%2522%26IS_TAG_A1%3DCul11%26IS_ADDSCH_CNT%3D1%26VIEW_FLG%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Poten" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410081554/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Poten': a manga magazine from Kyoto"</a>. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0">the original</a> on 10 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Poten%27%3A+a+manga+magazine+from+Kyoto&rft.pub=Kyoto+International+Manga+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmsearch.kyotomm.jp%2Finfolib%2Fsearch%2FCsvSearch.cgi%3FDEF_XSL%3Deng%26GRP_ID%3DG0000002%26DB_ID%3DG0000002GALLERY%26IS_DB%3DG0000002GALLERY%26IS_TYPE%3Dcsv%26IS_STYLE%3Deng%26SUM_KIND%3DCsvSummary%26SUM_NUMBER%3D10%26IS_SCH%3DCSV%26META_KIND%3DNOFRAME%26IS_KIND%3DCsvDetail%26IS_NUMBER%3D1%26SUM_TYPE%3Dnormal%26IS_START%3D3%26IS_KEY_A1%3D%2522GALLERY%2522%26IS_TAG_A1%3DCul11%26IS_ADDSCH_CNT%3D1%26VIEW_FLG%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shonen_Pakku" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410081500/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Shonen Pakku'; Japan's first children's manga magazine"</a>. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0">the original</a> on 10 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Shonen+Pakku%27%3B+Japan%27s+first+children%27s+manga+magazine&rft.pub=Kyoto+International+Manga+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmsearch.kyotomm.jp%2Finfolib%2Fsearch%2FCsvSearch.cgi%3FDEF_XSL%3Deng%26GRP_ID%3DG0000002%26DB_ID%3DG0000002GALLERY%26IS_DB%3DG0000002GALLERY%26IS_TYPE%3Dcsv%26IS_STYLE%3Deng%26SUM_KIND%3DCsvSummary%26SUM_NUMBER%3D10%26IS_SCH%3DCSV%26META_KIND%3DNOFRAME%26IS_KIND%3DCsvDetail%26IS_NUMBER%3D1%26SUM_TYPE%3Dnormal%26IS_START%3D2%26IS_KEY_A1%3D%2522GALLERY%2522%26IS_TAG_A1%3DCul11%26IS_ADDSCH_CNT%3D1%26VIEW_FLG%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Eshinbun_Nipponchi" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240525113830/https://www.webcitation.org/617dlBFZi?url=http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi%3FDEF_XSL=eng">"The first Japanese manga magazine: Eshinbun Nipponchi"</a>. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=1&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0">the original</a> on 25 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+first+Japanese+manga+magazine%3A+Eshinbun+Nipponchi&rft.pub=Kyoto+International+Manga+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmsearch.kyotomm.jp%2Finfolib%2Fsearch%2FCsvSearch.cgi%3FDEF_XSL%3Deng%26GRP_ID%3DG0000002%26DB_ID%3DG0000002GALLERY%26IS_DB%3DG0000002GALLERY%26IS_TYPE%3Dcsv%26IS_STYLE%3Deng%26SUM_KIND%3DCsvSummary%26SUM_NUMBER%3D10%26IS_SCH%3DCSV%26META_KIND%3DNOFRAME%26IS_KIND%3DCsvDetail%26IS_NUMBER%3D1%26SUM_TYPE%3Dnormal%26IS_START%3D1%26IS_KEY_A1%3D%2522GALLERY%2522%26IS_TAG_A1%3DCul11%26IS_ADDSCH_CNT%3D1%26VIEW_FLG%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANN_5_May_2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-05/tokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels">"Tokyopop To Move Away from OEL and World Manga Labels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. 5 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821085106/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-05/tokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tokyopop+To+Move+Away+from+OEL+and+World+Manga+Labels&rft.pub=Anime+News+Network&rft.date=2006-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2006-05-05%2Ftokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Hattie (2013). "Manga Girls: Sex, Love, Comedy and Crime in Recent Boys' Manga and Anime". In Brigitte Steger; Angelika Koch (eds.). <i>Manga Girl Seeks Herbivore Boy: Studying Japanese Gender at Cambridge</i>. Zurich: Lit Verlag. pp. 24–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643903198" title="Special:BookSources/9783643903198"><bdi>9783643903198</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/822667566">822667566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manga+Girls%3A+Sex%2C+Love%2C+Comedy+and+Crime+in+Recent+Boys%27+Manga+and+Anime&rft.btitle=Manga+Girl+Seeks+Herbivore+Boy%3A+Studying+Japanese+Gender+at+Cambridge&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pages=24-81&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F822667566&rft.isbn=9783643903198&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Hattie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108163613/http://www.metalchroniques.fr/guppy/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=437">"Un poil de culture – Une introduction à l'animation japonaise"</a>. <i>Metalchroniques.fr</i> (in French). 11 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metalchroniques.fr/guppy/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=437">the original</a> on 8 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metalchroniques.fr&rft.atitle=Un+poil+de+culture+%E2%80%93+Une+introduction+%C3%A0+l%27animation+japonaise&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metalchroniques.fr%2Fguppy%2Farticles.php%3Flng%3Dfr%26pg%3D437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnser-Schutz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Unser-Schutz, Giancarla (2015). "Influential or Influenced? The Relationship Between Genre, Gender and Language in Manga". <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Language" title="Gender and Language">Gender and Language</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2): 223–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fgenl.v9i2.17331">10.1558/genl.v9i2.17331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Language&rft.atitle=Influential+or+Influenced%3F+The+Relationship+Between+Genre%2C+Gender+and+Language+in+Manga&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-254&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fgenl.v9i2.17331&rft.aulast=Unser-Schutz&rft.aufirst=Giancarla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marcella Zaccagnino and Sebastiano Contrari. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/manga-giapponeallaconquistadelmondo.pdf">Manga: il Giappone alla conquista del mondo</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612232621/http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/manga-giapponeallaconquistadelmondo.pdf">Archive</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Limes,_rivista_italiana_di_geopolitica" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes, rivista italiana di geopolitica">Limes, rivista italiana di geopolitica</a></i>. 31 October 2007. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics" title="Template:Comics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics" title="Template talk:Comics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary of comics terminology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_comic" title="Ashcan comic">Ashcan comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">Limited series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_series" title="Ongoing series">Ongoing series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">Comic strip formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">Daily comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">Topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Mobile comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_comic" title="Film comic">Film comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comics" title="Silent comics">Silent comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">Text comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">Creators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors" title="Category:Comic book editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist" title="Editorial cartoonist">Editorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists" title="List of editorial cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators" title="List of minicomics creators">Minicomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators" title="List of webcomic creators">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators" title="List of American comics creators">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists" title="List of Jewish American cartoonists">Jewish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators" title="List of Australian comics creators">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators" title="List of Canadian comics creators">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators" title="List of Cuban comic creators">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators" title="List of Filipino comics creators">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators" title="List of Macedonian comics creators">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Female comics creators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators" title="List of female comics creators">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">Years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books">events</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_webcomics" title="History of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a><br />and narratology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_comics" title="Abstract comics">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics" title="List of anthropomorphic comics">Anthropomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical comics">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_comics" title="Celebrity comics">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Comics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_poetry" title="Comics poetry">Comics poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_medicine" title="Graphic medicine">Graphic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_comics" title="Non-fiction comics">Non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_comics" title="List of romance comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_humor_comics" title="Teen humor comics">Teen humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(comics)" title="Decompression (comics)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(comics)" title="Masking (comics)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_comics" title="Widescreen comics">Widescreen comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics" title="Ethnic stereotypes in comics">Ethnic stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics" title="Gender and webcomics">Gender and webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics" title="Portrayal of black people in comics">Portrayal of black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_characters_in_comics" title="African characters in comics">African characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hawkeye_Initiative" title="The Hawkeye Initiative">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics" title="List of American comics">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">China and Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics" title="List of Indian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics" title="List of Philippine comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics" title="List of Italian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics" title="List of Spanish comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">Comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">Manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics" title="Lists of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction" title="List of comics based on fiction">Based on fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films" title="List of comics based on films">Based on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs" title="List of comics based on television programs">Based on television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">Based on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Best-selling comic series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">manga magazines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD" title="List of comic books on CD/DVD">Comic books on CD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films" title="List of comics and comic strips made into feature films">Comics and comic strips made into feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published" title="List of comics solicited but never published">Comics solicited but never published</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_limited_series" title="List of limited series">Limited series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections and<br /> museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum" title="National Cartoon Museum">National Cartoon Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum" title="Cartoon Art Museum">Cartoon Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum" title="The Cartoon Museum">The Cartoon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo" title="Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo">Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToonSeum" title="ToonSeum">ToonSeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum" title="Words & Pictures Museum">Words & Pictures Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies" title="Center for Cartoon Studies">Center for Cartoon Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kubert_School" title="The Kubert School">The Kubert School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists" title="Association of Canadian Cartoonists">Association of Canadian Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers" title="Association of Comics Magazine Publishers">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association" title="Australian Cartoonists' Association">Australian Cartoonists' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society" title="Comic Art Professional Society">Comic Art Professional Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas">Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical and<br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e" title="Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée">Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association" title="Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association">Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics" title="Canadian Society for the Study of Comics">Canadian Society for the Study of Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association" title="Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association">Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Studies Society">Comics Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequart_Organization" title="Sequart Organization">Sequart Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien" title="Svenska Serieakademien">Svenska Serieakademien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charitable and<br /> outreach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors" title="Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors">Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics)" title="British Amateur Press Association (comics)">British Amateur Press Association (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" title="Le Club des bandes dessinées">Club des bandes dessinées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund">Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society" title="Finnish Comics Society">Finnish Comics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu" title="Friends of Lulu">Friends of Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative" title="The Hero Initiative">The Hero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeric_Foundation" title="Xeric Foundation">Xeric Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comics" title="Category:Comics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_industry_in_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Template:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Animation industry in Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History of anime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Association_of_Japanese_Animations" title="The Association of Japanese Animations">The Association of Japanese Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Animation_Creators_Association" title="Japanese Animation Creators Association">Japanese Animation Creators Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Kobe" title="Animation Kobe">Animation Kobe Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animax_Anison_Grand_Prix" title="Animax Anison Grand Prix">Animax Anison Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animage" title="Animage">Anime Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy_Prize_for_Animation_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year">Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Media_Arts_Festival" title="Japan Media Arts Festival">Japan Media Arts Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Film_Award_for_Best_Animation_Film" title="Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film">Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype Anime Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cfuji_Nobur%C5%8D_Award" title="Ōfuji Noburō Award">Ōfuji Noburō Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiyu_Awards" title="Seiyu Awards">Seiyu Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugoi_Japan_Award" title="Sugoi Japan Award">Sugoi Japan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Anime_Award" title="Tokyo Anime Award">Tokyo Anime Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation (ONA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation (OVA)</a></li> <li>Television <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_night_anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Late night anime">Late night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHF_anime" title="UHF anime">UHF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futanari" title="Futanari">Futanari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anime programming blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animeism" title="Animeism">Animeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(TV_programming_block)" title="Noise (TV programming block)">Noise</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noitamina" title="Noitamina">Noitamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%2BUltra" title="+Ultra">+Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animage" title="Animage">Animage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">List of anime directors</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animedia" title="Animedia">Animedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katsud%C5%8D_Shashin" title="Katsudō Shashin">Katsudō Shashin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinema_Junpo" title="Kinema Junpo">Kinema Junpo</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Anime">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_franchises" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_franchises" title="Template:Media franchises"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_franchises" title="Template talk:Media franchises"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_franchises" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media franchises"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_franchises" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchises</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Animated series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book series</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">manga series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_franchise" title="Film franchise">Film franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_series" title="Film series">Film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Streaming television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_franchises" title="List of video game franchises">Video game franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_series" title="Web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_multimedia_franchises" title="Lists of multimedia franchises">Multimedia franchises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multimedia_franchises_originating_in_print" title="List of multimedia franchises originating in print">print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multimedia_franchises_originating_in_television_series" title="List of multimedia franchises originating in television series">television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multimedia_franchises_originating_in_films" title="List of multimedia franchises originating in films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multimedia_franchises_originating_in_games,_toys,_and_merchandise" title="List of multimedia franchises originating in games, toys, and merchandise">games, toys, and merchandise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Animated series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Comic book series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_feature_film_series" title="Lists of feature film series">Film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_television_programs" title="Lists of television programs">Television shows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-watched_television_broadcasts" title="List of most-watched television broadcasts">most watched</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_franchises" title="List of video game franchises">Video game franchises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-running_video_game_franchises" title="List of longest-running video game franchises">longest-running</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_series" title="List of web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highest-grossing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises" title="List of highest-grossing media franchises">Media franchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films#Highest-grossing_franchises_and_film_series" title="List of highest-grossing films">Film series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Best-selling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Comic book series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_game_franchises" title="List of best-selling video game franchises">Video game franchises</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_franchises" title="Category:Mass media franchises">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8274#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4627787-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Manga (Comic books)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2022006465">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124642822">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124642822">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="manga"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph527859&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2004039495">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987012746733205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manga&oldid=1260674840">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manga&oldid=1260674840</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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