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Proactive care of older people undergoing surgery | British Geriatrics Society
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This case study looks at the Proactive Care of Older People undergoing Surgery (POPS) team at Guy's and St Thomas's." /> <meta name="abstract" content="More older people are undergoing surgery, but postoperative outcomes are worse than for younger patients. This case study looks at the Proactive Care of Older People undergoing Surgery (POPS) team at Guy's and St Thomas's." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.bgs.org.uk/resources/proactive-care-of-older-people-undergoing-surgery" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.bgs.org.uk/node/3329" /> <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="British Geriatrics Society" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Proactive care of older people undergoing surgery | British Geriatrics Society" /> <meta property="og:description" content="More older people are undergoing surgery, but postoperative outcomes are worse than for younger patients. 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class="resource-header-details"> <div class="card-resource-type-i"> <div class="card-resource-type"> Case study </div> <div class="resource-type-i-icon">i</div> <div class="resource-type-info-arrow"></div> </div> <div class="resource-type-info"><div class="resource-type-info-text">Our Case Studies highlight examples of best practice around the UK</div></div> </div> <div class="node-header-details"> <div class="card-authors-wrapper"><div class="label">Authors:</div><div class="author-details">Jugdeep Dhesi</div></div> <div class="card-topics-wrapper"><div class="label">Topics:</div><a href="/taxonomy/term/2918">Emergency care</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/2953">Patient safety</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/2952">Patient/Family Involvement</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/830">Peri-operative care for surgical patients</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/861">Pain</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/866">Nursing</a></div> <div class="node-header-dates"> <div class="card-date-wrapper"><div class="label">Date Published:</div><div class="card-date"> <span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2012-05-23T00:00:00+01:00">23 May 2012</span> </div> </div> <div class="card-date-updated"> <div class="label">Last updated: </div> <span class="date-display-single" property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2012-05-23T10:23:00+01:00">23 May 2012</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-resource-summary"> <p>Recent reports from the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death [1], the Royal College of Surgeons and Department of Health [2] and Age UK and the National Osteoporosis Society [3] highlight inadequacies in the care provided to the vulnerable older surgical population. This case study describes the development of the Proactive Care of Older People undergoing Surgery (POPS) team at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. The aim was to improve outcomes by optimising physical, psychosocial and functional well-being, prior to and following surgery, in older surgical patients.</p> </div> </div> <div class="view view-sections view-id-sections view-display-id-main view-dom-id-97f9bf75b6f1093d20b478c1375568d4"> <div class="view-content view-content-main"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last section-row palette-default "> <div class="section-inner"> <div class="card-body"> <h2 class="sidebar-nav">Background</h2> <p>The rate of older people undergoing surgical procedures is increasing faster than the rate of population ageing [4]. Surgery offers mortality and symptomatic benefits in older people [5-7] but postoperative outcomes are worse than they are for younger patients [8-12]. Medical co-morbidities and geriatric syndromes (such as cognitive impairment, postoperative delirium and frailty) adversely impact postoperative outcomes [13-19] and increase length of stay (LOS) [10, 15]. Current preoperative assessment does not proactively recognise or optimise these common issues in order to reduce postoperative risk. This leads to patients being inappropriately declined surgery, cancellations, poor postoperative outcomes and a protracted length of hospital stay for the older surgical patient.</p> <p>The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) is an established approach which identifies medical, psychosocial and functional needs and optimises them by using a clearly defined plan for management and follow up. [20] CGA improves survival and function [20] and yet is relatively understudied in the preoperative context within the older surgical population. Furthermore, the structured involvement of geriatricians in the peri- and postoperative period is also effective in reducing adverse postoperative outcomes in the older patients. [21]</p> <h2 class="sidebar-nav">Challenges</h2> <ul> <li>The key issues in providing care to the older person undergoing surgery are:</li> <li>Identifying which older patients would benefit from preoperative assessment (based on the CGA) instead of standard care.</li> <li>Providing optimal management of medical conditions prior to surgery.</li> <li>Predicting postoperative complications and attempting to mitigate their development during the preoperative period.</li> <li>Providing timely interventions from a specialist team for the older person, on the surgical wards.</li> <li>Encouraging the identification and management of geriatric syndromes by the surgical teams.</li> </ul> <p>A pilot study, examining the feasibility of preoperative CGA intervention for older surgical patients, found that older patients undergoing elective surgery had high levels of modifiable preoperative co-morbidity, but rarely received geriatric or multidisciplinary team input before surgery. Twenty percent of those aged 65 and over, had their surgery delayed for preventable medical reasons and there was a high incidence of significant postoperative problems delaying discharge. Opinion was also gathered from ‘front-line’ workers (e.g. surgical nurses, GPs) and patients about the potential value of a preoperative intervention service.</p> <p>Following this scoping work, the POPS pilot was commenced. The POPS team comprised a consultant geriatrician, nurse specialist in older people, occupational therapist, physiotherapist and social worker. A questionnaire was posted to patients aged 65 years and over, awaiting surgery and those highlighted with potential risk factors, known to lead to poor postoperative outcomes, were invited to clinic. Direct referrals from local consultants and GPs were also encouraged.</p> <p>Preoperatively, the patient was screened using a CGA, based on validated screening methods or tools. Identified problems were then managed to optimise the patient. Education on exercise, nutrition and pain management was provided. Therapy input involved anticipation of needs at hospital discharge and proactive provision of equipment.</p> <p>Postoperatively, the geriatrician and nurse reviewed patients on the surgical wards providing direct intervention and staff education in early detection and treatment of medical complications, delirium, early mobilisation, pain management, bowel-bladder function, nutrition and discharge planning. Following discharge, the POPS team provided a follow-up therapy home visit in those with functional difficulties and outpatient clinic review in those with on-going medical problems. Thereafter, patients were linked with pre-existing services as needed, for example falls programmes, continence service, outpatients and the voluntary sector.</p> <p>Two cohorts of older elective orthopaedic patients were studied. One was referred to the POPS service the other received routine preoperative care. Despite higher comorbidities in the POPS cohort they had reduced medical complications (pneumonia 20 per cent vs 4 per cent [p=0.008], delirium 19 per cent vs 6 per cent [p=0.036]), multidisciplinary issues (pressure sores 19 per cent vs 4 per cent [p=0.028], delayed mobilisation 28per cent vs 9per cent [p=0.012]) and LOS (4.5 days) [22].</p> <p>The project was funded by a grant from the Guy’s and St Thomas’ Charity (formerly the Charitable Foundation).</p> <h2 class="sidebar-nav">Solutions: the current service</h2> <p>Following the results of this research study, the POPS service was substantively funded. The current POPS team includes 1.6 geriatricians, 2 clinical nurse specialists, occupational therapist, social worker and an administrator.</p> <p>The service is now embedded into the pre-assessment pathway, assessing 800 new patients preoperatively annually. POPS lead ward MDMs and attends joint medical-surgical ward rounds in most surgical specialities in the Trust. The team annually case manages 1200 postoperative elective and emergency inpatients. In addition, POPS has been instrumental in setting up daily pre-assessment clinic MDMs, where POPS provides, together with an anaesthetist, a forum for pre-assessment clinic nurses to present and discuss patients with unstable medical conditions, functional needs and issues regarding optimisation.</p> <p>POPS also undertakes an active role in education, training, audit and research in order to underpin the ongoing development of the service with a robust evidence base and disseminate and translate effective management of issues affecting the older surgical population</p> </div> <div class="card-view-4"> <div class="view view-attachment view-id-attachment view-display-id-main view-dom-id-31d158e408bec7ed98a0655dd8328eff"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view view-sections view-id-sections view-display-id-additional view-dom-id-1c4f06ea9cbf519ec8bb8cbd9dde493c"> <div class="view-content view-content-main"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last section-row palette-default "> <div class="section-inner"> <div class="card-body"> <h2 class="sidebar-nav">References</h2> <p>1 Wilkinson, K., et al., An Age Old Problem. 2010, National Confidental Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. NCEPOD: London.</p> <p>2 Health., R.C.o.S.-E.a.D.o., The Higher Risk General Surgical Patient- Towards Improved Care for the Forgotten Group. . 2011, Royal College of Surgeons-England and Department of Health.</p> <p>3 Society, A.U.N.O., Breaking Through: Building Better Falls and Fracture Services in England. 2012.</p> <p>4 Klopfenstein, C.E., et al., The influence of an aging surgical population on the anesthesia workload: a ten-year survey. Anesth Analg, 1998. 86(6): p. 1165-70.</p> <p>5 Tan, E., et al., The United Kingdom National Bowel Cancer Project -- epidemiology and surgical risk in the elderly. Eur J Cancer, 2007. 43(15): p. 2285-94.</p> <p>6 March, L.M., et al., Outcomes after hip or knee replacement surgery for osteoarthritis. A prospective cohort study comparing patients' quality of life before and after surgery with age-related population norms. Med J Aust, 1999. 171(5): p. 235-8.</p> <p>7 Ethgen, O., et al., Health-related quality of life in total hip and total knee arthroplasty. A qualitative and systematic review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2004. 86-A(5): p. 963-74.</p> <p>8 Hamel, M.B., et al., Surgical outcomes for patients aged 80 and older: morbidity and mortality from major noncardiac surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2005. 53(3): p. 424-9.</p> <p>9 Liu, L.L. and J.M. Leung, Predicting adverse postoperative outcomes in patients aged 80 years or older. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2000. 48(4): p. 405-12.</p> <p>10 Polanczyk, C.A., et al., Impact of age on perioperative complications and length of stay in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med, 2001. 134(8): p. 637-43.</p> <p>11 Leung, J.M. and S. Dzankic, Relative importance of preoperative health status versus intraoperative factors in predicting postoperative adverse outcomes in geriatric surgical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2001. 49(8): p. 1080-5.</p> <p>12 Patel, S.A. and M.E. Zenilman, Outcomes in older people undergoing operative intervention for colorectal cancer. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2000. 49: p. 1561-4.</p> <p>13 Givens, J.L., T.B. Sanft, and E.R. Marcantonio, Functional recovery after hip fracture: the combined effects of depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2008. 56(6): p. 1075-9.</p> <p>14 Dasgupta, M., et al., Frailty is associated with postoperative complications in older adults with medical problems. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2009. 48(1): p. 78-83.</p> <p>15 Makary, M.A., et al., Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients. J Am Coll Surg, 2010. 210(6): p. 901-8.</p> <p>16 Marcantonio, E.R., et al., Delirium is independently associated with poor functional recovery after hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2000. 48(6): p. 618-24.</p> <p>17 Marcantonio, E.R., et al., A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA, 1994. 271(2): p. 134-9.</p> <p>18 Edelstein, D.M., et al., Effect of postoperative delirium on outcome after hip fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2004(422): p. 195-200.</p> <p>19 Witlox, J., et al., Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 2010. 304(4): p. 443-51.</p> <p>20 Stuck, A.E., et al., Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Lancet, 1993. 342(8878): p. 1032-6.</p> <p>21 Marcantonio, E.R., et al., Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2001. 49(5): p. 516-22.</p> <p>22 Harari, D., et al., Proactive care of older people undergoing surgery ('POPS'): designing, embedding, evaluating and funding a comprehensive geriatric assessment service for older elective surgical patients. Age Ageing, 2007. 36(2): p. 190-6.</p> <h6>Contact</h6> <p>Dr <span class="spamspan"><span class="u">jugdeep<span class="t"> [dot] </span>dhesi</span> [at] <span class="d">gstt<span class="t"> [dot] </span>nhs<span class="t"> [dot] </span>uk</span><span class="a"> (Jugdeep Dhesi)</span></span>, Consultant physician and POPS lead at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="content-additional"> <div id="block-webform-client-block-227" class="block block-webform"> <h2 class="resource-feedback-toggle">Feedback on this resource?</h2> <div class="content"> <div id="webform-ajax-wrapper-227"><form class="webform-client-form webform-client-form-227" action="/resources/proactive-care-of-older-people-undergoing-surgery" method="post" id="webform-client-form-227" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="webform-email form-item webform-component webform-component-email webform-component--email webform-container-inline"> <label for="edit-submitted-email">Email </label> <input class="email form-text form-email" type="email" id="edit-submitted-email" name="submitted[email]" size="60" /> <div class="description">If you鈥檇 like us to contact you, please leave your email</div> </div> <div class="webform-feedback form-item webform-component webform-component-textarea webform-component--comment webform-container-inline"> <label for="edit-submitted-comment">Your feedback <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <div class="form-textarea-wrapper"><textarea required="required" placeholder="(max 300 words)" id="edit-submitted-comment" name="submitted[comment]" cols="60" rows="3" class="form-textarea required"></textarea></div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="details[sid]" /> <input type="hidden" name="details[page_num]" value="1" /> <input type="hidden" name="details[page_count]" value="1" /> <input type="hidden" name="details[finished]" value="0" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-LlOHtZHGB176QpL9mrlg6KbfnxfG8owH4kX67xajw7w" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="webform_client_form_227" /> <input type="hidden" name="webform_ajax_wrapper_id" value="webform-ajax-wrapper-227" /> <fieldset class="captcha form-wrapper"><legend><span class="fieldset-legend">CAPTCHA</span></legend><div class="fieldset-wrapper"><div class="fieldset-description">This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.</div><input type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="8312626" /> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="1a12cf56044dd05506abe257c166785a" /> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="Google no captcha" /> <div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LdxcUsUAAAAABXmfqM-hujH0UGJIQjSzRbBKU2w" data-theme="light" data-type="image"></div></div></fieldset> <div class="form-actions"><input class="webform-submit button-primary form-submit" id="edit-webform-ajax-submit-227" type="submit" name="op" value="Send" /></div></div></form></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <aside id="sidebar-second" role="complementary" class="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-second-wrapper"> <section class="block block-views side-row resource-dl-block"> <h2 class="block-title">Download</h2> <div class="view view-resource-download view-id-resource_download view-display-id-download view-dom-id-3a5375a106af4218ec3c151d6404f72f"> <div class="view-content view-content-main"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </aside> </div> </main> <section class="postscript-first"> <div class="postscript_first"> <section class="block block-views postscript-section-row-block"> <h2 class="block-title">You may also be interested in</h2> <div class="view view-resource-series view-id-resource_series view-display-id-related_auto_manual view-dom-id-e1019e74c39f3a5be597366f619e031f"> <div class="view-content view-content-main"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="card-views-conditional"> <div class="view view-resource-series view-id-resource_series view-display-id-related section-row row-max-4 view-card-default-palette view-dom-id-8bb4ea554f1115f8bf1e7c762ddcf5ed"> <div class="view-content view-content-main"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <a class="card resource-card" href="/perioperative-care-of-older-people-undergoing-surgery"><div class="card-text"><div class="card-content"> <div class="card-title"> <h3>Perioperative care of Older People undergoing Surgery </h3> </div> <div class="card-summary"> <div class="card-summary-wrapper"> <div class="card-summary"> This Special Interest Group was launched in March 2012 against a background of increasing numbers of older people undergoing and benefiting from surgery. 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