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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_and_spacecraft_feasibility_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_spacecraft_feasibility_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin and spacecraft feasibility studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_spacecraft_feasibility_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_pressure_builds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_pressure_builds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Political pressure builds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_pressure_builds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>NASA expansion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-NASA_expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle NASA expansion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-NASA_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manned_Spacecraft_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manned_Spacecraft_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Manned Spacecraft Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manned_Spacecraft_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_Operations_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_Operations_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Launch Operations Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_Operations_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choosing_a_mission_mode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choosing_a_mission_mode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Choosing a mission mode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choosing_a_mission_mode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spacecraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command_and_service_module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_and_service_module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Command and service module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_and_service_module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_Lunar_Module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_Lunar_Module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Apollo Lunar Module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_Lunar_Module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Launch vehicles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Launch_vehicles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Launch vehicles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Launch_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Little_Joe_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_Joe_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Little Joe II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_Joe_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturn_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturn_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Saturn I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturn_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturn_IB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturn_IB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Saturn IB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturn_IB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturn_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturn_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Saturn V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturn_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronauts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronauts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Astronauts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronauts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_mission_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_mission_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lunar mission profile</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lunar_mission_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lunar mission profile subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lunar_mission_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Profile_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profile_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Profile variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profile_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Development history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uncrewed_flight_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncrewed_flight_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Uncrewed flight tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncrewed_flight_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_for_crewed_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_for_crewed_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Preparation for crewed flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_for_crewed_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Program_delays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_delays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Program delays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_delays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_1_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_1_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Apollo 1 fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_1_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncrewed_Saturn_V_and_LM_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncrewed_Saturn_V_and_LM_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Uncrewed Saturn V and LM tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncrewed_Saturn_V_and_LM_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crewed_development_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crewed_development_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Crewed development missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crewed_development_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_lunar_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_lunar_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Production lunar landings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_lunar_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mission_cutbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_cutbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1</span> <span>Mission cutbacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_cutbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.2</span> <span>Extended missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canceled_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canceled_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.3</span> <span>Canceled missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canceled_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Mission summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples_returned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples_returned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Samples returned</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples_returned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_Applications_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_Applications_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Apollo Applications Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_Applications_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Recent observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Science and engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_11_broadcast_data_restoration_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_11_broadcast_data_restoration_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Apollo 11 broadcast data restoration project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_11_broadcast_data_restoration_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_on_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_on_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Depictions on film</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depictions_on_film-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Depictions on film subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Depictions_on_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Docudramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Docudramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Docudramas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Docudramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Fictional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NASA_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.1</span> <span>NASA reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.2</span> <span>Multimedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollo program</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-program" title="Apollo-program – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apollo-program" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-ohjelm" title="Apollo-ohjelm – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Apollo-ohjelm" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="برنامج أبولو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج أبولو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo" title="Programa Apollo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo" title="Programa Apollo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_proqram%C4%B1" title="Apollon proqramı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Apollon proqramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آپولو پروژه سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آپولو پروژه سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যাপোলো কর্মসূচি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাপোলো কর্মসূচি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_k%C3%A8-%C5%8De" title="Apollo kè-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Apollo kè-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Апалон (касмічная праграма) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апалон (касмічная праграма)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Апалён (касьмічная праграма) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Апалён (касьмічная праграма)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Аполо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аполо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_%22Apollo%22" title="Program "Apollo" – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Program "Apollo"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programm_Apollo" title="Programm Apollo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Programm Apollo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo" title="Programa Apollo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaglen_Apollo" title="Rhaglen Apollo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhaglen Apollo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-programmet" title="Apollo-programmet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apollo-programmet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="لمهمة د أپولو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمهمة د أپولو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Programm" title="Apollo-Programm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apollo-Programm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programm" title="Apollo programm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apollo programm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD_(%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Απόλλων (διαστημικό πρόγραμμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόλλων (διαστημικό πρόγραμμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apolo" title="Programa Apolo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Apolo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekto_Apollo" title="Projekto Apollo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Projekto Apollo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programa" title="Apollo programa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apollo programa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="برنامه فضایی آپولو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه فضایی آپولو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Apollo" title="Programme Apollo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Apollo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1r_Apollo" title="Clár Apollo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clár Apollo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claare_Apollo" title="Claare Apollo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Claare Apollo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxecto_Apollo" title="Proxecto Apollo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proxecto Apollo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="아폴로 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아폴로 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80)" title="Ապոլոն (ծրագիր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապոլոն (ծրագիր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अपोलो अभियान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपोलो अभियान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programo_Apollo" title="Programo Apollo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Programo Apollo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-geimfer%C3%B0a%C3%A1%C3%A6tlunin" title="Apollo-geimferðaáætlunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Apollo-geimferðaáætlunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Apollo" title="Programma Apollo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Apollo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95" title="תוכנית אפולו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית אפולו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_tama%C9%A3" title="Apollo tamaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Apollo tamaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE" title="ಅಪೋಲೋ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಪೋಲೋ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90)" title="აპოლო (კოსმოსური პროგრამა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპოლო (კოსმოსური პროგრამა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%C2%BB" title="«Аполлон» – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="«Аполлон»" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Apollo" title="Programma Apollo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Programma Apollo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programma" title="Apollo programma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apollo programma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Programm" title="Apollo-Programm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Apollo-Programm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apollo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-program" title="Apollo-program – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Apollo-program" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-program" title="Apollo-program – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apollo-program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അപ്പോളോ പദ്ധതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പോളോ പദ്ധതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="अपोलो मोहीम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपोलो मोहीम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porjeto_Apollo" title="Porjeto Apollo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Porjeto Apollo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အပိုလိုစီမံကိန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပိုလိုစီမံကိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolloprogramma" title="Apolloprogramma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apolloprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="アポロ計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アポロ計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-programmet" title="Apollo-programmet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apollo-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-programmet" title="Apollo-programmet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apollo-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo" title="Programa Apollo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_(kosmik_kema)" title="Apollon (kosmik kema) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Apollon (kosmik kema)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%96%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F" title="အပိုလို စီႏမံႏကိန်ꩻဖုံႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အပိုလို စီႏမံႏကိန်ꩻဖုံႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اپولو پروګرام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپولو پروګرام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo" title="Programa Apollo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Programm" title="Apollo-Programm – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Apollo-Programm" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo" title="Programa Apollo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programul_Apollo" title="Programul Apollo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Programul Apollo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Аполлон (космическая программа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аполлон (космическая программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programme" title="Apollo programme – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Apollo programme" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programi_Apollo" title="Programi Apollo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Programi Apollo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1" title="ඇපලෝ වැඩසටහන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇපලෝ වැඩසටහන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apollo program" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86" title="بەرنامەی ئەپۆلۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرنامەی ئەپۆلۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Програм Аполо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Програм Аполо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Program Apollo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_(avaruusohjelma)" title="Apollo (avaruusohjelma) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apollo (avaruusohjelma)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolloprogrammet" title="Apolloprogrammet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apolloprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programang_Apollo" title="Programang Apollo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Programang Apollo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அப்பல்லோ திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அப்பல்லோ திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="అపోలో కార్యక్రమం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అపోలో కార్యక్రమం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5" title="โครงการอะพอลโล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงการอะพอลโล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Projesi" title="Apollo Projesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apollo Projesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Аполлон (космічна програма) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аполлон (космічна програма)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اپالو پروگرام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپالو پروگرام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo" title="Programa Apollo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Apollo" title="Chương trình Apollo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình Apollo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Apollo" title="Programa Apollo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Programa Apollo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="阿波罗计划 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿波罗计划" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="阿波羅計劃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿波羅計劃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="阿波罗计划 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿波罗计划" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46611#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Apollo program</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/170px-Apollo_program.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/255px-Apollo_program.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/340px-Apollo_program.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed <a href="/wiki/Lunar_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar landing">lunar landing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Completed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>$25.4 billion (1973)</li><li>$257 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-www_planetary_org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www_planetary_org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">1961–1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">SA-1</a></li><li>October 27, 1961<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1961-10-27</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First crewed flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li><li>October 11, 1968<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1968-10-11</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li><li>December 19, 1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972-12-19</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successes</th><td class="infobox-data">32</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failures</th><td class="infobox-data">2 (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">13</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partial failures</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_34" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34">Cape Kennedy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Vehicle information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crewed vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo CSM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo LM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Space program of the United States">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 120%"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States space program</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/90px-NASA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/135px-NASA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/180px-NASA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="92" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/90px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/135px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/180px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px; font-size: 95%"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Human spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Robotic spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">CRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">GLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_program" class="mw-redirect" title="New Millennium program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Spaceports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">Western Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems#United_States" title="List of orbital launch systems">Space launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha"><i>Alpha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_III" title="Minotaur III"><i>III</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">National security space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States Space Command</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Civil space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">Department of Energy national laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Prediction_Center" title="Space Weather Prediction Center">Space Weather Prediction Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth,_Energy,_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Department of State Office of Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Commercial space industry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(American_spaceflight_company)" title="Astra (American spaceflight company)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Intelligence_%26_Space" title="Raytheon Intelligence & Space">Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template talk:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Apollo program</b>, also known as <b>Project Apollo</b>, was the United States <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> program carried out by the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">landing</a> the first men<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Moon in 1969. It was first conceived in 1960 during President <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration</a> as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s national goal for the 1960s of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in an address to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. </p><p>Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> mission when astronauts <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> landed their <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> remained in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command and service module</a> (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> on the Moon, the last, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>, in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_walked_on_the_Moon" title="List of Apollo astronauts">twelve people walked on the Moon</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, standing on the Moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/220px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/330px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg/440px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (pictured) walked on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> with <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, July 20–21, 1969.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/220px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/330px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/440px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i>, the iconic 1968 image from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> taken by astronaut <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first crewed flight in 1968. It encountered a major setback in 1967 when an <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> cabin fire killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first successful landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">geological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysical</a> exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> landing had to be aborted after an oxygen tank exploded en route to the Moon, crippling the CSM. The crew barely managed a safe return to Earth by using the lunar module as a "lifeboat" on the return journey. Apollo used the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn family of rockets</a> as launch vehicles, which were also used for an <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications Program</a>, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> that supported three crewed missions in 1973–1974, and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> Test Project, a joint <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> mission in 1975. </p><p>Apollo set several major <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_exploration_milestones,_1957%E2%80%931969" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space exploration milestones, 1957–1969">human spaceflight milestones</a>. It stands alone in sending crewed missions beyond <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, and Apollo 11 was the first crewed spacecraft to land humans on one. </p><p>Overall, the Apollo program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's subsequent human spaceflight capability and funded construction of its <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and human spaceflight, including <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a>, telecommunications, and computers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The program was named after <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, the Greek god of light, music, and the Sun, by NASA manager <a href="/wiki/Abe_Silverstein" title="Abe Silverstein">Abe Silverstein</a>, who later said, "I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, because he felt "Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program".<sup id="cite_ref-pressrelease_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressrelease-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The context of this was that the program focused at its beginning mainly on developing an advanced crewed spacecraft, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a>, succeeding the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury program">Mercury program</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Lunar_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar landing">lunar landing</a> became the focus of the program only in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Nast_2013_t554_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nast_2013_t554-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> instead followed the Mercury program to test and study advanced crewed spaceflight technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_spacecraft_feasibility_studies">Origin and spacecraft feasibility studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin and spacecraft feasibility studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft_feasibility_study" title="Apollo spacecraft feasibility study">Apollo spacecraft feasibility study</a></div> <p>The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">capsule</a> could support only one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumlunar_trajectory" title="Circumlunar trajectory">circumlunar flights</a>, and eventual crewed <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">lunar landings</a>. </p><p>In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a> announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a <i>mission module</i> cabin separate from the <i>command module</i> (piloting and reentry cabin), and a <i>propulsion and equipment module</i>. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, three study contracts were awarded to <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">General Dynamics/Convair</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company" title="Glenn L. Martin Company">Glenn L. Martin Company</a>. Meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Faget" title="Maxime Faget">Maxime Faget</a>, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs.<sup id="cite_ref-chariots_feasibility_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chariots_feasibility-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_pressure_builds">Political pressure builds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political pressure builds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></div> <p>In November 1960, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was elected president after a <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a> that promised American superiority over the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a>. Up to the election of 1960, Kennedy had been speaking out against the "<a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">missile gap</a>" that he and many other senators said had developed between the Soviet Union and the United States due to the inaction of President Eisenhower.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond military power, Kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige, pledging to make the US not "first but, first and, first if, but first period".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Kennedy's rhetoric, he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the Apollo program once he became president. He knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a crewed Moon landing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy supported an acceleration of NASA's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 12, 1961, Soviet <a href="/wiki/Astronaut#Russian" title="Astronaut">cosmonaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology">Committee on Science and Astronautics</a> one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_Giving_Historic_Speech_to_Congress_-_GPN-2000-001658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President John F. Kennedy addresses a joint session of Congress, with Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and House Speaker Sam Rayburn seated behind him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kennedy_Giving_Historic_Speech_to_Congress_-_GPN-2000-001658.jpg/220px-Kennedy_Giving_Historic_Speech_to_Congress_-_GPN-2000-001658.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kennedy_Giving_Historic_Speech_to_Congress_-_GPN-2000-001658.jpg/330px-Kennedy_Giving_Historic_Speech_to_Congress_-_GPN-2000-001658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kennedy_Giving_Historic_Speech_to_Congress_-_GPN-2000-001658.jpg/440px-Kennedy_Giving_Historic_Speech_to_Congress_-_GPN-2000-001658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> delivers his proposal to put a man on the Moon before a joint session of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, May 25, 1961.</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, asking Johnson to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up.<sup id="cite_ref-jfkmemo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfkmemo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."<sup id="cite_ref-lbjmemo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbjmemo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His memo concluded that a crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the United States would achieve it first.<sup id="cite_ref-lbjmemo_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbjmemo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 25, 1961, twenty days after the first US crewed spaceflight <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3"><i>Freedom 7</i></a>, Kennedy proposed the crewed Moon landing in a <i>Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now it is time to take longer strides—time for a great new American enterprise—time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement, which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth. </p><p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-Special_Message_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Special_Message-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NASA_expansion">NASA expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NASA expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of Kennedy's proposal, only one American had flown in space—less than a month earlier—and NASA had not yet sent an astronaut into orbit. Even some NASA employees doubted whether Kennedy's ambitious goal could be met.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1963, Kennedy even came close to agreeing to a joint US-USSR Moon mission, to eliminate duplication of effort.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the clear goal of a crewed landing replacing the more nebulous goals of space stations and circumlunar flights, NASA decided that, in order to make progress quickly, it would discard the feasibility study designs of Convair, GE, and Martin, and proceed with Faget's command and service module design. The mission module was determined to be useful only as an extra room, and therefore unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used Faget's design as the specification for another competition for spacecraft procurement bids in October 1961. On November 28, 1961, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> had won the contract, although its bid was not rated as good as the Martin proposal. Webb, Dryden and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Seamans" title="Robert Seamans">Robert Seamans</a> chose it in preference due to North American's longer association with NASA and <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">its predecessor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._2.5:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch2-5html_"Contracting_for_the_Command_Module"]._pp._41–44_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._2.5:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch2-5html_"Contracting_for_the_Command_Module"]._pp._41–44-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landing humans on the Moon by the end of 1969 required the most sudden burst of technological creativity, and the largest commitment of resources ($25 billion; $182 billion in 2023 US dollars)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ever made by any nation in peacetime. At its peak, the Apollo program employed 400,000 people and required the support of over 20,000 industrial firms and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 1, 1960, NASA established the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (MSFC) in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. MSFC designed the heavy lift-class <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn launch vehicles</a>, which would be required for Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manned_Spacecraft_Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Manned Spacecraft Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a></div> <p>It became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth" title="Robert R. Gilruth">Robert R. Gilruth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a>, which had been directing the nation's crewed space program from NASA's <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a>. So Gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new NASA center, the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> (MSC). A site was chosen in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, on land donated by <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-TNO_12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNO_12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also clear NASA would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> launch facilities in Florida, so a new <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a> would be included in the MSC.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University%2C_September_12%2C_1962.ogv/220px-seek%3D1052-President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University%2C_September_12%2C_1962.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="164" data-durationhint="1068" data-mwtitle="President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University,_September_12,_1962.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University,_September_12,_1962.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University%2C_September_12%2C_1962.ogv/President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University%2C_September_12%2C_1962.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University%2C_September_12%2C_1962.ogv/President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University%2C_September_12%2C_1962.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/President_Kennedy_speech_on_the_space_effort_at_Rice_University%2C_September_12%2C_1962.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="321" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>President Kennedy speaks at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, September 12, 1962 (17 min, 47 s).</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1962, by which time two Project Mercury astronauts had orbited the Earth, Gilruth had moved his organization to rented space in Houston, and construction of the MSC facility was under way, Kennedy visited Rice to reiterate his challenge in <a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">a famous speech</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why <a href="/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition" title="1924 British Mount Everest expedition">climb the highest mountain</a>? Why, 35 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">fly the Atlantic</a>?<span class="nowrap"> </span>... We choose to go to the Moon. We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills; because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win<span class="nowrap"> </span>...<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_Speech_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice_Speech-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The MSC was completed in September 1963. It was renamed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> soon after his death in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_Operations_Center">Launch Operations Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Launch Operations Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></div> <p>It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a> rockets at the northernmost end: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_34" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34">LC-34</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37">LC-37</a>. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the crewed lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Island,_Florida" title="Merritt Island, Florida">Merritt Island</a>. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_H._Debus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt H. Debus">Kurt H. Debus</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>'s original <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> engineering team. Debus was named the LOC's first Director.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction began in November 1962. Following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy's death</a>, President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VonBraunMuellerReesSA6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VonBraunMuellerReesSA6.jpg/220px-VonBraunMuellerReesSA6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VonBraunMuellerReesSA6.jpg/330px-VonBraunMuellerReesSA6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VonBraunMuellerReesSA6.jpg/440px-VonBraunMuellerReesSA6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Mueller_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mueller (NASA)">George Mueller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Rees" title="Eberhard Rees">Eberhard Rees</a> watch the <a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a> launch from the firing room.</figcaption></figure> <p>The LOC included <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a>, and a 130-million-cubic-foot (3,700,000 m<sup>3</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vertical Assembly Building</a> (VAB).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the space vehicle (launch vehicle and spacecraft) would be assembled on a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform" title="Mobile launcher platform">mobile launcher platform</a> and then moved by a <a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">crawler-transporter</a> to one of several launch pads. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A<span class="nowrap"> </span>and<span class="nowrap"> </span>B, were completed in October 1965. The LOC also included an <a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a> (OCB) to which <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> and Apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles. The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_chamber" title="Vacuum chamber">vacuum chambers</a> capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet (76 km), which is nearly a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">Webb</a> realized that in order to keep Apollo costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited <a href="/wiki/George_Mueller_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mueller (NASA)">George E. Mueller</a> for a high management job. Mueller accepted, on the condition that he have a say in NASA reorganization necessary to effectively administer Apollo. Webb then worked with Associate Administrator (later Deputy Administrator) Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF).<sup id="cite_ref-SecretOfApollo_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecretOfApollo-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 23, 1963, Webb announced Mueller's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to replace then Associate Administrator <a href="/wiki/D._Brainerd_Holmes" title="D. Brainerd Holmes">D. Brainerd Holmes</a> on his retirement effective September 1. Under Webb's reorganization, the directors of the Manned Spacecraft Center (<a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth" title="Robert R. Gilruth">Gilruth</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">von Braun</a>), and the Launch Operations Center (<a href="/wiki/Kurt_H._Debus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt H. Debus">Debus</a>) reported to Mueller.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Phillips" title="Samuel C. Phillips">Samuel C. Phillips</a>, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the <a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman</a> program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips's superior officer <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Adolph_Schriever" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Adolph Schriever">Bernard A. Schriever</a> agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first human landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Fishman, in <i><a href="/wiki/One_Giant_Leap_(book)" title="One Giant Leap (book)">One Giant Leap</a></i>, estimated the number of people and organizations involved into the Apollo program as "410,000 men and women at some 20,000 different companies contributed to the effort".<sup id="cite_ref-npr_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choosing_a_mission_mode">Choosing a mission mode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Choosing a mission mode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Houbolt_-_GPN-2000-001274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_C._Houbolt_-_GPN-2000-001274.jpg/220px-John_C._Houbolt_-_GPN-2000-001274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_C._Houbolt_-_GPN-2000-001274.jpg/330px-John_C._Houbolt_-_GPN-2000-001274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_C._Houbolt_-_GPN-2000-001274.jpg/440px-John_C._Houbolt_-_GPN-2000-001274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Houbolt" title="John Houbolt">John Houbolt</a> explaining the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">LOR</a> concept</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Direct_Ascent_Concept.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apollo_Direct_Ascent_Concept.jpg/220px-Apollo_Direct_Ascent_Concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apollo_Direct_Ascent_Concept.jpg/330px-Apollo_Direct_Ascent_Concept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Apollo_Direct_Ascent_Concept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Early Apollo configuration for <a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct Ascent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_orbit_rendezvous" title="Earth orbit rendezvous">Earth Orbit Rendezvous</a>, 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Once Kennedy had defined a goal, the Apollo mission planners were faced with the challenge of designing a spacecraft that could meet it while minimizing risk to human life, limiting cost, and not exceeding limits in possible technology and astronaut skill. Four possible mission modes were considered: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct Ascent</a>:</b> The spacecraft would be launched as a unit and travel directly to the lunar surface, without first going into lunar orbit. A 50,000-pound (23,000 kg) Earth return ship would land all three astronauts atop a 113,000-pound (51,000 kg) descent propulsion stage,<sup id="cite_ref-Nova_scale_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nova_scale-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be left on the Moon. This design would have required development of the extremely powerful <a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-8" title="Saturn C-8">Saturn C-8</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a> launch vehicle to carry a 163,000-pound (74,000 kg) payload to the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch2-6html_Ch._2.6,_"Influences_on_Booster_Determination"]_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch2-6html_Ch._2.6,_"Influences_on_Booster_Determination"]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Earth_orbit_rendezvous" title="Earth orbit rendezvous">Earth Orbit Rendezvous</a> (EOR):</b> Multiple rocket launches (up to 15 in some plans) would carry parts of the Direct Ascent spacecraft and propulsion units for <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">translunar injection</a> (TLI). These would be assembled into a single spacecraft in Earth orbit.</li> <li><b>Lunar Surface Rendezvous:</b> Two spacecraft would be launched in succession. The first, an automated vehicle carrying propellant for the return to Earth, would land on the Moon, to be followed some time later by the crewed vehicle. Propellant would have to be transferred from the automated vehicle to the crewed vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Chapter_3.2:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-2html_''Early_Reaction_to_LOR'']._pp._61–67_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Chapter_3.2:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-2html_''Early_Reaction_to_LOR'']._pp._61–67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbit_Rendezvous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Orbit Rendezvous">Lunar Orbit Rendezvous</a> (LOR):</b> This turned out to be the winning configuration, which achieved the goal with <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> on July 20, 1969: a single <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> launched a 96,886-pound (43,947 kg) spacecraft that was composed of a 63,608-pound (28,852 kg) <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a> which remained in orbit around the Moon and a 33,278-pound (15,095 kg) two-stage <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> spacecraft which was flown by two astronauts to the surface, flown back to dock with the command module and was then discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landing the smaller spacecraft on the Moon, and returning an even smaller part (10,042 pounds or 4,555 kilograms) to lunar orbit, minimized the total mass to be launched from Earth, but this was the last method initially considered because of the perceived risk of rendezvous and docking.</li></ul> <p>In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that rendezvous and docking, maneuvers that had not been attempted in <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a>, would be nearly impossible in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a>. LOR advocates including <a href="/wiki/John_Houbolt" title="John Houbolt">John Houbolt</a> at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness", Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._3.4:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-4html_"Early_Reaction_to_LOR"]._p._71_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._3.4:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-4html_"Early_Reaction_to_LOR"]._p._71-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Nicholas_E._Golovin"></span> Seamans's establishment of an ad hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> to be used in the Apollo program, represented a turning point in NASA's mission mode decision.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen21_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen21-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice, and recommended in favor of a hybrid EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR—as well as Houbolt's ceaseless work—played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach. In late 1961 and early 1962, members of the Manned Spacecraft Center began to come around to support LOR, including the newly hired deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Shea</a>, who became a champion of LOR.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen24_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), who were heavily invested in direct ascent, took longer to become convinced of its merits, but their conversion was announced by Wernher von Braun at a briefing on June 7, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._3.6:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-6html_"Settling_the_Mode_Issue"]._pp._81–83_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._3.6:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-6html_"Settling_the_Mode_Issue"]._pp._81–83-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But even after NASA reached internal agreement, it was far from smooth sailing. Kennedy's <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">science advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a>, who had expressed his opposition to human spaceflight to Kennedy before the President took office,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had opposed the decision to land people on the Moon, hired Golovin, who had left NASA, to chair his own "Space Vehicle Panel", ostensibly to monitor, but actually to second-guess NASA's decisions on the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and even Webb to defend themselves, delaying its formal announcement to the press on July 11, 1962, and forcing Webb to still hedge the decision as "tentative".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-7html_Ch._3.7,_"Casting_the_Die"]_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-7html_Ch._3.7,_"Casting_the_Die"]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm and issued a <a href="/wiki/Request_for_proposal" title="Request for proposal">request for proposal</a> to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a> as the LEM contractor in November 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch4-4html_Ch._4.4,_"Pressures_by_PSAC"]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch4-4html_Ch._4.4,_"Pressures_by_PSAC"]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Space historian James Hansen concludes that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Without NASA's adoption of this stubbornly held minority opinion in 1962, the United States may still have reached the Moon, but almost certainly it would not have been accomplished by the end of the 1960s, President Kennedy's target date.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The LOR method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" in the event of a failure of the command ship. Some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen. In 1964 an MSC study concluded, "The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">LM</a> [as lifeboat]<span class="nowrap"> </span>... was finally dropped, because no single reasonable <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">CSM</a> failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Service_propulsion_system" title="Apollo command and service module">SPS</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, just such a failure happened on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> when an oxygen tank explosion left the CSM without electrical power. The lunar module provided propulsion, electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely.<sup id="cite_ref-KSC-Apollo_13_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSC-Apollo_13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo (spacecraft)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winslow-Meteor_Crater-_Apollo_Test_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Winslow-Meteor_Crater-_Apollo_Test_Capsule.jpg/220px-Winslow-Meteor_Crater-_Apollo_Test_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Winslow-Meteor_Crater-_Apollo_Test_Capsule.jpg/330px-Winslow-Meteor_Crater-_Apollo_Test_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Winslow-Meteor_Crater-_Apollo_Test_Capsule.jpg/440px-Winslow-Meteor_Crater-_Apollo_Test_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An Apollo <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">boilerplate</a> command module is on exhibit in the <a href="/wiki/Meteor_Crater" title="Meteor Crater">Meteor Crater</a> Visitor Center in <a href="/wiki/Winslow,_Arizona" title="Winslow, Arizona">Winslow, Arizona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Faget's preliminary Apollo design employed a cone-shaped command module, supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power, sized appropriately for the space station, cislunar, and lunar landing missions. Once Kennedy's Moon landing goal became official, detailed design began of a command and service module (CSM) in which the crew would spend the entire direct-ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM, later shortened to LM (Lunar Module) but still pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>) which would take two individuals to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM.<sup id="cite_ref-SummaryReport_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SummaryReport-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_and_service_module">Command and service module</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Command and service module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The cone-shaped command module, attached to the cylindrical service module, orbits the Moon with a panel removed, exposing the scientific instrument module" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/260px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/390px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/520px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">CSM</a> <i>Endeavour</i> in lunar orbit</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Command_module_(CM)" title="Apollo command and service module">command module</a> (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component of the Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early Apollo study designs. Its exterior was covered with an <a href="/wiki/Ablative_heat_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative heat shield">ablative heat shield</a>, and had its own <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> (RCS) engines to <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">control its attitude</a> and steer its <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> path. Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown. The module was 11.42 feet (3.48 m) tall, 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter, and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds (5,560 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-ABTN_LV2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABTN_LV2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg/220px-NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg/330px-NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg/440px-NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="9000" /></a><figcaption>Original cockpit of the command module of Apollo 11 with three seats, photographed from above. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>; the very high resolution image was produced in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">service module</a> (SM) supported the command module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants, and a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a> power generation system with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> reactants. A high-gain <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S-band</a> antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights. On the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package was carried. The service module was discarded just before reentry. The module was 24.6 feet (7.5 m) long and 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter. The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled, while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds (24,000 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-ABTN_LV2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABTN_LV2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there was no provision for docking with the lunar module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development.<sup id="cite_ref-SummaryReport_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SummaryReport-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollo_Lunar_Module">Apollo Lunar Module</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Apollo Lunar Module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg/260px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg/390px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg/520px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a> (and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>) on the Moon, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> (LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the command module. Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth, its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations and was of an extremely lightweight construction. It consisted of separate descent and ascent stages, each with its own engine. The descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant, surface stay consumables, and surface exploration equipment. The ascent stage contained the crew cabin, ascent propellant, and a reaction control system. The initial LM model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds (15,100 kg), and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours. An extended lunar module weighed over 36,200 pounds (16,400 kg), and allowed surface stays of more than three days.<sup id="cite_ref-ABTN_LV2_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABTN_LV2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contract for design and construction of the lunar module was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation</a>, and the project was overseen by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Kelly_(aerospace_engineer)" title="Thomas J. Kelly (aerospace engineer)">Thomas J. Kelly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_vehicles">Launch vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Launch vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturnsandlittlejoe2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saturnsandlittlejoe2.gif/300px-Saturnsandlittlejoe2.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saturnsandlittlejoe2.gif/450px-Saturnsandlittlejoe2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saturnsandlittlejoe2.gif/600px-Saturnsandlittlejoe2.gif 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Four Apollo rocket assemblies, drawn to scale: <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn series</a>, and the even larger <a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a> series. In the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA and was made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center. The initial direct ascent plan to send the three-person Apollo command and service module directly to the lunar surface, on top of a large descent rocket stage, would require a Nova-class launcher, with a lunar payload capability of over 180,000 pounds (82,000 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The June 11, 1962, decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the Saturn V to replace the Nova, and the MSFC proceeded to develop the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn rocket family</a> for Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Apollo, like Mercury, used more than one launch vehicle for space missions, NASA used spacecraft-launch vehicle combination series numbers: AS-10x for Saturn I, AS-20x for Saturn IB, and AS-50x for Saturn V (compare <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury-Redstone 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a>) to designate and plan all missions, rather than numbering them sequentially as in Project Gemini. This was changed by the time human flights began.<sup id="cite_ref-missionNumbers_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missionNumbers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_Joe_II">Little Joe II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Little Joe II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></div> <p>Since Apollo, like Mercury, would require a <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">launch escape system</a> (LES) in case of a launch failure, a relatively small rocket was required for qualification flight testing of this system. A rocket bigger than the <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little Joe</a> used by Mercury would be required, so the <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a>. After an August 1963 <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle" title="Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle">qualification test flight</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four LES test flights (<a href="/wiki/A-001" title="A-001">A-001</a> through <a href="/wiki/A-004" title="A-004">004</a>) were made at the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a> between May 1964 and January 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturn_I">Saturn I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Saturn I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_7_launch2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Apollo_7_launch2.jpg/150px-Apollo_7_launch2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Apollo_7_launch2.jpg/225px-Apollo_7_launch2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Apollo_7_launch2.jpg/300px-Apollo_7_launch2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption>A Saturn IB rocket launches <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Saturn I, the first US heavy lift launch vehicle, was initially planned to launch partially equipped CSMs in low Earth orbit tests. The <a href="/wiki/S-I" title="S-I">S-I</a> first stage burned <a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a> with liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer in eight clustered <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_H-1" title="Rocketdyne H-1">Rocketdyne H-1</a> engines, to produce 1,500,000 pounds-force (6,670 kN) of thrust. The <a href="/wiki/S-IV" title="S-IV">S-IV</a> second stage used six liquid hydrogen-fueled <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Rocketdyne" title="Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne">Pratt & Whitney</a> <a href="/wiki/RL-10" class="mw-redirect" title="RL-10">RL-10</a> engines with 90,000 pounds-force (400 kN) of thrust. The <a href="/wiki/S-V" title="S-V">S-V</a> third stage flew inactively on Saturn I four times.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only the first stage live, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">boilerplate</a> CSMs (designated <a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a> through <a href="/wiki/AS-105" title="AS-105">AS-105</a>) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of <a href="/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">micrometeorite</a> impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._7.6:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch7-6html_"Portents_for_Operations"]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._7.6:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch7-6html_"Portents_for_Operations"]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1962, NASA planned to launch four crewed CSM flights on the Saturn I from late 1965 through 1966, concurrent with Project Gemini. The 22,500-pound (10,200 kg) payload capacity<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would have severely limited the systems which could be included, so the decision was made in October 1963 to use the uprated <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> for all crewed Earth orbital flights.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturn_IB">Saturn IB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Saturn IB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></div> <p>The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The <a href="/wiki/S-IB" title="S-IB">S-IB</a> first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN) by uprating the H-1 engine. The second stage replaced the S-IV with the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB-200</a>, powered by a single <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2</a> engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">pounds-force</a> (890 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">kN</a>) of thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000 pounds (18,100 kg) into low Earth orbit, sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saturn IB launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS-200 series number, "AS" indicating "Apollo Saturn" and the "2" indicating the second member of the Saturn rocket family.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_NASA's_Names_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_NASA's_Names-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturn_V">Saturn V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Saturn V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/150px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/225px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/300px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket launches Apollo 11, 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>Saturn V launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS-500 series number, "AS" indicating "Apollo Saturn" and the "5" indicating Saturn V.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_NASA's_Names_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_NASA's_Names-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> first stage burned RP-1/LOX for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force (33,400 kN), which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force (33,900 kN). The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen; the third stage was a modified version of the S-IVB, with thrust increased to 230,000 pounds-force (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a <a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABTN_LV1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABTN_LV1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronauts">Astronauts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Astronauts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001159.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apollo_1_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001159.jpg/220px-Apollo_1_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001159.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apollo_1_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001159.jpg/330px-Apollo_1_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apollo_1_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001159.jpg/440px-Apollo_1_Prime_Crew_-_GPN-2000-001159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> crew: <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a>, command pilot <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger Chaffee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>NASA's director of flight crew operations during the Apollo program was <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Donald K. "Deke" Slayton</a>, one of the original <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a> astronauts who was medically grounded in September 1962 due to a <a href="/wiki/Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">heart murmur</a>. Slayton was responsible for making all Gemini and Apollo crew assignments.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thirty-two astronauts were assigned to fly missions in the Apollo program. Twenty-four of these left Earth's orbit and flew around the Moon between December 1968 and December 1972 (three of them twice). Half of the 24 walked on the Moon's surface, though none of them returned to it after landing once. One of the moonwalkers was a trained geologist. Of the 32, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger Chaffee</a> were killed during a ground test in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-missionNumbers_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missionNumbers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Apollo_11_Crew.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Apollo_11_Crew.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Apollo_11_Crew.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 11 crew, from left: Commander <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, Command Module Pilot <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, and Lunar Module Pilot <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development flights (except the Earth orbit CSM development flights) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>, included at least two (sometimes three) Gemini veterans. <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a>, a geologist, was the first <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4" title="NASA Astronaut Group 4">NASA scientist astronaut</a> to fly in space, and landed on the Moon on the last mission, Apollo 17. Schmitt participated in the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the moon">lunar geology</a> training of all of the Apollo landing crews.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">Distinguished Service Medal</a>, given for "distinguished service, ability, or courage", and personal "contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission". The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the crews of all missions from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> onward. The crew that flew the first Earth orbital test mission <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Walter M. Schirra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donn_Eisele" class="mw-redirect" title="Donn Eisele">Donn Eisele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walter Cunningham</a>, were awarded the lesser <a href="/wiki/NASA_Exceptional_Service_Medal" title="NASA Exceptional Service Medal">NASA Exceptional Service Medal</a>, because of discipline problems with the <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller#FLIGHT" title="Flight controller">flight director</a>'s orders during their flight. In October 2008, the NASA Administrator decided to award them the Distinguished Service Medals. For Schirra and Eisele, this was posthumously.<sup id="cite_ref-Apollo_Crew_Honored_2008_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apollo_Crew_Honored_2008-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lunar_mission_profile">Lunar mission profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lunar mission profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first lunar landing mission was planned to proceed:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Launch The three Saturn V stages burn for about 11 minutes to achieve a 100-nautical-mile (190 km) circular parking orbit. The third stage burns a small portion of its fuel to achieve orbit."><img alt="Launch The three Saturn V stages burn for about 11 minutes to achieve a 100-nautical-mile (190 km) circular parking orbit. The third stage burns a small portion of its fuel to achieve orbit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apollo11-01.png/285px-Apollo11-01.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apollo11-01.png/427px-Apollo11-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apollo11-01.png/569px-Apollo11-01.png 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Launch</b> The three Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V stages burn for about 11 minutes to achieve a 100-nautical-mile (190 km) circular <a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a>. The third stage burns a small portion of its fuel to achieve orbit.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Translunar injection After one to two orbits to verify readiness of spacecraft systems, the S-IVB third stage reignites for about six minutes to send the spacecraft to the Moon."><img alt="Translunar injection After one to two orbits to verify readiness of spacecraft systems, the S-IVB third stage reignites for about six minutes to send the spacecraft to the Moon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apollo11-02.png/285px-Apollo11-02.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apollo11-02.png/427px-Apollo11-02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apollo11-02.png/569px-Apollo11-02.png 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">Translunar injection</a></b> After one to two orbits to verify readiness of spacecraft systems, the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> third stage reignites for about six minutes to send the spacecraft to the Moon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-03.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Transposition and docking The Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) panels separate to free the CSM and expose the LM. The command module pilot (CMP) moves the CSM out a safe distance, and turns 180°."><img alt="Transposition and docking The Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) panels separate to free the CSM and expose the LM. The command module pilot (CMP) moves the CSM out a safe distance, and turns 180°." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Apollo11-03.png/284px-Apollo11-03.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Apollo11-03.png/427px-Apollo11-03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Apollo11-03.png/569px-Apollo11-03.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="749" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction" title="Transposition, docking, and extraction">Transposition and docking</a></b> The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)#Spacecraft_Lunar_Module_Adapter_(SLA)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter</a> (SLA) panels separate to free the CSM and expose the LM. The command module pilot (CMP) moves the CSM out a safe distance, and turns 180°.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-04.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Extraction The CMP docks the CSM with the LM, and pulls the complete spacecraft away from the S-IVB. The lunar voyage takes between two and three days. Midcourse corrections are made as necessary using the SM engine."><img alt="Extraction The CMP docks the CSM with the LM, and pulls the complete spacecraft away from the S-IVB. The lunar voyage takes between two and three days. Midcourse corrections are made as necessary using the SM engine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo11-04.png/284px-Apollo11-04.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo11-04.png/427px-Apollo11-04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo11-04.png/569px-Apollo11-04.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Extraction</b> The CMP docks the CSM with the LM, and pulls the complete spacecraft away from the S-IVB. The lunar voyage takes between two and three days. Midcourse corrections are made as necessary using the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Service_module_(SM)" title="Apollo command and service module">SM</a> engine.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-05.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lunar orbit insertion The spacecraft passes about 60 nautical miles (110 km) behind the Moon, and the SM engine is fired to slow the spacecraft and put it into a 60-by-170-nautical-mile (110 by 310 km) orbit, which is soon circularized at 60 nautical miles by a second burn."><img alt="Lunar orbit insertion The spacecraft passes about 60 nautical miles (110 km) behind the Moon, and the SM engine is fired to slow the spacecraft and put it into a 60-by-170-nautical-mile (110 by 310 km) orbit, which is soon circularized at 60 nautical miles by a second burn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Apollo11-05.png/284px-Apollo11-05.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Apollo11-05.png/426px-Apollo11-05.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Apollo11-05.png/568px-Apollo11-05.png 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Lunar orbit</a> insertion</b> The spacecraft passes about 60 nautical miles (110 km) behind the Moon, and the SM engine is fired to slow the spacecraft and put it into a 60-by-170-nautical-mile (110 by 310 km) orbit, which is soon circularized at 60 nautical miles by a second burn.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-07.png" class="mw-file-description" title="After a rest period, the commander (CDR) and lunar module pilot (LMP) move to the LM, power up its systems, and deploy the landing gear. The CSM and LM separate; the CMP visually inspects the LM, then the LM crew move a safe distance away and fire the descent engine for Descent orbit insertion, which takes it to a perilune of about 50,000 feet (15 km)."><img alt="After a rest period, the commander (CDR) and lunar module pilot (LMP) move to the LM, power up its systems, and deploy the landing gear. The CSM and LM separate; the CMP visually inspects the LM, then the LM crew move a safe distance away and fire the descent engine for Descent orbit insertion, which takes it to a perilune of about 50,000 feet (15 km)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Apollo11-07.png/285px-Apollo11-07.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Apollo11-07.png/427px-Apollo11-07.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Apollo11-07.png/569px-Apollo11-07.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">After a rest period, the commander (CDR) and lunar module pilot (LMP) move to the LM, power up its systems, and deploy the landing gear. The CSM and LM separate; the CMP visually inspects the LM, then the LM crew move a safe distance away and fire the descent engine for <b>Descent orbit insertion</b>, which takes it to a <a href="/wiki/Perilune" class="mw-redirect" title="Perilune">perilune</a> of about 50,000 feet (15 km).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-08.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Powered descent At perilune, the descent engine fires again to start the descent. The CDR takes control after pitchover for a vertical landing."><img alt="Powered descent At perilune, the descent engine fires again to start the descent. The CDR takes control after pitchover for a vertical landing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Apollo11-08.png/284px-Apollo11-08.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Apollo11-08.png/427px-Apollo11-08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Apollo11-08.png/569px-Apollo11-08.png 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Powered_Descent_Initiation" title="Powered Descent Initiation">Powered descent</a></b> At perilune, the descent engine fires again to start the descent. The CDR takes control after pitchover for a vertical landing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-09.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The CDR and LMP perform one or more EVAs exploring the lunar surface and collecting samples, alternating with rest periods."><img alt="The CDR and LMP perform one or more EVAs exploring the lunar surface and collecting samples, alternating with rest periods." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo11-09.png/284px-Apollo11-09.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo11-09.png/427px-Apollo11-09.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo11-09.png/569px-Apollo11-09.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The CDR and LMP perform one or more <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVAs</a> exploring the lunar surface and collecting samples, alternating with rest periods.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-10.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The ascent stage lifts off, using the descent stage as a launching pad."><img alt="The ascent stage lifts off, using the descent stage as a launching pad." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Apollo11-10.png/284px-Apollo11-10.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Apollo11-10.png/426px-Apollo11-10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Apollo11-10.png/569px-Apollo11-10.png 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="845" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module#Ascent_stage" title="Apollo Lunar Module">ascent stage</a> lifts off, using the descent stage as a launching pad.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-11.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The LM rendezvouses and docks with the CSM."><img alt="The LM rendezvouses and docks with the CSM." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Apollo11-11.png/284px-Apollo11-11.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Apollo11-11.png/427px-Apollo11-11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Apollo11-11.png/569px-Apollo11-11.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The LM rendezvouses and docks with the CSM.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-12.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The CDR and LMP transfer back to the CM with their material samples, then the LM ascent stage is jettisoned, to eventually fall out of orbit and crash on the surface."><img alt="The CDR and LMP transfer back to the CM with their material samples, then the LM ascent stage is jettisoned, to eventually fall out of orbit and crash on the surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Apollo11-12.png/284px-Apollo11-12.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Apollo11-12.png/427px-Apollo11-12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Apollo11-12.png/569px-Apollo11-12.png 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="671" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The CDR and LMP transfer back to the CM with their material samples, then the LM ascent stage is jettisoned, to eventually fall out of orbit and crash on the surface.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-13.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Trans-Earth injection The SM engine fires to send the CSM back to Earth."><img alt="Trans-Earth injection The SM engine fires to send the CSM back to Earth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Apollo11-13.png/285px-Apollo11-13.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Apollo11-13.png/427px-Apollo11-13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Apollo11-13.png/569px-Apollo11-13.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Trans-Earth_injection" title="Trans-Earth injection">Trans-Earth injection</a></b> The SM engine fires to send the CSM back to Earth.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-14.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The SM is jettisoned just before reentry, and the CM turns 180° to face its blunt end forward for reentry."><img alt="The SM is jettisoned just before reentry, and the CM turns 180° to face its blunt end forward for reentry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo11-14.png/285px-Apollo11-14.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo11-14.png/427px-Apollo11-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo11-14.png/569px-Apollo11-14.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The SM is jettisoned just before reentry, and the CM turns 180° to face its blunt end forward for reentry.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-15.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Atmospheric drag slows the CM. Aerodynamic heating surrounds it with an envelope of ionized air which causes a communications blackout for several minutes."><img alt="Atmospheric drag slows the CM. Aerodynamic heating surrounds it with an envelope of ionized air which causes a communications blackout for several minutes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo11-15.png/284px-Apollo11-15.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo11-15.png/426px-Apollo11-15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo11-15.png/568px-Apollo11-15.png 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atmospheric drag slows the CM. Aerodynamic heating surrounds it with an envelope of ionized air which causes a communications blackout for several minutes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-16.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Parachutes are deployed, slowing the CM for a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The astronauts are recovered and brought to an aircraft carrier."><img alt="Parachutes are deployed, slowing the CM for a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The astronauts are recovered and brought to an aircraft carrier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Apollo11-16.png/284px-Apollo11-16.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Apollo11-16.png/427px-Apollo11-16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Apollo11-16.png/569px-Apollo11-16.png 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parachutes are deployed, slowing the CM for a splashdown in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The astronauts are recovered and brought to an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Mission_Flight_Plan_-_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo Mission Flight Plan, 1967"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Apollo_Mission_Flight_Plan_-_1967.jpg/1200px-Apollo_Mission_Flight_Plan_-_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Apollo_Mission_Flight_Plan_-_1967.jpg/1800px-Apollo_Mission_Flight_Plan_-_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Apollo_Mission_Flight_Plan_-_1967.jpg/2400px-Apollo_Mission_Flight_Plan_-_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Mission_Flight_Plan_-_1967.jpg" title="File:Apollo Mission Flight Plan - 1967.jpg"> </a></div>Apollo Mission Flight Plan, 1967</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profile_variations">Profile variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Profile variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/220px--AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="270" data-mwtitle="AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> pilots the Apollo <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a> and lands himself and navigator <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> on the Moon, July 20, 1969.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The first three lunar missions (Apollo 8, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>, and Apollo 11) used a <a href="/wiki/Free_return_trajectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Free return trajectory">free return trajectory</a>, keeping a flight path coplanar with the lunar orbit, which would allow a return to Earth in case the SM engine failed to make lunar orbit insertion. Landing site lighting conditions on later missions dictated a lunar orbital plane change, which required a course change maneuver soon after TLI, and eliminated the free-return option.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After Apollo 12 placed the second of several <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a> on the Moon,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the jettisoned LM ascent stages on Apollo 12 and later missions were deliberately crashed on the Moon at known locations to induce vibrations in the Moon's structure. The only exceptions to this were the Apollo 13 LM which burned up in the Earth's atmosphere, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>, where a loss of <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> after jettison prevented making a targeted impact.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As another active seismic experiment, the S-IVBs on Apollo 13 and subsequent missions were deliberately crashed on the Moon instead of being sent to solar orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Starting with Apollo 13, descent orbit insertion was to be performed using the service module engine instead of the LM engine, in order to allow a greater fuel reserve for landing. This was actually done for the first time on Apollo 14, since the Apollo 13 mission was aborted before landing.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_history">Development history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Development history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncrewed_flight_tests">Uncrewed flight tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Uncrewed flight tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Composite image of uncrewed development Apollo mission launches in chronological sequence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Apollo_unmanned_launches.png/250px-Apollo_unmanned_launches.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Apollo_unmanned_launches.png/375px-Apollo_unmanned_launches.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Apollo_unmanned_launches.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491" usemap="#ImageMap_5fae9cc50ac40864" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_unmanned_launches.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_5fae9cc50ac40864"><area href="/wiki/AS-201" shape="rect" coords="0,0,46,247" alt="AS-201 first uncrewed CSM test" title="AS-201 first uncrewed CSM test" /><area href="/wiki/AS-203" shape="rect" coords="46,0,91,247" alt="AS-203 S-IVB stage development test" title="AS-203 S-IVB stage development test" /><area href="/wiki/AS-202" shape="rect" coords="91,0,135,247" alt="AS-202 second uncrewed CSM test" title="AS-202 second uncrewed CSM test" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_4" shape="rect" coords="136,0,170,247" alt="Apollo 4 first uncrewed Saturn V test" title="Apollo 4 first uncrewed Saturn V test" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_5" shape="rect" coords="171,0,217,247" alt="Apollo 5 uncrewed LM test" title="Apollo 5 uncrewed LM test" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_6" shape="rect" coords="218,0,247,247" alt="Apollo 6 second uncrewed Saturn V test" title="Apollo 6 second uncrewed Saturn V test" /></map><figcaption>Apollo uncrewed development mission launches. Click on a launch image to read the main article about each mission.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of Apollo missions</a>.</div> <p>Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, <a href="/wiki/AS-201" title="AS-201">AS-201</a> launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second, <a href="/wiki/AS-202" title="AS-202">AS-202</a> on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific Ocean. These flights validated the service module engine and the command module heat shield.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third Saturn IB test, <a href="/wiki/AS-203" title="AS-203">AS-203</a> launched from pad 37, went into orbit to support design of the S-IVB upper stage restart capability needed for the Saturn V. It carried a nose cone instead of the Apollo spacecraft, and its payload was the unburned liquid hydrogen fuel, the behavior of which engineers measured with temperature and pressure sensors, and a TV camera. This flight occurred on July 5, before AS-202, which was delayed because of problems getting the Apollo spacecraft ready for flight.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAreport_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAreport-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation_for_crewed_flight">Preparation for crewed flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Preparation for crewed flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two crewed orbital Block I CSM missions were planned: AS-204 and AS-205. The Block I crew positions were titled Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot. The Senior Pilot would assume navigation duties, while the Pilot would function as a systems engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts would wear <a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit#Apollo_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini space suit">a modified version of the Gemini spacesuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an uncrewed LM test flight AS-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278 (each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Plans_and_Progress_in_Space_Flight_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Plans_and_Progress_in_Space_Flight-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Block II crew positions were titled Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot. The astronauts would begin wearing a new <a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo/Skylab A7L">Apollo A6L spacesuit</a>, designed to accommodate lunar <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA). The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear "fishbowl" type for greater visibility, and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment.<sup id="cite_ref-EMU_development_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMU_development-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>, the grounded <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury astronaut</a> who became director of flight crew operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie <a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a> as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the <a href="/wiki/Reduced_gravity_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced gravity aircraft">KC135 weightlessness training aircraft</a>, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee.<sup id="cite_ref-whatshisname_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatshisname-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans <a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a>, with rookie <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart</a>. Mercury/Gemini veteran <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a>, Eisele, and rookie <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walter Cunningham</a> were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.<sup id="cite_ref-whatshisname_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatshisname-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1966, the AS-205 mission was canceled, since the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight, and AS-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft. Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or AS-258, planned for August 1967. McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart were promoted to the prime AS-258 crew, and Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham were reassigned as the Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 backup crew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._8.7:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch8-7html_"Preparations_for_the_First_Manned_Apollo_Mission"]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._8.7:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch8-7html_"Preparations_for_the_First_Manned_Apollo_Mission"]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Program_delays">Program delays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Program delays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spacecraft for the AS-202 and AS-204 missions were delivered by North American Aviation to the Kennedy Space Center with long lists of equipment problems which had to be corrected before flight; these delays caused the launch of AS-202 to slip behind AS-203, and eliminated hopes the first crewed mission might be ready to launch as soon as November 1966, concurrently with the last Gemini mission. Eventually, the planned AS-204 flight date was pushed to February 21, 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-SP4029_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP4029-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North American Aviation was prime contractor not only for the Apollo CSM, but for the Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> second stage as well, and delays in this stage pushed the first uncrewed Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V flight AS-501 from late 1966 to November 1967. (The initial assembly of AS-501 had to use a dummy spacer spool in place of the stage.)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a "<a href="/wiki/Tiger_team" title="Tiger team">tiger team</a>" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president <a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Atwood">Lee Atwood</a>, with a strongly worded letter by Mueller, and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a> was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for crewed flight in 1967, not long after the first crewed CSM flights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._7.4:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch7-4html_"The_LEM_Test_Program:_A_Pacing_Item"]_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._7.4:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch7-4html_"The_LEM_Test_Program:_A_Pacing_Item"]-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apollo_1_fire">Apollo 1 fire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Apollo 1 fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/220px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/330px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/440px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption>Charred Apollo 1 cabin interior</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a></div> <p>Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 as a motivational focus on the first crewed flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A "plugs-out" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power. If successful, this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the February 21 launch, with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled.<sup id="cite_ref-sea4_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plugs-out test began on the morning of January 27, 1967, and immediately was plagued with problems. First, the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits which delayed the sealing of the hatch. Then, communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown. During this hold, an electrical fire began in the cabin and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere. Pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin inner wall burst, allowing the fire to erupt onto the pad area and frustrating attempts to rescue the crew. The astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened.<sup id="cite_ref-sea5_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irwin_i_Bull_testuj%C4%85_kombinezony_kosmiczne_S68-15931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Irwin_i_Bull_testuj%C4%85_kombinezony_kosmiczne_S68-15931.jpg/220px-Irwin_i_Bull_testuj%C4%85_kombinezony_kosmiczne_S68-15931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Irwin_i_Bull_testuj%C4%85_kombinezony_kosmiczne_S68-15931.jpg/330px-Irwin_i_Bull_testuj%C4%85_kombinezony_kosmiczne_S68-15931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Irwin_i_Bull_testuj%C4%85_kombinezony_kosmiczne_S68-15931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Block II spacesuit in January 1968, before (left) and after changes recommended after the Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 fire</figcaption></figure> <p>NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in command module design, workmanship and quality control".<sup id="cite_ref-sea5_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Storms" title="Harrison Storms">Harrison Storms</a> as command module program manager.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a>, replacing him with <a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KeyPersonnelChange_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeyPersonnelChange-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To remedy the causes of the fire, changes were made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures, the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials.<sup id="cite_ref-chariot_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chariot-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Block II design already called for replacement of the Block I <a href="/wiki/Plug_door" title="Plug door">plug-type</a> hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door.<sup id="cite_ref-chariot_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chariot-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA discontinued the crewed Block I program, using the Block<span class="nowrap"> </span>I spacecraft only for uncrewed Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant A7L Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not.<sup id="cite_ref-EMU_development_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMU_development-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uncrewed_Saturn_V_and_LM_tests">Uncrewed Saturn V and LM tests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Uncrewed Saturn V and LM tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 24, 1967, Mueller published an official Apollo mission numbering scheme, using sequential numbers for all flights, crewed or uncrewed. The sequence would start with <a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a> to cover the first three uncrewed flights while retiring the Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 designation to honor the crew, per their widows' wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-missionNumbers_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missionNumbers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1967, Mueller approved a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types" title="List of Apollo missions">sequence of mission types</a> which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the crewed lunar landing. Each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary; therefore letters were used instead of numbers. The <b>A</b> missions were uncrewed Saturn V validation; <b>B</b> was uncrewed LM validation using the Saturn IB; <b>C</b> was crewed CSM Earth orbit validation using the Saturn IB; <b>D</b> was the first crewed CSM/LM flight (this replaced AS-258, using a single Saturn V launch); <b>E</b> would be a higher Earth orbit CSM/LM flight; <b>F</b> would be the first lunar mission, testing the LM in lunar orbit but without landing (a "dress rehearsal"); and <b>G</b> would be the first crewed landing. The list of types covered follow-on lunar exploration to include <b>H</b> lunar landings, <b>I</b> for lunar orbital survey missions, and <b>J</b> for extended-stay lunar landings.<sup id="cite_ref-3Q1967_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3Q1967-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on human-rating the LM and Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V. Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>4 (AS-501) was the first uncrewed flight of the Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V, carrying a Block<span class="nowrap"> </span>I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the command module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the service module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a> (AS-204) was the first uncrewed test flight of the LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1. The LM engines were successfully test-fired and restarted, despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing. The ascent engine was fired in abort mode, known as a "fire-in-the-hole" test, where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage. Although Grumman wanted a second uncrewed test, George Low decided the next LM flight would be crewed.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was followed on April 4, 1968, by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a> (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the service module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced <a href="/wiki/Pogo_oscillation" title="Pogo oscillation">pogo oscillation</a>, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the service module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V ready to fly crew, canceling a third uncrewed test.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._10.5:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch10-5html_"Apollo_6:_Saturn_V's_Shaky_Dress_Rehearsal"]_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._10.5:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch10-5html_"Apollo_6:_Saturn_V's_Shaky_Dress_Rehearsal"]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crewed_development_missions">Crewed development missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Crewed development missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Composite image of six crewed Apollo development mission patches, from Apollo 1 to Apollo 11." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Apollo_manned_development_missions_insignia.png/250px-Apollo_manned_development_missions_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Apollo_manned_development_missions_insignia.png/375px-Apollo_manned_development_missions_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Apollo_manned_development_missions_insignia.png/500px-Apollo_manned_development_missions_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1200" usemap="#ImageMap_dcdce47af55f75de" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_manned_development_missions_insignia.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_dcdce47af55f75de"><area href="/wiki/Apollo_1" shape="rect" coords="0,0,71,72" alt="Apollo 1 unsuccessful first crewed CSM test" title="Apollo 1 unsuccessful first crewed CSM test" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_7" shape="rect" coords="72,0,165,72" alt="Apollo 7 first crewed CSM test" title="Apollo 7 first crewed CSM test" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_8" shape="rect" coords="165,0,249,72" alt="Apollo 8 first crewed flight to the Moon" title="Apollo 8 first crewed flight to the Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_9" shape="rect" coords="0,72,71,144" alt="Apollo 9 crewed Earth orbital LM test" title="Apollo 9 crewed Earth orbital LM test" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_10" shape="rect" coords="72,72,165,144" alt="Apollo 10 crewed lunar orbital LM test" title="Apollo 10 crewed lunar orbital LM test" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_11" shape="rect" coords="165,72,249,144" alt="Apollo 11 first crewed Moon landing" title="Apollo 11 first crewed Moon landing" /></map><figcaption>Apollo crewed development mission patches. Click on a patch to read the main article about that mission.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, launched from LC-34 on October 11, 1968, was the C<span class="nowrap"> </span>mission, crewed by <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Schirra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Eisele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Cunningham</a>. It was an 11-day Earth-orbital flight which tested the CSM systems.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V instead of two Saturn IBs.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo<span class="nowrap"> </span>8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D<span class="nowrap"> </span>mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission. This would keep the program on track. The Soviet Union had sent two tortoises, mealworms, wine flies, and other lifeforms around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard <a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a>, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaikin_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaikin-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moon_Race_1968_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moon_Race_1968-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7. Gemini veterans <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a>, and rookie <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> captured the world's attention by making ten lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>, and returning safely to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._11.6:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch11-6html_"Apollo_8:_The_First_Lunar_Voyage"]._pp._274–284_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._11.6:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch11-6html_"Apollo_8:_The_First_Lunar_Voyage"]._pp._274–284-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_first_step.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_first_step.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_first_step.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_first_step.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> descends the LM's ladder in preparation for the first steps on the lunar surface, as televised live on July 20, 1969.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following March, LM flight, rendezvous and docking were successfully demonstrated in Earth orbit on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a>, and Schweickart tested the full lunar <a href="/wiki/Apollo_a7l" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo a7l">EVA suit</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Portable_life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable life support system">portable life support system</a> (PLSS) outside the LM.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The F mission was successfully carried out on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> in May 1969 by Gemini veterans <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a>. Stafford and Cernan took the LM to within 50,000 feet (15 km) of the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The G mission was achieved on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> in July 1969 by an all-Gemini veteran crew consisting of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>. Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the <a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Sea of Tranquility</a> at 20:17:40 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> on July 20, 1969. They spent a total of 21 hours, 36 minutes on the surface, and spent 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-statrefeva_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statrefeva-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, just after stepping onto the Moon's surface<sup id="cite_ref-Snopes_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snopes-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_lunar_landings">Production lunar landings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Production lunar landings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1969, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Charles "Pete" Conrad</a> became the third person to step onto the Moon, which he did while speaking more informally than had Armstrong: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whoopee! Man, that may have been a small one for <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil</a>, but that's a long one for me. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pete Conrad<sup id="cite_ref-journal_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Composite image of six production crewed Apollo lunar landing mission patches, from Apollo 12 to Apollo 17." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Apollo_lunar_landing_missions_insignia.png/250px-Apollo_lunar_landing_missions_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Apollo_lunar_landing_missions_insignia.png/375px-Apollo_lunar_landing_missions_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Apollo_lunar_landing_missions_insignia.png/500px-Apollo_lunar_landing_missions_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1200" usemap="#ImageMap_ac5fc831f55fc57e" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_lunar_landing_missions_insignia.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ac5fc831f55fc57e"><area href="/wiki/Apollo_12" shape="rect" coords="0,0,80,80" alt="Apollo 12 second crewed Moon landing" title="Apollo 12 second crewed Moon landing" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_13" shape="rect" coords="80,0,160,80" alt="Apollo 13 unsuccessful Moon landing attempt" title="Apollo 13 unsuccessful Moon landing attempt" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_14" shape="rect" coords="160,0,250,80" alt="Apollo 14 third crewed Moon landing" title="Apollo 14 third crewed Moon landing" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_15" shape="rect" coords="0,80,80,159" alt="Apollo 15 fourth crewed Moon landing" title="Apollo 15 fourth crewed Moon landing" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_16" shape="rect" coords="80,80,160,159" alt="Apollo 16 fifth crewed Moon landing" title="Apollo 16 fifth crewed Moon landing" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_17" shape="rect" coords="160,80,250,159" alt="Apollo 17 sixth crewed Moon landing" title="Apollo 17 sixth crewed Moon landing" /></map><figcaption>Apollo production crewed lunar landing mission patches. Click on a patch to read the main article about that mission.</figcaption></figure> <p>Conrad and rookie <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan L. Bean</a> made a precision landing of Apollo 12 within walking distance of the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a> uncrewed lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_of_Storms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean of Storms">Ocean of Storms</a>. The command module pilot was Gemini veteran <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard F. Gordon Jr.</a> Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera, but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun. They made two EVAs totaling 7<span class="nowrap"> </span>hours and 45 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-statrefeva_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statrefeva-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one, they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs was enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. Shortly after Apollo 11, NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites after Apollo 12, with plans to increase the mass of the CSM and LM for the last five missions, along with the payload capacity of the Saturn V. These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list, allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days. These missions would also carry the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (LRV) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the LM. Also, the Block II spacesuit was <a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L#A7LB_Spacesuit_(Apollo,_Skylab_and_ASTP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo/Skylab A7L">revised for the extended missions</a> to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the LRV.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_landing_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Apollo_landing_sites.jpg/220px-Apollo_landing_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Apollo_landing_sites.jpg/330px-Apollo_landing_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Apollo_landing_sites.jpg/440px-Apollo_landing_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="2247" /></a><figcaption>Apollo landings on the Moon, 1969–1972</figcaption></figure> <p>The success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as commander, with two rookies. Apollo 13 launched Lovell, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> in April 1970, headed for the <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a>. But two days out, a liquid oxygen tank exploded, disabling the service module and forcing the crew to use the LM as a "lifeboat" to return to Earth. Another NASA review board was convened to determine the cause, which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory, and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-KSC-Apollo_13_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSC-Apollo_13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollo was grounded again, for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mission_cutbacks">Mission cutbacks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mission cutbacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About the time of the first landing in 1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches; this eliminated Apollo 20. NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing, and NASA also had to make funds available for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">development</a> of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. By 1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two unused Saturn Vs became museum exhibits at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Space Center">John F. Kennedy Space Center</a> on Merritt Island, Florida, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">George C. Marshall Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>, Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana, and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a> in Houston, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cutbacks forced mission planners to reassess the original planned landing sites in order to achieve the most effective geological sample and data collection from the remaining four missions. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> had been planned to be the last of the H series missions, but since there would be only two subsequent missions left, it was changed to the first of three J missions.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollo 13's Fra Mauro mission was reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>, commanded in February 1971 by Mercury veteran <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apollo14_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apollo14-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This time the mission was successful. Shepard and Mitchell spent 33 hours and 31 minutes on the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and completed two EVAs totalling 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>hours 24 minutes, which was a record for the longest EVA by a lunar crew at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-apollo14_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apollo14-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1971, just after conclusion of the Apollo 15 mission, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> proposed canceling the two remaining lunar landing missions, Apollo 16 and 17. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> Deputy Director <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> was opposed to this, and persuaded Nixon to keep the remaining missions.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extended_missions">Extended missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Extended missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg/220px-Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg/330px-Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg/440px-Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> used on Apollos 15–17</figcaption></figure> <p>Apollo 15 was launched on July 26, 1971, with <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Alfred Worden</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a>. Scott and Irwin landed on July 30 near <a href="/wiki/Mons_Hadley" title="Mons Hadley">Hadley Rille</a>, and spent just under two days, 19 hours on the surface. In over 18 hours of EVA, they collected about 77 kilograms (170 lb) of lunar material.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollo 16 landed in the <a href="/wiki/Descartes_Highlands" title="Descartes Highlands">Descartes Highlands</a> on April 20, 1972. The crew was commanded by John Young, with <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a>. Young and Duke spent just under three days on the surface, with a total of over 20 hours EVA.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollo 17 was the last of the Apollo program, landing in the <a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a> region in December 1972. Eugene Cernan commanded <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald E. Evans</a> and NASA's first scientist-astronaut, geologist <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison H. Schmitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apollo17_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apollo17-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt was originally scheduled for Apollo 18,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the lunar geological community lobbied for his inclusion on the final lunar landing.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cernan and Schmitt stayed on the surface for just over three days and spent just over 23 hours of total EVA.<sup id="cite_ref-apollo17_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apollo17-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canceled_missions">Canceled missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Canceled missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">Canceled Apollo missions</a></div> <p>Several missions were planned for but were canceled before details were finalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_summary">Mission summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mission summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of Apollo missions</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Designation</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Launch <br />vehicle</th> <th>CSM</th> <th>LM</th> <th>Crew</th> <th>Summary </th></tr> <tr> <td>AS-201</td> <td width="120px">Feb 26, 1966</td> <td><a href="/wiki/AS-201" title="AS-201">AS-201</a></td> <td width="60px">CSM-009</td> <td>None</td> <td width="130px">None</td> <td>First flight of Saturn IB and Block I CSM; suborbital to Atlantic Ocean; qualified heat shield to orbital reentry speed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>AS-203</td> <td>Jul 5, 1966</td> <td><a href="/wiki/AS-203" title="AS-203">AS-203</a></td> <td>None</td> <td>None</td> <td>None</td> <td>No spacecraft; observations of liquid hydrogen fuel behavior in orbit, to support design of S-IVB restart capability. </td></tr> <tr> <td>AS-202</td> <td>Aug 25, 1966</td> <td><a href="/wiki/AS-202" title="AS-202">AS-202</a></td> <td>CSM-011</td> <td>None</td> <td>None</td> <td>Suborbital flight of CSM to Pacific Ocean. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a></td> <td>Feb 21, 1967</td> <td>SA-204</td> <td>CSM-012</td> <td>None</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger B. Chaffee</a></td> <td>Not flown. All crew members died in a fire during a launch pad test on January 27, 1967. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></td> <td>Nov 9, 1967</td> <td>SA-501</td> <td>CSM-017</td> <td>LTA-10R</td> <td>None</td> <td>First test flight of Saturn V, placed a CSM in a high Earth orbit; demonstrated S-IVB restart; qualified CM heat shield to lunar reentry speed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></td> <td>Jan 22–23, 1968</td> <td>SA-204</td> <td>None</td> <td>LM-1</td> <td>None</td> <td>Earth orbital flight test of LM, launched on Saturn IB; demonstrated ascent and descent propulsion; human-rated the LM. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a></td> <td>Apr 4, 1968</td> <td>SA-502</td> <td>CM-020 <br />SM-014</td> <td>LTA-2R</td> <td>None</td> <td>Uncrewed, second flight of Saturn V, attempted demonstration of trans-lunar injection, and direct-return abort using SM engine; three engine failures, including failure of S-IVB restart. Flight controllers used SM engine to repeat Apollo 4's flight profile. Human-rated the Saturn V. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></td> <td>Oct 11–22, 1968</td> <td>SA-205</td> <td>CSM-101</td> <td>None</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walt Cunningham</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn Eisele</a></td> <td>First crewed Earth orbital demonstration of Block II CSM, launched on Saturn IB. First live television broadcast from a crewed mission. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></td> <td>Dec 21–27, 1968</td> <td>SA-503</td> <td>CSM-103</td> <td>LTA-B</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">James Lovell</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a></td> <td>First crewed flight of Saturn V; First crewed flight to Moon; CSM made 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></td> <td>Mar 3–13, 1969</td> <td>SA-504</td> <td>CSM-104 <i>Gumdrop</i></td> <td>LM-3 <br /><i>Spider</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Russell Schweickart</a></td> <td>Second crewed flight of Saturn V; First crewed flight of CSM and LM in Earth orbit; demonstrated portable life support system to be used on the lunar surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></td> <td>May 18–26, 1969</td> <td>SA-505</td> <td>CSM-106 <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Brown" title="Charlie Brown">Charlie Brown</a></i></td> <td>LM-4 <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Snoopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module Snoopy">Snoopy</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas Stafford</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a></td> <td>Dress rehearsal for first lunar landing; flew LM down to 50,000 feet (15 km) from lunar surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></td> <td>Jul 16–24, 1969</td> <td>SA-506</td> <td>CSM-107 <i><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a></i></td> <td>LM-5 <i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a></td> <td>First crewed landing, in <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Sea of Tranquility</a>. Surface EVA time: 2:31 hr. Samples returned: 47.51 pounds (21.55 kg). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></td> <td>Nov 14–24, 1969</td> <td>SA-507</td> <td>CSM-108 <i>Yankee Clipper</i></td> <td>LM-6 <br /><i>Intrepid</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">C. "Pete" Conrad</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard Gordon</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a></td> <td>Second landing, in <a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Ocean of Storms</a> near <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a>. Surface EVA time: 7:45 hr. Samples returned: 75.62 pounds (34.30 kg). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></td> <td>Apr 11–17, 1970</td> <td>SA-508</td> <td>CSM-109 <i>Odyssey</i></td> <td>LM-7 <br /><i>Aquarius</i></td> <td>James Lovell <br /><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a></td> <td>Third landing attempt aborted in transit to the Moon, due to SM failure. Crew used LM as "lifeboat" to return to Earth. Mission labeled as a "successful failure".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></td> <td>Jan 31 – Feb 9, 1971</td> <td>SA-509</td> <td>CSM-110 <i>Kitty Hawk</i></td> <td>LM-8 <br /><i>Antares</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a></td> <td>Third landing, in <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a>, located northeast of the Ocean of Storms. Surface EVA time: 9:21 hr. Samples returned: 94.35 pounds (42.80 kg). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></td> <td>Jul 26 – Aug 7, 1971</td> <td>SA-510</td> <td>CSM-112 <i>Endeavour</i></td> <td>LM-10 <br /><i>Falcon</i></td> <td>David Scott <br /><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Alfred Worden</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a></td> <td>First Extended LM and rover, landed in <a href="/wiki/Hadley-Apennine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley-Apennine">Hadley-Apennine</a>, located near the Sea of Showers/Rains. Surface EVA time: 18:33 hr. Samples returned: 169.10 pounds (76.70 kg). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></td> <td>Apr 16–27, 1972</td> <td>SA-511</td> <td>CSM-113 <i>Casper</i></td> <td>LM-11 <br /><i>Orion</i></td> <td>John Young <br /><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">T. Kenneth Mattingly</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a></td> <td>Landed in <a href="/wiki/Descartes_Highlands" title="Descartes Highlands">Plain of Descartes</a>. Rover on Moon. Surface EVA time: 20:14 hr. Samples returned: 207.89 pounds (94.30 kg). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></td> <td>Dec 7–19, 1972</td> <td>SA-512</td> <td>CSM-114 <i>America</i></td> <td>LM-12 <br /><i>Challenger</i></td> <td>Eugene Cernan<br /><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a></td> <td>Only Saturn V night launch. Landed in <a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a>. Rover on Moon. First geologist on the Moon. Apollo's last crewed Moon landing. Surface EVA time: 22:02 hr. Samples returned: 243.40 pounds (110.40 kg). </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: <i>Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference</i> (Orloff 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-Orloff-EVA_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orloff-EVA-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples_returned">Samples returned</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Samples returned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rock</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/146px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/219px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/292px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The most famous of the Moon rocks recovered, the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a>, returned from Apollo 15.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg/188px-Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg/282px-Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg/376px-Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="2221" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Apollo 16's sample 61016, better known as Big Muley, is the largest sample collected during the Apollo program</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Apollo program returned over 382 kg (842 lb) of lunar rocks and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">soil</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Receiving_Laboratory" title="Lunar Receiving Laboratory">Lunar Receiving Laboratory</a> in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orloff-EVA_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orloff-EVA-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, 75% of the samples are stored at the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility</a> built in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> techniques. They range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> samples derived from the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">lunar maria</a>, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar highlands">highlands</a> crust.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, that are largely absent on Earth. One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a>, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarland2008132–133_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland2008132–133-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">anorthosite</a> rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral <a href="/wiki/Anorthite" title="Anorthite">anorthite</a>, and is believed to be representative of the highland crust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarland2008171_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland2008171-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A geochemical component called <a href="/wiki/KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a> was discovered by Apollo 12, which has no known terrestrial counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarland200849–50_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland200849–50-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KREEP and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the Moon was once completely molten (see <a href="/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">lunar magma ocean</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarland2008323–327_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland2008323–327-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects. Many samples appear to be pitted with <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroid</a> impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high-pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events. Some of the returned samples are of <i>impact melt</i> (materials melted near an impact crater.) All samples returned from the Moon are highly <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">brecciated</a> as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarland2008330–332_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland2008330–332-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From analyses of the composition of the returned lunar samples, it is now believed that the Moon was <a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">created through the impact</a> of a large astronomical body with Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs">Costs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apollo cost $25.4 billion or approximately $257 billion (2023) using improved cost analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of this amount, $20.2 billion ($145 billion adjusted) was spent on the design, development, and production of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn family</a> of launch vehicles, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_a7l" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo a7l">spacesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">scientific experiments</a>, and mission operations. The cost of constructing and operating Apollo-related ground facilities, such as the NASA human spaceflight centers and the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Tracking_and_Data_Acquisition_Network" title="Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network">global tracking and data acquisition network</a>, added an additional $5.2 billion ($37.3 billion adjusted). </p><p>The amount grows to $28 billion ($280 billion adjusted) if the costs for related projects such as Project Gemini and the robotic <a href="/wiki/Ranger_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranger Program">Ranger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a> programs are included.<sup id="cite_ref-www_planetary_org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www_planetary_org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA's official cost breakdown, as reported to Congress in the Spring of 1973, is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Project Apollo</th> <th>Cost (original, billion $) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Apollo spacecraft</td> <td align="right">8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturn launch vehicles</td> <td align="right">9.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Launch vehicle engine development</td> <td align="right">0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Operations</td> <td align="right">1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total R&D</b></td> <td align="right"><b>20.2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tracking and data acquisition</td> <td align="right">0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ground facilities</td> <td align="right">1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Operation of installations</td> <td align="right">2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td align="right"><b>25.4</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Accurate estimates of human spaceflight costs were difficult in the early 1960s, as the capability was new and management experience was lacking. Preliminary cost analysis by NASA estimated $7 billion – $12 billion for a crewed lunar landing effort. NASA Administrator James Webb increased this estimate to $20 billion before reporting it to Vice President Johnson in April 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Project Apollo was a massive undertaking, representing the largest research and development project in peacetime. At its peak, it employed over 400,000 employees and contractors around the country and accounted for more than half of NASA's total spending in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the first Moon landing, public and political interest waned, including that of President Nixon, who wanted to rein in federal spending.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA's budget could not sustain Apollo missions which cost, on average, $445 million ($2.66 billion adjusted)<sup id="cite_ref-ApolloCost_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApolloCost-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each while simultaneously <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">developing the Space Shuttle</a>. The final fiscal year of Apollo funding was 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apollo_Applications_Program">Apollo Applications Program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Apollo Applications Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications Program</a></div> <p>Looking beyond the crewed lunar landings, NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (<i>Apollo X</i>) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit, using the space in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)#Spacecraft_Lunar_Module_Adapter_(SLA)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter</a> (SLA) to house a small orbital laboratory (workshop). Astronauts would continue to use the CSM as a ferry to the station. This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage and grew into the Apollo Applications Program (AAP). The workshop was to be supplemented by the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a>, which could be attached to the ascent stage of the lunar module via a rack.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a <a href="/wiki/Manned_Venus_Flyby" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Venus Flyby">Venus fly-by mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The S-IVB orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board. Dubbed <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, it was assembled on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V. It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979 after development of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> was delayed too long to save it.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> program also used Apollo hardware for the first joint nation spaceflight, paving the way for future cooperation with other nations in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_observations">Recent observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Recent observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg/220px-Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg/330px-Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg/440px-Apollo11-LRO-March2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a>, imaged in March 2012 by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a> probe observed evidence of the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 2009, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>, while orbiting 50 kilometers (31 mi) above the Moon, photographed the remnants of the Apollo program left on the lunar surface, and each site where crewed Apollo flights landed.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the U.S. flags left on the Moon during the Apollo missions were found to still be standing, with the exception of the one left during the Apollo 11 mission, which was blown over during that mission's lift-off from the lunar surface; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flags cannot be seen through a telescope from Earth. </p><p>In a November 16, 2009, editorial, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> opined: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]here's something terribly wistful about these photographs of the Apollo landing sites. The detail is such that if Neil Armstrong were walking there now, we could make him out, make out his footsteps even, like the astronaut footpath clearly visible in the photos of the Apollo 14 site. Perhaps the wistfulness is caused by the sense of simple grandeur in those Apollo missions. Perhaps, too, it's a reminder of the risk we all felt after the Eagle had landed—the possibility that it might be unable to lift off again and the astronauts would be stranded on the Moon. But it may also be that a photograph like this one is as close as we're able to come to looking directly back into the human past<span class="nowrap"> </span>... There the [Apollo 11] lunar module sits, parked just where it landed 40 years ago, as if it still really were 40 years ago and all the time since merely imaginary.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_lro_lm_img_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_lro_lm_img-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_engineering">Science and engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Science and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NASA_spin-off_technologies" title="NASA spin-off technologies">NASA spin-off technologies</a></div> <p>The Apollo program has been described as the greatest technological achievement in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollo stimulated many areas of technology, leading to over 1,800 spinoff products as of 2015, including advances in the development of <a href="/wiki/Cordless" title="Cordless">cordless</a> power tools, <a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">fireproof materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_monitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart monitors">heart monitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">digital imaging</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid methane">liquid methane</a> as fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-January_2005_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-January_2005-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">flight computer</a> design used in both the lunar and command modules was, along with the <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman</a> missile systems, the driving force behind early research into <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> (ICs). By 1963, Apollo was using 60 percent of the United States' production of ICs. The crucial difference between the requirements of Apollo and the missile programs was Apollo's much greater need for reliability. While the Navy and Air Force could work around reliability problems by deploying more missiles, the political and financial cost of failure of an Apollo mission was unacceptably high.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMindell2008125–131_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008125–131-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technologies and techniques required for Apollo were developed by Project Gemini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979181–182,_205–208_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979181–182,_205–208-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo project was enabled by NASA's adoption of new advances in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic technology">electronic technology</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor">metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors</a> (MOSFETs) in the <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Monitoring_Platform" title="Interplanetary Monitoring Platform">Interplanetary Monitoring Platform</a> (IMP)<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chips in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a> (AGC).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/220px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/330px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/440px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i> photograph taken on December<span class="nowrap"> </span>7, 1972, during Apollo 17. "We went to explore the Moon, and in fact discovered the Earth." —<a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, on Christmas Eve 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an estimated one-fifth of the population of the world watched the live transmission of the Apollo 11 moonwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apollo program also affected <a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental activism">environmental activism</a> in the 1970s due to photos taken by the astronauts. The most well known include <i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i>, taken by <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> on Apollo 8, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i>, taken by the Apollo 17 astronauts. <i>The Blue Marble</i> was released during a surge in environmentalism, and became a symbol of the environmental movement as a depiction of Earth's frailty, vulnerability, and isolation amid the vast expanse of space.<sup id="cite_ref-Petsko_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petsko-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, Apollo succeeded in accomplishing President Kennedy's goal of taking on the Soviet Union in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> by accomplishing a singular and significant achievement, to demonstrate the superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">free-market system</a>. The publication noted the irony that in order to achieve the goal, the program required the organization of tremendous public resources within a vast, centralized government bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollo_11_broadcast_data_restoration_project">Apollo 11 broadcast data restoration project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Apollo 11 broadcast data restoration project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Apollo 11 missing tapes</a></div> <p>Prior to Apollo 11's 40th anniversary in 2009, NASA searched for the original videotapes of the mission's live televised moonwalk. After an exhaustive three-year search, it was concluded that the tapes had probably been erased and reused. A new digitally remastered version of the best available broadcast television footage was released instead.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_tapes_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR_tapes-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_on_film">Depictions on film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Depictions on film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous documentary films cover the Apollo program and the Space Race, including: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Footprints_on_the_Moon_(1969_film)" title="Footprints on the Moon (1969 film)">Footprints on the Moon</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_One" title="Moonwalk One">Moonwalk One</a></i> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Greatest_Adventure_(documentary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Greatest Adventure (documentary) (page does not exist)">The Greatest Adventure</a></i> (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_All_Mankind_(film)" title="For All Mankind (film)">For All Mankind</a></i> (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Shot#Miniseries" title="Moon Shot">Moon Shot</a></i> (1994 miniseries)</li> <li>"Moon" from the BBC miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Planets_(1999_TV_series)" title="The Planets (1999 TV series)">The Planets</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Desolation:_Walking_on_the_Moon_3D" title="Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D">Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_of_It_All_(2007_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wonder of It All (2007 film)">The Wonder of It All</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Moon_(2007_film)" title="In the Shadow of the Moon (2007 film)">In the Shadow of the Moon</a></i> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Left_Earth:_The_NASA_Missions" title="When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions">When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Machines" title="Moon Machines">Moon Machines</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_May_on_the_Moon" title="James May on the Moon">James May on the Moon</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's Story">NASA's Story</a></i> (2009 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_(2019_film)" title="Apollo 11 (2019 film)">Apollo 11</a></i> (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_Moon_(2019_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasing the Moon (2019 film)">Chasing the Moon</a></i> (2019 miniseries)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Docudramas">Docudramas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Docudramas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some missions have been <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">dramatized</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13_(film)" title="Apollo 13 (film)">Apollo 13</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_(1996_film)" title="Apollo 11 (1996 film)">Apollo 11</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dish" title="The Dish">The Dish</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Race_(TV_series)" title="Space Race (TV series)">Space Race</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonshot_(2009_film)" title="Moonshot (2009 film)">Moonshot</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional">Fictional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Fictional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apollo program has been the focus of several works of fiction, including: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_18_(film)" title="Apollo 18 (film)">Apollo 18</a></i> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a> movie which was released to negative reviews.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_3" title="Men in Black 3">Men in Black 3</a></i> (2012), Science Fiction/Comedy movie. <a href="/wiki/Agent_J" title="Agent J">Agent J</a> played by <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> goes back to the Apollo 11 launch in 1969 to ensure that a global protection system is launched in to space.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_All_Mankind_(TV_series)" title="For All Mankind (TV series)">For All Mankind</a></i> (2019), TV series depicting an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> in which the Soviet Union was the first country to successfully land a man on the Moon.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Dial_of_Destiny" title="Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny">Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny</a></i> (2023), fifth <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a> film, in which Jürgen Voller, a NASA member and ex-Nazi involved with the Apollo program, wants to time travel. The New York City parade for the Apollo 11 crew is portrayed as a plot point.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">Apollo 11 in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Cantwell_collection" title="Leslie Cantwell collection">Leslie Cantwell collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis Program">Artemis Program</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special_Message_to_the_Congress_on_Urgent_National_Needs" class="extiw" title="s:Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs">Full text</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource has information on "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs""><img alt="Wikisource has information on "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_moon" class="extiw" title="s:We choose to go to the moon">Full text</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource has information on "We choose to go to the moon""><img alt="Wikisource has information on "We choose to go to the moon"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-www_planetary_org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www_planetary_org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www_planetary_org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/cost-of-apollo">"How much did the Apollo program cost?"</a>. <i>The Planetary Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=July+20%2C+1969%3A+One+Giant+Leap+for+Mankind+-+NASA&rft.date=2019-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fjuly-20-1969-one-giant-leap-for-mankind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Murray_&_Cox">Murray & Cox 1989</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pressrelease-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pressrelease_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/apollo_press_release.html">"Release 69-36"</a> (Press release). 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Kennedy">Kennedy, John F.</a> (April 20, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721230444/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/6XnAYXEkkkSMLfp7ic_o-Q.aspx">"Memorandum for Vice President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">The White House</a></i> (Memorandum). Boston, MA: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/6XnAYXEkkkSMLfp7ic_o-Q.aspx">the original</a> on July 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Memorandum+for+Vice+President&rft.date=1961-04-20&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FAsset-Viewer%2F6XnAYXEkkkSMLfp7ic_o-Q.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaunius1994" class="citation book cs1">Launius, Roger D. (July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo1.pdf">"President John F. Kennedy Memo for Vice President, 20 April 1961"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/cover.html"><i>Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington, D.C.: NASA. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31825096">31825096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Johnson, Vice President, Memo for the President, 'Evaluation of Space Program,' 28 April 1961"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/cover.html"><i>Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington, D.C.: NASA. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31825096">31825096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2023</span>. <q>The new name, it was felt, would more readily encompass future as well as current programs and would not be tied to the Saturn booster.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+History+Program+Office&rft.atitle=VAB+Nears+Completion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-4204%2Fch12-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig" class="citation web cs1">Craig, Kay (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328084113/http://kscpartnerships.ksc.nasa.gov/techCap/altitude.htm">"KSC Technical Capabilities: O&C Altitude Chambers"</a>. <i>Center Planning and Development Office</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+Planning+and+Development+Office&rft.atitle=KSC+Technical+Capabilities%3A+O%26C+Altitude+Chambers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkscpartnerships.ksc.nasa.gov%2FtechCap%2Faltitude.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luizmonteiro.com/StdAtm.aspx">"1976 Standard Atmosphere Properties"</a>. <i>luizmonteiro.com</i> (Complete <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">International Standard Atmosphere</a> calculator (1976 model)). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=luizmonteiro.com&rft.atitle=1976+Standard+Atmosphere+Properties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luizmonteiro.com%2FStdAtm.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SecretOfApollo-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SecretOfApollo_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Johnson">Johnson 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/p443.htm">"Stages to Saturn"</a>. <i>history.nasa.gov</i>. p. 443. SP-4206<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Stages+to+Saturn&rft.pages=443&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4206%2Fp443.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarvaez1990" class="citation news cs1">Narvaez, Alfonso A. (February 1, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/01/obituaries/samuel-c-phillips-who-directed-apollo-lunar-landing-dies-at-68.html?pagewanted=1">"Samuel C. Phillips, Who Directed Apollo Lunar Landing, Dies at 68"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Samuel+C.+Phillips%2C+Who+Directed+Apollo+Lunar+Landing%2C+Dies+at+68&rft.date=1990-02-01&rft.aulast=Narvaez&rft.aufirst=Alfonso+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F01%2Fobituaries%2Fsamuel-c-phillips-who-directed-apollo-lunar-landing-dies-at-68.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2019" class="citation web cs1">Davies, Dave (June 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/06/12/731660780/one-giant-leap-explores-the-herculean-effort-behind-the-1969-moon-landing">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'One Giant Leap' Explores The Herculean Effort Behind The 1969 Moon Landing"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. US<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27One+Giant+Leap%27+Explores+The+Herculean+Effort+Behind+The+1969+Moon+Landing&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F06%2F12%2F731660780%2Fone-giant-leap-explores-the-herculean-effort-behind-the-1969-moon-landing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nova_scale-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nova_scale_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Using the Apollo 11 lunar lander's mass ratio of 22,667-pound (10,282 kg) descent stage to 10,042-pound (4,555 kg) ascent stage, scaled up to Nova's 163,000-pound (74,000 kg) payload.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch2-6html_Ch._2.6,_"Influences_on_Booster_Determination"]-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch2-6html_Ch._2.6,_"Influences_on_Booster_Determination"]_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979">Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch2-6.html">Ch. 2.6, "Influences on Booster Determination"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Chapter_3.2:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-2html_''Early_Reaction_to_LOR'']._pp._61–67-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Chapter_3.2:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-2html_''Early_Reaction_to_LOR'']._pp._61–67_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979">Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979</a>, Chapter 3.2: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch3-2.html"><i>Early Reaction to LOR</i></a>. pp. 61–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrloff2004" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-12_Launch_Vehicle-Spacecraft_Key_Facts.htm"><i>Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference. Launch Vehicle/Spacecraft Key Facts – 2nd table</i></a>. Washington DC: NASA History Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/016-050631-X" title="Special:BookSources/016-050631-X"><bdi>016-050631-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+by+the+Numbers%3A+A+Statistical+Reference.+Launch+Vehicle%2FSpacecraft+Key+Facts+%E2%80%93+2nd+table&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=NASA+History+Division&rft.date=2004-09&rft.isbn=016-050631-X&rft.aulast=Orloff&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4029%2FApollo_18-12_Launch_Vehicle-Spacecraft_Key_Facts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._3.4:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-4html_"Early_Reaction_to_LOR"]._p._71-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._3.4:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-4html_"Early_Reaction_to_LOR"]._p._71_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979">Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979</a>, Ch. 3.4: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch3-4.html">"Early Reaction to LOR"</a>. p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen21-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansen21_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hansen">Hansen 1999</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen24-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansen24_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hansen">Hansen 1999</a>, pp. 35–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._3.6:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-6html_"Settling_the_Mode_Issue"]._pp._81–83-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979Ch._3.6:_[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-6html_"Settling_the_Mode_Issue"]._pp._81–83_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979">Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979</a>, Ch. 3.6: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch3-6.html">"Settling the Mode Issue"</a>. pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">"2: The Lunar Landing Decision and Its Aftermath". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4102/ch2.htm">Managing NASA in the Apollo Era</a>. <i>history.nasa.gov</i> (Report)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Managing+NASA+in+the+Apollo+Era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4102%2Fch2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-7html_Ch._3.7,_"Casting_the_Die"]-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch3-7html_Ch._3.7,_"Casting_the_Die"]_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979">Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch3-7.html">Ch. 3.7, "Casting the Die"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch4-4html_Ch._4.4,_"Pressures_by_PSAC"]-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979[httpwwwhqnasagovofficepaoHistorySP-4205ch4-4html_Ch._4.4,_"Pressures_by_PSAC"]_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979">Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch4-4.html">Ch. 4.4, "Pressures by PSAC"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hansen">Hansen 1999</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetterman2003" class="citation book cs1">Letterman, John B. (2003). "Explosion on Apollo 13; April 1970: From the Earth to the Moon and Back". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/survivorstruetal00lett"><i>Survivors: True Tales of Endurance: 500 Years of the Greatest Eyewitness Accounts</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-4547-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-4547-4"><bdi>0-7432-4547-4</bdi></a>. <q>Lovell writes, 'Naturally, I'm glad that view didn't prevail, and I'm thankful that by the time of Apollo 10, the first lunar mission carrying the LM, the LM as a lifeboat was again being discussed.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Explosion+on+Apollo+13%3B+April+1970%3A+From+the+Earth+to+the+Moon+and+Back&rft.btitle=Survivors%3A+True+Tales+of+Endurance%3A+500+Years+of+the+Greatest+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7432-4547-4&rft.aulast=Letterman&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurvivorstruetal00lett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSC-Apollo_13-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSC-Apollo_13_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSC-Apollo_13_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulin2001" class="citation web cs1">Dumoulin, Jim (June 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819103041/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo-13/apollo-13.html">"Apollo-13 (29)"</a>. <i>Historical Archive for Manned Missions</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Archive+for+Manned+Missions&rft.atitle=Apollo-13+%2829%29&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fapollo%2Fapollo-13%2Fapollo-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SummaryReport-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SummaryReport_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SummaryReport_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/apsr/Apollopt2-2.pdf">"Apollo Program Summary Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+Program+Summary+Report&rft.place=Houston%2C+TX&rft.pages=3-66+to+4-12&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1975-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fapsr%2FApollopt2-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABTN_LV2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABTN_LV2_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABTN_LV2_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABTN_LV2_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-12_Launch_Vehicle-Spacecraft_Key_Facts.htm">"Launch Vehicle"</a>. <i>history.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Empire&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+5+Will+Pit+Indy+Against+Nazis+Again%2C+In+1969+%E2%80%93+Exclusive&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.empireonline.com%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2Findiana-jones-5-nazis-1969-exclusive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Beschloss" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Beschloss, Michael R.</a> (1997). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-023280-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-023280-X"><bdi>0-14-023280-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30520885">30520885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angle+of+Attack%3A+Harrison+Storms+and+the+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30520885&rft.isbn=0-14-023280-X&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fangleofattackhar0000gray%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hansen" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, James R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/monograph4.pdf"><i>Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington, D.C.: NASA. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69343822">69343822</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chichester, England: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387746388" title="Special:BookSources/9780387746388"><bdi>9780387746388</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495296214">495296214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Moon%3A+the+Apollo+Expeditions&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.series=Springer-Praxis+books+in+space+exploration&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495296214&rft.isbn=9780387746388&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Heppenheimer" class="citation book cs1">Heppenheimer, T.A. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13497-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13497-2"><bdi>978-0-262-13497-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/733307011">733307011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Apollo%3A+Human+and+Machine+in+Spaceflight&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F733307011&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13497-2&rft.aulast=Mindell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Murray_&_Cox" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray, Charles</a>; Cox, Catherine Bly (1989). <i>Apollo: The Race to the Moon</i>. 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(March 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klabs.org/history/apollo_experience_reports/tn-d7083_apollo_launch_escape_propulsion.pdf"><i>Apollo Experience Report: Launch Escape Propulsion Subsystem</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: NASA. NASA TN D-7083. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://klabs.org/history/apollo_experience_reports/tn-d7083_apollo_launch_escape_propulsion.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+Experience+Report%3A+Launch+Escape+Propulsion+Subsystem&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1973-03&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fklabs.org%2Fhistory%2Fapollo_experience_reports%2Ftn-d7083_apollo_launch_escape_propulsion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilford" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Noble_Wilford" title="John Noble Wilford">Wilford, John Noble</a> (1969). <i>We Reach the Moon: The New York Times Story of Man's Greatest Adventure</i>. New York: Bantam Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29123">29123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Reach+the+Moon%3A+The+New+York+Times+Story+of+Man%27s+Greatest+Adventure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Paperbacks&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29123&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Apollo program</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apollo+program&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apollo+program">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apollo+program&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/APSR-JSC-09423.pdf"><i>Apollo Program Summary Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+Program+Summary+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2FAPSR-JSC-09423.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46.3 MB)</span> NASA Report JSC-09423, April 1975</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Collins" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Collins, Michael</a> (2001) [Originally published 1974; New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carryingfire00mich"><i>Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys</i></a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>. New York: Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7"><bdi>978-0-8154-1028-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001017080">2001017080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carrying+the+Fire%3A+An+Astronaut%27s+Journeys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001017080&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1028-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarryingfire00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> Astronaut Mike Collins autobiography of his experiences as an astronaut, including his flight aboard Apollo 11.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cooper" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._F._Cooper_Jr." title="Henry S. F. Cooper Jr.">Cooper, Henry S.F. Jr.</a> (1995) [Originally published 1972; New York: Dial Press]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirteenapollofl00coop"><i>Thirteen: The Apollo Flight That Failed</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5097-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5097-5"><bdi>0-8018-5097-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94039726">94039726</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31375285">31375285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen%3A+The+Apollo+Flight+That+Failed&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31375285&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94039726&rft.isbn=0-8018-5097-5&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirteenapollofl00coop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> Although this book focuses on Apollo 13, it provides a wealth of background information on Apollo technology and procedures.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="French_&_Burgess" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_French_(author)" title="Francis French (author)">French, Francis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(author)" title="Colin Burgess (author)">Burgess, Colin</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Moon_(book)" title="In the Shadow of the Moon (book)">In the Shadow of the Moon</a>: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965–1969</i>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walter Cunningham</a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1128-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1128-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-1128-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006103047">2006103047</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182559769">182559769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Moon%3A+A+Challenging+Journey+to+Tranquility%2C+1965%E2%80%931969&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182559769&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006103047&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1128-5&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> History of the Apollo program from Apollos 1–11, including many interviews with the Apollo astronauts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">Gleick, James</a>, "Moon Fever" [review of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Morton">Oliver Morton</a>, <i>The Moon: A History of the Future</i>; <i>Apollo's Muse: The Moon in the Age of Photography</i>, an exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, July 3 – September 22, 2019; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Douglas Brinkley</a>, <i>American Moonshot: John F. Kennedy and the Great Space Race</i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandon_R._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandon R. Brown (page does not exist)">Brandon R. Brown</a>, <i>The Apollo Chronicles: Engineering America's First Moon Missions</i>; <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Launius" title="Roger D. Launius">Roger D. Launius</a>, <i>Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race</i>; <i>Apollo 11</i>, a documentary film directed by <a href="/wiki/Todd_Douglas_Miller" title="Todd Douglas Miller">Todd Douglas Miller</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, <i>Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys (50th Anniversary Edition)</i>], <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVI, no. 13 (15 August 2019), pp. 54–58.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kranz" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Kranz, Gene</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790"><i>Failure is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0079-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0079-9"><bdi>0-7432-0079-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00027720">00027720</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43590801">43590801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+is+Not+an+Option%3A+Mission+Control+from+Mercury+to+Apollo+13+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43590801&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00027720&rft.isbn=0-7432-0079-9&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780743200790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> Factual, from the standpoint of a flight controller during the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>, and Apollo space programs.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lovell_&_Kluger" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Lovell, Jim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kluger" title="Jeffrey Kluger">Kluger, Jeffrey</a> (2000) [Previously published 1994 as <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Moon" title="Lost Moon">Lost Moon</a></i>]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Moon" title="Lost Moon">Apollo 13</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-05665-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-05665-3"><bdi>0-618-05665-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99089647">99089647</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43118301">43118301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+13&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43118301&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99089647&rft.isbn=0-618-05665-3&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Kluger%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> Details the flight of Apollo 13.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">McMahon, Adam (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2022.101516">"To the Moon and Back: Reexamining Presidential Decision-Making and the Apollo Program"</a>. <i>Space Policy</i>. <b>62</b>: 101516. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SpPol..6201516M">2022SpPol..6201516M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2022.101516">10.1016/j.spacepol.2022.101516</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Policy&rft.atitle=To+the+Moon+and+Back%3A+Reexamining+Presidential+Decision-Making+and+the+Apollo+Program&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=101516&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2022.101516&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SpPol..6201516M&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.spacepol.2022.101516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Musgrave, Paul; Nexon, Daniel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818318000139">"Defending Hierarchy from the Moon to the Indian Ocean: Symbolic Capital and Political Dominance in Early Modern China and the Cold War"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>72</b> (3): 591–626. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818318000139">10.1017/S0020818318000139</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Defending+Hierarchy+from+the+Moon+to+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+Symbolic+Capital+and+Political+Dominance+in+Early+Modern+China+and+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=591-626&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818318000139&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Nexon%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020818318000139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pellegrino_&_Stoff" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Pellegrino" title="Charles R. Pellegrino">Pellegrino, Charles R.</a>; Stoff, Joshua (1999). <i>Chariots for Apollo: The Untold Story Behind the Race to the Moon</i>. New York: Avon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-80261-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-80261-9"><bdi>0-380-80261-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41579174">41579174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chariots+for+Apollo%3A+The+Untold+Story+Behind+the+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41579174&rft.isbn=0-380-80261-9&rft.aulast=Pellegrino&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft.au=Stoff%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> Tells <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a>'s story of building the lunar modules.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scott_&_Leonov" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">Scott, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Leonov, Alexei</a>; Toomey, Christine (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twosidesofmoon00scot"><i>Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race</i></a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>; introduction by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> (1st U.S. ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunne_Books" title="Thomas Dunne Books">Thomas Dunne Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30865-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30865-5"><bdi>0-312-30865-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004059381">2004059381</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56587777">56587777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Sides+of+the+Moon%3A+Our+Story+of+the+Cold+War+Space+Race&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+U.S.&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56587777&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004059381&rft.isbn=0-312-30865-5&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Leonov%2C+Alexei&rft.au=Toomey%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwosidesofmoon00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Seamans" class="citation book cs1">Seamans, Robert C. Jr. (2005). <i>Project Apollo: The Tough Decisions</i>. Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington, D.C.: NASA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-074954-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-074954-9"><bdi>0-16-074954-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005003682">2005003682</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64271009">64271009</a>. NASA SP-4537.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Apollo%3A+The+Tough+Decisions&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Monographs+in+Aerospace+History&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64271009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005003682&rft.isbn=0-16-074954-9&rft.aulast=Seamans&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> History of the crewed space program from 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 1960, to 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1968.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Slayton_&_Cassutt" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton, Donald K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cassutt" title="Michael Cassutt">Cassutt, Michael</a> (1995). <i>Deke!: An Autobiography</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-85918-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-85918-X"><bdi>0-312-85918-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deke%21%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-312-85918-X&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft.au=Cassutt%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> Account of Deke Slayton's life as an astronaut and of his work as chief of the astronaut office, including selection of Apollo crews.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690022643_1969022643.pdf"><i>The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apollo+Spacecraft%3A+A+Chronology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19690022643_1969022643.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(131.2 MB)</span> From origin to November 7, 1962</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740004394_1974004394.pdf"><i>The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apollo+Spacecraft%3A+A+Chronology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19740004394_1974004394.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13.4 MB)</span> November 8, 1962 – September 30, 1964</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760014180_1976014180.pdf"><i>The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apollo+Spacecraft%3A+A+Chronology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19760014180_1976014180.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(57.7 MB)</span> October 1, 1964 – January 20, 1966</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19800011953_1980011953.pdf"><i>The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19800011953_1980011953.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apollo+Spacecraft%3A+A+Chronology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19800011953_1980011953.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24.2 MB)</span> January 21, 1966 – July 13, 1974</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilhelms" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wilhelms" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Wilhelms">Wilhelms, Don E.</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/torockymoongeolo0000wilh"><i>To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration</i></a></span>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-1065-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8165-1065-2"><bdi>0-8165-1065-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/92033228">92033228</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26720457">26720457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+a+Rocky+Moon%3A+A+Geologist%27s+History+of+Lunar+Exploration&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26720457&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F92033228&rft.isbn=0-8165-1065-2&rft.aulast=Wilhelms&rft.aufirst=Don+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftorockymoongeolo0000wilh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span> The history of lunar exploration from a geologist's point of view.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apollo_program" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has news related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Apollo_program" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Apollo program"> Apollo program </a> </b></i> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991013042039/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/index.html">Apollo program history</a> at NASA's Human Space Flight (HSF) website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/apollo.html">The Apollo Program</a> at the NASA History Program Office</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404160907/http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/apollo.htm">"Apollo Spinoffs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/apollo.htm">the original</a> on April 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+Spinoffs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sti.nasa.gov%2Ftto%2Fapollo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+program" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/">The Apollo Program</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040804051632/http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/apollo11/index1.html">Apollo 35th Anniversary Interactive Feature</a> at NASA (in <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/apollo_landings.html">Lunar Mission Timeline</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute" title="Lunar and Planetary Institute">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/69">Apollo Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_reports">NASA reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: NASA reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/apsr/apsr.htm">Apollo Program Summary Report</a> (PDF), NASA, JSC-09423, April 1975</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/series95.html">NASA History Series Publications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/diagrams/apollo.html">Project Apollo Drawings and Technical Diagrams</a> at the NASA History Program Office</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/frame.html">The <i>Apollo Lunar Surface Journal</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040618191651/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/frame.html">Archived</a> June 18, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> edited by Eric M. Jones and Ken Glover</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/afj/">The <i>Apollo Flight Journal</i></a> by W. David Woods, et al.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimedia">Multimedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Multimedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/index.html">NASA Apollo Program images and videos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apollo.sese.asu.edu/">Apollo Image Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601211812/http://millercenter.org/presidentialrecordings/jfk-mtg-63">Audio recording and transcript of President John F. Kennedy, NASA administrator James Webb, et al., discussing the Apollo agenda</a> (White House Cabinet Room, November 21, 1962)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apolloarchive.com/">The Project Apollo Archive</a> by Kipp Teague is a large repository of Apollo images, videos, and audio recordings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/projectapolloarchive/">The Project Apollo Archive on Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/apollo/">Apollo Image Atlas</a>—almost 25,000 lunar images, Lunar and Planetary Institute</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava03129vnb1"><i>The Time of Apollo (1975)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/649447">The short film <i>The Time of Apollo (1975)</i> is available for free viewing and download at the National Archives.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNJpoP642wc"><span class="plainlinks"><i>The Journeys of Apollo</i> – NASA Documentary</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program" title="Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program" title="Template talk:Apollo program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Apollo program"><img alt="Emblem of the Apollo program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/70px-Apollo_program.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/105px-Apollo_program.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/140px-Apollo_program.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-102" title="AS-102">AS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-201" title="AS-201">AS-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-202" title="AS-202">AS-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn<br />development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">Saturn-Apollo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-2" title="Saturn I SA-2">SA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-3" title="Saturn I SA-3">SA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-4" title="Saturn I SA-4">SA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-5" title="Saturn I SA-5">SA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-203" title="AS-203">AS-203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle" title="Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle">QTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-001" title="A-001">A-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-002" title="A-002">A-002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-003" title="A-003">A-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-004" title="A-004">A-004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-103" title="AS-103">AS-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-104" title="AS-104">AS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-105" title="AS-105">AS-105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Command Module <i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_(lunar_crater)" title="Double (lunar crater)">Double crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 12 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio Cognitum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor crater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_Crater_meteorite" title="Bench Crater meteorite">Bench Crater meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon" title="Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon">Reports of <i>Streptococcus mitis</i> on the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 13 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 14 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big Bertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 15 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo 15">Solo operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar sample)">Great Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Rille_meteorite" title="Hadley Rille meteorite">Hadley Rille meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 16 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 17 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen-Apollo crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Troctolite 76535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Post-Apollo</a><br />capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">Lunar orbit rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program_hardware" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Template:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Template talk:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program_hardware" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo program hardware</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicle<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1 engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2 engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_instrument_unit" title="Saturn V instrument unit">Instrument unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Vehicle_Digital_Computer" title="Launch Vehicle Digital Computer">Launch Vehicle Digital Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo command module">Apollo command module</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System" title="Apollo Abort Guidance System">Apollo Abort Guidance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Docking_Mechanism" title="Apollo Docking Mechanism">Apollo Docking Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_PGNCS" title="Apollo PGNCS">Primary guidance, navigation, and control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">Apollo TV camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_propulsion_system" title="Descent propulsion system">Descent propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_propulsion_system" title="Ascent propulsion system">Ascent propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_antenna" title="Scimitar antenna">Scimitar antenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo/Skylab A7L</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar surface<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_life_support_system" title="Primary life support system">Portable Life Support System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar Laser Ranging experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retroreflectors_on_the_Moon" title="List of retroreflectors on the Moon">list of retroreflectors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Wind_Composition_Experiment" title="Solar Wind Composition Experiment">Solar Wind Composition Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Seismic_Experiment" title="Active Seismic Experiment">Active Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12_Passive_Seismic_Experiment" title="Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment">Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14_Passive_Seismic_Experiment" title="Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment">Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charged_Particle_Lunar_Environment_Experiment" title="Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment">Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ejecta_and_Meteorites_(experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites (experiment)">Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Wind_Spectrometer" title="Solar Wind Spectrometer">Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Seismic_Profiling_Experiment" title="Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment">Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Surface_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Surface Gravimeter">Lunar Surface Gravimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Surface_Magnetometer" title="Lunar Surface Magnetometer">Lunar Surface Magnetometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Traverse_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Traverse Gravimeter">Lunar Traverse Gravimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Cathode_Gauge_Experiment" title="Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment">Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_Experiment" title="Heat Flow Experiment">Heat Flow Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprathermal_Ion_Detector_Experiment" title="Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment">Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Saturn_V_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_launch_umbilical_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo launch umbilical tower">Launch Umbilical Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle" title="Lunar Landing Research Vehicle">Lunar Landing Research Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_quarantine_facility" title="Mobile quarantine facility">Mobile quarantine facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">Lunar Flag Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_escape_systems" title="Lunar escape systems">Lunar escape systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_Docking_Simulator" title="Rendezvous Docking Simulator">Rendezvous Docking Simulator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Category:Apollo program hardware">Category:Apollo program hardware</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template talk:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">People who have traveled to the Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Walked on the Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_flew_to_the_Moon_without_landing" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Flew to the Moon<br />without landing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas Stafford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Dick Gordon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Al Worden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight programs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S66-63536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/130px-S66-63536.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/195px-S66-63536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/260px-S66-63536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6856" data-file-height="4741" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">Dyna-Soar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Orion (nuclear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">NASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom"><i>Freedom</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(spacecraft)" title="Voskhod (spacecraft)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Moon" title="Template:The Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Moon" title="Template talk:The Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Moon" title="Outline of the Moon">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical<br />properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">Internal structure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Topography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravity field</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Magnetic field</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tail_of_the_Moon" title="Sodium tail of the Moon">Sodium tail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">Earthshine</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A full moon"><img alt="A full moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/90px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/135px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/180px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Lunar distance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee and apogee</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Nodes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_precession" title="Lunar precession">Precession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipses</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipse" title="Total penumbral lunar eclipse">Total penumbral lunar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Supermoon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_features" title="List of lunar features">features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Selenography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_terminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar terminator">Terminator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_limb" title="Lunar limb">Limb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hemispheres</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon" title="Near side of the Moon">Near side</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">Far side</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Poles</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_north_pole" title="Lunar north pole">North pole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">South pole</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Face_on_Moon_South_Pole" title="Face on Moon South Pole">Face</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">Maria</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maria_on_the_Moon" title="List of maria on the Moon">List</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon" title="List of mountains on the Moon">Mountains</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peak_of_eternal_light" title="Peak of eternal light">Peak of eternal light</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_on_the_Moon" title="List of valleys on the Moon">Valleys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon#Features" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanic features</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_dome" title="Lunar dome">Domes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caldera#The_Moon" title="Caldera">Calderas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">Lava tubes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_craters" title="Lunar craters">Craters</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon" title="List of craters on the Moon">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_system#Lunar_rays" title="Ray system">Ray systems</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">Permanently shadowed craters</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Soil</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">swirls</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">Rilles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge" title="Wrinkle ridge">Wrinkle ridges</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Rocks</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Changesite-(Y)" title="Changesite-(Y)">Changesite-(Y)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Space weathering</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">Micrometeorite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)#Moonquake" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quakes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">Transient lunar phenomenon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenographic_coordinate_system" title="Selenographic coordinate system">Selenographic coordinate system</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_observation" title="Lunar observation">Observation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration#Lunar_libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon" title="Origin of the Moon">Origin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">Lunar magma ocean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Timescale</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">Lunar meteorites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Experiments</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar laser ranging</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Apollo 11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Apollo 17</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">Lunar seismology</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Explorers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">Probes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-telling <br />and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">Lunar month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Sennight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">Lunar distance</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">Phases</a> and<br />names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon#Full_moon_names" title="Full moon">Names</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Super and micro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Blood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_moon" title="Blue moon">Blue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_moon" title="Black moon">Black</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dark_moon" title="Dark moon">Dark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wet_moon" title="Wet moon">Wet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonrise</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">Meridian passage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonset</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Lunar deities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earth_phase" title="Earth phase">Earth phase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia" title="Lunar pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rabbit" title="Moon rabbit">Moon rabbit</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_craters_of_the_Moon_named_after_them" title="List of people with craters of the Moon named after them">Craters named after people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">Artificial objects on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#The_Moon" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon in science fiction</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_appearances_of_the_Moon_in_fiction" title="List of appearances of the Moon in fiction">list</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(Project_Apollo_era)" title="List of fictional astronauts (Project Apollo era)">Apollo era</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(futuristic_exploration_of_Moon)" title="List of fictional astronauts (futuristic exploration of Moon)">futuristic exploration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">Moon is made of green cheese</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith (hypothetical second moon)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moon" title="Category:Moon">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lunar_rovers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lunar_rovers" title="Template:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lunar_rovers" title="Template talk:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar_rovers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lunar_rovers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Lunar rovers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></i> (2019–present, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_201" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod 0 (1A)</a><sup>†</sup> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> (1970–1971, on <a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">Luna 17</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> (1973, on <a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna 21</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (1971, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-2</a> (1972, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-3</a> (1972, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></i> (2013–2016, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6"><i>Yidong Xiangji</i></a> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2019, on <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a></i> (2023, on <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2022–2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CubeRover" title="CubeRover">Iris</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmena" title="Colmena">Colmena</a> × 5<sup>†</sup> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a><sup>†</sup> (2022–2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>) (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRanger" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonRanger">MoonRanger</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid 2</a></i>) (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Terrain_Vehicle" title="Lunar Terrain Vehicle">Lunar Terrain Vehicle</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>TENACIOUS</i> (on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATHLETE" title="ATHLETE">ATHLETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTScientists" class="mw-redirect" title="PTScientists">Audi Lunar Quattro ×2 (PTScientists)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Systems" title="Deep Space Systems">Deep Space Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond#ECA_rover" title="OrbitBeyond">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Cruiser" title="Lunar Cruiser">Lunar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Grunt rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">LUPEX rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">Moon Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Icebreaker_to_the_north_pole" title="Astrobotic Technology">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(rover)" title="Scarab (rover)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Space Exploration Vehicle">Space Exploration Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Space_Technologies" title="Puli Space Technologies">Team Puli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_3" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod 3</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_on_the_Moon" title="Tank on the Moon">Tank on the Moon</a></i> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover (space exploration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extraterrestrial rovers">List of extraterrestrial rovers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">American</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> Orbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> (service module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1</a> (relay satellite at <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L<sub>2</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> (propulsion module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">PFS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2" title="Apollo 16">PFS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon" title="Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon">Impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i> ×6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">(Chandrayaan-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys" title="Category:Lunar flybys">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">4M</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">PAS-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a></i> (2030)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">Artemis VI</a></i> (2031)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">Artemis VII</a></i> (2032)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VIII">Artemis VIII</a></i> (2033)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost" title="Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost">Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 29 (page does not exist)">Luna 29</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 30 (page does not exist)">Luna 30</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 31 (page does not exist)">Luna 31</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R M2</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY<sup>+</sup></a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer" title="Earth Escape Explorer">CU-E<sup>3</sup></a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled /<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">XL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46611#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46611#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46611#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158349825">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4232143-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85308634">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00956386">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266750705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/125211791">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wf1szt">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&oldid=1258363473">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&oldid=1258363473</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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108.661 1 Template:Infobox_space_program"," 4.21% 105.219 1 Template:Infobox"," 3.49% 87.256 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.17% 79.051 55 Template:Convert"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.559","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12512743,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"87th_Congress\"] = 1,\n [\"93rd_Congress\"] = 1,\n [\"Beschloss\"] = 1,\n [\"Bilstein\"] = 1,\n [\"Burrows\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBensonFaherty1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtsLinton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallahan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaikin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrysler_Corp.1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComptonBenson1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFConradShepard1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDethloff1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreier2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumoulin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatland1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleiberman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodsell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfieldboyce2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHautaluomaFreeberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristen_Erickson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaunius1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeary2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetterman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLexington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLow1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutzCarson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDivitt1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDivitt1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikkelsonMikkelson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMindell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarvaez1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNixon1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Rangers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrloff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetsko2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreble2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeamans1967\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSietzen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeitel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteLokerson1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright\"] = 1,\n [\"Chaikin\"] = 2,\n [\"Collins\"] = 1,\n [\"Compton\"] = 1,\n [\"Cooper\"] = 1,\n [\"Dawson_\u0026amp;_Bowles\"] = 1,\n [\"Ertel_et_al.\"] = 1,\n [\"French_\u0026amp;_Burgess\"] = 1,\n [\"Gray\"] = 1,\n [\"Hansen\"] = 1,\n [\"Heppenheimer\"] = 1,\n [\"Johnson\"] = 1,\n [\"Kranz\"] = 1,\n [\"Launius\"] = 1,\n [\"Launius_\u0026amp;_McCurdy\"] = 1,\n [\"Lovell_\u0026amp;_Kluger\"] = 1,\n [\"Murray_\u0026amp;_Cox\"] = 1,\n [\"Nicholas_E._Golovin\"] = 1,\n [\"Orloff\"] = 1,\n [\"Papike_et_al.\"] = 1,\n [\"Pellegrino_\u0026amp;_Stoff\"] = 1,\n [\"Scott_\u0026amp;_Leonov\"] = 1,\n [\"Seamans\"] = 1,\n [\"Sidey\"] = 1,\n [\"Skolnikoff_\u0026amp;_Hoagland\"] = 1,\n [\"Slayton_\u0026amp;_Cassutt\"] = 1,\n [\"Townsend\"] = 1,\n [\"Wilford\"] = 1,\n [\"Wilhelms\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Apollo program\"] = 1,\n [\"Apollo program hardware\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tech report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 81,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 55,\n [\"Crewed spacecraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Cws\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Format price\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 4,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox space program\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Lunar rovers\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Main list\"] = 2,\n [\"Moon spacecraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NASA\"] = 1,\n [\"NASA navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 36,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"People who have traveled to the Moon\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 5,\n [\"Spaceflight\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 3,\n [\"The Moon\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"US human spaceflight programs\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 5,\n [\"United States space program sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikinews category\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","20.0"],["?","220","13.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","11.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","40","2.5"],["assert","20","1.2"],["[others]","320","20.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zlb24","timestamp":"20241124053104","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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