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The [[crucifixion of Jesus]] is at the center of Christian theology.<ref>''New Testament Christology'' by Frank J. Matera 1999 {{ISBN|0-664-25694-5}} page 67</ref>]] The [[Nicene Creed]], the most widely used Christian [[creed]], states that [[Apostles' Creed|"We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, of all that is seen and unseen."]]<ref name=Bromo515>''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J'' by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Mar 1982) {{ISBN|0802837824}} pages 515-516</ref> However, the notion of theistic creation is generally foreign to Buddhist thought, and the question of the existence of God is perhaps one of the most fundamental barriers between the teachings of Christianity and Buddhism.<ref name=Numrich10/><ref name=Lim34>''Communicating Christ in the Buddhist World'' by Paul De Neui and David Lim (Jan 1, 2006) {{ISBN|0878085106}} page 34</ref> Although [[Mahayana Buddhism]] expresses belief in [[Bodhisattva]], this is very different from the notion of Creator God in Christianity.<ref name=Lim34/><ref name=Norman149/> While some variations of Buddhism believe in an impersonal [[eternal Buddha]] or [[trikaya|creative force]], in general Buddhism sees the universe as eternal and without a starting point of creation.<ref>Guang Xing, ''The Concept of the Buddha'', RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2005, p. 89</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Hattori | first = Sho-on | title = A Raft from the Other Shore : Honen and the Way of Pure Land Buddhism | publisher = Jodo Shu Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 4-88363-329-2 | pages=25–27}}</ref> There are inherent differences in the Christian and Buddhist beliefs regarding the End Times and [[eschatology]].<ref name=Walls552>''The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology'' by Jerry L. Walls (Apr 16, 2010) {{ISBN|0199735883}} page 552</ref> Jan Nattier states that while Buddhism has a notion of "relative eschatology" that refers to specific cycles of life, the term "Buddhist eschatology" does not relate to any "final things", or that the world will end one day - Buddhist scripture routinely referring to the "beginning-less [[Saṃsāra]]" as a never ending cycle of birth and death with no starting point.<ref>''The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology'' by Jerry L. Walls (Apr 16, 2010) {{ISBN|0199735883}} page 151</ref> However, Christian eschatology directly involves the concept of "end to all creation" at the [[Last Judgement]] when the world will reach its conclusion.<ref>''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought'' by Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh Pyper (Dec 21, 2000) {{ISBN|0198600240}} page 206</ref> Scholars generally regard the Buddhist and Christian views of the End Times as incompatible.<ref name=Walls552/> There are other fundamental differences, e.g. while [[Grace in Christianity|grace]] is part of the very fabric of Christian theology, in [[Theravada Buddhism]] no deity can interfere with [[karma]] and hence the notion of any type of grace is inadmissible within these teachings.<ref name=Norman149>''Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma'' by Norman C. McClelland (Apr 1, 2010) {{ISBN|0786448512}} page 149</ref> [[Mahayana Buddhism]] however, differs on this issue.<ref>Richard K. Payne (ed.), ''Tantric Buddhism in East Asia'', Wisdom Publications, {{ISBN|0861714873}}, 2006, p. 74</ref> The [[crucifixion of Jesus]] as a single event in history that acts for the atonement of sins is a central element of Christian belief.<ref name=Leslie140>''Jesus: The Complete Guide'' by [[Leslie Houlden|J. L. Houlden]] (Feb 8, 2006) {{ISBN|082648011X}} pages 140-144</ref> This, however, produces a strong difference between Christian and Buddhist teachings.<ref name=Leslie140/><ref name=Abe99>''Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue'' by [[Masao Abe]] and Steven Heine (Jun 1, 1995) ISBN pages 99-100</ref> Buddhist scholar [[Masao Abe]] pointed out that while "the event of the Cross" is central to Christianity, it is not possible for Buddhism to accept its importance.<ref name=Abe99/> Buddhist philosopher [[D. T. Suzuki]] stated that every time he saw a crucifixion scene it reminded him of the "gap that lies deep" between Christianity and Buddhism.<ref name=Suzuki113>''Mysticism, Christian and Buddhist'' by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki ((Aug 4, 2002)) {{ISBN|1605061328}} page 113</ref> This inherent difference in the belief systems is also reflected on the iconic imagery of the two traditions.<ref name=Leslie140/> The depiction of the harsh crucifixion of Jesus as a willing sacrifice for the atonement for the sins of humanity is central to Christian iconography, and is totally different from the peaceful death of an eighty-year-old [[Gautama Buddha]] lying between two trees as he accepts final [[Nirvana]].<ref name=Leslie140/> (Or [[Parinirvana]]) Moreover, modern scholarship has generally rejected suggestions of an influence from Buddhism on Christianity as fanciful and without any historical basis.<ref name=Voorst17>Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}} page 17</ref><ref name=Les140>''Jesus: The Complete Guide'' 2006 by Leslie Houlden {{ISBN|082648011X}} page 140</ref><ref name=Borg303>''The Historical Jesus in Recent Research'' edited by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 {{ISBN|1-57506-100-7}} page 303</ref> [[Paula Fredriksen]] states that no serious scholarly work places Jesus outside the backdrop of 1st-century Palestinian Judaism.<ref name=PaulaF26>Fredriksen, Paula. ''From Jesus to Christ''. Yale University Press, 2000, p. xxvi.</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity&action=edit&section=3&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d64f599dc-fn45v","wgBackendResponseTime":220,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.055","walltime":"0.075","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 51.507 1 -total"," 99.83% 51.419 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 40.83% 21.029 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 39.07% 20.124 2 Template:Replace"," 37.18% 19.152 1 Template:Hidden"," 16.10% 8.292 1 Template:Tlx"," 14.35% 7.393 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 2.84% 1.465 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.56% 1.317 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.13% 1.097 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.011","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043386,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d64f599dc-fn45v","timestamp":"20241202112705","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>