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id="toc-Backwater_Bridge_and_removal_of_remaining_protesters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backwater_Bridge_and_removal_of_remaining_protesters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Backwater Bridge and removal of remaining protesters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backwater_Bridge_and_removal_of_remaining_protesters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pipeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_Stone_Camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_Stone_Camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sacred Stone Camp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_Stone_Camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standing_Rock_Sioux_Tribe_legal_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_Rock_Sioux_Tribe_legal_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Standing Rock Sioux Tribe legal proceedings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standing_Rock_Sioux_Tribe_legal_proceedings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Standing Rock Sioux Tribe legal proceedings subsection </button> <ul 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</div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteste_gegen_den_Bau_der_Dakota_Access_Pipeline" title="Proteste gegen den Bau der Dakota Access Pipeline – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proteste gegen den Bau der Dakota Access Pipeline" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_por_el_oleoduto_Dakota_Access" title="Protestas por el oleoduto Dakota Access – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protestas por el oleoduto Dakota Access" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_%C3%A0_l%27ol%C3%A9oduc_Dakota_Access" title="Opposition à l'oléoduc Dakota Access – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opposition à l'oléoduc Dakota Access" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_polo_oleoduto_Dakota_Access" title="Protestas polo oleoduto Dakota Access – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protestas polo oleoduto Dakota Access" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Протести против изградба на гасовод во Дакота – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протести против изградба на гасовод во Дакота" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline-protesten" title="Dakota Access Pipeline-protesten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dakota Access Pipeline-protesten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_Dakota_Access" title="Протесты против строительства нефтепровода Dakota Access – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протесты против строительства нефтепровода Dakota Access" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E8%BE%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BB%96%E5%B7%9E%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E8%BE%93%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2016年北达科他州反对输油管道事件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2016年北达科他州反对输油管道事件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2016–17 series of protests in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Dakota Access Pipeline Protests</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No DAPL Part of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes-Oct28-16-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Happi%22_American_Horse_direct_action_against_DAPL,_August_2016_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color image of Lakota man locked down to construction equipment at direct action against Dakota Access Pipeline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Happi%22_American_Horse_direct_action_against_DAPL%2C_August_2016_%28cropped%29.png/300px-%22Happi%22_American_Horse_direct_action_against_DAPL%2C_August_2016_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Happi%22_American_Horse_direct_action_against_DAPL%2C_August_2016_%28cropped%29.png/450px-%22Happi%22_American_Horse_direct_action_against_DAPL%2C_August_2016_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/%22Happi%22_American_Horse_direct_action_against_DAPL%2C_August_2016_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="438" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">A <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> man locks himself to construction equipment in protest</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">April 2016 – February 2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location">United States, especially <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock Indian Reservation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Protection of water, land, and religious/spiritual sites sacred to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Status</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">In courts</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">300<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Arrested</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">800+<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:2px solid #7E3517;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rights" title="Category:Rights">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none; font-size:150%; line-height:0.8em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indalo_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indalo symbol"><img alt="Indalo symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/48px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/72px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/96px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="45" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">Protection</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Governmental organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">ACHPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Inclusion" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion">AID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">BIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">CIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" title="Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada">CIRNAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Traditional_Affairs" title="Department of Traditional Affairs">DTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_dos_Povos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas">FUNAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">INPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Orang_Asli_Development" title="Department of Orang Asli Development">JAKOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">NCIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Australians_Agency" title="National Indigenous Australians Agency">NIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Affairs" title="Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs">MCHTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">TPK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UNPFII</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> initiatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_World%27s_Indigenous_Peoples" title="International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples">9 August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UNPFII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">WIPO IGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> International Treaties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Populations_Convention,_1957" title="Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957">ILO 107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">ILO 169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> NGOs and political groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">AFN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Conservation_Team" title="Amazon Conservation Team">Amazon Conservation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">CAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">COICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONAECDA" title="CONAECDA">CONAECDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">CONAIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">EZLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettet_die_Naturv%C3%B6lker" title="Rettet die Naturvölker">fPcN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_of_Africa_Co-ordinating_Committee" title="Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee">IPACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">IPCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">IWGIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">NARF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">ONIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Nation" title="The Red Nation">The Red Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">UNPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAFFED" title="KAFFED">KAFFED</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations">more ...</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Aboriginal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-governance" title="Co-governance">Co-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against indigenous peoples">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">MMIW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_decolonization" title="Indigenous decolonization">Indigenous decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Inhabited lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">Truth commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color:#FFBA00; border-bottom:1px solid #7E3517;padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the United States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Native America"><img alt="Native America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/55px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/83px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/110px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic period in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide#Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American slaves">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_slave_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American slave ownership">Native American slave ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Rolls" title="Dawes Rolls">Dawes Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Cultural assimilation of Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Racism against Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Integrity Act">Racial Integrity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Citizenship Act of 1924">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reorganization Act of 1934">Indian Reorganization Act of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_movement" title="Red Power movement">Red Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American rights">Native American rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_temperance_activists" title="Native American temperance activists">Native American temperance activists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_cultures_in_the_United_States" title="Native American cultures in the United States">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam"> Hohokam culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Pow wow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Film_and_Video_Festival" title="Native American Film and Video Festival">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_fashion" title="Native American fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Wars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Anglo-Powhatan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">Kieft's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_Tree_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach Tree War">Peach Tree War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">Esopus Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_War" title="Arikara War">Arikara War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage Indian War">Osage Indian War </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian_wars" title="Texas–Indian wars">Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Wars" title="Comanche Wars">Comanche Wars (1836–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Hills_expedition" title="Antelope Hills expedition">(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War (1874–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Hunters%27_War" title="Buffalo Hunters' War">Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_War" title="Cayuse War">Cayuse War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars (1849–1924)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_War" title="Jicarilla War">Jicarilla War (1849–1855)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars#Chiricahua_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai War">Tonto War (1871–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victorio%27s_War" title="Victorio's War">Victorio's War (1879–1880)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars#Geronimo's_War" title="Apache Wars">Geronimo's War (1881–1886)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post_1887_Apache_Wars_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post 1887 Apache Wars period">Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_War" title="Yuma War">Yuma War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute Wars(1850–1923)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Fort_Utah" title="Battle at Fort Utah">Battle at Fort Utah (1850)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walkara#Walker_War" title="Walkara">Walker War (1853–1854)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tintic_War" title="Tintic War">Tintic War (1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War_(1865%E2%80%9372)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk War (1865–72)">Black Hawk War (1865–1872)</a> / <a href="/wiki/White_River_War" class="mw-redirect" title="White River War">White River War (1879)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute War (1887)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bluff_War" title="Bluff War">Bluff War (1914–1915)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Bluff Skirmish (1921)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posey_War" title="Posey War">Posey War (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars (1854–1891)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars#First_Sioux_War" title="Sioux Wars">First Sioux War (1854-1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War (1862)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War (1863–1865)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition_(1865)" title="Powder River Expedition (1865)">Powder River War (1865)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War (1876–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus" title="Northern Cheyenne Exodus">Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_River_Wars" title="Rogue River Wars">Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_War" title="Yakima War">Yakima War (1855–1858)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_War" title="Puget Sound War">Puget Sound War (1855–1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_War" title="Coeur d'Alene War">Coeur d'Alene War (1858)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War"> Mohave War(1858–1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Wars#American_period" title="Navajo Wars">Navajo Wars (1849–1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute_War" title="Paiute War">Paiute War(1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_Wars" title="Yavapai Wars">Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_War" title="Snake War">Snake War (1864–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_War_(1865%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualapai War (1865–70)">Hualapai War (1865–1870)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War (1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War" title="Bannock War">Bannock War (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_War" title="Crow War">Crow War (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War_of_1895" title="Bannock War of 1895">Bannock Uprising (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Yaqui Uprising (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sugar_Point" title="Battle of Sugar Point">Battle of Sugar Point (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek#Last_Massacre" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Last Massacre (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">Battle of Bear Valley (1918)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Political movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights" title="Native American civil rights">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_women_in_politics" title="Native American women in politics">Women in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement (AIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Power Movement">Red Power Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Alcatraz" title="Occupation of Alcatraz">Occupation of Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Broken_Treaties" title="Trail of Broken Treaties">Trail of Broken Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Wounded_Knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Wounded Knee">Occupation of Wounded Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">MMIW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_handprint" title="Red handprint">Red handprint</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act" title="American Indian Religious Freedom Act">American Indian Religious Freedom Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Feather_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Feather law">Eagle Feather law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Traditional religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund (NARF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indian_Youth_Council" title="National Indian Youth Council">National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_All_Red_Nations" title="Women of All Red Nations">Women of All Red Nations (WARN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Treaty_Council" title="International Indian Treaty Council">The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic subdivisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Demographics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Native_American_majority_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Societal statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reservation">Reservations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_disenrollment" title="Tribal disenrollment">Tribal disenrollment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation poverty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> by region</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin" title="Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Northwest Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">The Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Southwest</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> by state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template:Indigenous People of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Iowa" title="Native American tribes in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Maryland" title="Template:Native Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Michigan" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_North_Carolina" title="Template:Native American Tribes in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Native American Tribes in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_peoples_of_Oregon" title="Native American peoples of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Wisconsin" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" title="List of Native Americans of the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_artists" title="List of Native American artists">artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_actors" title="List of Native American actors">actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_leaders_of_the_Indian_Wars" title="List of Native American leaders of the Indian Wars">war leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_musicians" title="List of Native American musicians">musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">congressional politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Native American Medal of Honor recipients">Native American Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">List of federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state" title="List of federally recognized tribes by state">List of federally recognized tribes by state </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="border-spacing:0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble"><img alt="Earth seen from Apollo 17" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/80px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/120px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/160px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">Environment</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">on the climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.6em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <dl><dd>Environment in</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_consulting" title="Environmental consulting">Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_environmental_articles" title="Index of environmental articles">Article index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_topics" title="Lists of environmental topics">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_environment" title="Category:Natural environment">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environment" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environment">Commons</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environment_sidebar" title="Template:Environment sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environment_sidebar" title="Template talk:Environment sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environment_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environment sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Dakota Access Pipeline Protests or the Standing Rock Protests,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> also known by the <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> #<a href="/wiki/NODAPL" title="NODAPL">NoDAPL</a>, were a series of <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> protests against the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline" title="Dakota Access Pipeline">Dakota Access Pipeline</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> that began in April 2016. Protests ended on February 23, 2017 when <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">law enforcement</a> officers evicted the last remaining protesters. The pipeline runs from the <a href="/wiki/Bakken_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakken Formation">Bakken oil fields</a> in western North Dakota to southern Illinois, crossing beneath the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> rivers, as well as under part of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Oahe" title="Lake Oahe">Lake Oahe</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock Indian Reservation</a>. Many members of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Sioux Tribe">Standing Rock Sioux Tribe</a> and surrounding communities consider the pipeline to be a serious threat to the region's water. The construction also directly threatens ancient burial grounds and cultural sites of historic importance. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> In April 2016, youth from Standing Rock and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> communities organized a campaign to stop the pipeline, calling themselves "ReZpect Our Water".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Inspired by the youth, several adults, including Joye Braun of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a><a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider-ThousandsGather-2016-8">[8]</a> and tribal historian <a href="/wiki/LaDonna_Brave_Bull_Allard" title="LaDonna Brave Bull Allard">LaDonna Brave Bull Allard</a>, established a <a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">water protectors</a>' camp as a center for direct action, demonstrating spiritual resistance to the pipeline in both a defence of <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Indigenous sovereignty</a> and cultural preservation. The #NoDAPL hashtag began to trend on social media, and the camps at Standing Rock gradually grew to thousands of people.<a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider-ThousandsGather-2016-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protests">Protests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protests">edit</a>]</div> Conflict between water protectors and law enforcement escalated through the summer and fall. In September 2016, construction workers bulldozed a section of privately owned land that the tribe had claimed as sacred ground. When protesters trespassed into the area, security workers used <a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">attack dogs</a> which bit at least six of the demonstrators and one horse.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In October 2016, <a href="/wiki/Militarization_of_police" title="Militarization of police">militarized police</a> cleared an encampment which was situated on the proposed path of the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In November 2016, police used multiple launched tear gas cannisters and <a href="/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">water cannons</a> on protesters in freezing weather, consequently drawing significant media attention.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Pipeline protests were reported as early as October 2014, when Iowa community and environmental activists presented 2,300 petitions to Iowa Governor <a href="/wiki/Terry_Branstad" title="Terry Branstad">Terry Branstad</a> asking him to sign a state <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-The_Des_Moines_Register-12">[12]</a> Voicing concerns for damage to wildlife habitat and sacred sites, the Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa (<a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> Nation) also objected to the route and formally lodged their opposition in early 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Indian_Country_Today-13">[13]</a> Tribal members were also among those who opposed the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone XL pipeline">Keystone XL pipeline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usa-14">[14]</a> In a letter to the Iowa Utilities Board, Tribal chairwoman Judith Bender wrote that there were "environmental concerns about the land and drinking water...it will only take one mistake and life in Iowa will change for the next thousands of years."<a href="#cite_note-Indian_Country_Today-13">[13]</a> The tribe sued for an injunction on the grounds that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had failed to conduct a proper environmental and cultural impact study. Protests had escalated at the pipeline site in North Dakota, with numbers swelling from just a bare handful of people to hundreds and then thousands over the summer.<a href="#cite_note-Indigenous_Rising-15">[15]</a> The Standing Rock Sioux tribe believes that the pipeline would put the Missouri River, the water source for the reservation, at risk. They pointed out two recent spills on other pipeline systems, <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_River_oil_spill" title="Kalamazoo River oil spill">a 2010 pipeline spill into the Kalamazoo River</a> in Michigan, which cost over a billion to clean up with significant contamination remaining, and a 2015 <a href="/wiki/2015_Yellowstone_River_oil_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Yellowstone River oil spill">Bakken crude oil spill into the Yellowstone River</a> in Montana.<a href="#cite_note-GrandForksHerald-StandingRockSues-2016-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-People-Pipeline-2016-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-DesMoinesRegister-Pipeline-2016-18">[18]</a> The Tribe was also concerned that the pipeline route may run through sacred Sioux sites. In August 2016 protests were held, halting a portion of the pipeline near <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Ball,_North_Dakota" title="Cannon Ball, North Dakota">Cannon Ball, North Dakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Occupying-2016-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-OccupyRez-2016-20">[20]</a> Protests continued and drew indigenous peoples from throughout North America, as well as other supporters. A number of planned arrests occurred when people locked themselves to heavy machinery.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On August 23, 2016, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe released a list of 87 tribal governments who wrote resolutions, proclamations and letters of support stating their solidarity with Standing Rock and the Sioux people.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Since then, many more Native American organizations, politicians, environmental groups and civil rights groups joined the effort in North Dakota, including the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement, indigenous leaders from the Amazon Basin of South America, Vermont Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> and her running mate <a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a>, and many more.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Washington Post called it a "National movement for Native Americans."<a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider-ThousandsGather-2016-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> As of September, the protest constituted the single largest gathering of Native Americans in more than 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICT-Gray-Sep8-16-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_presentation">United Nations presentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Nations presentation">edit</a>]</div> On September 20, 2016, Standing Rock Tribal Chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Archambault_II" title="David Archambault II">David Archambault II</a> addressed the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva, Switzerland</a>, where he called "upon all parties to stop the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline." Citing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux" title="Treaty of Traverse des Sioux">1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie</a>, two treaties ratified by the U.S. Senate that recognize the Sioux's national sovereignty, Archambault told the Council that "the oil companies and the government of the United States have failed to respect our sovereign rights."<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News2-27">[27]</a> On September 22, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tauli-Corpuz" title="Victoria Tauli-Corpuz">Victoria Tauli-Corpuz</a>, a United Nations expert on the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of Indigenous peoples">rights of Indigenous peoples</a>, admonished the U.S., saying, "the tribe was denied access to information and excluded from consultations at the planning stage of the project, and environmental assessments failed to disclose the presence and proximity of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation." She also responded to the rights of pipeline protesters, saying, "the U.S. authorities should fully protect and facilitate the right to freedom of peaceful assembly of Indigenous peoples, which plays a key role in empowering their ability to claim other rights."<a href="#cite_note-Common_Dreams-28">[28]</a> On April 25, 2017, descendant of <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>, Standing Rock Lakota Reserve member and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a> delegate, Brenda White Bull, spoke at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a>. She specifically addressed Indigenous resistance against Dakota Access and the state's unwarranted use of violence. She stated that "we are more powerful than their [the state's] militarized police forces and guns, because we are armed with prayer."<a href="#cite_note-:5-29">[29]</a> She further indirectly addressed a widely acknowledged Indigenous principle that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/water-life-rise-mni-wiconi-movement">'Water is Life'</a>, cautioning against the contamination of water sources in Standing Rock, speaking as a guardian on their behalf. Facing violent violations of the rights of the Standing Rock community and its water sources, she demanded that the United States implement the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples_Act_(Canada)" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (Canada)">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a>, warning that if they fail to do so, Standing Rock will do it themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:5-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_confrontations_&_violence">Security confrontations & violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Security confrontations & violence">edit</a>]</div> On September 3, 2016, the Dakota Access Pipeline brought in a private security firm when the company used bulldozers to dig up part of the pipeline route that contained possible burial sites and culturally significant artifacts; it was subject to a pending injunction motion. The bulldozers arrived within a day after Standing Rock Sioux filed legal action.<a href="#cite_note-CommonDreams-Genocide-2016-30">[30]</a> Energy Transfer bulldozers cut a two-mile (3200 m) long, 150-foot (45 m) wide path through the contested area.<a href="#cite_note-DN-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manning-32">[32]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm/220px--Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="467" data-mwtitle="Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_indígenas.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm/Exclusivo-_Dakota_Access_ataca_con_perros_y_gas_pimienta_a_ind%C3%ADgenas.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>The report by Goodman</figcaption></figure> When protesters crossed the perimeter fence onto private property to stop the bulldozers, they were confronted with pepper spray and guard dogs.<a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-33">[33]</a> At least six protesters were treated for dog bites, and an estimated 30 were pepper-sprayed before the guards and their dogs left the scene in trucks. A woman that had taken part in the incident stated, "The cops watched the whole thing from up on the hills. It felt like they were trying to provoke us into being violent when we're peaceful."<a href="#cite_note-Manning-32">[32]</a> The incident was filmed by <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a> and a crew from Democracy Now!<a href="#cite_note-DN-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Footage shows several people with dog bites and a dog with blood on its muzzle.<a href="#cite_note-Manning-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting-36">[36]</a> Frost Kennels of Hartville, Ohio, acknowledged that they were involved in the incident on September 3.<a href="#cite_note-DuluthNewsTribune-Criticism-2016-37">[37]</a> Executive director for Private Investigator Security Guard Services, Geoff Dutton, said Frost Kennels and its owner, Bob Frost, were not licensed by the state of Ohio to provide security services or guard dogs. <a href="/wiki/Morton_County,_North_Dakota" title="Morton County, North Dakota">Morton County</a> Sheriff, Kyle Kirchmeier, said they were investigating both sides in the incident, including wounds inflicted by the dogs, and that they had no prior knowledge of the use of dogs until a <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a> call was made. When asked why the deputies who witnessed the incident did not intervene, Kirchmeier cited officer security concerns,<a href="#cite_note-DuluthNewsTribune-Criticism-2016-37">[37]</a> and stated that it was "more like a riot than a protest" and that there was an investigation into "the incident and individuals who organized and participated in this unlawful event."<a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-38">[38]</a> After viewing footage of the attack, a law enforcement consultant who trains police dogs called it "absolutely appalling" and "reprehensible". "Taking bite dogs and putting them at the end of a leash to intimidate, threaten and prevent crime is not appropriate."<a href="#cite_note-DuluthNewsTribune-Criticism-2016-37">[37]</a> A former K-9 officer for the Grand Forks Police Department who now owns a security firm that uses dogs for drug detection said, "It reminded me of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> back in the '60s. I didn't think it was appropriate. They were overwhelmed and it just wasn't proper use of the dogs."<a href="#cite_note-DuluthNewsTribune-Criticism-2016-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> of North Dakota spoke out against the use of dogs and pepper spray and asked that the state officials "treat everyone fairly and equally."<a href="#cite_note-DuluthNewsTribune-Criticism-2016-37">[37]</a> Speaking on September 4, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> activist and former <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice presidential</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a> said, "North Dakota regulators are really, I would say, in bed with the oil industry and so they have looked the other way."<a href="#cite_note-DN-31">[31]</a> As of mid-October 2016, there had been over 140 arrests. Some protesters who were arrested for <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanors" class="mw-redirect" title="Misdemeanors">misdemeanors</a> and taken to the Morton County jail reported what they considered harsh and unusual treatment. Sara Jumping Eagle, a physician on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, said that she was required to <a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">remove all of her clothing</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Body_cavity_search" title="Body cavity search">squat and cough</a>" when she was arrested for <a href="/wiki/Disorderly_conduct" title="Disorderly conduct">disorderly conduct</a>. In another such case, LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, who founded Sacred Stone Camp, said that when her daughter was arrested and taken into custody she was "strip-searched in front of multiple male officers, then left for hours in her cell, naked and freezing." Cody Hall from <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River Reservation</a> in South Dakota also reported being strip-searched. He was held for four days without bail or bond and then charged with two misdemeanors.<a href="#cite_note-DemocracyNow-ProtestersStripSearched-2016-39">[39]</a> Actress <a href="/wiki/Shailene_Woodley" title="Shailene Woodley">Shailene Woodley</a>, arrested on October 10, 2016, along with 27 others, also said she was strip-searched, adding, "Never did it cross my mind that while trying to protect clean water, trying to ensure a future where our children have access to an element essential for human survival, would I be strip-searched. I was just shocked."<a href="#cite_note-DemocracyNow-WoodleyStripSearch-2016-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> spoke out against the use of strip searches and said that they had sent a letter to the Morton County Sheriff's Department expressing concern about the degree of force used against people taking part in the protests. They sent a delegation of human rights observers to monitor law enforcement's response to the protests.<a href="#cite_note-amnestyusa.org-41">[41]</a> Protesters said they were blasted with high-pitched <a href="/wiki/Sonic_weapon" title="Sonic weapon">sound cannons</a> and described being held in cages that "appeared to be" dog kennels, in the garage of the Morton County Correctional Center, with identifying numbers written on their arms by the arresting officers.<a href="#cite_note-DogKennels-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPoDogKennels-43">[43]</a> One of the arrestees, <a href="/wiki/Floris_White_Bull" title="Floris White Bull">Floris White Bull</a>, said - “We were caged in dog kennels and sat on the floor and we were marked with numbers,” she said. “My mind, I couldn’t wrap it around the fact that this is happening today. This isn’t something that we’re reading in history books.”<a href="#cite_note-WaPoDogKennels-43">[43]</a> In December 2016, it was reported by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlie_May_from_Salon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlie May from Salon (page does not exist)">Charlie May</a> that Dakota Access LLC had hired the firm <a href="/wiki/TigerSwan" title="TigerSwan">TigerSwan</a> to provide security during the protest.<a href="#cite_note-salon-44">[44]</a> In May 2017, internal TigerSwan documents leaked to <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> and other documents obtained through public records requests revealed a close collaboration between the pipeline company and local, state, and federal law enforcement as they carried out "military-style counterterrorism measures" to suppress the protesters. TigerSwan also collected information used to assist prosecutors in building cases against protesters, and used social media in an attempt to sway public support for the pipeline. One of the released documents called the pipeline opposition movement "an ideologically driven insurgency with a strong religious component" that operated along a "jihadist insurgency model".<a href="#cite_note-intercept-45">[45]</a> The Intercept reported that "Energy Transfer Partners has continued to retain TigerSwan long after most of the anti-pipeline campers left North Dakota, and the most recent TigerSwan reports emphasize the threat of growing activism around other pipeline projects across the country."<a href="#cite_note-intercept-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_move_to_clear_camp">Police move to clear camp</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Police move to clear camp">edit</a>]</div> On October 27, 2016 police from several agencies, including North Dakota state troopers, the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>, and other law enforcement agencies from surrounding states, began an intensive operation to clear out a protest camp and blockades along <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Highway_1806" title="North Dakota Highway 1806">Highway 1806</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Morton County Sheriff's Department said in a statement: "Protesters' escalated unlawful behavior this weekend by setting up illegal roadblocks, trespassing onto private property and establishing an encampment, has forced law enforcement to respond at this time. I can't stress it enough, this is a public safety issue. We cannot have protesters blocking county roads, blocking state highways, or trespassing on private property."<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-47">[47]</a> A Seattle Times journalist present at the confrontation described it as "scary". On the <a href="/wiki/PBS_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Newshour">PBS Newshour</a>, she said that she had spent the previous night in the camp "with tribal members who were singing their death songs. I mean, they were very worried about the possibility of violence. And who wouldn't be? You have seen law enforcement marshaled from six states, armored personnel carriers, hundreds and hundreds of law enforcement officers with concussion grenades, mace, Tasers, batons. And they used all of it. I mean, it was frightening to watch." She said that the confrontation ended the following day and said, "the law enforcement officers had advance[d] more than 100 yards with five armored personnel carriers side by side, hundreds of law enforcement officers advancing on them. And it finally took an elder to actually walk by himself in between the two lines, stand there, face his people, and say: 'Go home. We're here to fight the pipeline, not these people, and we can only win this with prayer.'"<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Newshour-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Garza" title="Alicia Garza">Alicia Garza</a> contrasted the aggressive police action with the treatment of the organizers of a <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Malheur_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge">standoff at an Oregon wildlife refuge</a> (acquitted of federal charges on the same day as the police raid of the camp),<a href="#cite_note-ABC_News-52">[52]</a> saying "If you're white, you can occupy federal property ... and get found not guilty. No teargas, no tanks, no rubber bullets ... If you're indigenous and fighting to protect our earth, and the water we depend on to survive, you get tear gassed, media blackouts, tanks and all that."<a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backwater_Bridge_and_removal_of_remaining_protesters">Backwater Bridge and removal of remaining protesters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Backwater Bridge and removal of remaining protesters">edit</a>]</div> On the evening of November 20, protesters attempted to open Backwater Bridge on Highway 1806, which had been blocked since October 27. The bridge is about a mile (1600 m) south of where the pipeline developer plans to drill. According to the sheriff's department, the bridge was closed for safety reasons "due to damage caused after protesters set numerous fires" on it on October 27. But the protesters believe that the police used the closure to "lock [them] in" and that the closure blocked access for emergency vehicles coming from the north.<a href="#cite_note-auto-54">[54]</a> According to news reports, the police launched an attack on the protesters with water cannons in 28 °F (−2 °C) weather, along with teargas, rubber bullets, and concussion grenades, injuring hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianNov2016-55">[55]</a> The police said the protesters had been "very aggressive" and that the water was used to put out multiple fires they had set, while the protesters said the fires were peaceful bonfires used to keep warm.<a href="#cite_note-auto-54">[54]</a> A number of videos posted on social media show protesters being doused with continuous streams of water. Initially the Morton County Sheriff's Office said the water was used only to put out fires, but the following day Sheriff Kirchmeier corrected that statement, saying, "Some of the water was used to repel some of the protest activities" and adding that it was "sprayed more as a mist and we didn't want to get it directly on them but we wanted to make sure to use it as a measure to keep everybody safe."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A woman's arm was seriously injured by what she and supporters claim was an explosive flash-bang grenade thrown by law enforcement, but which law enforcement suggest may have been an exploding propane canister. The victim's father stated in a press conference that his daughter had seen a police officer throw the explosive device directly at her as she was backing away.<a href="#cite_note-DAPL_victim_press_conference-57">[57]</a> The Morton County Sheriff's Department denied using concussion grenades, and reported that protesters were throwing expended propane canisters at police during this period.<a href="#cite_note-APTN-Nov-20-2016-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianNov-22-2016-59">[59]</a> The Standing Rock Medic & Healer Council refuted law enforcement's claims in a statement, citing eye-witness accounts of seeing police throw concussion grenades, 'the lack of charring of flesh at the wound site' and 'grenade pieces that have been removed from her arm in surgery and will be saved for legal proceedings'.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Law enforcement, including the ATF and North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation, are investigating the incident.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update?</a>] By mid January 2017 the protest camp had dwindled to a few hundred people due to the construction work stoppage and harsh winter weather. Standing Rock Chairman Dave Archambault called for the camp to disband because of the weather and the possibility of contamination of the river with garbage and debris during the spring flood. He asked people to clean up the area and to leave.<a href="#cite_note-ap090117-66">[66]</a> In January 2017, it was reported that the cost of policing the pipeline protests in North Dakota had surpassed $22 million.<a href="#cite_note-ap100117-67">[67]</a> In February 2017, amid concerns that warmer weather would accelerate flooding of the area, removal of garbage and debris from the campsite began to prevent the contamination of the river. Archambault indicated that funds from the $6 million in donations the tribe received to support its fight would be used to clean up the garbage, building material and human waste at the camp. The tribe began coordinating cleanup of the site in January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On February 22, 2017, the protest site was cleared. Although many left voluntarily, ten people were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On February 23, National Guard and law enforcement officers evicted the remaining protesters. Thirty-three people were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-23feb2017-70">[70]</a> After the protest site was abandoned, sanitation crews cleared garbage from the protest;<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> this included abandoned cars and human waste.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">abandoned were 12 dogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AbandonedDogs-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Dakota_Department_of_Emergency_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Dakota Department of Emergency Services (page does not exist)">North Dakota Department of Emergency Services</a> estimated that about 21 million pounds of garbage was removed;<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> the cost of cleaning up the protest site was about $1 million.<a href="#cite_note-AbandonedDogs-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> Continued conflicts and resulting attention on social media led to increasing national and global support for the protests. High profile activists, celebrities, and politicians spoke out in support of the tribe, including senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a>. Standing Rock Chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Archambault_II" title="David Archambault II">David Archambault II</a> addressed the tribe's positions at the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> in Geneva, Switzerland. In December 2016, under President Barack Obama's administration, the Corps of Engineers denied an easement for construction of the pipeline under the Missouri River,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> though this decision was reversed the following month by the incoming administration of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">President Donald Trump</a>. The pipeline was completed by April 2017, and its first oil was delivered on May 14.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> In March 2020, a United States District Judge ruled that the government had not adequately studied the pipeline's "effects on the quality of the human environment", and ordered the United States Army Corps of Engineers to conduct a new environmental impact review.<a href="#cite_note-nyt250320-83">[83]</a> In July 2020, a District Court judge issued a ruling for the pipeline to be shut down and emptied of oil pending a new environmental review.<a href="#cite_note-nyt060720-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The temporary shutdown order was overturned by a U.S. appeals court on August 5, though the environmental review was ordered to continue.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The pipeline continues to operate. During September 2014, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribal (SRST) council met with Energy Transfer representatives for an initial consultation, which was more than a month before the pipeline's first formal submission to the Army Corps.<a href="#cite_note-LSU_Journal_of_Energy_Law_and_Resources-87">[87]</a> At the beginning of the meeting, Councilman <a href="/wiki/David_Archambault_II" title="David Archambault II">David Archambault II</a> indicated the tribe's opposition to the project within treaty boundaries. Additional SRST representatives voiced opposition and concerns about the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pipeline">Pipeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pipeline">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline" title="Dakota Access Pipeline">Dakota Access Pipeline</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_Ball,_ND.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cannon_Ball%2C_ND.jpg/260px-Cannon_Ball%2C_ND.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cannon_Ball%2C_ND.jpg/390px-Cannon_Ball%2C_ND.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cannon_Ball%2C_ND.jpg/520px-Cannon_Ball%2C_ND.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cannonball_River" title="Cannonball River">Cannonball River</a> area, North Dakota</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakota_Access_Pipe_Line,_Central_Iowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dakota_Access_Pipe_Line%2C_Central_Iowa.jpg/260px-Dakota_Access_Pipe_Line%2C_Central_Iowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dakota_Access_Pipe_Line%2C_Central_Iowa.jpg/390px-Dakota_Access_Pipe_Line%2C_Central_Iowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dakota_Access_Pipe_Line%2C_Central_Iowa.jpg/520px-Dakota_Access_Pipe_Line%2C_Central_Iowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The Dakota Access Pipeline being built in central Iowa</figcaption></figure> The Dakota Access Pipeline, a part of the Bakken pipeline project, is a 1,172-mile-long (1,886 km) underground <a href="/wiki/Oil_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pipeline">oil pipeline</a> in the United States. The pipeline was planned by Dakota Access, LLC, a subsidiary of a <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a> corporation named <a href="/wiki/Energy_Transfer_Partners" title="Energy Transfer Partners">Energy Transfer Partners</a>, L.P. It begins in the <a href="/wiki/Bakken_formation" title="Bakken formation">Bakken</a> oil fields in Northwest <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and travels in a relatively straight line southeast, through <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, ending at the <a href="/wiki/Oil_terminal" title="Oil terminal">oil terminal</a> near <a href="/wiki/Patoka,_Illinois" title="Patoka, Illinois">Patoka, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pc814-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ames-91">[91]</a> According to court records, the pipeline was due for delivery on January 1, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-92">[92]</a> Routing the pipeline across the Missouri River near <a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a> was rejected because of the route's proximity to municipal water sources; residential areas; roads, wetland, and waterway crossings. The Bismarck route would also have been 11 miles (18 km) longer.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2016-93">[93]</a> The alternative selected by the Corps of Engineers crosses underneath the Missouri River, half a mile (800 m) from the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock Indian Reservation</a>, and parallels the existing Northern Border Pipeline. A spill could have major adverse effects on the waters that the Standing Rock Reserve relies upon.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Yorker-94">[94]</a> Using a permit process that treated the pipeline as a series of small construction sites, the pipeline was granted an exemption from the environmental review required by the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Common_Dreams_(Bill_Moyers)-95">[95]</a> However, citing potential adverse effects on <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American tribes">Native American tribes</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Sioux" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Sioux">Standing Rock Sioux</a>, in March and April 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of Interior</a> (DOI), and the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Historic_Preservation" title="Advisory Council on Historic Preservation">Advisory Council on Historic Preservation</a> asked the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> to conduct a formal <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Impact Assessment">Environmental Impact Assessment</a> and issue an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Noting that the water system serving <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yates,_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a> on the Standing Rock Reservation was only 10 miles (16 km) downstream of where the pipeline would cross <a href="/wiki/Lake_Oahe" title="Lake Oahe">Lake Oahe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, the EPA recommended that the Army Corps revise its Environmental Assessment and open up a second public comment period.<a href="#cite_note-IndianCountry-FederalAgencies-2016-96">[96]</a> The DOI also expressed concerns about the pipeline's proximity to the tribe's water source. Waters of a sufficient quantity and quality are legally obligated to be held in reserve for the Standing Rock Community.<a href="#cite_note-IndianCountry-FederalAgencies-2016-96">[96]</a> However, more than 800,000 acres of Standing Rock's entrusted land risked being impacted by a leak or spill, which could severely impact the waters which the community relies upon for both drinking and spiritual purposes. By late 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> had received more than 33,000 petitions to review all permits and order a full review of the project's environmental effects.<a href="#cite_note-ri916-97">[97]</a> Despite the mass opposition to the Pipeline, as of August 2021, expansion construction continues; the line can now transport 750,000 barrels of oil daily, which is 180,000 more than previous limits.<a href="#cite_note-:6-98">[98]</a> The company <a href="/wiki/Energy_Transfer_Partners" title="Energy Transfer Partners">Energy Transfer</a> plans to add pump stations to boost the pipeline’s efficiency and speed. Once the full expansion is up and running, as much as 1.1 million barrels of oil will flow through the pipeline each day.<a href="#cite_note-:6-98">[98]</a> The attorney of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Sioux Tribe">Standing Rock Sioux Tribe</a> noted that the court ordered Corps review of the pipeline impact was intended "to study the impact of things before they occur, not after.”<a href="#cite_note-:6-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sacred_Stone_Camp">Sacred Stone Camp</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sacred Stone Camp">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Stone_Camp_North_Dakota_(29167637232).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sacred_Stone_Camp_North_Dakota_%2829167637232%29.jpg/400px-Sacred_Stone_Camp_North_Dakota_%2829167637232%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sacred_Stone_Camp_North_Dakota_%2829167637232%29.jpg/600px-Sacred_Stone_Camp_North_Dakota_%2829167637232%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sacred_Stone_Camp_North_Dakota_%2829167637232%29.jpg/800px-Sacred_Stone_Camp_North_Dakota_%2829167637232%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="1797" /></a><figcaption>Sacred Stone Camp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SSC_DAPL_S2A_432_crop_10_annotated_(30380529543)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SSC_DAPL_S2A_432_crop_10_annotated_%2830380529543%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-SSC_DAPL_S2A_432_crop_10_annotated_%2830380529543%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SSC_DAPL_S2A_432_crop_10_annotated_%2830380529543%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-SSC_DAPL_S2A_432_crop_10_annotated_%2830380529543%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/SSC_DAPL_S2A_432_crop_10_annotated_%2830380529543%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-SSC_DAPL_S2A_432_crop_10_annotated_%2830380529543%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Campsite location</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm/260px--Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="286" data-mwtitle="Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm/Descendant_of_Sitting_Bull_speaks_at_UN_about_fight_against_Dakota_Access_and_State_Violence.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Brenda White Bull, descendant of <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>, speaks at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a> about fight against Dakota Access and State Violence, April 25, 2017</figcaption></figure> Sacred Stone Camp was founded by Standing Rock's Historic Preservation Officer, <a href="/wiki/LaDonna_Brave_Bull_Allard" title="LaDonna Brave Bull Allard">LaDonna Brave Bull Allard</a>, on April 1, 2016, as a center for cultural preservation and spiritual resistance to the Dakota Access pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-Yes!_Magazine-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-BACKGROUND_ON_THE_DAKOTA_ACCESS_PIPELINE-100">[100]</a> In the spring and early summer of 2016, Allard and other Indigenous leaders focused on media outreach, resulting in tribal delegations and individuals coming to stand with them from all over the country and—eventually—the world.<a href="#cite_note-Mondoweiss1-101">[101]</a> As the numbers grew beyond what the land could support, an overflow camp was also established nearby, which came to be known as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ camp (the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakȟótiyapi</a> name for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sioux Nation">Great Sioux Nation</a> or Seven Fires Council).<a href="#cite_note-CdreamsMedia-102">[102]</a> In September, Allard said that 26 of the 380 archaeological sites that face desecration along the pipeline route are held sacred to the Sioux Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a>, comparing the pipeline's construction through said sites to genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Yes!_Magazine-99">[99]</a> By late September, NBC News reported that members of more than 300 <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized Native American tribes</a> were residing in the three main camps, alongside an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 additional pipeline resistance demonstrators. Several thousand more gathered at the camps on weekends.<a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider-ThousandsGather-2016-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICT-Gray-Sep8-16-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News1-103">[103]</a> As winter approached, numbers grew lower, but the protesters winterized and prepared for an indefinite stay. In October, another camp called "Winter Camp" was established on Energy Transfer Partners private property<a href="#cite_note-The_Bismarck_Tribune-104">[104]</a>—directly in the pipeline's proposed path. Citing <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Native American protesters declared that the land rightly belongs to them under the 1851 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Treaty of Fort Laramie</a>. Though the initial territory agreed to in the treaty was later broken up into smaller reservations, the treaty was never nullified and was thus being invoked as law.<a href="#cite_note-The_Seattle_Times-106">[106]</a> Morton County Sheriff, Kyle Kirchmeier, claimed that the Winter Camp was a threat to public safety, stating that "we can not have protesters blocking county roads, blocking state highways, or trespassing on private property."<a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[107]</a> Following, on October 27, police in riot gear with crowd control equipment and supported by National Guard members removed the protesters from the new encampment.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> They used methods such as pepper spray, bean-bag shot guns, concussion grenades and mace. Law enforcement further used Long Range Acoustic Devices (LRAD), which are used to make noises as at piercing frequency and volume.<a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[107]</a> Protestors remained on site nonetheless, setting blockades, bridges and tires on the highway afire.<a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[107]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm/220px--Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm/Standing_Rock_Water_Protectors.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Standing Rock <a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">Water protectors</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standing_Rock_Sioux_Tribe_legal_proceedings">Standing Rock Sioux Tribe legal proceedings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Standing Rock Sioux Tribe legal proceedings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Oahe,_SD,_winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lake_Oahe%2C_SD%2C_winter.jpg/220px-Lake_Oahe%2C_SD%2C_winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lake_Oahe%2C_SD%2C_winter.jpg/330px-Lake_Oahe%2C_SD%2C_winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lake_Oahe%2C_SD%2C_winter.jpg/440px-Lake_Oahe%2C_SD%2C_winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Lake Oahe in winter</figcaption></figure> On July 27, 2016, two days after the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> issued the Environmental Assessment with a finding of “no significant impact”, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, supported by EarthJustice, filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a>, seeking <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_judgment" title="Declaratory judgment">declaratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunctive</a> relief to stop the pipeline. The tribe also sought a <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_injunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliminary injunction">preliminary injunction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InjunctiveRelief-2016-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-PreliminaryInjunction-2016-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs-111">[111]</a> On September 9, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/James_Boasberg" title="James Boasberg">James Boasberg</a> denied the motion, noting, "[T]he Corps has documented dozens of attempts to engage Standing Rock in consultations to identify historical resources at Lake Oahe and other PCN crossings....Suffice it to say that the Tribe largely refused to engage in consultations."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Later the same day, a joint statement was issued by the US Departments of Justice, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Army">Army</a>, and Interior temporarily halting the project on federal land bordering or under the Lake Oahe reservoir. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US federal government</a> asked the company for a "voluntary pause" on construction near that area until further study was done on the region extending 20 miles (32 km) around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Oahe" title="Lake Oahe">Lake Oahe</a>. In closing the agency representatives said: <blockquote>Finally, we fully support the rights of all Americans to assemble and speak freely. In recent days, we have seen thousands of demonstrators come together peacefully, with support from scores of sovereign tribal governments, to exercise their First Amendment rights and to voice heartfelt concerns about the environment and historic, sacred sites. It is now incumbent on all of us to develop a path forward that serves the broadest public interest.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></blockquote> Energy Transfer Partners rejected the request to voluntarily halt construction on all surrounding private land and resumed construction within 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News3-114">[114]</a> On September 13, chairman and CEO of Energy Transfer Partners Kelcy Warren responded to the federal government's request, saying concerns about the pipeline's impact on the water supply were "unfounded." Warren said that "multiple archaeological studies conducted with state historic preservation offices found no sacred items along the route". They did not indicate that they would voluntarily cease work on the pipeline. Warren wrote that the company will meet with officials in Washington "to understand their position and reiterate our commitment to bring the Dakota Access Pipeline into operation."<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-Sanders-2016-115">[115]</a> On October 5, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">federal appeals judges</a> heard arguments over whether to stop work on the pipeline; a ruling was not expected for several weeks. At that time the Army Corps of Engineers had not yet made a final decision on whether to grant an easement to build under the Missouri River. Under questioning, a pipeline attorney said that "if the court allowed it, the company would continue building up to the lake's edge even before the easement decision, because each extra month of delay will cost the company more than $80 million".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_Corps_of_Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Army Corps of Engineers">edit</a>]</div> On November 14, the Army Corps of Engineers said it needed more time to study the impact of the plan. In a news release, they said: "The Army has determined that additional discussion and analysis are warranted in light of the history of the Great Sioux Nation's dispossessions of lands, the importance of Lake Oahe to the Tribe, our government-to-government relationship, and the statute governing easements through government property."<a href="#cite_note-BMJ-116">[116]</a> Energy Transfer Partners responded by criticizing the Obama administration for "political interference" and said that "further delay in the consideration of this case would add millions of dollars more each month in costs which cannot be recovered." North Dakota Governor Jack Dalrymple criticized the decision saying the pipeline would be safe and that the decision was "long overdue".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Craig Stevens, spokesman for the MAIN Coalition, a labor group, called the Corps's announcement "yet another attempt at death by delay" and said the Obama administration "has chosen to further fan the flames of protest by more inaction." North Dakota Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a> said in a statement that the delay "will only prolong the disruption in the region caused by protests and make life difficult for everyone who lives and works in the area."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Speaking on the <a href="/wiki/PBS_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Newshour">PBS Newshour</a> on November 16, Energy Transfer Partners CEO Kelcy Warren responded to questions about the Tribe's two main concerns, damage to ancestral sites and the potential of water contamination if a leak occurred: <blockquote>Well, first of all, I think this is well known by now. We're not on any Indian property at all, no Native American property. We're on private lands. That's number one. Number two, this pipeline is new steel pipe. We're boring underneath Lake Oahe. It's going to go 90 feet to 150 feet (27.5-45.7 m) below the lake's surface. It's thick wall pipe, extra thick, by the way, more so than just the normal pipe that we lay. Also, on each side of the lake, there's automated valves that, if in the very, very unlikely situation there were to be a leak, our control room shuts down the pipe, encapsulates that small section that could be in peril. So, that's just not going to happen. Number one, we're not going to have a leak. I can't promise that, of course, but that — no one would get on airplanes if they thought they were going to crash. And, number two, there is no way there would be any crude contaminate their water supply. They're 70 miles (110 km) downstream.<a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-119">[119]</a></blockquote> On December 4, the Army announced that it would not grant an <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a> for the pipeline to be drilled under Lake Oahe.<a href="#cite_note-Healy_2016-120">[120]</a> The announcement was made by the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Army_(Civil_Works)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)">Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo-Ellen_Darcy" title="Jo-Ellen Darcy">Jo-Ellen Darcy</a>: <blockquote>Although we have had continuing discussion and exchanges of new information with the Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access, it's clear that there's more work to do. The best way to complete that work responsibly and expeditiously is to explore alternate routes for the pipeline crossing.<a href="#cite_note-army.mil-121">[121]</a></blockquote> Energy Transfer Partners and Sunoco Logistics Partners issued a same-day response: <blockquote>The White House's directive today to the Corps for further delay is just the latest in a series of overt and transparent political actions by an administration which has abandoned the rule of law in favor of currying favor with a narrow and extreme political constituency. As stated all along, ETP and SXL fully expect to complete construction of the pipeline without any additional rerouting in and around Lake Oahe. Nothing this Administration has done today changes that in any way.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuation_of_construction">Continuation of construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Continuation of construction">edit</a>]</div> On January 24, 2017, newly elected President Donald Trump signed an executive order allowing the pipeline's construction to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On February 8, 2017, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) granted Dakota Access, LLC an easement based on the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_Leasing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral Leasing Act">Mineral Leasing Act</a> to cross Lake Oahe and finish construction of the pipeline. On February 9, 2017, the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe filed a motion for a restraining order citing <a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a> violations, claiming an oil spill would disrupt their ability to worship freely.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ:_Standing_Rock_Litigation-124">[124]</a> This preliminary injunction was rejected on March 7, 2017. On February 14, 2017, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe filed a motion for summary judgment. The motion asked the Court to rule on unresolved legal questions concerning USACE, including the meeting of <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (NEPA) requirements and the violation of Tribal <a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">treaty rights</a>. The motion addressed three claims: 1) the lawful requirement of a full, transparent and public environmental review for any federal action that has "significant" environmental effects, 2) Tribal treaty rights that guarantee the integrity of their reservation, and 3) the reversal of decisions from the previous administration.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ:_Standing_Rock_Litigation-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthjustice.org-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Court_finds_the_environmental_study_inadequate">Federal Court finds the environmental study inadequate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Federal Court finds the environmental study inadequate">edit</a>]</div> On June 14, 2017, Federal Judge James Boasberg issued his third opinion in the matter, ruling that the Corps permits authorizing the pipeline to cross the Missouri River "substantially complied with NEPA in many areas" but did not adequately consider certain aspects of the law. In a ninety-one page decision to remand the matter to the Corps for supplementation of the record, Judge Boasberg wrote, "the Court agrees that [the Corps] did not adequately consider the impacts of an oil spill on fishing rights, hunting rights, or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a>, or the degree to which the pipeline's effects are likely to be highly controversial".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FAQ:_Standing_Rock_Litigation-124">[124]</a> Boasberg's decision came just weeks after crude oil had started pumping through the pipeline. Judge Boasberg asked the parties to submit legal briefs on the question of whether the Court should shut down the pipeline pending the completion of a lawful environmental review.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ:_Standing_Rock_Litigation-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthjustice.org-125">[125]</a> On August 7, 2017, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe filed a legal brief arguing in favor of pipeline shutdown during the environmental review process.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ:_Standing_Rock_Litigation-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthjustice.org-125">[125]</a> The Tribes received support from law professors and practitioners, tribes and tribal organizations, and other amicus parties. The Court granted the Tribes' motion for summary judgment for three reasons. First, the Court held that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers failed to address expert critiques of Dakota Access, LLC's oil spill risk analysis. Second, the Court found fault in USACE's disregard of impacts an oil spill would have on the Tribes' treaty rights to fish and hunt.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-127">[127]</a> Finally, the Court found that USACE conducted a skewed assessment that reached the conclusion that the selected site raised no environmental justice concerns. Under the Court's order, USACE will reassess these questions and come to a new decision on if a full environmental impact statement is required.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-127">[127]</a> On October 11, 2017, the Court ruled that DAPL could continue to operate while USACE reassessed the environmental impact of the pipeline. While the Court did not find that shutting down the pipeline would cause a major economic disruption as claimed by DAPL, they refused to shut the pipeline down during the impact study due to the possibility that USACE would be able to justify its decision to not do a full environmental review. USACE predicts that the review will be finished by April 2018. Following the Court's finding a statement was issued by Earthjustice Attorney Jan Hasselman, who is representing the Tribe. <blockquote>Today's decision is a disappointing continuation of a historic pattern: other people get all the profits, and the Tribes get all the risk and harm. The court already found that the Corps violated the law when it issued the permits without thoroughly considering the impact on the people of Standing Rock. The company should not be allowed to continue operating while the Corps studies that threat.,<a href="#cite_note-earthjustice.org-125">[125]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safety_measures_imposed">Safety measures imposed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety measures imposed">edit</a>]</div> On December 4, 2017, following a 200,000 gallon <a href="/wiki/Keystone_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone pipeline">Keystone pipeline</a> oil spill in November 2017, Judge Boasberg imposed several interim measures over the ongoing operation of the Dakota Access pipeline. The Court ordered three measures, which had been requested by the Tribe. According to a report published by <a href="/wiki/Earthjustice" title="Earthjustice">Earthjustice</a>, a non-profit public interest law organization dedicated to environmental issues: <blockquote>The Court ordered the Corps and DAPL to work with the Tribes to complete oil spill response plans at Lake Oahe. Up to now, the Tribe has been kept in the dark about spill response planning and was not involved in the process of developing plans to address spills at Lake Oahe. Second, the Court ordered an independent audit of DAPL's compliance with the permit conditions and standards. The Tribe has to be involved in the selection of an auditor. Finally, DAPL must file regular reports on any incidents or repairs on the pipeline. Such reporting is not currently required by law, which means the public does not learn about the nearly constant spills and leaks of oil that occur on major pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-earthjustice.org-125">[125]</a></blockquote> The conditions were all opposed by the Corps and by DAPL. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_Legal_Proceedings_(2020-2021)">Current Legal Proceedings (2020-2021)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Current Legal Proceedings (2020-2021)">edit</a>]</div> The tribe sued and in March 2020 a federal judge sided with the tribe and ordered <a href="/wiki/USACE" class="mw-redirect" title="USACE">USACE</a> to do a full <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">environmental impact statement</a>. In a 42-page decision Judge <a href="/wiki/James_Boasberg" title="James Boasberg">James Boasberg</a> said the environmental analysis by both the companies behind the pipeline and the Corps was severely lacking. “In projects of this scope, it is not difficult for an opponent to find fault with many conclusions made by an operator and relied on by the agency, but here, there is considerably more than a few isolated comments raising insubstantial concerns. The many commenters in this case pointed to serious gaps in crucial parts of the Corps’ analysis — to name a few, that the pipeline's leak-detection system was unlikely to work, that it was not designed to catch slow spills, that the operator's serious history of incidents had not been taken into account, and that the worst-case scenario used by the Corps was potentially only a fraction of what a realistic figure would be."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In July 2020, saying federal officials failed to carry out a complete analysis of its environmental impacts, U.S. District Judge James Boasberg ruled that the pipeline must be shut down by August 5 and remain shutdown while the Army Corps of Engineers conducts a more extensive environmental review than the one done that allowed the pipeline to begin transporting oil three years previously. Pipeline owner Energy Transfer said they would appeal. On August 5, the Court of Appeals sided with Energy Transfer to allow the pipeline to stay open, saying the lower-court judge "did not make the findings necessary for injunctive relief." However the appellate court did not grant Energy Transfer's motion to block the review, saying the company had "failed to make a strong showing of likely success."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> As of May 2021, the pipeline was granted legal permission to restart operations, on the grounds that the Standing Rock legal team had fail to demonstrate to the court "likelihood of irreparable injury" from continued operation of the pipeline. Later, in July 2021, Boasberg ruled against the lawsuit filed by Standing Rock team against the operation of the pipeline. Despite ruling against the federal judge laid out how the Standing Rock Tribe might continue to challenge the ongoing environmental review. Boasberg also left the possibility of reopening the lawsuit if any of his previous rulings from the past five years were violated by the Corps or Energy Transfer.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests_and_prosecutions">Arrests and prosecutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arrests and prosecutions">edit</a>]</div> Federal prosecutors brought indictments against at least five Indigenous activists from the protests.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Dion Ortiz, James "Angry Bird" White, Michael "Little Feather" Giron, and Michael "Rattler" Markus were all convicted of one count of civil disorder. Red Fawn Fallis was convicted of civil disorder and illegal possession of a gun by a convicted felon. The gun which she was convicted for possessing went off as she was being "tackled by police officers, who were attempting to put her in handcuffs [when] three gunshots allegedly went off alongside her. No one was injured in the shooting incident."<a href="#cite_note-:3-132">[132]</a> She was given the largest sentencing of any protester at the time, having to be held in federal prison for four years and nine months. The judge who heard Red Fawn's case did not allow her defence team to cite her treaty rights or "other issues related to her arrest at anti-pipeline protests near the Standing Rock Sioux's Tribe's reservation border."<a href="#cite_note-:3-132">[132]</a> In effect, Red Fawn accepted a plea deal as she believed that in withholding such important evidence, she would not have received a fair trial.<a href="#cite_note-:3-132">[132]</a> James "Angry Bird" White was sentenced to serve twenty-four months of probation. The other five protesters were incarcerated in federal prison, Ortiz for 16 months, Giron and Markus for 36 months, and Fallis for 57 months.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Many other activists argued that their incarceration was used to suppress Indigenous opposition to the pipeline, stating that "[they are] political prisoners …We were protecting our land. It’s something we have to do, and we’re going to be met with this violence from these agencies, from the federal government, from the state.” <a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> On August 11–12, 18 more people were arrested, including Standing Rock Tribal Chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Archambault_II" title="David Archambault II">David Archambault II</a> who was charged with disorderly conduct. Along with the tribal council, Archambault had sued the Army Corps of Engineers days before his arrest.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> He was himself sued on August 16 by Dakota Access, LLC, which sought "restraining orders and unspecified monetary damages."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Reznicek" title="Jessica Reznicek">Jessica Reznicek</a> and Ruby Montoya were indicted on nine federal criminal charges, including setting 11 fires during the protests. The two set fire to machinery and tools and then used a torch to pierce the metal piping and valves.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On June 30, 2021 Reznicek was sentenced to eight years in federal prison for a single count of damaging an energy facility. The remaining charges were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On September 7 an arrest warrant was also issued in Morton County for Green Party presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> and her running mate <a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a> on misdemeanor counts of criminal trespass and criminal mischief. Stein had spray-painted "I approve this message" and Baraka wrote the word "decolonize" on a bulldozer.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> A warrant for journalist Amy Goodman's arrest was issued by Morton County on September 8. She was charged with criminal trespass related to the filming done on September 3.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting-36">[36]</a> The prosecutor, Ladd Erickson, said Goodman was like a protester because she was only giving time to the protesters' side of the story.<a href="#cite_note-Bismarck_Tribune-142">[142]</a> In response to praise from Erickson, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Taibbi" title="Matt Taibbi">Matt Taibbi</a> wrote, "a prosecutor who arrests a reporter because he doesn't think she's 'balanced' enough is basically telling future reporters what needs to be in their stories to avoid arrest. This is totally improper and un-American."<a href="#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-143">[143]</a> On October 1, Canadian journalist Ed Ou, on assignment with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to cover the protests, was detained at the US border for six hours, with his cell phones and other electronic media confiscated. Ou was eventually denied entry to the US without explanation.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The American Civil Liberties Union requested that any data collected from Ou's electronic devices be destroyed and that he be given assurance that he would not be harassed again.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Speaking on October 5, Standing Rock Tribal Chairman David Archambault II said that as of that date 135 anti-pipeline demonstrators had been arrested. Archambault also said that law enforcement officers were "heightening the danger" by using <a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">anti-riot gear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-92">[92]</a> Saying, "Confronting men, women, and children while outfitted in gear more suited for the battlefield is a disproportionate response", <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> also expressed concern about the militant response to the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-amnestyusa.org-41">[41]</a> On October 13, Goodman announced her intention to turn herself in to the Morton County–Mandan Corrections Center on Monday, October 17, to face misdemeanor riot charges. (Though she had originally been charged with criminal trespass, the prosecutor said that there were "legal issues with proving the notice of trespassing requirements in the statute.")<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> She stated that she would be fighting the charges against her as a <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> violation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> the North Dakota Newspaper Association,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> in North Dakota,<a href="#cite_note-MotherJones-AmyGoodman-2016-150">[150]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-MotherJones-AmyGoodman-2016-150">[150]</a> all expressed concern over the developing challenge to freedom of the press. On October 17, District Judge John Grinsteiner did not find probable cause for multiple riot charges, including the one brought against Goodman. Following the judge's decision, Kirchmeier reasserted that trespassing would lead to arrest, while the state prosecutor said that the investigation would remain open pending new evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_Now!_News-151">[151]</a> According to the Water Protector Legal Collective over 800 state criminal cases were brought by North Dakota prosecutors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-152">[152]</a> Of these nearly 400 resulted in dismissals of charges, 42 ended in <a href="/wiki/Not_guilty_(plea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Not guilty (plea)">not-guilty</a> verdicts at trial, nearly 200 were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Pre-trial_diversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-trial diversion">pre-trial diversion</a>, and just 26 cases ended in convictions after trials. There are still 42 open cases before the state court.<a href="#cite_note-:0-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dismissal_of_lawsuit_against_Greenpeace_USA">Dismissal of lawsuit against Greenpeace USA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dismissal of lawsuit against Greenpeace USA">edit</a>]</div> In 2019 a federal court in North Dakota dismissed as unfounded a racketeering and defamation lawsuit filed by <a href="/wiki/Energy_Transfer_Partners" title="Energy Transfer Partners">Energy Transfer Partners</a> LP, the builder of the 1,000-mile Dakota Access Pipeline, against <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace_USA" title="Greenpeace USA">Greenpeace USA</a>, EarthFirst and BankTrack for their pipeline protests.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The lawsuit alleged Greenpeace USA misled the public with false claims about the Standing Rock Sioux tribes' sacred sites and the likelihood the pipeline would contaminate the Missouri River in North Dakota. In contrast, a 2018 Greenpeace report said Energy Transfer pipelines and those owned by the company's subsidiaries "spilled over 500 times in the last decade."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In response to the court's ruling of insufficient evidence, Tom Wetterer, general counsel to Greenpeace USA, said the ruling "sends a clear message to companies trying to muzzle civil society that corporate overreach will not be tolerated. It is also a check on corporate efforts to silence dissent.”<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The Intercept online newspaper earlier reported Energy Transfer Partners hired the private security firm of TigerSwan to gather information for the lawsuit via fake social media accounts and infiltration of protest camps.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_opposition_to_the_pipeline">National opposition to the pipeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: National opposition to the pipeline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NoDAPL-Drums-JohnDuffy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NoDAPL-Drums-JohnDuffy.png/220px-NoDAPL-Drums-JohnDuffy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NoDAPL-Drums-JohnDuffy.png/330px-NoDAPL-Drums-JohnDuffy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NoDAPL-Drums-JohnDuffy.png/440px-NoDAPL-Drums-JohnDuffy.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Seattle Stands with Standing Rock! - peaceful march and rally held in Seattle in September 2016. Indigenous drummers, activists from numerous Native nations, and diverse supporters march in solidarity.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_DNC_Protest_(28545743835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2016_DNC_Protest_%2828545743835%29.jpg/220px-2016_DNC_Protest_%2828545743835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2016_DNC_Protest_%2828545743835%29.jpg/330px-2016_DNC_Protest_%2828545743835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2016_DNC_Protest_%2828545743835%29.jpg/440px-2016_DNC_Protest_%2828545743835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Dakota Access Pipeline protestors at March for a Clean Energy Revolution, Philadelphia, July 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidarity_rally_against_the_Dakota_Access_Pipeline_(St._Paul,_Minnesota).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Solidarity_rally_against_the_Dakota_Access_Pipeline_%28St._Paul%2C_Minnesota%29.jpg/220px-Solidarity_rally_against_the_Dakota_Access_Pipeline_%28St._Paul%2C_Minnesota%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Solidarity_rally_against_the_Dakota_Access_Pipeline_%28St._Paul%2C_Minnesota%29.jpg/330px-Solidarity_rally_against_the_Dakota_Access_Pipeline_%28St._Paul%2C_Minnesota%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Solidarity_rally_against_the_Dakota_Access_Pipeline_%28St._Paul%2C_Minnesota%29.jpg/440px-Solidarity_rally_against_the_Dakota_Access_Pipeline_%28St._Paul%2C_Minnesota%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4140" /></a><figcaption>Solidarity rally in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, September 2016.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stand_with_Standing_Rock_SF_Nov_2016_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stand_with_Standing_Rock_SF_Nov_2016_11.jpg/220px-Stand_with_Standing_Rock_SF_Nov_2016_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stand_with_Standing_Rock_SF_Nov_2016_11.jpg/330px-Stand_with_Standing_Rock_SF_Nov_2016_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stand_with_Standing_Rock_SF_Nov_2016_11.jpg/440px-Stand_with_Standing_Rock_SF_Nov_2016_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Standing Rock solidarity march in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, November 2016.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standwithstandingrock_3100234.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Standwithstandingrock_3100234.jpg/220px-Standwithstandingrock_3100234.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Standwithstandingrock_3100234.jpg/330px-Standwithstandingrock_3100234.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Standwithstandingrock_3100234.jpg/440px-Standwithstandingrock_3100234.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Native Nations Rise march in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, March 2017.</figcaption></figure> Many Sioux Tribes passed resolutions in support of Standing Rock, including the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek Tribe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglala Sioux Tribe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud Sioux Tribe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BACKGROUND_ON_THE_DAKOTA_ACCESS_PIPELINE-100">[100]</a> Oklahoma tribes also expressed support for the pipeline protest movement. In August, Principal Chief <a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> said, "As Indian people, we have a right to protect our lands and protect our water rights. That's our responsibility to the next seven generations."<a href="#cite_note-The_Shawnee_News_Star-157">[157]</a> Field reporter <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Chariton" title="Jordan Chariton">Jordan Chariton</a> (of <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a>' on-the-road program TYT Politics) was one of the most active journalists participating in the protests. He commented on the scant presence of journalists from mainstream networks such as <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_youth_groups">Indigenous youth groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indigenous youth groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReZpect_Our_Water_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/ReZpect_Our_Water_logo.png/220px-ReZpect_Our_Water_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/ReZpect_Our_Water_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>ReZpect Our Water - logo of the water runners, youth who ran from Standing Rock to Washington DC to protest the Dakota Access Pipeline in the summer of 2016</figcaption></figure> ReZpect Our Water is an Indigenous youth group that formed to oppose the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> They have been very active in raising public awareness through social media, petitions, teach-ins, rallies, and videos. In May 2016, 13-year-old Anna Lee Rain Yellowhammer and thirty young people launched a petition that opposed the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> It quickly gathered over 80,000 signatures, including celebrity endorsements such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Russell" title="Cameron Russell">Cameron Russell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In April 2016, ReZpect Our Water organized a 2,000 mile cross-country "spiritual run" from North Dakota to Washington, D.C., to protest the construction of the pipeline. Upon the groups arrival they delivered a petition with 160,000 signatures to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GrandForksHerald-StandingRockSues-2016-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In December, 2016, Activist <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> interviewed ReZpect Our Water/Standing Rock Youth organizer Tokata Iron Eyes; she posted a Facebook video of the interview which gained more than a million views in 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The International Indigenous Youth Council has also been active in protests against the pipeline and advocacy for Native American needs. The group was founded by <a href="/wiki/Jasilyn_Charger" title="Jasilyn Charger">Jasilyn Charger</a> (Cheyenne River Sioux of Eagle Butte, South Dakota). <a href="/wiki/Tara_Houska_Zhaabowekwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara Houska Zhaabowekwe">Tara Houska</a> (Ojibwe, Couchiching First Nation of International Falls, Minnesota), national campaigns director of <a href="/wiki/Honor_the_Earth" title="Honor the Earth">Honor the Earth</a>, has actively helped to explain the protest aims. Eryn Wise (Jicarilla Apache and Laguna tribes), Council communications director, hopes to relate history from the Indigenous people's point of view: "We don't ever hear the narrative of indigenous people. We hear people writing our narratives for us."<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acts_of_solidarity_in_U.S._cities">Acts of solidarity in U.S. cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Acts of solidarity in U.S. cities">edit</a>]</div> On September 8, about 500 Native Americans and other protesters marched in Denver to show solidarity with the Standing Rock Americans. State Representative <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Salazar">Joe Salazar</a> spoke about the safety of pipelines and described a recent Colorado Oil and Gas Association statement on oil pipeline safety as "full of lies."<a href="#cite_note-The_Denver_Post-166">[166]</a> On September 16, a rally and march was held in Seattle to show solidarity with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. The mayor of Seattle and city council members joined leaders from Northwest tribes from Quinualt, Makah, Lummi, Suquamish, Tulalip, Swinomish, Puyallup and others to show opposition to the pipeline. <a href="/wiki/Fawn_Sharp" title="Fawn Sharp">Fawn Sharp</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Quinault_Indian_Nation" title="Quinault Indian Nation">Quinault Indian Nation</a> and the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, said that while the tribes are "determined to win this fight", a "deeper fix" is needed. "The U.S. must recognize that we have political equality. This is much larger than a specific infrastructure project. It goes to the fundamental relationship."<a href="#cite_note-Seattle_Times_Mapes-167">[167]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks_Herald" title="Grand Forks Herald">Grand Forks Herald</a>, on October 13 the governments of 19 cities, including St. Louis and Minneapolis, had passed ordinances to support the Standing Rock tribe in opposition of the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-GrandForksHerald-Sanders-2016-168">[168]</a> In October, the Morton County Sheriff requested police from surrounding areas to assist in regulating the protests near the pipeline. The <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane County</a> Sheriff's office of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> sent 10 deputies to aid the local police,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> but they were recalled a few days later because of opposition from the Dane County residents and county officials.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> On November 15, hundreds of cities held protests against the pipeline in a coordinated protest which organizers called a "National Day of Action."<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Hundreds of protesters gathered peacefully in Chicago, Los Angeles, Manhattan, Denver, and other cities; dozens of protesters were arrested, including demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Mandan,_North_Dakota" title="Mandan, North Dakota">Mandan, North Dakota</a>, where protesters were arrested after blocking a railroad.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tara_Houska_Zhaabowekwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara Houska Zhaabowekwe">Tara Houska</a>, Director for <a href="/wiki/Honor_the_Earth" title="Honor the Earth">Honor the Earth</a>, spoke at a rally in New York City saying, "Because of the power of social media and the millions of those at Standing Rock, the Army Corps are going to invite the tribe in to discuss their concerns."<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-172">[172]</a> Senator Bernie Sanders spoke at a protest in front of the White House. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kennedy Jr.">Robert Kennedy Jr.</a> visited the protest camp and spoke to the protesters. He commented on the <a href="/wiki/PBS_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Newshour">PBS Newshour</a>: "I think they have a lot of courage. I think they're standing up for America, that they're standing up in the face of a bully."<a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a> has been described as a reminder of the strained relationship between the U.S. government and native people. On the November 24 holiday, several thousand continued to protest the pipeline; some estimated that the number of protesters, which fluctuates, doubled that day.<a href="#cite_note-ThanksgivingNPR-173">[173]</a> Hundreds of people joined the protest that day,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> including groups from California,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Oregon,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Wisconsin,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Colorado,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> South Carolina,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> and Washington.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Protesters built a floating bridge to Turtle Island, considered sacred ground, and 400 gathered near the bridge, some crossing over to perform a prayer ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-ThanksgivingNPR-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The influx of many new people over Thanksgiving weekend caused new problems, according to some activists. Some criticized a group of young, mostly white, people at the protest for treating it like a festival such as <a href="/wiki/Burning_Man" title="Burning Man">Burning Man</a> by bringing drugs and alcohol, requiring supplies and provisions rather than sustaining themselves, or performing unsolicited live music.<a href="#cite_note-burningman-182">[182]</a> Actress <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> was one of a delegation of 50 people who served a Thanksgiving dinner in nearby <a href="/wiki/Mandan,_North_Dakota" title="Mandan, North Dakota">Mandan</a>, capturing media attention.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Business owners traveled from as far as Massachusetts<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> and Pennsylvania<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> to serve food to protesters at Standing Rock. A Thanksgiving Day protest in Portland, Oregon drew about 350 in heavy rain.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In February 2017, <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>'s city council unanimously voted to not renew its contract with <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> in a move that cites the bank's role as a lender to the Dakota Access Pipeline project as well as its "creation of millions of bogus accounts" and said the bidding process for its next banking partner would involve "social responsibility." The City Council in <a href="/wiki/Davis,_California" title="Davis, California">Davis, California</a>, took a similar action, voting unanimously to find a new bank to handle its accounts by the end of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-NPR2-188">[188]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-03-10_Native_Nations_March_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2017-03-10_Native_Nations_March_4.jpg/220px-2017-03-10_Native_Nations_March_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2017-03-10_Native_Nations_March_4.jpg/330px-2017-03-10_Native_Nations_March_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2017-03-10_Native_Nations_March_4.jpg/440px-2017-03-10_Native_Nations_March_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Native Nations March in Washington, DC. 2017</figcaption></figure> In March 2017, the Standing Rock Sioux tribe led a four-day protest in Washington D.C., culminating in the Native Nations Rise march on March 10. The protesters marched through the capital, pausing to erect a tipi at <a href="/wiki/Old_Post_Office_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Post Office Pavilion">Trump International Hotel</a>, and rallied in front of the White House.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-10mar2017-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_from_military_veterans">Support from military veterans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Support from military veterans">edit</a>]</div> In November, a group called Veterans Stand for Standing Rock formed to participate in nonviolent intervention to defend the demonstrators from what the group has called "assault and intimidation at the hands of the militarized police force." According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, "as many as 2,000 veterans" indicated that they would gather at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation to serve as "human shields" for protesters. The organizers of these protests included a retired Baltimore police sergeant and Wesley Clark, Jr., the son of former Supreme NATO Commander and <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark_presidential_campaign,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley Clark presidential campaign, 2004">2004 presidential candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a>. At the time, Wesley Clark, Jr., was affiliated with <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/US_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="US Representative">Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> supported the protests and travelled to North Dakota in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Following the executive order made by new U.S. president Trump in January 2017 which overturned the decision of former President Obama to halt the construction of the pipeline and the February order in which he authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to proceed, US veterans returned to Standing Rock to a form human shield to protect Dakota Access pipeline protesters. Air force veteran Elizabeth Williams said, "We are prepared to put our bodies between Native elders and a privatized military force. We've stood in the face of fire before. We feel a responsibility to use the skills we have."<a href="#cite_note-Independent2-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="#NODAPL">#NODAPL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: #NODAPL">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NODAPL" title="NODAPL">#NODAPL</a></div> Along with the hashtag #NoDAPL, many other hashtags sprang up on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> to protest the pipeline. The hashtags included #ReZpectOurWater, which is a play on "reservations", #StandWithStandingRock, and #WaterisLife.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Activist <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> posted a Facebook video in which she interviewed 13-year-old water protector, Takota Iron Eyes, which gained more than a million views in 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In December 2016, Klein, writing an editorial in The Nation shortly after the Army Corps of Engineers had turned down the permit for the Dakota Access Pipeline to be built under the Missouri River, said, "The Lesson from Standing Rock: Organizing and Resistance Can Win." As a long-standing climate change activist, Klein said that past resistance has brought about change incrementally and only after a delay following mass actions. However, she wrote, Standing Rock had been "different."<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> However, calling the Army Corps of Engineers request for further study an "incredibly cumbersome, long, horrible permitting process," on January 24, newly elected President Donald Trump signed a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorandum" title="Presidential memorandum">presidential memorandum</a> to advance the construction of the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-Mufson-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg240117-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenized_Energy">Indigenized Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Indigenized Energy">edit</a>]</div> When Dakota Access Pipeline protests began in 2016, then 34 year-old Two Bears was a tribal council member. His community of Cannon Ball hosted one of the encampments until late 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:4-199">[199]</a> A year later, he created an organization named "Indigenized Energy," which aims to bring renewable energy sources to Native communities. In February 2019, the organization's first solar-panel project was completed in Standing Rock.<a href="#cite_note-:4-199">[199]</a> This project is of importance to Two Bears and to many Indigenous communities who claim that The Dakota Access Pipeline protests are what "woke you people up, but we have known for a long time that the colonial capitalism corporate model is attacking this world [...] The energy system dominant across this country is not in line with Native values, and the solution that I came up with is that tribal nations need to create their own energy companies using renewable energy sources."<a href="#cite_note-:4-199">[199]</a> This grassroots solution is following the historic and ongoing citing of polluting industries near Indigenous communities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-199">[199]</a> Meaning, for Two Bears and many others, The Dakota Access Pipeline is not an isolated incident, but rather, it is reflective of the larger citing practices of polluting industries where Native communities have "taken the pollutive brunt of the fossil fuels industry."<a href="#cite_note-:4-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_memorandum_by_Donald_Trump">Presidential memorandum by Donald Trump</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Presidential memorandum by Donald Trump">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protesters_against_Donald_Trump_(31619797533).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protesters_against_Donald_Trump_%2831619797533%29.jpg/220px-Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protesters_against_Donald_Trump_%2831619797533%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protesters_against_Donald_Trump_%2831619797533%29.jpg/330px-Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protesters_against_Donald_Trump_%2831619797533%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protesters_against_Donald_Trump_%2831619797533%29.jpg/440px-Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protesters_against_Donald_Trump_%2831619797533%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Banner against the pipeline in a 2017 inauguration day protest in Minnesota</figcaption></figure> In December 2016, while still directed by the Obama administration, the Army Corps of Engineers decided that further study to address tribal concerns was needed and launched a study on January 18, 2017. But on January 24, newly elected President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorandum" title="Presidential memorandum">presidential memorandum</a> to advance the construction of the pipeline under "terms and conditions to be negotiated". The order would expedite the environmental review that Trump described as an "incredibly cumbersome, long, horrible permitting process."<a href="#cite_note-Mufson-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg240117-198">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_signs_orders_to_green-light_the_Keystone_XL_and_Dakota_Access_pipelines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Donald_Trump_signs_orders_to_green-light_the_Keystone_XL_and_Dakota_Access_pipelines.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_signs_orders_to_green-light_the_Keystone_XL_and_Dakota_Access_pipelines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Donald_Trump_signs_orders_to_green-light_the_Keystone_XL_and_Dakota_Access_pipelines.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_signs_orders_to_green-light_the_Keystone_XL_and_Dakota_Access_pipelines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Donald_Trump_signs_orders_to_green-light_the_Keystone_XL_and_Dakota_Access_pipelines.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_signs_orders_to_green-light_the_Keystone_XL_and_Dakota_Access_pipelines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Trump signing the Presidential memorandum to advance the construction of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines. January 24, 2017</figcaption></figure> On February 7, 2017, Trump authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to proceed, ending its environmental impact assessment and the associated public comment period.<a href="#cite_note-Harder-200">[200]</a> The director of the Indigenous Environmental Network released a statement saying: "The granting of an easement, without any environmental review or tribal consultation, is not the end of this fight—it is the new beginning. Expect mass resistance far beyond what Trump has seen so far. ... Our tribal nations and Indigenous grassroots peoples on the front lines have had no input on this process."<a href="#cite_note-NPR-201">[201]</a> Standing Rock chairman David Archambault II said, "We are not opposed to energy independence. We are opposed to reckless and politically motivated development projects, like DAPL, that ignore our <a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">treaty rights</a> and risk our water. Creating a second <a href="/wiki/Flint_water_crisis" title="Flint water crisis">Flint</a> does not make America great again."<a href="#cite_note-Independent-202">[202]</a> Appearing as a guest on <a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert" title="The Late Show with Stephen Colbert">The Late Show with Stephen Colbert</a> on February 12, actress and activist <a href="/wiki/Shailene_Woodley" title="Shailene Woodley">Shailene Woodley</a> said that, rather than gather at the Dakota protest site, the best way to oppose the pipeline may be to boycott banks that fund it and to take part in local protests.<a href="#cite_note-InForum-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions_2">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> In September 2016, Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> spoke to a crowd of about 3,000 members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and other tribal nations and supporters at a protest held outside of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Saying "the pipeline threatens the environment and water resources and exploits Native Americans", he asked President Obama to take action and conduct a full environmental and cultural impact analysis of the project, which he believed would kill the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-Sanders-2016-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Following the use of the National Guard and police in riot gear to remove protesters from a protest camp in October, Sanders again called on the president to suspend construction of the pipeline. In a letter to the President, Sanders said in part: "It is deeply distressing to me that the federal government is putting the profits of the oil industry ahead of the treaty and sovereign rights of Native American communities. Mr. President, you took a bold and principled stand against the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a> – I ask you to take a similar stand against the Dakota Access Pipeline."<a href="#cite_note-Bernie_Sanders-205">[205]</a> Saying that the Dakota Access pipeline project is part of a "long history of pushing the impacts of pollution onto the most economically and politically disadvantaged people and communities across this country", Representative <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Grijalva" title="Raúl Grijalva">Raúl Grijalva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking Democrat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources" title="United States House Committee on Natural Resources">House Natural Resources Committee</a>, on September 22 asked the Army Corps of Engineers to withdraw the existing permits for the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News1-103">[103]</a> Saying "the project's current permits should be suspended and all construction stopped until a complete environmental and cultural review has been completed for the entire project", Senators <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Cardin">Benjamin Cardin</a> on October 13 called on President Barack Obama to order a comprehensive environmental review of the pipeline project. They also requested stronger tribal consultation for the contested part of the route.<a href="#cite_note-GrandForksHerald-Sanders-2016-168">[168]</a> Calling the proposed pipeline route "the ripest case of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a> I have seen in a long time", on October 26 the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> announced support for the movement, saying, "The tribes of this country have sacrificed a lot so this great country could be built. With promises broken, land stolen and sacred lands desecrated, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is standing up for their right to clean water. They have lost land for settlers to farm, more land for gold in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Expedition" title="Black Hills Expedition"> Black Hills</a>, and then again, even more, land for the <a href="/wiki/Oahe_Dam" title="Oahe Dam"> dam</a> that was built for hydropower. When will the taking stop?"<a href="#cite_note-The_Seattle_Times-106">[106]</a> In September, Obama spoke to tribal representatives, saying, "I know that many of you have come together across tribes and across the country to support the community at Standing Rock. And together, you're making your voices heard." He again discussed the protest movement on November 2 saying that "we're going to let it play out for several more weeks and determine whether or not this can be resolved in a way that I think is properly attentive to the traditions of First Americans."<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-206">[206]</a> In an October 28, 2016 public statement, Chief <a href="/wiki/Arvol_Looking_Horse" title="Arvol Looking Horse">Arvol Looking Horse</a>, spiritual leader and Keeper of the Sacred Pipe Bundle of the <a href="/wiki/Oceti_Sakowin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceti Sakowin">Lakota/Dakota/Nakota Nations</a>, invoked his role as the voice of traditional government of the Great Sioux Nation and called upon <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Barack Obama</a> to communicate "nation to nation, as indicated by our treaties."<a href="#cite_note-LookingHorse-Oct28-207">[207]</a> Several members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives weighed in on the protest on November 29, 2016. Senators <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> of Minnesota and <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> of New Jersey called upon U.S. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> to investigate the tactics of law enforcement officers against peaceful protesters, and to send monitors to track any violence against protesters.<a href="#cite_note-SalonCongressFinally-208">[208]</a> Several members of the House made statements as well, and Representative <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> of Hawaii announced plans to join hundreds of other military veterans in protecting the protesters in early December.<a href="#cite_note-SalonCongressFinally-208">[208]</a> Native American <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a> players <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Thompson" title="Lyle Thompson">Lyle Thompson</a> and his brothers <a href="/wiki/Miles_Thompson" title="Miles Thompson">Miles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thompson_(lacrosse)" title="Jeremy Thompson (lacrosse)">Jeremy</a> and Hiana and others including Bill O'Brien and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Marr" title="Scott Marr">Scott Marr</a>, used social media to support the protesters. They visited the camp as well, bringing lacrosse sticks and organizing games, giving instructions to those who had never before played the game. Following the Trump administration's January 2017 reversal of the Court decisions made under the Obama administration, the players said that they planned to continue with their support. <a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Following her unexpected win in the 2018 New York Democratic primary race, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> credited the time she spent at the protest camp as the reason for her decision run for political office. In an interview she recalled her visit to Standing Rock as a tipping point, saying that she had previously felt that the only way to effectively run for office was if you had access to wealth, social influence, and power. But her visit to North Dakota, where she saw others "putting their whole lives and everything that they had on the line for the protection of their community," inspired her to begin to work within her own community.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The media did not report on the Dakota Access Pipeline protests until about five months after it had started happening and gaining attention on social media (they started reporting in August 2016).<a href="#cite_note-:1-211">[211]</a> Some argue that this shows the media is indifferent toward Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-:1-211">[211]</a> And what they did report included stereotypes about Native Americans, describing teepees and speaking of poverty and alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awake:_A_Dream_From_Standing_Rock" title="Awake: A Dream From Standing Rock">Awake: A Dream From Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge_Line_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Enbridge Line 3">Line 3 Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Line_3_protests" title="Stop Line 3 protests">Stop Line 3 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_bridge_controversy" title="Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy">Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Indigenous land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_No_More" title="Idle No More">Idle No More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_spills" title="List of oil spills">List of oil spills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pipeline_accidents_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pipeline accidents in the United States in the 21st century">List of pipeline accidents in the United States in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_treaties#U.S.–Native_American_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States treaties">List of U.S.–Native American treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_pipelines#North_America" title="List of oil pipelines">List of oil pipelines in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">Water protectors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hayes-Oct28-16-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes-Oct28-16_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHayes,_Kelly2016" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Kelly (October 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yesmagazine.org/how-to-talk-about-standing-rock-20161028">"Remember This When You Talk About Standing Rock"</a>. Yes! Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103001416/http://www.yesmagazine.org/how-to-talk-about-standing-rock-20161028">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016. <q>It is crucial that people recognize that Standing Rock is part of an ongoing struggle against colonial violence. #NoDAPL is a front of struggle in a long-erased war against Native peoples — a war that has been active since the first contact and waged without interruption... So when you talk about Standing Rock, please begin by acknowledging that this pipeline was redirected from an area where it was most likely to impact white people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remember+This+When+You+Talk+About+Standing+Rock&rft.pub=Yes%21+Magazine&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yesmagazine.org%2Fhow-to-talk-about-standing-rock-20161028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapple2017" class="citation web cs1">Papple, Dawn (April 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquisitr.com/4141203/details-uncovered-about-damjan-nedelkovski-dapl-protester-found-dead-in-cannonball-river/">"Details Uncovered About Damjan Nedelkovski, DAPL Protester Found Dead In Cannonball River"</a>. inquisitr.com. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223232742/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/23/dakota-access-pipeline-camp-cleared-standing-rock">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Police+remove+last+Standing+Rock+protesters+in+military-style+takeover&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Julia+Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fdakota-access-pipeline-camp-cleared-standing-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsaw.com/content/news/Major-cleanup-underway-at-pipeline-protest-camps-413110843.html">"Major cleanup underway at pipeline protest camps"</a>. WSAW. Wausau. CNN. February 7, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121183804/https://www.wsaw.com/content/news/Major-cleanup-underway-at-pipeline-protest-camps-413110843.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2018. 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Retrieved March 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KCCI&rft.atitle=Crews+scramble+to+clear+tons+of+trash+left+behind+by+pipeline+protesters&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcci.com%2Farticle%2Fcrews-scramble-to-clear-tons-of-trash-left-behind-by-pipeline-protesters%2F8941531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/video/police-sort-through-protest-camp-trash-for-contraband-871455811739">"Police Sort Through Protest Camp Trash for Contraband"</a>. NBC News. KFYR. 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July 7, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924040952/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/06/dakota-access-pipeline-environment-oil">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2020. 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The Bismarck Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/pipeline-route-plan-first-called-for-crossing-north-of-bismarck/article_64d053e4-8a1a-5198-a1dd-498d386c933c.html">the original</a> on November 1, 2016. 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Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Jose+helps+Standing+Rock+Sioux+protest+Big+Oil%2C+pipeline&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2016%2F11%2F23%2Fponciano-standing-rock-sioux-need-silicon-valleys-help%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050659/http://www.kezi.com/news/local/402355836.html">"KEZI.com – Eugene Group Heads to Standing Rock for Thanksgiving"</a>. November 21, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kezi.com/news/local/402355836.html">the original</a> on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KEZI.com+%E2%80%93+Eugene+Group+Heads+to+Standing+Rock+for+Thanksgiving&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kezi.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F402355836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnley" class="citation web cs1">Burnley, Alexandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133308/http://www.waow.com/story/33790499/northcentral-wisconsin-pipeline-protesters-spend-thanksgiving-at-standing-rock">"Northcentral Wisconsin pipeline protesters spend Thanksgiving at Standing Rock"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waow.com/story/33790499/northcentral-wisconsin-pipeline-protesters-spend-thanksgiving-at-standing-rock">the original</a> on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northcentral+Wisconsin+pipeline+protesters+spend+Thanksgiving+at+Standing+Rock&rft.aulast=Burnley&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waow.com%2Fstory%2F33790499%2Fnorthcentral-wisconsin-pipeline-protesters-spend-thanksgiving-at-standing-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305181637/https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/durango-protesters-to-join-standing-rock-for-thanksgiving">"Durango Protesters To Join Standing Rock For Thanksgiving"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/durango-protesters-to-join-standing-rock-for-thanksgiving">the original</a> on March 5, 2017. 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Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlestonians+from+Standing+Rock+on+Thanksgiving+week%3A+%22We+need+people%22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Rae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlestoncitypaper.com%2FTheBattery%2Farchives%2F2016%2F11%2F22%2Fcharlestonians-from-standing-rock-on-thanksgiving-week-we-need-more-bodies-and-warm-spaces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/news/standing-rock-caravan-leaves-from-port-townsend-today/">"Standing Rock caravan leaves from Port Townsend – Peninsula Daily News"</a>. November 21, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133600/http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/news/standing-rock-caravan-leaves-from-port-townsend-today/">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2016. 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Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jane+Fonda+Will+Serve+Thanksgiving+Dinner+To+The+Standing+Rock+Protestors&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papermag.com%2Fjane-fonda-will-serve-thanksgiving-dinner-standing-rock-protestors-2105357027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorbecke,_Catherine2016" class="citation web cs1">Thorbecke, Catherine (November 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc13.com/news/thanksgiving-at-dakota-access-pipeline-protest/1624314/">"Thanksgiving at Dakota Access Pipeline Protest"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051545/https://abc13.com/news/thanksgiving-at-dakota-access-pipeline-protest/1624314/">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2016. 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Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Barrington+chef+cooks+Thanksgiving+dinner+at+Standing+Rock&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.au=Gentile%2C+Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkshireeagle.com%2Fstories%2Fgreat-barrington-chef-cooks-thanksgiving-dinner-at-standing-rock%2C490194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGammage,_Jeff2016" class="citation web cs1">Gammage, Jeff (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20161124_Philly_pilgrims_travel_west_to_serve_Thanksgiving_dinner_to_Indians.html">"Philly restaurateurs to serve Thanksgiving dinner at Standing Rock"</a>. Philly.com. 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Retrieved December 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philly.com&rft.atitle=Philly+restaurateurs+to+serve+Thanksgiving+dinner+at+Standing+Rock&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.au=Gammage%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fnews%2F20161124_Philly_pilgrims_travel_west_to_serve_Thanksgiving_dinner_to_Indians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheen,_Andrew2016" class="citation web cs1">Theen, Andrew (November 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/standing_rock_rally_draws_hund.html">"Standing Rock rally draws hundreds to downtown Portland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001813/http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/standing_rock_rally_draws_hund.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2017. 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Retrieved April 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2+Cities+To+Pull+More+Than+%243+Billion+From+Wells+Fargo+Over+Dakota+Access+Pipeline&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2017%2F02%2F08%2F514133514%2Ftwo-cities-vote-to-pull-more-than-3-billion-from-wells-fargo-over-dakota-pipelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988">2 Cities To Pull More Than $3 Billion From Wells Fargo Over Dakota Access Pipeline </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-10mar2017-189"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-10mar2017_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambino2017" class="citation news cs1">Gambino, Lauren (March 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/10/native-nations-march-washington-dakota-access-pipeline">"Native Americans take Dakota Access pipeline protest to Washington"</a>. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102192602/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/02/dakota-access-obama-says-army-corps-is-weighing-whether-to-reroute-pipeline/">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=On+Dakota+Access%2C+Obama+says+Army+Corps+is+weighing+whether+to+%27reroute%27+pipeline&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.au=Eilperin%2C+Juliet&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F11%2F02%2Fdakota-access-obama-says-army-corps-is-weighing-whether-to-reroute-pipeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LookingHorse-Oct28-207"><a href="#cite_ref-LookingHorse-Oct28_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooking_Horse2016" class="citation news cs1">Looking Horse, Chief Arvol (October 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/10/28/chief-arvol-looking-horse-obama-keep-your-word-166266">"Chief Arvol Looking Horse to Obama: Keep Your Word"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country_Today_Media_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Country Today Media Network">Indian Country Today Media Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030142936/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/10/28/chief-arvol-looking-horse-obama-keep-your-word-166266">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2016. 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Retrieved December 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Congress+finally+begins+to+notice+the+Dakota+Access+Pipeline+protests+at+Standing+Rock&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Tesfaye&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2016%2F11%2F29%2Fcongress-finally-begins-to-notice-the-dakota-access-pipeline-protests-at-standing-rock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2017" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Evan (January 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/leading-lacrosse-figures-join-fight-dapl-article-1.2955328">"Leading lacrosse figures join resistance against President Trump and Dakota Access Pipeline"</a>. Daily News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031650/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/leading-lacrosse-figures-join-fight-dapl-article-1.2955328">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2017. 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Retrieved July 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cut&rft.atitle=The+28-Year-Old+at+the+Center+of+One+of+This+Year%27s+Most+Exciting+Primaries&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.aulast=Paiella&rft.aufirst=Gabriella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecut.com%2F2018%2F06%2Falexandria-ocasio-cortez-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_211-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhtone" class="citation web cs1">Ahtone, Tristan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2016/12/14/how-media-did-and-did-not-report-on-standing-rock">"How media did and did not report on Standing Rock"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved August 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=How+media+did+and+did+not+report+on+Standing+Rock&rft.aulast=Ahtone&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2016%2F12%2F14%2Fhow-media-did-and-did-not-report-on-standing-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADakota+Access+Pipeline+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216183259/http://sacredstonecamp.org/">Camp of the Sacred Stones</a> - First Water Protectors camp formed at Standing Rock</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterprotectorlegal.org/">Water Protector Legal Collective</a> - Non-profit legal organization formed to defend Water Protectors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rezpectourwater.com/">ReZpect Our Water</a> - Standing Rock Youth and Water Runners</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23NoDAPL&src=typd">NoDAPL Twitter feed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodaplarchive.com">NoDAPL Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2016cv1534-39">Memorandum Opinion of "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe vs U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"</a> - September 2016 - U.S. District Court</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daplpipelinefacts.com/">DAPL Pipeline Facts</a> - Oil Industry information about the pipeline</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orionmagazine.org/article/women-standing-rock/">Orion Magazine</a> - Women and Standing Rock</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations">more ...</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led international bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Minority_rights" title="Category:Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Riots_and_civil_unrest_in_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1980–present)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Riots in the United States (1980–present)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Riots in the United States (1980–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riots in the United States (1980–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riots_and_civil_unrest_in_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1980–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Riots and civil unrest in the history of the United States</a> (1980–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">1980–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_desegregation_busing_crisis" title="Boston desegregation busing crisis">Boston desegregation busing crisis</a> (1974–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Miami_riots" title="1980 Miami riots">1980 Miami riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Overtown_riot" title="1982 Overtown riot">1982 Overtown riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_Patch_riots" title="Cabbage Patch riots">Cabbage Patch riots</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Conner_Correctional_Center" title="Dick Conner Correctional Center">1983 Dick Conner Correctional Center riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggieville_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggieville riots">Aggieville riots</a> (1984; 1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_riots#1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit riots">1984 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Tampa_riots" title="1987 Tampa riots">1987 Tampa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_prison_riots" title="Atlanta prison riots">Atlanta prison riots</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Grove,_Shreveport,_Louisiana#1988_Riot" title="Cedar Grove, Shreveport, Louisiana">1988 Cedar Grove riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Tompkins_Square_Park_riot" title="1988 Tompkins Square Park riot">1988 Tompkins Square Park riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Correctional_Institution_%E2%80%93_Camp_Hill#1989_riots" title="State Correctional Institution – Camp Hill">1989 SCI Camp Hill riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Miami_riot" title="1989 Miami riot">1989 Miami riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Detroit_riot" title="1990 Detroit riot">1990 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Phillip_Pannell#Aftermath" title="Shooting of Phillip Pannell">Phillip Pannell shooting aftermath</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southport_Correctional_Facility#Incidents" title="Southport Correctional Facility">1990 Southport Correctional Facility riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Talladega" title="Federal Correctional Institution, Talladega">1991 FCI Talladega riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverport_Riot" title="Riverport Riot">Riverport Riot</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls_Championship_riots#1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Bulls Championship riots">1991 Chicago Bulls Championship riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">1992–2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mountain_Community_Correctional_Facility" title="Eagle Mountain Community Correctional Facility">2003 Eagle Mountain Correctional riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_Mardi_Gras#2004_Mardi_Gras_riot_and_its_immediate_aftermath" title="San Luis Obispo Mardi Gras">2004 San Luis Obispo Mardi Gras riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_County_Correctional_Facility#2006_riot" title="North County Correctional Facility">2006 North County Correctional Facility riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_punk_riot" title="San Bernardino punk riot">San Bernardino punk riot</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_MacArthur_Park_rallies" title="2007 MacArthur Park rallies">2007 MacArthur Park rallies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Washington_Heights_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Washington Heights riots">1992 Washington Heights riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock_%2799" title="Woodstock '99">Woodstock '99</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ohio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ohio_Correctional_Facility#1993_riot" title="Southern Ohio Correctional Facility">1993 Southern Ohio Correctional Facility riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_2001" title="Cincinnati riots of 2001">Cincinnati riots of 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Toledo_riot" title="2005 Toledo riot">2005 Toledo riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Washington,_D.C.,_riot" title="1991 Washington, D.C., riot">1991 Washington, D.C., riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls_Championship_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Bulls Championship riots">Chicago Bulls Championship riots</a> (1992–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Las_Vegas_riots" title="West Las Vegas riots">West Las Vegas riots</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida_riots_of_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg, Florida riots of 1996">St. Petersburg, Florida riots of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_student_riots" title="Michigan State University student riots">Michigan State University student riots</a> (1998; 1999; 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Mardi_Gras_riot" title="Seattle Mardi Gras riot">Seattle Mardi Gras riot</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Harbor_riots#2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Benton Harbor riots">2003 Benton Harbor riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Prison_Complex_%E2%80%93_Lewis#Standoff" title="Arizona State Prison Complex – Lewis">2004 ASPC-Lewis riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_American_League_Championship_Series#Game_7" title="2004 American League Championship Series">2004 ALCS Game 7 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle_Correctional_Facility#Riot_of_April_24,_2007" title="New Castle Correctional Facility">2007 New Castle Correctional riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">2008–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Oscar_Grant#Protests_and_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Oscar Grant">Oscar Grant shooting protests and riots</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Oakland_general_strike" title="2011 Oakland general strike">2011 Oakland general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Anaheim,_California_police_shooting_and_protests" title="2012 Anaheim, California police shooting and protests">2012 Anaheim police shooting and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Oakland_riots" title="2014 Oakland riots">2014 Oakland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Oakland_riots" title="2016 Oakland riots">2016 Oakland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sacramento_riot" title="2016 Sacramento riot">2016 Sacramento riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minnesota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention#Protests" title="2008 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Minneapolis" title="Occupy Minneapolis">Occupy Minneapolis</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jamar_Clark" title="Killing of Jamar Clark">Killing of Jamar Clark</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Philando_Castile#Protests_and_civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Philando Castile">Shooting of Philando Castile</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Justine_Damond#Reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Justine Damond">Shooting of Justine Damond</a> (2017)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a> (2016–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> (2020–protests)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_racial_unrest" title="2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest">2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_Square_occupied_protest" title="George Floyd Square occupied protest">George Floyd Square occupied protest</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Minneapolis_false_rumors_riot" title="2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot">2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Dolal_Idd" title="Killing of Dolal Idd">Killing of Dolal Idd</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daunte_Wright_protests" title="Daunte Wright protests">Daunte Wright protests</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Uptown_Minneapolis_unrest" title="2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest">2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Deona_Marie_Knajdek" title="Killing of Deona Marie Knajdek">Killing of Deona Marie Knajdek</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Akron,_Ohio#Riots_of_2009" title="Crime in Akron, Ohio">Akron riots of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_student_riots#December_8,_2013" title="Michigan State University student riots">2013 Michigan State University student riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">Ferguson unrest</a> (2014–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Baltimore_protests" title="2015 Baltimore protests">2015 Baltimore protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Mansur_Ball-Bey#Protest_and_civil_unrest_in_immediate_aftermath" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Mansur Ball-Bey">Mansur Ball-Bey shooting civil unrest</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Malheur_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge">2016 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Milwaukee_riots" title="2016 Milwaukee riots">2016 Milwaukee riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Keith_Lamont_Scott#Protests_and_rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Keith Lamont Scott">Keith Lamont Scott shooting rioting</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Portland,_Oregon_riots" title="2016 Portland, Oregon riots">2016 Portland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Occupied_Protest" title="Capitol Hill Occupied Protest">2020 Seattle Capitol Hill Occupied Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha_unrest" title="Kenosha unrest">2020 Kenosha protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020–2023 United States racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">2021 United States inauguration week protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Cop_City" title="Stop Cop City">Stop Cop City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Union_Square_riot" title="2023 Union Square riot">2023 Union Square riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses">2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_Colonial_North_America" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America">List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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