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<li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Troubles"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Troubles""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>"The Troubles"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Troubles"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>First deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policing_in_a_divided_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policing_in_a_divided_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Policing in a divided society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policing_in_a_divided_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ill-treatment_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ill-treatment_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ill-treatment of children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ill-treatment_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patten_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patten_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Patten report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patten_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loyalist_collusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loyalist_collusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Loyalist collusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loyalist_collusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_Patrol_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Patrol_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Special Patrol Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Patrol_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Stevens_Inquiries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Stevens_Inquiries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>The Stevens Inquiries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Stevens_Inquiries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_Ombudsman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_Ombudsman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Police Ombudsman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_Ombudsman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chief officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Firearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_Cross_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_Cross_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>George Cross Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_Cross_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Ulster Constabulary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%A1_ulstersk%C3%A1_policie" title="Královská ulsterská policie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Královská ulsterská policie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwnstabliaeth_Frenhinol_Ulster" title="Cwnstabliaeth Frenhinol Ulster – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwnstabliaeth Frenhinol Ulster" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuninglik_Ulsteri_Politseij%C3%B5ud" title="Kuninglik Ulsteri Politseijõud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuninglik Ulsteri Politseijõud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%8C%CE%BB%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Βασιλική Χωροφυλακή του Όλστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασιλική Χωροφυλακή του Όλστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_royale_de_l%27Ulster" title="Police royale de l'Ulster – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Police royale de l'Ulster" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const%C3%A1blacht_R%C3%ADoga_Uladh" title="Constáblacht Ríoga Uladh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Constáblacht Ríoga Uladh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD_%EC%96%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EC%B0%B0%EB%8C%80" title="왕립 얼스터 경찰대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왕립 얼스터 경찰대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="כוח השיטור המלכותי של אלסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוח השיטור המלכותי של אלסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Королевская полиция Ольстера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевская полиция Ольстера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryal_Ulster_Constabular" title="Ryal Ulster Constabular – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ryal Ulster Constabular" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovsk%C3%A1_ulstersk%C3%A1_pol%C3%ADcia" title="Kráľovská ulsterská polícia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kráľovská ulsterská polícia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Royal Ulster Constabulary" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Kraliyet_Polisi" title="Ulster Kraliyet Polisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulster Kraliyet Polisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="皇家阿爾斯特警察 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皇家阿爾斯特警察" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Police force of Northern Ireland (1922–2001)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Royal+Ulster+Constabulary%22">"Royal Ulster Constabulary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Royal+Ulster+Constabulary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Royal+Ulster+Constabulary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Royal+Ulster+Constabulary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Royal+Ulster+Constabulary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Royal+Ulster+Constabulary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Law enforcement agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Royal Ulster Constabulary</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Badge of the RUC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Badge_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.png/140px-Badge_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Badge_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.png/210px-Badge_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Badge_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.png/280px-Badge_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.png 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Badge of the RUC</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Ulster_Constabulary_Cap_Badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cap Badge of the RUC from 1970 onwards." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary_Cap_Badge.png/140px-Royal_Ulster_Constabulary_Cap_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary_Cap_Badge.png/210px-Royal_Ulster_Constabulary_Cap_Badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary_Cap_Badge.png/280px-Royal_Ulster_Constabulary_Cap_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="767" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cap Badge of the RUC from 1970 onwards.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the RUC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png/140px-Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png/210px-Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png/280px-Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="851" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the RUC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">RUC</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1922</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legal personality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Police_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Police force">Police force</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Jurisdictional structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency#natlea" title="Law enforcement agency">National agency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operations jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSNI_Map_Northern_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/PSNI_Map_Northern_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Map of Royal Ulster Constabulary's jurisdiction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">14,130 km<sup>2</sup> (5,460 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Countries_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Countries-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">General nature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency#locpol" title="Law enforcement agency">Local civilian police</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Royal Ulster Constabulary</b> (<b>RUC</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> force in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> from 1922 to 2001. It was founded on 1 June 1922 as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a> (RIC)<sup id="cite_ref-doherty_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a>. At its peak the force had around 8,500 officers, with a further 4,500 who were members of the RUC Reserve. </p><p>The RUC policed Northern Ireland from the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> until after the turn of the 21st century and played a major role in <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> between the 1960s and the 1990s. Due to the threat from the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA), who saw the RUC as enforcing British rule, the force was <a href="/wiki/Militarization_of_police" title="Militarization of police">heavily armed and militarised</a>. Officers routinely carried <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, travelled in armoured vehicles, and were based in heavily fortified police stations.<sup id="cite_ref-policing_under_fire_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policing_under_fire-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first police force to use <a href="/wiki/Rubber_bullet" title="Rubber bullet">rubber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullet" title="Plastic bullet">plastic bullets</a> for riot control. </p><p>The RUC's membership was overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Protestant</a>, leading to accusations by sections of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> minority of one-sided policing and <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>. Officers were also accused of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> as well as collusion with <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> paramilitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, it was praised as one of the most professional police forces in the world by British security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Troubles, 319 RUC officers were killed and almost 9,000 injured in paramilitary assassinations or attacks, mostly by the IRA, which made the RUC the most dangerous police force in the world in which to serve by 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same period, the RUC killed 55 people, 28 of whom were civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the RUC was awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a> for bravery. </p><p>The RUC was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> (PSNI) in 2001, as mandated by the final version of the <a href="/wiki/Police_(Northern_Ireland)_Act_2000" title="Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000">Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allegations regarding collusion prompted several inquiries, the most recent of which was authored by <a href="/wiki/Police_Ombudsman_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland">Police Ombudsman</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuala_O%27Loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuala O'Loan">Nuala O'Loan</a> in 2007. The report identified police, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal investigation department">CID</a> and <a href="/wiki/RUC_Special_Branch" title="RUC Special Branch">Special Branch</a> collusion with loyalist terrorists, but no member of the RUC has been charged or convicted of any criminal acts as a result of these inquiries. O'Loan stated in her conclusions that there was no reason to believe the findings of the investigation were isolated incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under section 60 of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> was placed under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a> (RIC). On 31 January 1921, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawson_Bates" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Dawson Bates">Richard Dawson Bates</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_for_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland">Minister of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland</a>, appointed a committee of inquiry on police organisation in the region. It was asked to advise on any alterations to the existing police necessary for the formation of a new force (i.e. recruitment and conditions of service, composition, strength and cost).<sup id="cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrownedHarp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An interim report was published on 28 March 1922, the first official report of the new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a>, and was subsequently accepted by the Northern Ireland Government. On 29 April 1922, King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> granted to the force the name Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC).<sup id="cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrownedHarp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> In May, the Parliament of Northern Ireland passed the Constabulary Act 1922, and the RUC officially came into existence on 1 June. The headquarters of the force was established at Atlantic Buildings, Waring Street, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>. The uniform remained essentially the same as that of the RIC – a dark green, as opposed to the dark blue worn by the other <a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of the United Kingdom">British police forces</a> and the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a></span></span>. A new badge of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand of Ulster</a> on a <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St George's Cross</a> surrounded by a chain was designed but proved unpopular and was never uniformly adopted. Eventually the harp and crown insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Order of St Patrick</a>, as worn by the RIC, was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-doherty_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the beginning the RUC had a dual role, unique among British police forces, of providing a normal <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> service while enforcing the new Northern Ireland entity in the face of considerable opposition, both armed and unarmed.<sup id="cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrownedHarp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> To this end, its members were armed, as the RIC had been. The RUC was limited by statute to a 3,000-strong force.<sup id="cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrownedHarp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> Initially, a third of positions within the force were reserved for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Catholics</a>, a reflection of the denominational proportions of the population of Northern Ireland at that time. The first two thousand places were filled quickly and those reserved for Catholics were filled mainly by ex-RIC members fleeing north. Due to reluctance by the political establishment to employ too many Catholics (who were seen as potentially disloyal to the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a> ethos of the new government) the force abandoned this policy. As a result, representation of Catholics in the RUC never exceeded 20%. In addition, many Catholics who joined the force, particularly during the Troubles, were targeted for murder or ostracised by their own community. By the 1960s, representation of Catholics in the RUC had fallen to 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RUC were supported by the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a>, a volunteer body of part-time <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_police" title="Auxiliary police">auxiliary police</a> established before the Northern Ireland government was set up, who had already been given uniforms and training. The RUC's senior officer, the Inspector General, was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Governor of Northern Ireland">Governor of Northern Ireland</a> and was responsible to the Minister of Home Affairs in the Northern Ireland government for the maintenance of law and order.<sup id="cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrownedHarp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The polarised political climate in Northern Ireland resulted in violence from both sides of the political and sectarian divide. The lawlessness that affected the region during the early 1920s, and the problems it caused for the RUC, are indicated in a police report drawn up by District Inspector R.R. Spears in February 1923. Referring to the situation in Belfast after July 1921 he stated:</p><blockquote><p>For twelve months after that, the city was in a state of turmoil. The IRA (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922-69)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1922-69)">Irish Republican Army</a>) was responsible for an enormous number of murders, bombings, shootings and incendiary fires. The work of the police against them was, however, greatly hampered by the fact that the rough element on the Protestant side entered thoroughly into the disturbances, met murder with murder and adopted in many respects the tactics of the rebel gunmen. In the endeavour to cope simultaneously with the warring factions the police efforts were practically nullified. They were quite unable to rely on the restraint of one party while they dealt with the other.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>About ninety police officers were killed between 1920 and 1922 in what would become Northern Ireland (see <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Northern_Ireland_(1920%E2%80%931922)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922)">The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922)</a>). The security forces were implicated in reprisal killings of Catholics but no convictions ever rendered. Most notable of these incidents were the <a href="/wiki/McMahon_killings" title="McMahon killings">McMahon killings</a> on 26 March 1922, in which six Catholics were killed; and the <a href="/wiki/Arnon_Street_killings" title="Arnon Street killings">Arnon Street killings</a> several days later on 1 April 1922, in which six more Catholics were shot dead in retaliation for the IRA killing of a policeman.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1920s the situation had calmed down; for the next forty-five years the murder rate in Northern Ireland would be lower than in the rest of the UK and the crime detection rate higher.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1920s and 1930s were years of economic <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a>. Many of Northern Ireland's traditional industries, notably linen and shipbuilding, were in <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a>, which contributed to the already high level of unemployment. Serious rioting broke out in 1932 in Belfast in protest at inadequate relief for the unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the growth of motorised transport, the RUC Traffic Branch was formed on 1 January 1930. In 1936 the police depot at <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a> was formally opened and an £800,000 scheme to create a network of 196 police barracks throughout Northern Ireland by rationalizing or repairing the 224 premises inherited from the RIC was underway.<sup id="cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrownedHarp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> In May 1937 a new white glass lamp with the RUC crest went up for the first time to replace the RIC crest still on many stations. About the same time the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">Criminal Investigation Department</a> (CID) in Belfast was significantly expanded, with a detective head constable being appointed to head the CID force in each of the five Belfast police districts. There was sporadic IRA activity in the 1930s. </p><p>In 1937, on the occasion of the visit of <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">King George VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a> to the province, the IRA blew up a number of <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> posts. In 1939 the IRA launched its <a href="/wiki/S-Plan" title="S-Plan">Sabotage Campaign</a> in England, which would end a few days before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. The war brought additional responsibilities for the police: the security of the land border with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, which remained neutral during the war, was one important consideration; smuggling greatly increased due to <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a>, to the point where police virtually became revenue officers; and many wartime regulations had to be enforced, including "<a href="/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)" title="Blackout (wartime)">black-out</a>" requirements on house and vehicle lights, the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Labor_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor strike">striking</a> workers, port security, and restrictions on the movement of vehicles and use of petrol.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RUC was a "reserved occupation", i.e. the police force was deemed essential to the domestic war effort and its members were forbidden to leave to join the other services. The wartime situation gave a new urgency to discussions regarding the appointment of women police. The Ministry of Home Affairs finally gave approval to the enrolment of women as members of the RUC on 16 April 1943, with the first six recruits starting on 15 November, headed by <a href="/wiki/Marion_Paterson_Macmillan" title="Marion Paterson Macmillan">Marion Paterson Macmillan</a>, who transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>. Post-war policies brought about a gradual improvement in the lot of the RUC, interrupted only by a return to hostilities by the IRA <a href="/wiki/Border_Campaign_(IRA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Campaign (IRA)">border campaign</a> from 1957 to 1962, in which seven RUC officers were killed. The force was streamlined in the 1960s, a new headquarters was opened at <a href="/wiki/Knock,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock, Belfast">Knock, Belfast</a> and a number of rural <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> were closed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Troubles""><span id=".22The_Troubles.22"></span>"The Troubles"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "The Troubles""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Special:EditPage/Royal Ulster Constabulary">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Talk:Royal Ulster Constabulary">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Special:EditPage/Royal Ulster Constabulary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Royal_Ulster_Constabulary##" title="Talk:Royal Ulster Constabulary">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG/220px-RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG/330px-RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG/440px-RUC_PSNI_Dungiven.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Picture showing the fortifications of the RUC station in <a href="/wiki/Dungiven" title="Dungiven">Dungiven</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> protests during the 1960s, and the reaction to them, marked the beginning of the conflict that became known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>". The RUC found itself confronting marchers protesting against <a href="/wiki/Gerrymander" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymander">gerrymandering</a> of local electoral wards and discrimination in local housing allocation. Many of these <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a> protests were banned or truncated by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">government of Northern Ireland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a> were controversial, with the unit seen by some nationalists as more anti-Catholic and anti-nationalist than the RUC, which, unlike the B Specials, did attract some Catholic recruits. The severe pressure on the RUC and the perceived partiality of the B-Specials led, during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_riots_of_August_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland riots of August 1969">Northern Ireland riots of August 1969</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> being called in to support the civil administration under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a>. Catholics largely turned away from the British Army, who they saw as treating Protestants differently, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform">Reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The high level of civil unrest led to an exhaustive inquiry into the disturbances in Northern Ireland carried out by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Scarman,_Baron_Scarman" title="Leslie Scarman, Baron Scarman">Lord Scarman</a>, which produced a report in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> in 1969, called on Brigadier <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt" title="John Hunt, Baron Hunt">John Hunt</a> (Lord Hunt) to assess, advise and report on the policing situation. He was assisted in this task by Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mark" title="Robert Mark">Robert Mark</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Commissioner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a>, and Sir James Robertson, then-<a href="/wiki/Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Constable">Chief Constable</a> of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Police" title="City of Glasgow Police">Glasgow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Report" title="Hunt Report">Hunt Report</a> was published on 3 October 1969, and most of its recommendations were subsequently accepted and implemented. The aim was to completely reorganise the RUC, both modernizing the force and bringing it into line with the other police forces in the UK. This meant the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/UK_police_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="UK police ranks">British rank and promotion structure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cain-hunt-rpt-rec11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain-hunt-rpt-rec11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the creation of 12 <a href="/wiki/Police_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Division">Police Divisions</a> and 39 Sub-Divisions, the disbandment of the Ulster Special Constabulary,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-otd-10oct_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-otd-10oct-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Police_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Authority">Police Authority</a> designed to be representative of all segments of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-hmso-hunt-rpt-rec02_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmso-hunt-rpt-rec02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Callaghan, later elected Prime Minister, asked Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Young_(police_officer)" title="Arthur Young (police officer)">Arthur Young</a>, Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a>, to be seconded for a year. Young's appointment began the long process of turning the RUC into a British police service. The RUC Reserve was formed as an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_police" title="Auxiliary police">auxiliary police</a> force, and all military-style duties were handed over to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a>, which was under military command and replaced the B Specials. Callaghan selected Young, a career policeman, because no other British policeman could match his direct experience of policing acutely unstable societies and of reforming <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmeries</a>. from 1943 to 1945, he was Director of Public Safety and Director of Security in the military government of Allied-occupied Italy. Later, he had been seconded to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1952–53) and to the crown colony of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a> (1954).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_deaths">First deaths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first deaths of the Troubles occurred in July 1969. Francis McCloskey, a 67-year-old Catholic civilian, had been found unconscious on 13 July near the <a href="/wiki/Dungiven" title="Dungiven">Dungiven</a> <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution#Orange_halls" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">Orange Hall</a> following a police baton charge against a crowd who had been throwing stones at the hall. Witnesses later said they had seen police batoning a figure in the doorway where McCloskey was found, although police claimed that he had been unconscious before the baton charge and may have been hit with a stone. He was taken to hospital and died the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-lostlives_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lostlives-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cain-14-jul-69_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain-14-jul-69-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 October 1969, Constable Victor Arbuckle was shot dead by loyalists on Belfast's <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill Road</a> during serious rioting in protest at the recommendations of the Hunt Report. Arbuckle was the first police fatality of the Troubles. In August 1970, two young constables, Donaldson and Millar, died when an abandoned car they were examining near the strongly republican town of <a href="/wiki/Crossmaglen" title="Crossmaglen">Crossmaglen</a> exploded. They became the first security forces victims of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign</a>. This campaign involved the targeting of police officers, and continued until the final <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> in 1997, as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">peace process</a> gained momentum. The last RUC officer killed, Constable Francis O'Reilly (a Catholic), was also killed by loyalists, in a September 1998 bombing during the <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lostlives_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lostlives-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland">Government of Northern Ireland</a> resigned and the parliament was <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session#Procedure_in_Commonwealth_realms" title="Legislative session">prorogued</a>. Northern Ireland subsequently came under direct rule from Westminster with its own <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State</a>, who had overall responsibility for security policy. From the mid-1970s onward, the British policy of <a href="/wiki/Ulsterisation" title="Ulsterisation">Ulsterisation</a> meant RUC officers taking a more prominent role in the conflict than previously, which increased their casualty rate. Starting in late 1982, a number of IRA and <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> (INLA) men were shot dead by the RUC. This led to accusations of a <a href="/wiki/Shoot-to-kill_policy_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland">shoot-to-kill policy</a> by the RUC. In September 1983, four officers were charged with murder in connection with the deaths. Although all were subsequently found not guilty, the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> set up the <a href="/wiki/Stalker_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalker Inquiry">Stalker Inquiry</a> to investigate further. In May 1986, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hermon" title="John Hermon">John Hermon</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Constable">Chief Constable</a>, publicly accused unionist politicians of <i>"consorting with <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> elements"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cain-02-may-86_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain-02-may-86-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anger over the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a> led to loyalist assaults on more than 500 homes belonging to Catholics and RUC officers during the mid-1980s. At least 150 RUC families were forced to move as a result. In 1998 Chief Constable <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Flanagan" title="Ronnie Flanagan">Ronnie Flanagan</a> stated in an interview on television that he was unhappy with any RUC officers belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> or any of the other <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyal_orders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyal orders (page does not exist)">loyal orders</a>. While the RUC refused to give any details on how many officers were members of the Order, thirty-nine RUC officers are listed on the Order's Roll of Honour (of 'Orangemen' killed in the conflict). The size of the RUC was increased on several occasions. At its height, there were 8,500 regular police officers supported by about 5,000 full-time and part-time reserve officers, making it the second largest force in the United Kingdom after the Metropolitan Police in London. The direction and control of the RUC was in the hands in the Chief Constable, who was assisted by two Deputy Chief Constables and nine Assistant Chief Constables. For operational purposes, Northern Ireland was divided into twelve <a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Divisions</a> and thirty-nine Sub-Divisions. RUC ranks, duties, conditions of service and pay were generally in line with those of police forces in Great Britain. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policing_in_a_divided_society">Policing in a divided society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Policing in a divided society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Royal_Ulster_Constabulary##" title="Talk:Royal Ulster Constabulary">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Policing <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>'s divided society proved to be difficult, as each of the main religious blocs (Protestant and Roman Catholic) had different attitudes towards the institutions of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To most <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a>, the state had full legitimacy, as did its institutions, its parliament, its police force and the Crown. Many of Northern Ireland's Catholics, along with their political leaders, believed that partition would only be temporary.<sup id="cite_ref-English341_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English341-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett425_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett425-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many abstained from and/or refused to take part Northern Ireland's institutions for a variety of reasons, including the treatment of Catholic civilians by the Ulster Special Constabulary during the recent conflict and the mistaken belief that Northern Ireland would be ceded to the Free State in the not too distant future.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leech_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leech-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant fears of strategically important government services being infiltrated by Catholics disloyal to the new state polarised society and made most Catholics unwilling and/or unable to join either the police or the civil service.<sup id="cite_ref-doherty_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This mindset was referenced by <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a>:</p><blockquote><p>Ulster Unionists, fearful of being isolated on the island, built a solid house, but it was a cold house for Catholics. And northern nationalists, although they had a roof over their heads, seemed to us as if they meant to burn the house down<sup id="cite_ref-nobel-trimble_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-trimble-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In August 1922, Dawson Bates gave the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> special permission for an Orange Lodge to be formed in the RUC. In April 1923 he spoke at its first reunion. In 1924 <a href="/wiki/John_William_Nixon" title="John William Nixon">John William Nixon</a>, a District Inspector suspected of involvement in the murder of Catholic civilians, would be dismissed after widespread complaints that he had made a "fiercely Unionist" speech at an Orange Order function. An inquiry by the British <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Civil_Liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council for Civil Liberties">National Council for Civil Liberties</a> in 1936 concluded that:</p><blockquote><p>[I]t is difficult to escape the conclusion that the attitude of the government renders the police chary of interference with the activities of the Orange Order and its sympathisers.<sup id="cite_ref-farrell_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hnsrd-ni-v72-926_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnsrd-ni-v72-926-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 4 April 1922, the RIC was disbanded. Three days later, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Authorities_(Special_Powers)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1922" title="Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922">Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922</a> came into force, and the Belfast government, although prohibited from raising or controlling a military force, appointed Major General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Solly-Flood_(British_Army_officer)" title="Frederick Solly-Flood (British Army officer)">Frederick Solly-Flood</a> as a military advisor. The RUC was to be 3,000-strong, recruiting 2,000 ex-RIC and 1,000 "A Specials". It was intended that half of the RIC men recruited were to be Catholic, making up a third of positions within the force. However, fewer than half the expected number of Catholics came forward and the balance was made up with more A Specials, who continued to exist as a separate force.<sup id="cite_ref-farrell_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout its existence, republican political leaders and most Roman Catholic clerics discouraged Catholics from joining the RUC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Mallon" title="Seamus Mallon">Seamus Mallon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) and critic of the force, who later served as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland</a>, stated that the RUC was <i>"97% Protestant and 100% unionist"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RUC did attract some <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>, mostly former members of the RIC, who came north from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> after the bitterness of the fighting during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish War">Anglo-Irish War</a> largely precluded them from remaining in territory now controlled by their enemies. The percentage of Catholics in the RUC dropped as these men retired over time. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Notable Catholics in the RUC include RUC Chief Constable Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Flanagan_(police_officer)" title="James Flanagan (police officer)">James Flanagan</a>, who survived an IRA assassination attempt; Deputy Chief Constable Michael McAtamney; Assistant Chief Constable Cathal Ramsey; Chief Superintendent Frank Lagan,<sup id="cite_ref-rdude-twist_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdude-twist-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Superintendents Kevin Benedict Sheehy and Brendan McGuigan. In December 1997, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> (London) published a leaked internal RUC document which reported that a third of all Catholic RUC officers had reported suffering religious discrimination and/or harassment from Protestant fellow officers.<sup id="cite_ref-serve_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serve-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i>The Thin Green Line – The History of the Royal Ulster Constabulary GC</i>, written by RUC reservist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doherty" title="Richard Doherty">Richard Doherty</a>, 314 officers were killed and over 9,000 were injured during the existence of the RUC. All but 12 of the dead were killed during the Troubles (1969 to 1998), of whom 277 were killed in attacks by <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican">Irish republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doherty_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the CAIN project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a>, however,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 301 RUC officers and 18 former or retired RUC officers were killed, totaling 319 fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a> by the Provisional IRA on an RUC station in 1985, which killed nine officers (including two Catholics), resulted in the highest number of deaths inflicted on the RUC in one incident. The two highest-ranking RUC officers to be killed during "the Troubles" were <a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Jonesborough Ambush">Chief Superintendent Harry Breen and Superintendent Robert Buchanan</a>, who were ambushed by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_South_Armagh_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade">Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade</a> outside Jonesborough, County Armagh, on 20 March 1989. On 4 December 2013, in a report by judge Peter Smithwick in the <a href="/wiki/Smithwick_Tribunal" title="Smithwick Tribunal">Smithwick Tribunal</a> (a public inquiry), it was alleged that members of the Republic's police force (Garda Síochána) had colluded in the killing of the two policemen.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last RUC officer killed as a direct result of the conflict, Francis O'Reilly (a Catholic constable), died on 6 October 1998, a month after he had been injured in a <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Defenders" title="Red Hand Defenders">Red Hand Defenders</a> pipe-bomb attack in <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Royal_Ulster_Constabulary##" title="Talk:Royal Ulster Constabulary">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ill-treatment_of_children">Ill-treatment of children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ill-treatment of children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Royal_Ulster_Constabulary##" title="Talk:Royal Ulster Constabulary">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OgraShinnFeinstickerRUC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OgraShinnFeinstickerRUC.JPG/180px-OgraShinnFeinstickerRUC.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OgraShinnFeinstickerRUC.JPG/270px-OgraShinnFeinstickerRUC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/OgraShinnFeinstickerRUC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/%C3%93gra_Shinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Ógra Shinn Féin">Ógra Shinn Féin</a> propaganda sticker calling for the RUC to be disbanded</figcaption></figure><p> On 1 July 1992, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) issued a detailed report, alleging RUC and paramilitary violations against children's rights during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>. Both Catholic and Protestant children alleged regular and severe physical assault and mental harassment at the hands of RUC officers, usually conducted to force a <a href="/wiki/False_confession" title="False confession">false confession</a> of a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Cearta2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cearta2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an accompanying statement, HRW cited allegations that:</p><blockquote><p>Police officers and soldiers harass young people on the street hitting, kicking and insulting them. Police officers in interrogation centres insult, trick and threaten youngsters and sometimes physically assault them. Children are locked up in adult detention centres and prisons in shameful conditions. Helsinki Watch heard dozens of stories from children, their parents, lawyers, youth workers and political leaders of children being stopped on the street and hit, kicked and abused again and again by police and soldiers. And seventeen-year-olds told Human Rights Watch Helsinki of severe beatings in detention during interrogations by police.<sup id="cite_ref-Cearta1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cearta1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patten_report">Patten report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Patten report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patten_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Patten Report">Patten Report</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> (GFA) of 1998 produced a wholesale reorganisation of inter-community, governmental and policing systems, including a power-sharing executive. The bias, and the under-representation of Catholics and nationalists in the RUC led to, as part of the Good Friday Agreement, a fundamental policing review, headed by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a>, a former British <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> Minister under <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>. The review was published in September 1999. It recommended a wholesale reorganisation of policing, with the Royal Ulster Constabulary being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> (PSNI), and a drive to recruit Catholics and the adoption of a new crest and cap badge. The PSNI was introduced in November 2001. As part of the change, the police service dropped the word "Royal" from and adopted a new badge that included the crown, harp, and shamrock, an attempt at representation of the major ideologies. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalist_collusion">Loyalist collusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Loyalist collusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_Patrol_Group">Special Patrol Group</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Special Patrol Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Special_Patrol_Group_(RUC)" title="Special Patrol Group (RUC)">Special Patrol Group (RUC)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Special_Patrol_Group_(RUC)" title="Special Patrol Group (RUC)">Special Patrol Group</a> was formed in the late 1960s as the Police Reserve Force. The name was changed to avoid confusion with the newly formed part-time Police Reserve in 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-doherty_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was renamed "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Divisional_Mobile_Support_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divisional Mobile Support Unit (page does not exist)">Divisional Mobile Support Unit</a>" in 1980 after two of its members were convicted of kidnap and murder.<sup id="cite_ref-doherty_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two, <a href="/wiki/John_Weir_(loyalist)" title="John Weir (loyalist)">John Weir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_McCaughey" title="Billy McCaughey">Billy McCaughey</a>, implicated some of their colleagues in a range of crimes including giving weapons, information and transport to loyalist paramilitaries as well as carrying out shooting and bombing attacks of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weir alleged that senior officers, including Chief Superintendent <a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush#Chief_Superintendent_Harry_Breen" title="1989 Jonesborough ambush">Harry Breen</a>, were aware of and approved of their activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Stevens_Inquiries">The Stevens Inquiries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Stevens Inquiries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Inquiries" title="Stevens Inquiries">Stevens Inquiries</a></div> <p>On 18 April 2003 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevens Report">third report</a> into collusion between <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster loyalist">Ulster loyalist</a> paramilitaries, RUC, and British Army, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_(Chief_Constable)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stevens (Chief Constable)">John Stevens</a> published an Overview and Recommendations document (Stevens 3).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stevens' intention was to make recommendations which arose from serious shortcomings he had identified in all three Inquiries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his autobiography, Stevens was at pains to point out the high regard in which he held many RUC officers, including Detective Superintendent Maurice Neilly, who was killed in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Chinook_air_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Chinook air crash">1994 Chinook air crash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third Stevens Inquiry began in 1999, and referred to his previous reports when making his recommendations. Stevens' third inquiry focused in detail on only two of the killings in which collusion was alleged; that of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Adam_Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Adam Lambert">Brian Adam Lambert</a> in 1987 and of <a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane_(solicitor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Finucane (solicitor)">Pat Finucane</a> in 1989. Stevens used the following criteria as a definition of collusion while conducting his investigation: </p> <ul><li>The failure to keep records or the existence of contradictory accounts which could limit the opportunity to rebut serious allegations.</li> <li>The absence of accountability which could allow acts or omissions by individuals to go undetected.</li> <li>The withholding of information which could impede the prevention of crime and the arrest of suspects.</li> <li>The unlawful involvement of agents in murder which could imply that the security forces sanction killings.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On 12 December 2012 the British Prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> admitted a statement to the House of Commons that "shocking levels of collusion occurred in the murder of Finucane."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Police_Ombudsman">Police Ombudsman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Police Ombudsman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuala_O%27Loan#Operation_Ballast_investigation_into_collusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuala O'Loan">Nuala O'Loan § Operation Ballast investigation into collusion</a></div> <p>In a report released on 22 January 2007, the Police Ombudsman <a href="/wiki/Nuala_O%27Loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuala O'Loan">Dame Nuala O'Loan</a> stated <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF) informers committed serious crimes, including murder, with the full knowledge of their handlers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report stated that <a href="/wiki/RUC_Special_Branch" title="RUC Special Branch">RUC Special Branch</a> officers created false statements, blocked evidence searches and "baby-sat" suspects during interviews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Awards for gallantry for individual officers since 1969 included 16 <a href="/wiki/George_Medal" title="George Medal">George Medals</a>, 103 <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallantry_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallantry Medal">Queen's Gallantry Medals</a>, 111 <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Bravery" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Commendation for Bravery">Queen's Commendations for Bravery</a> and 69 <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Police_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Police Medal">Queen's Police Medals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 12 April 2000, the RUC was awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a> for bravery,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a rare honour which had been <a href="/wiki/George_Cross#Collective_awards" title="George Cross">awarded collectively</a> only once before, to the island nation of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. The Award stated:</p><blockquote><p>For the past 30 years, the Royal Ulster Constabulary has been the bulwark against, and the main target of, a sustained and brutal terrorism campaign. The Force has suffered heavily in protecting both sides of the community from danger – 302 officers have been killed in the line of duty and thousands more injured, many seriously. Many officers have been ostracised by their own community and others have been forced to leave their homes in the face of threats to them and their families. As Northern Ireland reaches a turning point in its political development this award is made to recognise the collective courage and dedication to duty of all of those who have served in the Royal Ulster Constabulary and who have accepted the danger and stress this has brought to them and to their families.<sup id="cite_ref-turner-p165_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner-p165-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_officers">Chief officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chief officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chief officer of the Royal Irish Constabulary was its <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector-General</a> (the last of whom, Sir Thomas J. Smith served from 11 March 1920 until partition in 1922). Between 1922 and 1969 the position of Inspector-General of the RUC was held by five officers, the last being Sir Arthur Young, who was seconded for a year from the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a> to implement the Hunt Report. Under Young, the title was changed to <a href="/wiki/Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Constable">Chief Constable</a> in line with the recommendations of the Hunt Report. Young and six others held the job until the RUC was incorporated to the PSNI. The final incumbent, Sir <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Flanagan" title="Ronnie Flanagan">Ronnie Flanagan</a>, became the first Chief Constable of the PSNI.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Inspector-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wickham_(police_officer)" title="Charles Wickham (police officer)">Charles Wickham</a>, from June 1922.</li> <li>Inspector-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pim" title="Richard Pim">Richard Pim</a>, from August 1945.</li> <li>Inspector-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kennedy" title="Albert Kennedy">Albert Kennedy</a>, from January 1961.</li> <li>Inspector-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Peacocke_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Peacocke (police officer)">Anthony Peacocke</a>, from February 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inspector-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Young_(police_officer)" title="Arthur Young (police officer)">Arthur Young</a>, from November 1969.</li> <li>Chief Constable Sir <a href="/wiki/Graham_Shillington" title="Graham Shillington">Graham Shillington</a>, from November 1970.</li> <li>Chief Constable Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Flanagan_(police_officer)" title="James Flanagan (police officer)">James Flanagan</a>, from November 1973.</li> <li>Chief Constable Sir <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Newman" title="Kenneth Newman">Kenneth Newman</a>, from May 1976.</li> <li>Chief Constable Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hermon" title="John Hermon">John Hermon</a>, from January 1980.</li> <li>Chief Constable Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Annesley_(police_officer)" title="Hugh Annesley (police officer)">Hugh Annesley</a>, from June 1989.</li> <li>Chief Constable Sir <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Flanagan" title="Ronnie Flanagan">Ronnie Flanagan</a>, from October 1996 – November 2001, continuing as Chief Constable of the PSNI until April 2002</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks">Ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"><b>Ranks</b><br />1922-1930 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Inspector-General </td> <td>Deputy Inspector-General </td> <td>County Inspector </td> <td>District Inspector 1st Class </td> <td>District Inspector 2nd Class </td> <td>District Inspector 3rd Class </td> <td>Head Constable Major </td> <td>Head Constable </td> <td>Sergeant </td> <td colspan="2">Constable </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>(insignia of a Brigadier) </td> <td>(insignia of a Colonel) </td> <td>(insignia of a Lieutenant-Colonel) </td> <td>(insignia of a Major) </td> <td>(insignia of a Captain) </td> <td>(insignia of a Lieutenant) </td> <td>(insignia of a Sergeant-Major) </td> <td>(equivalent to Staff Sergeant) </td> <td>(insignia of a Sergeant) </td> <td colspan="2">(serial number) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><b>Ranks</b><br />1930-1970 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Inspector-General </td> <td>Deputy Inspector-General </td> <td>Commissioner </td> <td>County Inspector </td> <td>District Inspector 1st Class </td> <td>District Inspector 2nd Class </td> <td colspan="2">District Inspector 3rd Class </td> <td>Head Constable Major </td> <td>Head Constable </td> <td>Sergeant </td> <td colspan="2">Constable </td></tr> <tr> <td>(insignia of a Lieutenant-General) </td> <td>(insignia of a Major-General) </td> <td>(insignia of a Brigadier) </td> <td>(insignia of a Colonel) </td> <td>(insignia of a Lieutenant-Colonel) </td> <td>(insignia of a Major) </td> <td colspan="2">(insignia of a Captain) </td> <td>(insignia of a Sergeant-Major) </td> <td>(equivalent to Staff Sergeant) </td> <td>(insignia of a Sergeant) </td> <td colspan="2">(serial number) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><b>Ranks</b><br />1970-2001 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Constable">Chief Constable</a> </td> <td>Deputy Chief Constable </td> <td colspan="2">Assistant Chief Constable </td> <td>Chief Superintendent </td> <td>Superintendent </td> <td>Chief Inspector </td> <td>Inspector </td> <td colspan="3">Sergeant </td> <td>Constable </td> <td>Reserve Constable </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_chief-constable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ruc_ranks_chief-constable.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_chief-constable.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ruc_ranks_chief-constable.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_chief-constable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Ruc_ranks_chief-constable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_deputy-chief-constable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ruc_ranks_deputy-chief-constable.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_deputy-chief-constable.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ruc_ranks_deputy-chief-constable.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_deputy-chief-constable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Ruc_ranks_deputy-chief-constable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_assistant-chief-constable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ruc_ranks_assistant-chief-constable.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_assistant-chief-constable.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ruc_ranks_assistant-chief-constable.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_assistant-chief-constable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Ruc_ranks_assistant-chief-constable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_chief-superintendent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ruc_ranks_chief-superintendent.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_chief-superintendent.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ruc_ranks_chief-superintendent.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_chief-superintendent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Ruc_ranks_chief-superintendent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_superintendent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ruc_ranks_superintendent.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_superintendent.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ruc_ranks_superintendent.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_superintendent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Ruc_ranks_superintendent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_chief-inspector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ruc_ranks_chief-inspector.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_chief-inspector.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ruc_ranks_chief-inspector.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_chief-inspector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Ruc_ranks_chief-inspector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_inspector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ruc_ranks_inspector.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_inspector.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ruc_ranks_inspector.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_inspector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Ruc_ranks_inspector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_sergeant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ruc_ranks_sergeant.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_sergeant.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ruc_ranks_sergeant.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_sergeant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Ruc_ranks_sergeant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg/60px-Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg/90px-Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Ruc_ranks_constable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firearms">Firearms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Firearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webley_Revolver" title="Webley Revolver">Webley Revolver</a> .38<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruger_Security-Six" title="Ruger Security-Six">Ruger Security-Six</a> .357<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_PPK" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther PPK">Walther PPK</a> 9mm<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_59" title="Smith & Wesson Model 59">Smith & Wesson Model 59</a> 9mm<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_barrel_shot_gun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Double barrel shot gun (page does not exist)">Double barrel shot gun</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_submachine_gun" title="Sterling submachine gun">Sterling submachine gun</a> 9mm<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5" title="Heckler & Koch MP5">Heckler & Koch MP5</a> 9mm<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a> .303</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L1A1_Self-Loading_Rifle" title="L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle">L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle</a> 7.62mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_carbine" title="M1 carbine">M1 carbine</a> .30</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruger_Mini-14" title="Ruger Mini-14">Ruger Mini-14</a> 5.56mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_HK33" title="Heckler & Koch HK33">Heckler & Koch HK33</a> 5.56mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3" title="Heckler & Koch G3">Heckler & Koch G3</a> 7.62mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L67A1_Riot_Gun" title="L67A1 Riot Gun">L67A1 Riot Gun</a> 37mm</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webley_Schermuly_Riot_Gun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Webley Schermuly Riot Gun (page does not exist)">Webley Schermuly Riot Gun</a> 37mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Riot_Gun" title="Federal Riot Gun">Federal Riot Gun</a> 37mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_HK69A1" title="Heckler & Koch HK69A1">Heckler & Koch HK69A1</a> 40mm</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="George_Cross_Foundation">George Cross Foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: George Cross Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC Foundation was established by virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Police_(Northern_Ireland)_Act_2000" title="Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000">Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000</a> for the purpose of "marking the sacrifice and honouring the achievements of the Royal Ulster Constabulary".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following the awarding of the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a> (GC) in 2000, its supporters have appended <a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</a> to the name, as <b>Royal Ulster Constabulary, GC</b> (abbreviated <b>RUC GC</b> or <b>RUCGC</b>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Countries-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Countries_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="ONS_Countries" class="citation web cs1">ONS Geography (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101130117/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html">"The Countries of the UK"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom). Archived from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=The+Countries+of+the+UK&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.au=ONS+Geography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fgeography%2Fbeginner-s-guide%2Fadministrative%2Fthe-countries-of-the-uk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doherty-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Doherty" title="Richard Doherty">Richard Doherty</a>, <i>The Thin Green Line – The History of the Royal Ulster Constabulary GC</i>, pp. 5, 17, 27, 93, 134, 271; Pen & Sword Books; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-058-5">1-84415-058-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-policing_under_fire-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-policing_under_fire_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weitzer, Ronald. <i>Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland</i>. SUNY Press, 1995. pp.72-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jan/23/northernireland.topstories3">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826032211/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jan/23/northernireland.topstories3">Archived</a> 26 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 15 murders linked to police collusion with loyalists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-36486779">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002023056/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-36486779">Archived</a> 2 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, There was collusion between some police officers and loyalist gunmen who killed six Catholics 22 years ago, a report by NI's Police Ombudsman has said.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/ruc_reform/780311.stm">"The RUC: Lauded and condemned"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. bbc.co.uk. 31 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829042907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/ruc_reform/780311.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2007</span>. <q>Condemned by republicans, nationalists and human rights groups for embodying sectarianism and lauded by British security forces as one of the most professional police operations in the world, the Royal Ulster Constabulary is one of the most controversial police forces in the UK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+RUC%3A+Lauded+and+condemned&rft.date=2001-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fuk%2F2000%2Fruc_reform%2F780311.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html">Number of RUC killed during the Troubles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719181809/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html">Archived</a> 19 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 22 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/n.ireland/police.html">"CNN Specials - Northern Ireland"</a>. 29 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829011121/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/n.ireland/police.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2007. <q>In 1983, Interpol figures showed that Northern Ireland was the most dangerous place in the world to be a police officer, the risk factor being twice as high as in El Salvador, the second most dangerous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+Specials+-+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2F2000%2Fn.ireland%2Fpolice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829011121/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/n.ireland/police.html">"Northern Ireland – Identity Crisis for Police"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/n.ireland/police.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Identity+Crisis+for+Police&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2F2000%2Fn.ireland%2Fpolice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/tab2.pl">Number of people killed by RUC in Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907234718/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/tab2.pl">Archived</a> 7 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 22 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2012" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Deacon (2012). <i>Devolution in the United Kingdom</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748669738" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748669738"><bdi>978-0748669738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devolution+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0748669738&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Deacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6285101.stm">Synopsis of report by Ombudsman Nuala O'Loan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919191546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6285101.stm">Archived</a> 19 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC.co.uk; accessed 19 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrownedHarp-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrownedHarp_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisonSmyth2000" class="citation book cs1">Ellison, Graham; Smyth, Jim (20 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9tlHpPqL78C&pg=PA22"><i>The Crowned Harp: Policing Northern Ireland</i></a>. Pluto Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1393-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1393-1"><bdi>978-0-7453-1393-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crowned+Harp%3A+Policing+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1393-1&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9tlHpPqL78C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morrison-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morrison_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morrison_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1993" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, John (1993). "The Ulster Government and Internal Opposition". <i>The Ulster Cover-Up</i> (Paperback). Lurgan, County Armagh: Ulster Society (Publications) Ltd. pp. 26, 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872076-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-872076-15-7"><bdi>1-872076-15-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ulster+Government+and+Internal+Opposition&rft.btitle=The+Ulster+Cover-Up&rft.place=Lurgan%2C+County+Armagh&rft.pages=26%2C+39-40&rft.pub=Ulster+Society+%28Publications%29+Ltd&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-872076-15-7&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2006" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Robert John (1 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eaxnAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:Kaz1VvQOGX8C"><i>The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition, 1920–1922</i></a>. Irish Academic Press. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716533771" title="Special:BookSources/9780716533771"><bdi>9780716533771</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+IRA+and+the+Early+Years+of+Partition%2C+1920%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.isbn=9780716533771&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Robert+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeaxnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3AKaz1VvQOGX8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Alan F. (17 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqlnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Belfast's Unholy War: The Troubles of the 1920s</i></a>. Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851827923" title="Special:BookSources/9781851827923"><bdi>9781851827923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%27s+Unholy+War%3A+The+Troubles+of+the+1920s&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft.isbn=9781851827923&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Alan+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHqlnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Alan F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqlnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Belfast's Unholy War: The Troubles of the 1920s</i></a>. Four Courts Press. pp. 245–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-792-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-792-3"><bdi>978-1-85182-792-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%27s+Unholy+War%3A+The+Troubles+of+the+1920s&rft.pages=245-48&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-792-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Alan+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHqlnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2017" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Seán (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NUUkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Struggle or Starve: Working-Class Unity in Belfast's 1932 Outdoor Relief Riots</i></a>. Haymarket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-748-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-748-8"><bdi>978-1-60846-748-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+or+Starve%3A+Working-Class+Unity+in+Belfast%27s+1932+Outdoor+Relief+Riots&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-748-8&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNUUkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1995" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Brian (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernirelandi0000bart"><i>Northern Ireland in the Second World War</i></a></span>. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernirelandi0000bart/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901905-69-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901905-69-7"><bdi>978-0-901905-69-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-901905-69-7&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthernirelandi0000bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2013" class="citation book cs1">Cochrane, Feargal (2013). <i>Northern Ireland: The Reluctant Peace</i>. Yale University Press. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+The+Reluctant+Peace&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Feargal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William (2011). <i>The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis, 1969–73: From Violence to Power-sharing</i>. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+State+and+the+Northern+Ireland+Crisis%2C+1969%E2%80%9373%3A+From+Violence+to+Power-sharing&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11108227">"Scarman Report on violence and civil disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969"</a>. <i>discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. The National Archives. 4 April 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916053249/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11108227">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Scarman+Report+on+violence+and+civil+disturbances+in+Northern+Ireland+in+1969&rft.date=1972-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC11108227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain-hunt-rpt-rec11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cain-hunt-rpt-rec11_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron_Hunt1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt" title="John Hunt, Baron Hunt">Baron Hunt</a> (October 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/hunt.htm">"Report of The Advisory Committee on Police in Northern Ireland"</a>. Belfast: <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220052147/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/hunt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> @ cain.ulst.ac.uk. <q>(11) The rank structure should be reviewed (paragraph 97).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+The+Advisory+Committee+on+Police+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1969-10&rft.au=Baron+Hunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fhmso%2Fhunt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span> (Extract-chapters 1.General Considerations about our Mission) & 10.Conclusions and Recommendations, <i>only</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-otd-10oct-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-otd-10oct_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/10/newsid_3146000/3146929.stm">"1969: Ulster's B Specials to be disbanded"</a>. <i>On This Day-10 October</i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113183328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/10/newsid_3146000/3146929.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=On+This+Day-10+October&rft.atitle=1969%3A+Ulster%27s+B+Specials+to+be+disbanded&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Foctober%2F10%2Fnewsid_3146000%2F3146929.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hmso-hunt-rpt-rec02-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hmso-hunt-rpt-rec02_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Report" title="Hunt Report">Hunt Report</a>–Summary of Recommendations: (2) "There should be a Police Authority for Northern Ireland, whose membership should reflect the proportions of different groups in the community (paragraphs 87,88)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psni.police.uk/index/pg_police_museum/pg_academic_research/pg_sir_arthur_young.htm">Sir Arthur Young biodata</a>, psni.police.uk; accessed 21 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308000853/http://www.psni.police.uk/index/pg_police_museum/pg_academic_research/pg_sir_arthur_young.htm">Archived</a> 8 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lostlives-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lostlives_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lostlives_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrickKeltersFeeneyThornton2008" class="citation book cs1">McKittrick, David; Kelters, Seamus; Feeney, Brian; Thornton, Chris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sdYcw7Zs3W4C"><i>Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland Troubles</i></a>. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1"><bdi>978-1-84018-504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Lives%3A+The+Stories+of+the+Men%2C+Women+and+Children+who+died+as+a+result+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Troubles&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84018-504-1&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kelters%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Feeney%2C+Brian&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsdYcw7Zs3W4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain-14-jul-69-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cain-14-jul-69_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1969.html">"14 July 1969 (re Francis McCloskey)"</a>. <i>An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland</i>. Conflict Archive on the Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219010535/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1969.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Index+of+Deaths+from+the+Conflict+in+Ireland&rft.atitle=14+July+1969+%28re+Francis+McCloskey%29&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fchron%2F1969.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain-02-may-86-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cain-02-may-86_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch86.htm">"Friday 2 May 1986"</a>. <i>A Chronology of the Conflict</i>. Conflict Archive on the Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514130616/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch86.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Chronology+of+the+Conflict&rft.atitle=Friday+2+May+1986&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Fchron%2Fch86.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weitzer 1985, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-English341-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-English341_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2007" class="citation book cs1">English, Richard (2007). <i>Irish Freedom – The History of Nationalism in Ireland</i>. Macmillan. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42759-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42759-3"><bdi>978-0-330-42759-3</bdi></a>. <q>In Northern Ireland itself, nationalists faced some very difficult issues of community, struggle and power from those which faced their southern counterparts ... Many nationalists at the time of partition had assumed the division of Ireland to be a temporary one</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Freedom+%E2%80%93+The+History+of+Nationalism+in+Ireland&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-330-42759-3&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett425-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett425_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2011" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Thomas (30 June 2011). <i>Ireland, A History</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42234-6"><bdi>978-1-107-42234-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%2C+A+History&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-107-42234-6&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2007" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S.J. (2007). <i>Oxford Companion to Irish History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 410quote=Returned to the first House of Commons in 1921 were 40 Unionists, 6 Nationalists, and 6 Sinn Feiners ... No nationalist member took their seats prior to 1925, and organised nationalist abstention occurred frequently between 1932 and 1945. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923483-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923483-7"><bdi>978-0-19-923483-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Irish+History&rft.pages=410quote%3DReturned+to+the+first+House+of+Commons+in+1921+were+40+Unionists%2C+6+Nationalists%2C+and+6+Sinn+Feiners-...+No+nationalist+member+took+their+seats+prior+to+1925%2C+and+organised+nationalist+abstention+occurred+frequently+between+1932+and+1945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923483-7&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leech-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leech_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon2005" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Jonathan (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofulster00jona/page/500"><i>A History of Ulster</i></a></span>. The Blackstaff Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofulster00jona/page/500">500–1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85640-764-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85640-764-X"><bdi>0-85640-764-X</bdi></a>. <q>Except in Irvinestown and Ballycastle, Nationalists and Sinn Fein refused to meet the Leech commission. The result was that local Unionist parties, with the enthusiastic co-operation of Dawson Bates, were able to dictate the positioning of boundaries with meticulous care to their own complete satisfaction. The results speak for themselves. Since many Catholics abstained in 1924, the best comparison is between the local election results of 1920 and 1927 ... Unionists countered criticism by pointing to the failure of Nationalists and Sinn Fein to make submissions to the Leech commission. Certainly by refusing to take their seats in the Northern Ireland parliament, Nationalists and Sinn Fein not only reinforced the Unionist view that they were intent on bringing down the state but also denied themselves a wider audience and a chance to obtain some redress from Westminster.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ulster&rft.pages=500-1&rft.pub=The+Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-85640-764-X&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofulster00jona%2Fpage%2F500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-trimble-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-trimble_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimble1998" class="citation web cs1">Trimble, David (10 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1998/trimble-lecture.html">"Nobel Peace Prize 1998 – Nobel Lecture, Oslo"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224112241/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1998/trimble-lecture.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Peace+Prize+1998+%E2%80%93+Nobel+Lecture%2C+Oslo&rft.pub=nobelprize.org&rft.date=1998-12-10&rft.aulast=Trimble&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1998%2Ftrimble-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farrell-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farrell_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farrell_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Farrell_(activist)" title="Michael Farrell (activist)">Farrell, Michael</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qdYJAQAAIAAJ"><i>Northern Ireland: The Orange State</i></a>. Pluto Press. pp. 54, 96, 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86104-300-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86104-300-6"><bdi>0-86104-300-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+The+Orange+State&rft.pages=54%2C+96%2C+97&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-86104-300-6&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqdYJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hnsrd-ni-v72-926-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hnsrd-ni-v72-926_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Ireland._Parliament._House_of_Commons1969" class="citation book cs1">Northern Ireland. Parliament. House of Commons (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L06xAAAAIAAJ"><i>Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) House of Commons Official Report</i></a>. Vol. 72. H.M. Stationery Office, 1969. p. 926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29+House+of+Commons+Official+Report&rft.pages=926&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office%2C+1969&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Northern+Ireland.+Parliament.+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL06xAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/18/police-reforms-helped-bring-peace-northern-ireland/">"Police reforms helped bring peace to Northern Ireland"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i>. 18 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Police+reforms+helped+bring+peace+to+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F06%2F18%2Fpolice-reforms-helped-bring-peace-northern-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAtackneyCatháin2023" class="citation book cs1">McAtackney, Laura; Catháin, Máirtín Ó (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqPREAAAQBAJ&dq=Seamus+Mallon+Royal+Ulster+Constabulary+97%25&pg=RA1-PT252"><i>The Routledge Handbook of the Northern Ireland Conflict and Peace</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-95778-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-95778-5"><bdi>978-1-000-95778-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict+and+Peace&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.isbn=978-1-000-95778-5&rft.aulast=McAtackney&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Cath%C3%A1in%2C+M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn+%C3%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqPREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSeamus%2BMallon%2BRoyal%2BUlster%2BConstabulary%2B97%2525%26pg%3DRA1-PT252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rdude-twist-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rdude-twist_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dudley_Edwards" title="Ruth Dudley Edwards">Edwards, Ruth Dudley</a> (13 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruthdudleyedwards.co.uk/Journalism05/IrInd05_37.html">"The twists and turns on the road to one rule of law"</a>. <i>Sunday Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225144232/http://www.ruthdudleyedwards.co.uk/Journalism05/IrInd05_37.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2015</span> – via ruthdudleyedwards.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Independent&rft.atitle=The+twists+and+turns+on+the+road+to+one+rule+of+law&rft.date=2005-11-13&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Dudley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruthdudleyedwards.co.uk%2FJournalism05%2FIrInd05_37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-serve-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-serve_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.serve.com/~pfc/survey">Discrimination survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122222421/http://www.serve.com/~pfc/survey/">Archived</a> 22 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; serve.com; accessed 19 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html">"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719181809/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAIN%3A+Sutton+Index+of+Deaths&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FStatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Forces/IRELAND/Northern_Ireland-Criminal_Acts.htm">policememorial.org.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031064209/http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Forces/IRELAND/Northern_Ireland-Criminal_Acts.htm">Archived</a> 31 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; accessed 21 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25199800">Smithwick: Collusion in Bob Buchanan and Harry Breen murders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922105846/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25199800">Archived</a> 22 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC.co.uk; 3 December 2013; accessed 21 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1998.html">CAIN profile of RUC Officer Francis O'Reilly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092345/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1998.html">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 20 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cearta2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cearta2_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/uk927.pdf">Children in Northern Ireland: Abused by Security Forces and Paramilitaries, Human Rights Watch Helsinki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305222950/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/uk927.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hrw.org; accessed 21 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cearta1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cearta1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/1992/07/01/children-northern-ireland">Children in Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228025526/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/1992/07/01/children-northern-ireland">Archived</a> 28 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>; 1 July 1992; accessed 21 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/~cchr/publications/IIP_final_11_06_06.pdf">Center for Civil & Human Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615232223/http://www.nd.edu/~cchr/publications/IIP_final_11_06_06.pdf">Archived</a> 15 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, www.nd.edu; accessed 20 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Overview and Recommendations document for Stevens 3 is available in PDF format <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2956337.stm">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206010331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2956337.stm">Archived</a> 6 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a chronology of the Stevens Inquiries and surrounding events see BBC News, 17 April 2003 available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2954383.stm"><b>here</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040625205114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2954383.stm">Archived</a> 25 June 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Stevens_of_Kirkwhelpington" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Stevens of Kirkwhelpington">John Stevens</a>, <i>Not for the Faint-Hearted</i> (p. 165), Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84842-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84842-4">978-0-297-84842-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conclusions section of Stevens 3 Overview and Recommendations document, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardian2012" class="citation news cs1">Guardian (12 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/12/david-cameron-pat-finucane-murder">"David Cameron admits 'shocking levels of collusion' in Pat Finucane murder"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+admits+%27shocking+levels+of+collusion%27+in+Pat+Finucane+murder&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.au=Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2012%2Fdec%2F12%2Fdavid-cameron-pat-finucane-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/22_01_07_ballast.pdf">Statement by the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland</a> on her investigations into the circumstances surrounding the death of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCord" title="Raymond McCord">Raymond McCord, Jr.</a> and related matters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923122010/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/22_01_07_ballast.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fbsp%2Fhi%2Fpdfs%2F22_01_07_ballast.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>, bbc.co.uk, 22 January 2007; accessed 22 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalulsterconstabulary.org/awards.htm">RUC awards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102064045/http://www.royalulsterconstabulary.org/awards.htm">Archived</a> 2 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, royalulsterconstabulary.org; accessed 21 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/newsid_2478000/2478009.stm">Queen honours NI police</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307134720/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/newsid_2478000/2478009.stm">Archived</a> 7 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC.co.uk; accessed 21 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turner-p165-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turner-p165_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2010" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John Frayn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7aZFx_RW-kC&pg=PA165"><i>Royal Ulster Constabulary</i></a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pen_%26_Sword_Books_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen & Sword Books Ltd">Pen & Sword Books Ltd</a>. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-200-7"><bdi>978-1-84884-200-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923122010/https://books.google.com/books?id=m7aZFx_RW-kC&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Ulster+Constabulary&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-200-7&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+Frayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7aZFx_RW-kC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryder, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The RUC The Black and Blue Book By Denis Faul, Raymond Murray · 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Death in the Fields The IRA in East Tyrone By Jonathan Trigg · 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The RUC A Force Under Fire By Chris Ryder · 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sites/default/files/2017-02/jordan.pdf">https://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sites/default/files/2017-02/jordan.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talesfromthesupplydepot.blog/2021/02/22/ruger-mini-14-pouch/">"Ruger Mini 14 Pouch"</a>. 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruger+Mini+14+Pouch&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalesfromthesupplydepot.blog%2F2021%2F02%2F22%2Fruger-mini-14-pouch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sterling Submachine Gun By Matthew Moss · 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/fears-after-police-machine-gun-is-lost/28310647.html">"Fears after police machine-gun is lost"</a>. <i>Belfasttelegraph.co.uk</i>. 18 May 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Fears+after+police+machine-gun+is+lost&rft.date=2000-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ffears-after-police-machine-gun-is-lost%2F28310647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Ulster_Constabulary_George_Cross_Foundation" class="citation web cs1">Royal Ulster Constabulary George Cross Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rucgcfoundation.org/background/">"The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC"</a>. <i>Royal Ulster Constabulary George Cross Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC Foundation was established by virtue of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 for the purpose of "marking the sacrifice and honouring the achievements of the Royal Ulster Constabulary".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Ulster+Constabulary+George+Cross+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Ulster+Constabulary+GC&rft.au=Royal+Ulster+Constabulary+George+Cross+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rucgcfoundation.org%2Fbackground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Ulster+Constabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Weitzer, Ronald, 1985. "Policing a Divided Society: Obstacles to Normalization in Northern Ireland", <i>Social Problems</i>, v. 33 (October), pp. 41–55.</li> <li>Weitzer, Ronald, 1995. <i>Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland</i> (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press)</li> <li>Ryder, Chris (1989, 1992, 1997), <i>The RUC: A Force under Fire</i>. London: Mandarin; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7493-2379-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7493-2379-0">978-0-7493-2379-0</a>.</li> <li>Ellison, Graham & Jim Smyth (2000), <i>The Crowned Harp: Policing Northern Ireland</i>. London: Pluto Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1393-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1393-1">978-0-7453-1393-1</a>.</li> <li>Orr, David R. (2013), <i>RUC Spearhead: The RUC Reserve Force 1950–1970</i> Redcoat Publishing; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9538367-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9538367-4-1">978-0-9538367-4-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ulster_Constabulary&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Ireland)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Ireland)">Criminal Investigation Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1482143#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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