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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kontenut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mexxi għall-ġenb</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">aħbi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Bidu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-L-epidemji_ta'_qabel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L-epidemji_ta'_qabel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>L-epidemji ta' qabel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L-epidemji_ta'_qabel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kronoloġija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kronoloġija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kronoloġija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kronoloġija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Kronoloġija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kronoloġija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kif_bdiet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kif_bdiet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kif bdiet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kif_bdiet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kif_infirxet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kif_infirxet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kif infirxet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kif_infirxet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsegwenzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsegwenzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Konsegwenzi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsegwenzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il-mortalità" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-mortalità"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Il-mortalità</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-mortalità-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L-antiġudaiżmu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L-antiġudaiżmu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>L-antiġudaiżmu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L-antiġudaiżmu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noti_u_Referenzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noti_u_Referenzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Noti u Referenzi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noti_u_Referenzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ħoloq_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ħoloq_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ħoloq esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ħoloq_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kontenut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aħbi jew uri l-werrej" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aħbi jew uri l-werrej</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pesta s-sewda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Żur artiklu f'lingwa differenti. Disponibbli fi 122 lingwi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 lingwi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – Afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – Ġermaniż tal-Iżvizzera" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Ġermaniż tal-Iżvizzera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – Aragoniż" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الأسود – Għarbi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموت الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Għarbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الاسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الموت الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negro" title="Peste negro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Peste negro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm" title="Qara ölüm – Ażerbajġani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara ölüm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Ażerbajġani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="قارا اؤلوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا اؤلوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ҡара үлем – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара үлем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная смерць – Belarussu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная смерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная сьмерць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорная сьмерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Черната смърт – Bulgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черната смърт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="কালো মৃত্যু – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালো মৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosenn_Zu" title="Bosenn Zu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosenn Zu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – Bożnijaku" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bożnijaku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_Negra" title="Pesta Negra – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pesta Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-b%C3%AAng" title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="مردنی ڕەش – Kurd Ċentrali" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مردنی ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurd Ċentrali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_smrt" title="Černá smrt – Ċek" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá smrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ċek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_Du" title="Pla Du – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pla Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d" title="Den sorte død – Daniż" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den sorte død" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – Ġermaniż" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Ġermaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergo_siya" title="Mergo siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mergo siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Μαύρη πανώλη – Grieg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη πανώλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – Ingliż" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ingliż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_morto" title="Nigra morto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra morto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – Spanjol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanjol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – Estonjan" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izurri_Beltza" title="Izurri Beltza – Bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izurri Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مرگ سیاه – Persjan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرگ سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_surma" title="Musta surma – Finlandiż" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta surma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ttin_svarta" title="Sóttin svarta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sóttin svarta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_noire" title="Peste noire – Franċiż" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peste noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Franċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Nere" title="Peste Nere – Frijuljan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Peste Nere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Frijuljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_Dea" title="Swarte Dea – Frisian tal-Punent" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte Dea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian tal-Punent" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phl%C3%A1_Mh%C3%B3r" title="An Phlá Mhór – Irlandiż" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phlá Mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nw%C3%A8" title="Lapès nwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapès nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_B%C3%A0s_Dubh" title="Am Bàs Dubh – Galliku Skoċċiż" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am Bàs Dubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Galliku Skoċċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – Galiċjan" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiċjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 – Gotiku" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het-s%C3%AD-phiang" title="Het-sí-phiang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Het-sí-phiang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="המוות השחור – Ebrajk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המוות השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ebrajk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4" title="काली मौत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काली मौत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_kuge" title="Doba kuge – Kroat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Doba kuge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nwa" title="Lapès nwa – Creole ta’ Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapès nwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creole ta’ Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_hal%C3%A1l" title="Fekete halál – Ungeriż" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete halál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungeriż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սև մահ – Armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սեւ Մահ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Մահ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nigre" title="Peste nigre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peste nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabah_Hitam_(pandemi)" title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi) – Indoneżjan" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneżjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_pesto" title="Nigra pesto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra pesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartidau%C3%B0i" title="Svartidauði – Iżlandiż" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartidauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iżlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nera" title="Peste nera – Taljan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peste nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Taljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黒死病 – Ġappuniż" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒死病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Ġappuniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Det" title="Blak Det – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Det" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შავი ჭირი – Ġorġjan" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ჭირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Ġorġjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarka_taberkant" title="Tarka taberkant – Kabuljan" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarka taberkant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabuljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%84%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9z%C9%A9k%CA%8A_k%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Оба індеті – Każak" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оба індеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Każak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%91" title="흑사병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑사병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirina_re%C5%9F" title="Mirina reş – Kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirina reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_atra" title="Mors atra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors atra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazinura_negra" title="Hazinura negra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hazinura negra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjwarte_Doe%C3%ABd" title="Zjwarte Doeëd – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zjwarte Doeëd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Foscia" title="Mort Foscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mort Foscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_mirtis" title="Juodoji mirtis – Litwan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji mirtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_n%C4%81ve" title="Melnā nāve – Latvjan" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā nāve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्ल्याक डेथ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्ल्याक डेथ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahafatesana_Mainty" title="Fahafatesana Mainty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahafatesana Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – Maċedonjan" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Maċedonjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хар үхэл – Mongoljan" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар үхэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="काळा प्लेग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा प्लेग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – Mirandiż" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="မဲသေရောဂါ – Burmiż" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဲသေရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltik_mikistli" title="Tiltik mikistli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tiltik mikistli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – Ġermaniż Komuni" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Ġermaniż Komuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="कालो मृत्यु – Nepaliż" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालो मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaliż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="हाकुगु मृत्यु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाकुगु मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Dood" title="Zwarte Dood – Olandiż" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Dood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Olandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – Ninorsk Norveġiż" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Ninorsk Norveġiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – Bokmal Norveġiż" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norveġiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%82" title="Сау мæлæт – Ossettiku" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау мæлæт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossettiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czarna śmierć – Pollakk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna śmierć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pollakk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="تور مرګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور مرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – Portugiż" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moartea_neagr%C4%83" title="Moartea neagră – Rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moartea neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чёрная смерть – Russu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_niedda" title="Peste niedda – Sardinjan" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Peste niedda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesti_niura" title="Pesti niura – Sqalli" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pesti niura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sqalli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Daith" title="Black Daith – Skoċċiż" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Daith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skoċċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – Serbo-Kroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කළු මරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු මරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_smr%C5%A5" title="Čierna smrť – Slovakk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna smrť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna_smrt" title="Črna smrt – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna smrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capis_sorme" title="Čapis sorme – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čapis sorme" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdekja_e_Zez%C3%AB" title="Vdekja e Zezë – Albaniż" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vdekja e Zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – Serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den" title="Digerdöden – Żvediż" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digerdöden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Żvediż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frn%C5%8F_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கறுப்புச் சாவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கறுப்புச் சாவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="กาฬมรณะ – Tajlandiż" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาฬมรณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salot_na_Itim" title="Salot na Itim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salot na Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Kara Ölüm – Tork" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tork" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чорна смерть – Ukren" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukren" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سیاہ موت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاہ موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_o%CA%BBlim" title="Qora oʻlim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora oʻlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_Ch%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%90en" title="Cái Chết Đen – Vjetnamiż" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cái Chết Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vjetnamiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesse_des_djins" title="Pesse des djins – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pesse des djins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Kamatayon" title="Itom nga Kamatayon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Kamatayon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უჩა ჭირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ჭირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – Ċiniż" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Ċiniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hek-s%C3%BA-p%C4%93ng" title="Hek-sú-pēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hek-sú-pēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – Kantoniż" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantoniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Immodifika l-ħoloq interlingwi" class="wbc-editpage">Immodifika l-ħoloq</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spazji tal-isem"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pesta_s-sewda" title="Uri l-paġna ta' kontenut [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Paġna</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussjoni:Pesta_s-sewda" rel="discussion" title="Diskussjoni dwar il-paġna ta' kontenut [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussjoni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42005" title="Ħolqa għall-element konness tal-arkivju tad-dejta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element ta' Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Għodda tal-paġna"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Dehra"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Dehra</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mexxi għall-ġenb</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">aħbi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Minn Wikipedija, l-enċiklopedija l-ħielsa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mt" dir="ltr"><p>Il-<b>pesta s-sewda</b> kienet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandemija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">pandemija</a> ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_bubonika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesta bubonika (il-paġna ma teżistix)">pesta bubonika</a> (għalkemm xi wħud jaħsbu li ma kinetx bubonika xejn imma kienet ta' tip ieħor<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) li qerdet parti kbira mill-popolazzjoni <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropea</a> bejn l-1347 u l-1350.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Din ma kinetx l-ewwel jew l-aħħar epidemija ta' dan it-tip, imma hi biss tissejjaħ hekk. Kienet l-ewwel waħda li l-kronisti ddeskrivew tajjeb. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_(black_and_white).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg/350px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg/525px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Stampa tal-Pesta s-Sewda meħuda mill-<a href="/wiki/Bibbja" title="Bibbja">Bibbja</a> ta' Toggenburg (1411)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jaħsbu li l-pesta s-sewda f'ħames snin kienet il-kawża tal-mewt ta' nofs il-popolazzjoni tal-Ewropa, xi 25 miljun ruħ. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, u x'aktarx l-istess numru fl-Asja, jiġifieri xi 50 miljun b'kollox. Il-pesta s-sewda kellha konsegwenzi permanenti fuq iċ-ċivilizazzjoni Ewropea, iżjed u iżjed billi wara din l-ewwel mewġa, il-marda reġgħet dehret f'bosta mill-pajjiżi milquta (pereżempju bejn l-1353 u l-1355 <a href="/wiki/Franza" title="Franza">Franza</a>, bejn l-1360 u l-1369 l-<a href="/wiki/Ingilterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingilterra">Ingilterra</a>, etc.) </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L-epidemji_ta'_qabel"><span id="L-epidemji_ta.27_qabel"></span>L-epidemji ta' qabel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: L-epidemji ta' qabel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: L-epidemji ta' qabel"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medju_Evu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medju Evu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Medju Evu</a> kien imsallab b'ħafna epidemji. Fis-seklu VII, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_ta%27_%C4%A0ustinjanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesta ta' Ġustinjanu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Pesta ta' Ġustinjanu</a> ħarbtet l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperu_Ruman_ta%27_Lvant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperu Ruman ta' Lvant (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Imperu Ruman ta' Lvant</a> u żgur li kienet il-kawża tal-popolazzjoni baxxa fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Medju_Evu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medju Evu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Medju Evu Għoli</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fl-Ewropa . Mill-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antikit%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antikità (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Antikità</a> il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0dim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġdim (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ġdim</a> kien jitfaċca b‘mod kroniku . Epidemji oħra ftit jew wisq virulenti u lokalizzati imma sikwit mhux identifikati tajjeb kienu jfaqqgħu 'l hemm u 'l hawn. Barra forsi l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergoti%C5%BCmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ergotiżmu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ergotiżmu</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> li l-kawża tiegħu kienet intossikazzjoni mill-ikel, il-parti l-kbira tal-epidemji kienu jiġru fl-istess żmien mal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karestija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karestija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ġwieħ</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karestija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karestija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">karestiji</a> li kienu jdgħajfu l-popolazzjoni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kronoloġija"><span id="Kronolo.C4.A1ija"></span>Kronoloġija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Kronoloġija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kronoloġija"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kif_bdiet">Kif bdiet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Kif bdiet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kif bdiet"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-pesta bubonika kien tidher b'mod endemiku fl-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asja_%C4%8Bentrali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asja ċentrali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Asja ċentrali</a>, u żgur li kienu l-gwerer bejn il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperu_Mongolu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperu Mongolu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mongoli</a> u ċ-<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Aina" title="Ċina">Ċiniżi</a> li kkawżaw l-epidemija. Tfaċċat fl-1334 fil-provinċja Ċiniża ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubei (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Hubei</a> u infirxet bil-ħeffa mal-provinċji tal-inħawi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiangxi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Jiangxi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanxi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Hunan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangdong (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangxi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Henan</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suiyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suiyuan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Suiyuan</a>, provinċja antika ikkontestata bejn l-imperi Mongolu u Ċiniż). </p><p>Fl-1346, it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatari (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tatari</a> assedjaw il-belt ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caffa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caffa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Caffa</a>, fuq ix-xatt tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%C4%A7ar_Iswed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baħar Iswed (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Baħar Iswed</a>, fil-<a href="/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea">Krimea</a>, port importanti fuq it-triq bejn il-Lvant mbiegħed u l-Punent Ewropej, fejn kien hemm ħafna merkanti <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0enova" title="Ġenova">Ġenwiżi</a>. L-epidemija, miġjuba mill-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asja_%C4%8Bentrali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asja ċentrali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Asja ċentrali</a> mill-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongoli (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mongoli</a> laqtet kemm l-assedjanti u kemm l-assedjati, għax il-Mongoli sparaw l-kadavri bil-katapulti ġewwa s-swar biex jinfettaw il-belt. </p><p>L-assedju waqaf għax ma' kienx hemm biżżejjed ġellieda b'saħħithom. Ġenova u t-Tatari iffirmaw armistizju u l-bastimenti Ġenwiżi telqu mill-belt u ferrxu l-pesta f'kull port fejn waqfu. Il-marda waslet <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> f'Settembru 1347<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0enova" title="Ġenova">Ġenova</a> u <a href="/wiki/Marsilja" title="Marsilja">Marsilja</a> f'Diċembru tal-istess sena. <a href="/wiki/Venezja" title="Venezja">Venezja</a> intlaqtet f'Ġunju 1348. F'sena kullimkien fil-<a href="/wiki/Mediterran" title="Mediterran">Mediterran</a> kien intlaqat. </p><p>Minn hemm, il-pesta ħarbtet l-<a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropa</a> kollha min-nofsinhar għat-tramuntana, iżjed u iżjed billi sabet art tajba: il-popolazzjoni ma kellhiex l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antikorpi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antikorpi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">antikorpi</a> kontra dan il-varjanti tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%C4%8Billu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baċillu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">baċillu</a> tal-pesta, u kienet iddgħajfet b'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karistija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karistija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">karistija</a> wara l-oħra,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mill-epidemji <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minħabba li l-klima kienet kesħet mill-aħħar tas-seklu XIII, u mill-gwerer<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kif_infirxet">Kif infirxet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Kif infirxet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kif infirxet"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Pesta_s-sewda_malti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mt/thumb/5/53/Pesta_s-sewda_malti.jpg/450px-Pesta_s-sewda_malti.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="484" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mt/5/53/Pesta_s-sewda_malti.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Mappa tal-tifrix tal-pesta s-sewda</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-pesta s-sewda infirxet bħal mewġa imma ma damitx għal żmien twil fil-postijiet milquta. Ir-rata tal-mortalità ta' xi 30 % tal-popolazzjoni totali (u minn 60 sa 100 % tal-popolazzjoni infettata) kienet hekk li l-iżjed dgħajfa mietu malajr, u l-flaġell ma damx iżjed minn medja ta' sitta jew disa' xhur. </p><p>Minn <a href="/wiki/Marsilja" title="Marsilja">Marsilja</a> (Novembru 1347), ma damitx ma laħqet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avignon (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Avignon</a> (Jannar 1348), li dak iż-żmien kienet il-belt papali u salib it-toroq tad-dinja nisranija, u għalhekk qalba perfetta għat-tixrid tal-pesta. Laħqet <a href="/wiki/Pari%C4%A1i" title="Pariġi">Pariġi</a> f'Ġunju tal-1348, u sa Diċembru tal-1348, l-Ewropa t'isfel mill-<a href="/wiki/Gre%C4%8Bja" title="Greċja">Greċja</a> sal-<a href="/wiki/Ingilterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingilterra">Ingilterra</a> kienet intlaqtet. Nafu li l-pesta s-sewda waslet fil-gżejjer <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltin</a> fl-1348. F'Diċembru 1349, ġriet mal-<a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja">Ġermanja</a> kollha, id-<a href="/wiki/Danimarka" title="Danimarka">Danemarka</a>, l-<a href="/wiki/Ingilterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingilterra">Ingilterra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, ma' parti kbira tal-<a href="/wiki/Irlanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Irlanda">Irlanda</a> u l-i<a href="/wiki/Skozja" title="Skozja">Skozja</a>. Wara baqet timxi lejn il-lvant u t-tramuntana u fl-1350 ħarbtet l-i<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandinavja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skandinavja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Skandinavja</a>, imbagħad fl-1351 intilfet fil-pjanuri vasti bla abitanti tar-<a href="/wiki/Russja" title="Russja">Russja</a>. Ta' min jinnota li mixja tagħha ma kinetx omoġenja. Mhux ir-reġjuni kollha intlaqtu bl-istess mod u xi rħula u ċerti bliet bħal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brugge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brugge (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Brugge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuremberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuremberg (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Nuremberg</a> ħelsuha permezz ta' meżuri drastiċi biex ma jħallux nies jidħlu, u ġara l-istess f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9arn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Béarn (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Béarn</a> u l- <a href="/wiki/Polonja" title="Polonja">Polonja</a> (ara l-mappa faċċata). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konsegwenzi">Konsegwenzi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Konsegwenzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Konsegwenzi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-pesta ħolqot ħafna problemi serji ekonomiċi, soċjali u reliġjużi: </p> <ul><li>Kien hemm nuqqas ta' ħaddiema u l-prezz tax-xogħol għola ħafna, l-iżjed fil-biedja. Għad kbir ta' rħula ġew abbandunati u l-art reġgħet saret salvaġġa u l-foresta nfirxet.</li> <li>Il-bliet saru deżert waħda wara l-oħra. Il-mediċina ta' dak iż-żmien ma kinetx taf biżżejjed u ma kellhiex il-ħila li twaqqaf l-epidemji.</li> <li>Id-dħul mill-art naqas ħafna minħabba li tbaxxew iċ-ċnus u għolew il-pagi.</li> <li>Twaqqfu fratellanzi ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flagellanti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flagellanti (il-paġna ma teżistix)">flagellanti</a> biex jippruvaw ippattu għal dnubiethom qabel l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apokalissi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apokalissi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Apokalissi</a>, għax kienu jaħsbu l-pesta ma kinetx ħlief il-ħabbara ta' dan.</li> <li>Il-Lhud, iż-żingari, in-nomadi u popolazzjoni oħra ġeneralment magħrufa bl-isem ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agots (il-paġna ma teżistix)">agots</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agotes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agotes (il-paġna ma teżistix)">agotes</a>, kienu akkużati mill-popolazzjoni li avvelenaw il-bjar u għalhekk ġew ippersegwitati minkejja l-protezzjoni tal-<a href="/wiki/Papa" title="Papa">papa</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klement_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klement VI (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Klement VI</a> (ara hawn taħt).</li></ul> <p>Il-pesta għamlet impressjoni wkoll fuq l-arti, pereżempju iż-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBifna_tal-Mewt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żifna tal-Mewt (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Żifna tal-Mewt</a> u x-xogħol ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocaccio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocaccio (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Bocaccio</a> id-"Decameron". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Il-mortalità"><span id="Il-mortalit.C3.A0"></span>Il-mortalità</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-mortalità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Il-mortalità"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg/250px-Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg/375px-Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Tabib liebes il-maskra karatteristika ta' żmien il-pesta. Il-munqar twil kien ikun fih il-ħwawar biex itaffi mir-riħa tal-kadavri (inċiżjoni tal-1656).</figcaption></figure> <p>Is-sorsi dokumentarji huma skarsi wisq u ġeneralment jikkopraw perjodu itwal, imma għall-inqas jagħtuna idea raffa. L-istoriċi jestimaw li l-proporzjon tal-mejtin kien bejn 30 % u 50 % tal-popolazzjoni Ewropea. Il-bliet kienu milquta iżjed bl-aħrax mill-irħula minħabba l-konċentrazzjoni tal-popolazzjoni, imma wkoll minħabba l-ġuħ u l-problemi tal-għaks. Jidher li fl-<a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropa</a>, il-popolazzjoni kienet ilha niżla mill-bidu tas-seklu XIV, minħabba l-għaks u l-popolazzjoni żejda. Din baqgħet nieżla sal-bidu tas-seklu XV, u niżlet iżjed malajr bil-pesta. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Franza" title="Franza">Franza</a>, bejn l-1340 u l-1440, il-popolazzjoni naqset minn 17 għal 10 milljuni, jiġifieri tnaqqis ta' mill-inqas 42 %. Ir-reġistru parrokkjali ta' Givry (Saône-et-Loire), wieħed mill-iżjed preċiżi juri li minn xi 1,500 abitant, kien hemm 649 midfunin fl-1348, li minhom 630 kienu bejn Ġunju u Settembru. Għal parroċċa li s-soltu jkollha xi 40 biss midfunin dan iffisser li l-pesta qatlet 40.6 %. </p><p>L-istoriċi ġeneralment jaqblu li fl-<a href="/wiki/Italja" title="Italja">Italja</a>, l-pesta qatlet mill-inqas nofs l-abitanti. <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> biss jidher li ħeles, però, is-sorsi huma skarsi u impreċiżi fuq dan is-suġgett. Is-sorsi kontemporanji jagħtu rata ta' mortalità tal-biża': tmienja minn għaxra <a href="/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze">Firenze</a>, tlieta minn erbgħa <a href="/wiki/Venezja" title="Venezja">Venezja</a>, etc. </p><p>Fi <a href="/wiki/Spanja" title="Spanja">Spanja</a>, il-pesta setgħet qerdet minn 30 sa 60% tal-popolazzjoni, l-iżjed f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aragona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aragona (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Aragona</a> (disa' mewġiet bejn l-1348 u l-1401). </p><p>Fl-<a href="/wiki/Awstrija" title="Awstrija">Awstrija</a>, kien hemm 40,000 vittma fi <a href="/wiki/Vjenna" title="Vjenna">Vjenna</a> u 25 sa 35% tal-popolazzjoni nqerdet. </p><p>L-<a href="/wiki/Ingilterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingilterra">Ingilterra</a> l-iżjed li ħallietilna sorsi u paradossalment dan jagħmel l-estimazzjoni tar-rati l-iżjed diffiċli għax l-istoriċi jibbażaw il-kalkulazzjonijiet tagħhom fuq dokumenti differenti. Iċ-ċifri proposti huma bejn 20 sa 50 %. Mentri, l-istimi tal-popolazzjoni juru li bejn l-1300 u l-1450 naqset b'45 sa 70 %. Anki jekk il-popolazzjoni kienet nieżla qabel il-pesta, xorta l-istima ta' 20% mhux kredibbli, l-iżjed billi dawn ir-rati huma bbażati fuq dokumenti li jirrigwardaw il-propjetarji tal-art lajċi li ma jirripreżentawx il-popolazzjoni li kienet il-parti kbira magħmula minn raħħala mdagħjfin bil-karistiji. </p><p>Jaħsbu wkoll li l-popolazzjoni tal-<a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja">Ġermanja</a> naqset bin-nofs. <a href="/wiki/Amburgu" title="Amburgu">Amburgu</a> tilfet 66% tal-popolazzjoni tagħha, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bremen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bremen (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Bremen</a> 70% u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pommerellen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pommerellen (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Pommerellen</a> 42%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L-antiġudaiżmu"><span id="L-anti.C4.A1udai.C5.BCmu"></span>L-antiġudaiżmu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: L-antiġudaiżmu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: L-antiġudaiżmu"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill-1348, il-pesta qajmet ħafna ħdura kontra l-<a href="/wiki/Lhud" title="Lhud">Lhud</a>. Fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provenza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provenza (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Provenza</a> fi <a href="/wiki/Franza" title="Franza">Franza</a> is-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinagoga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinagoga (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinagoga</a> ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Saint-Rémy-de-Provence</a> tawha n-nar; xi Lhud ġew maħruqin f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Serres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serres (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Serres</a>, fid-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfinat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delfinat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Delfinat</a>; kien hemm massakri oħra f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Navarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navarra (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Navarra</a> u f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastilja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastilja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kastilja</a>. Fit-13 ta' Mejju 1348, inqered il-kwartier Lhudi ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar%C4%8Belona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barċelona (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Barċelona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Axkenazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axkenazi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Axkenazi</a> tal-<a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja">Ġermanja</a> kienu vittmi ta' bosta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrom (il-paġna ma teżistix)">pogrom</a>. F'Settembru 1348, il-Lhud tar-reġjun ta' Chillon, fuq il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lag_L%C3%A9man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lag Léman (il-paġna ma teżistix)">lag Léman</a> fl-I<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBvizzera" title="Żvizzera">żvizzera</a>, kienu ttorturati sakemm għamlu stqarrija falza li kienu avvelenaw il-bjar <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L-istqarrijiet tagħhom saħħnu r-rabja tal-poplu u wasslu għal xi massakri u tkeċċijiet. Tliet mitt komunità ġew meqruda jew imkeċċija. Sitt elef Lhudi ġew maqtula f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainz (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mainz</a>. Għadd kbir ta' Lhud ħarbu lejn il-<a href="/wiki/Polonja" title="Polonja">Polonja</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Litwanja" title="Litwanja">Litwanja</a>. </p><p>Xi 2000 Lhudi ġew maħruqa fi <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BCburgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Strażburgu">Strażburgu</a> fl-14 ta' <a href="/wiki/Frar" title="Frar">Frar</a> 1349 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Il-massakru_ta%27_San_Valentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Il-massakru ta' San Valentin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Il-massakru ta' San Valentin</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, oħrajn ġew mitfugħa fix-xmara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vienne_(rivi%C3%A8re)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vienne (rivière) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Vienne</a> f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinon (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chinon</a>. Fl-<a href="/wiki/Awstrija" title="Awstrija">Awstrija</a>, in-nies qabadhom il-paniku u ħabtu għal-Lhud li ssusspettaw li ferrxu l-marda u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albertu_II_tal-Awstrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albertu II tal-Awstrija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Albertu II tal-Awstrija</a> kellu jindaħal biex jipproteġi s-suġġetti tiegħu Lhud.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Biex tkun taf aktar fuq il-persekuzzjoni tal-Lhud minħabba l-pesta s-sewda, ara pereżempju l-artiklu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediterranee-antique.info/Moyen_Orient/Graetz/HJ_411.htm">Histoire des Juifs</a> ta' Heinrich Graetz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noti_u_Referenzi">Noti u Referenzi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Noti u Referenzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Noti u Referenzi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r272200">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_1925000/1925513.stm">BBC news story on controversy over Black Death origins</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mark Derr, "New Theories Link black Death to Ebola-Like Virus", <i>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Times (il-paġna ma teżistix)">New York Times</a></i>, Science Section, October 2, 2001 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/franc/reperes/contexte.htm">Le contexte historique de la création du franc - La Peste noire, Bibliothèque nationale de Franc, 15 ta' Settembru 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Louis Bréhier, <i>Le monde byzantin : Vie et mort de Byzance</i>, Albin Michel, L'Évolution de l'Humanité, ISBN:978-2226171023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/brehier_louis/monde_byzantin/brehier_vie_et_mort_byzance.pdf">[1]</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Fra Bruno Halioua, <i>Histoire de la médecine</i> 2004, Masson ISBN:2294010566 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I2iwJDj8G7MC&printsec=frontcover&output=text#PPA103,M1">Kapitlu: La grande peste ou peste noire</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><b>Medju Evu Għoli</b> (imsejjaħ ukoll "is-sekli mudlama"), li jinfirex mis-seklu V sas-seklu X hu kkaratterizzat minn kondizzjonijiet ekonomiċi ħżiena ħafna u invażjonijiet kontinwi mis-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Slavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7arab" title="Għarab">Għarab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normanni" title="Normanni">Normanni</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C4%A1jari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maġjari (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Maġjari</a>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Ergotiżmu</b> hu l-effett ta' avvelenament fit-tul mill-inġestjoni tal-alkolojdi prodotti mill-fungus Claviceps purpurea li tinfetta s-segali u ċereali oħra. Ħu magħruf ukoll bħala ergotossikożi, avvelenament ergot u n-nar ta' Sant Antnin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Deskritta minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_de_Piazza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele de Piazza (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Michele de Piazza</a> fil-kronaki tiegħu <i>Historia Secula ab anno 1337 ad annum 1361</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">l-iżjed il-ġuħ il-kbir tal-1315 sal-1322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">l-iżjed it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tifu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tifu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tifu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">fosthom il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwerra_ta%27_Mitt_Sena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwerra ta' Mitt Sena (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Gwerra ta' Mitt Sena</a>, li bdiet fl-1336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Ing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=278&letter=B&search=Barcelona#883">Communal organisation, Richard Gottheil u Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fra Taħt id-direzzjoni ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elie_Barnavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elie Barnavi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Elie Barnavi</a>, “Histoire universelle des Juifs”, 1992, Hachette</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaisme.sdv.fr/histoire/historiq/stval/stval.htm">"Le massacre de la Saint-Valentin" Lazare Landau, Site internet du judaïsme d'Alsace et de Lorraine</a> 2007}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurocles.com/e-doc.php?table=e_agendahist&action=enregistrement&id=3306">”Grande Peste en Europe : 25 millions de victimes (autant en Asie), Eurocles</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ħoloq_esterni"><span id=".C4.A6oloq_esterni"></span>Ħoloq esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Ħoloq esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ħoloq esterni"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> għandha fajls multimedjali li għandhom x'jaqsmu ma': <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" class="extiw" title="commons:Black Death"> Pesta s-sewda </a></b></i> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="Franċiż">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502032223/http://www.histgeo.com/medievale/peste.html">La peste de 1348, sur le site histgeo.com</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="Ġermaniż">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yersiniapestis.info/index.html">Eine als Webseite aufgearbeitete Seminarfacharbeit über die Pest – den schwarzen Tod</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="Ġermaniż">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528005022/http://online-media.uni-marburg.de/ma_geschichte/pest/">Pest – Geißler – Judenverfolgung. Das 14. Jahrhundert als Krisenzeit</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="Ġermaniż">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edjewnet.de/schwarzertod/schwarzer_tod.htm">Jüdische Museum Göppingen</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="Ġermaniż">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/19/19715/1.html">Artikel in Telepolis über alternative Deutungen</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="Spanjol">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiasiglo20.org/HE/4c.htm">Crisis demográfica, económica y política en España</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="Spanjol">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vallenajerilla.com/berceo/lopezjara/muertenegra.htm">La muerte negra </a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Miksub minn "<a dir="ltr" href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&oldid=305266">https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesta_s-sewda&oldid=305266</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:Kategoriji" title="Speċjali:Kategoriji">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Medju_Evu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Medju Evu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Medju Evu</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> L-aħħar bidla fuq il-paġna: 18:37, 20 Marzu 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">It-test huwa disponibbli taħt il-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Liċenzja Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; jistgħu japplikaw xi kundizzjonijiet oħra. 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