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<ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Miscellaneous attestations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_influence_on_other_mythical_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_influence_on_other_mythical_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proposed influence on other mythical figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_influence_on_other_mythical_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_relevance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_relevance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later relevance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_relevance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ألوليم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألوليم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آلولیم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلولیم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Алулим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алулим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άλωρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλωρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آلولیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلولیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A3%B0%EB%A6%BC" title="알룰림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알룰림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אלולים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלולים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulimas" title="Alulimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alulimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0" title="アルリム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルリム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Алулим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алулим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱟᱞᱩᱞᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱩᱞᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ئەلولیم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلولیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alulim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%AD%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%A7%86" title="阿魯利姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿魯利姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q447370#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mythological first king of Sumer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Alulim</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Lugal" title="Lugal">King</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <span lang="sux"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%88%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒈗">𒈗</a></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">lugal</i></span>; transliterated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/%F0%92%87%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="𒇽"><span title="Cuneiform transliteration"><span>lu</span></span></a>.<a href="/wiki/%F0%92%83%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="𒃲"><span title="Cuneiform transliteration"><span>gal</span></span></a></span>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg/220px-Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg/330px-Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg/440px-Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2843" data-file-height="1509" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">The <a href="/wiki/Weld-Blundell_Prism" title="Weld-Blundell Prism">Weld-Blundell Prism</a>, inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a>, a text which mentions Alulim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshmolean_Museum2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshmolean_Museum2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alalngar" title="Alalngar">Alalgar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒀉𒇻𒅆</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alulim</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <span lang="sux"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%80%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒀉">𒀉</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%87%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒇻">𒇻</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%85%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒅆">𒅆</a></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">Álulim</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of cuneiform">transliterated</a>: <span title="Cuneiform transliteration"><span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/epsd2/o0043260#">a₂.lu.lim</a></span></span></span>) was a mythological <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> ruler, regarded as the first king ever to rule. He is known from the <i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></i>, <i>Ballad of Early Rulers</i>, and other similar sources which invariably place him in <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> and assign a reign lasting thousands of years to him. The tablet of Old Babylonian period (c. 1900–1600 BC) from Ur describing the divine appointment of Alulim by the gods notes that he was chosen among "vast and many people," and appointed by gods for the "shepherdship of the entirety of the many people".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another myth describing his appointment by the gods and incantations treating him as the creator of insects are also known. He is absent from Early Dynastic sources, and he is considered fictional by <a href="/wiki/Assyriologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a>. His name was preserved in later <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> works. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alulim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alulim's name was written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> as <i>A<sub>2</sub>-lu-lim</i> or <i>A-lu-lim</i> and can be translated from <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> as either "horn of the <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>" or "seed of the red deer" depending on the variable first sign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeremiah Peterson suggests that it might reflect the Mesopotamian belief that at the dawn of history, when Alulim was believed to live, humans behaved in animal-like manner, as attested in texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Debate_between_sheep_and_grain" title="Debate between sheep and grain">Sheep and Grain</a></i> or <i>How Grain Came to Sumer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201839_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201839-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further attested spelling, Alulu, written <i>A-lu-lu</i>, might represent an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadianized</a> form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Ayalu, known from the <i>Uruk List of Kings and Sages</i> (Paired with <a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Apkallu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008142_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is written <i>A-a-lu</i>, appears to be another variant, resulting from reinterpretation reliant on the partially <a href="/wiki/Homophonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophonous">homophonous</a> word <i>ayyalu</i>, 'deer' or 'stag'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Alulim is not attested in any <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a> sources and was never used as an ordinary given name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2010237_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2010237-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only indirect parallels are the occurrences of individuals named Alulu (with variable spelling) in early texts from <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Fara</a> and other pre-<a href="/wiki/Sargonic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargonic dynasty">Sargonic</a> sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761–62_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761–62-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alulim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Initial_paragraph_about_rule_of_Alulim_in_Eridu_for_28800_years_(photograph,_transcription_and_translation).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Initial_paragraph_about_rule_of_Alulim_in_Eridu_for_28800_years_%28photograph%2C_transcription_and_translation%29.jpg/220px-Initial_paragraph_about_rule_of_Alulim_in_Eridu_for_28800_years_%28photograph%2C_transcription_and_translation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Initial_paragraph_about_rule_of_Alulim_in_Eridu_for_28800_years_%28photograph%2C_transcription_and_translation%29.jpg/330px-Initial_paragraph_about_rule_of_Alulim_in_Eridu_for_28800_years_%28photograph%2C_transcription_and_translation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Initial_paragraph_about_rule_of_Alulim_in_Eridu_for_28800_years_%28photograph%2C_transcription_and_translation%29.jpg/440px-Initial_paragraph_about_rule_of_Alulim_in_Eridu_for_28800_years_%28photograph%2C_transcription_and_translation%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Weld-Blundell_Prism" title="Weld-Blundell Prism">Weld-Blundell Prism</a>, initial paragraph about rule of Alulim and <a href="/wiki/Alalngar" title="Alalngar">Alalngar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> for 64.800 years.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alulim is regarded as a fictional figure by <a href="/wiki/Assyriologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to him are largely limited to lists of legendary ancient rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was traditionally considered the first Mesopotamian king,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201196_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201196-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his reign was placed before the mythical <a href="/wiki/Great_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Great flood">great flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011418_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011418-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All known sources listing primordial kings consistently state that he lived in <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, unless no mention of any cities is made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201196_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201196-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition reflected the perception of Eridu as a city of particular symbolic importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201764_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201764-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign was described as supernaturally long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2012101_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2012101-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its duration was regarded as <a href="/wiki/Proverbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Proverbial">proverbial</a>, as indicated by a letter of the astrologer Ašarēdu to an unspecified Babylonian king, in which he wished him to be blessed by the gods of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> with "years of Alulu".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010133_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010133-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></i>, Alulim retained his position for 28,800 years before he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Alalngar" title="Alalngar">Alalngar</a>, who in turn reigned for 36,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2003118_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2003118-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the contents of the <i>Sumerian King List</i> are assumed to not reflect historical reality, and cannot be used to reconstruct early Mesopotamian chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2010238_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2010238-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that the figure of Alulim was incorporated into it from a preexisting older source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different tradition about the length of his reign is preserved in the <i>Ballad of Early Rulers</i>, which states that he ruled for 36,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2003118_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2003118-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Irving_Finkel" title="Irving Finkel">Irving Finkel</a>, other similar texts give further variant figures, such as 36,200 years (tablet BM 40565) or 67,200 years (tablet WB 62).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel198071_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel198071-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous_attestations">Miscellaneous attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alulim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tablet of the <a href="/wiki/Eridu_Genesis" title="Eridu Genesis">Eridu Genesis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> first published in 2018 describes the appointment of Alulim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201837–38_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201837–38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>(Obverse)<br /> 1 They (the chief deities) created humanity<br /> 2 After the [animals/vermin?] were proliferating below/from the earth in unison<br /> 3 They made livestock and quadrupeds as fitting things in the steppe(eden-na)<br /> 4 In the high steppe ... joyous plants broadly<br /> 5 At that time, the canal was not dug ...<br /> 6 The dike and ditch [were not dredged(?) ...]<br /> 7 The ox ... the plow/farmer/furrow(?) ...<br /> 8 The lands ... a single track ...<br /> 9 Humanity ... their eyes/faces ... [rain?]<br /> 10 Šakkan/Šumugan [did not go out(?)] in the desert ...<br /> 11 Weaving the cap/headcloth(?) ...<br /> 12 Humanity ...<br /> 13 At that time, the snake was not present, [the scorpion was not present ...]<br /> 14 The lion was not present, [the hyena was not present ...]<br /> 15 The dog and wolf were not present ...<br /> 16 Humanity [had no opponent ...]<br /> 17 Fear and [gooseflesh(?) were not present ...]<br /> 18 ... <br /> 19 The king ...<br /> 20 ...<br /> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>(Reverse)<br /> 1 First ... were giving [Eridu or Ku’ara?] to Asalluhi,<br /> 2 Second ... were giving [Bad-tibira to the nugig midwife?],<br /> 3 Third ... were giving [Larak[ to Pabilsaĝ,<br /> 4 Fourth ... were giving [Sippar to Utu?]<br /> 5 Fifth ... were giving Š[uruppak?] to [Sud?].<br /> 6 Those cities .. their settlements ...<br /> 7 An, Enlil, [Enki?] and Ninhursaĝ<br /> 8 Among(?) those cities, Eridu .. they established at the front/as the leader(?)<br /> 9 They led(?) a man who was lying(?) among its vast and many people ...<br /> 10 An, Enlil, and Enki, the father(s) of the gods(?)<br /> 11 They chose Alulim/the "seed of the red deer" for the shepherdship of the entirety of the many people<br /> 12 They named him(!) Alulim/named the "seed of the red deer" ...<br /> 13 After they served according to the command to check thusly/forever after(?)<br /> 14 [So that?] humanity, whoever possessed a name, were grasping his feet (in submission)/following his path(?)<br /> 15 They put both (capital) offense and sin(?) in his hand<br /> 16 was giving ... to him<br /> 17 ...<br /> 18 ... </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It has been interpreted as an <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a> of the institution of kingship, with the first ruler being chosen from among mankind to act as the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a> of the early, still animalistic humans, thus leading to the development of human civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201839_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201839-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gods responsible for Alulim's appointment in this text are <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, who are also credited with assigning his name to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201844_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201844-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeremiah Peterson notes that the grammar of the passage might not designate him as a human, which could indicate that in this context Alulim is not a personal name, but merely a description of the entity chosen to act as a ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201847_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201847-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Ballad of Early Rulers</i>, a composition noted for its large number of allusions to other works of Mesopotamian literature,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlster2005296–297_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlster2005296–297-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alulim is listed among famous ancient figures alongside <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazi_(king)" title="Bazi (king)">Bazi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zizi_(king)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zizi (king) (page does not exist)">Zizi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018278_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018278-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that kings associated both with southern cities, such as Alulim, and ones at home in the north, such as Etana, are mentioned side by side might indicate that it was composed during the period of exodus of scribes from south to north in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViano2016369_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViano2016369-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bendt Alster compares this text to a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">drinking song</a> and notes it appears to enumerate renowned legendary figures in seemingly humorous context, in order to explain the need to find joy in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlster2005290–291_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlster2005290–291-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alulim is also attested in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a> incantations against field <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, acknowledge him as a "king from before the deluge",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010133_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010133-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in this context he is also addressed as the creator of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is described as capable of expelling them with a <a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">wand</a>, and as responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Weeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Weeding">weeding</a> of fields belonging to <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136–137_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136–137-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere the expulsion of insects is the domain of the deities <a href="/wiki/Ninkilim" title="Ninkilim">Ninkilim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ennugi" title="Ennugi">Ennugi</a>, and it is not known how Alulim came to function as a similar figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010137_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010137-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same texts also state that he was believed to enjoy milk, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> and beer, but could not stand "queen <a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a>", here a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a> for grain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although earlier tradition, Me-Turan/Tell-Haddad tablet, describes <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a> as postdiluvian ruler of Eridu,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in late tradition, <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a> came to be viewed as Alulim's vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was believed that he provided the king with wisdom on behalf of the god <a href="/wiki/Ea_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (god)">Ea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piotr Steinkeller based on the connection between them suggests Alulim could himself be viewed as a sagacious Adapa-like figure, though he admits no sources provide information about the perception of his character in Mesopotamian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201764_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201764-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association between Alulim and Adapa is attested in lists of rulers and corresponding sages known from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, and additionally in an earlier damaged text from <a href="/wiki/Sultantepe" title="Sultantepe">Sultantepe</a> labeled as a letter from Adapa to Alulim, following a convention of so-called "scribal letters".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1974346–347_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1974346–347-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a distinct tradition instead placed Adapa in the times of another mythical king, <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1974347_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1974347-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_influence_on_other_mythical_figures">Proposed influence on other mythical figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alulim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proposed influence on other mythical figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eckhart Frahm has tentatively suggested that it is possible that the vowel pattern in the alternate form of Alulim's name, Alulu, influenced the formation of the name <a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018277_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018277-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reference to Alulu occurs in a broken context in a heavily damaged <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a> (or later) text from <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> which might link him to Pazuzu, if the restoration of the latter name is correct, though due to the state of preservation the contents are presently impossible to interpret.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018282=283_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018282=283-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary R. Bachvarova notes that in the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> <i>Song of Birth</i>, the primordial deity <a href="/wiki/Alalu" title="Alalu">Alalu</a> who appears as the original "king in heaven" (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">king of the gods</a>) bears a name similar to Alulim's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2012112_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2012112-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She suggests that this text might have been influenced by the <i>Sumerian King List</i>, with the reigns of the early rulers of the gods being patterned on the traditions pertaining to early Mesopotamian legendary kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2012112–113_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2012112–113-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_relevance">Later relevance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alulim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later relevance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Greek version of Alulim's name, Aloros (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἄλωρος</span>), is known from citations from <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Babyloniaca_(Berossus)" title="Babyloniaca (Berossus)">Babyloniaca</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preserved in the works of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">Syncellus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berossus' account of early kings depended on the tradition known from <i>Sumerian King List</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201183_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201183-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that Aloros reigned for 36000 years and was succeeded by Alaparos (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">αλαπαρος</span>), presumed to be an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Alalngar" title="Alalngar">Alalgar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel198071_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel198071-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writings were later partially <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria" title="Annianus of Alexandria">Annianus</a>, who combined his account with traditions pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Genesis_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 6">Genesis 6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009145_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009145-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work was in turn an influence on the writings of the astrologer <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a>'s <i>Qānūn</i>, cited as sources in <a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani" title="Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani">Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tabaqat-i_Nasiri" title="Tabaqat-i Nasiri">Tabaqat-i Nasiri</a> (written in 1259-1260), where a derivative of Aloros, Aylūrūs (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الوروس</span>), is presented as the first king of the people standing in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Giant_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (Biblical)">giants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009145–146_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009145–146-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juzjani in his account equates him with <a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Gayūmart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009155_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009155-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alulim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshmolean_Museum2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshmolean_Museum2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshmolean_Museum2017">Ashmolean Museum 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/artifacts/346146">CDLI Literary 000357, ex. 003 (P346146)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201838_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2018">Peterson 2018</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201839-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201839_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201839_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2018">Peterson 2018</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008142-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008142_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenzi2008">Lenzi 2008</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2010237-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2010237_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchesi2010">Marchesi 2010</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761–62-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761–62_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2017">Steinkeller 2017</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201761_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2017">Steinkeller 2017</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201840_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2018">Peterson 2018</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201196-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201196_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201196_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011418-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011418_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201764-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201764_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller201764_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2017">Steinkeller 2017</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2012101-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2012101_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachvarova2012">Bachvarova 2012</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010133-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010133_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010133_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010">George, Taniguchi & Geller 2010</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2003118-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2003118_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2003118_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz2003">Katz 2003</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2010238-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2010238_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchesi2010">Marchesi 2010</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkel198071-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel198071_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkel198071_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel1980">Finkel 1980</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201837–38-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201837–38_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2018">Peterson 2018</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UET 6, 61 + UET 6, 503 + UET 6, 691 (+) UET 6, 701 or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/artifacts/346146">CDLI Literary 000357, ex. 003 (P346146)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201844-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201844_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2018">Peterson 2018</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201847-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201847_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2018">Peterson 2018</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlster2005296–297-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlster2005296–297_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlster2005">Alster 2005</a>, pp. 296–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018278-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018278_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrahm2018">Frahm 2018</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViano2016369-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViano2016369_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViano2016">Viano 2016</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlster2005290–291-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlster2005290–291_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlster2005">Alster 2005</a>, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136–137-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136–137_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010">George, Taniguchi & Geller 2010</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010137-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010137_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010">George, Taniguchi & Geller 2010</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010136_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgeTaniguchiGeller2010">George, Taniguchi & Geller 2010</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cavigneaux, Antoine. “Une version Sumérienne de la légende d’Adapa (Textes de Tell Haddad X) : Zeitschrift Für Assyriologie104 (2014): 1–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1974346–347-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1974346–347_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1974">Foster 1974</a>, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1974347-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1974347_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1974">Foster 1974</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2018277-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig201183_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009145-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009145_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bladel2009">van Bladel 2009</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009145–146-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009145–146_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bladel2009">van Bladel 2009</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009155-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bladel2009155_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bladel2009">van Bladel 2009</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alulim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshmolean_Museum2017" class="citation web cs1">Ashmolean (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ashmolean.org/object/462921">"Sumerian king list"</a>. <i>Ashmolean Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19612-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19612-4"><bdi>978-90-04-19612-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/727944800">727944800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primeval+history%3A+Babylonian%2C+biblical%2C+and+Enochic%3A+an+intertextual+reading&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Supplements+to+the+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F727944800&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19612-4&rft.aulast=Kvanvig&rft.aufirst=Helge+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlulim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenzi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lenzi, Alan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1109196">"The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions</i>. <b>8</b> (2). 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"Writing, Kingship and Political Discourse in Early Babylonia: Reflections on the Nature and Function of Third Millennium Historical Sources". <i>History, Texts and Art in Early Babylonia</i>. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501504778-002">10.1515/9781501504778-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501504778" title="Special:BookSources/9781501504778"><bdi>9781501504778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing%2C+Kingship+and+Political+Discourse+in+Early+Babylonia%3A+Reflections+on+the+Nature+and+Function+of+Third+Millennium+Historical+Sources&rft.btitle=History%2C+Texts+and+Art+in+Early+Babylonia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501504778-002&rft.isbn=9781501504778&rft.aulast=Steinkeller&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlulim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bladel2009" class="citation book cs1">van Bladel, Kevin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVoCkKZWZ0MC&pg=PT234"><i>The Arabic Hermes: From Pagan Sage to Prophet of Science</i></a>. Oxford Studies in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988850-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988850-4"><bdi>978-0-19-988850-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Venezia: Edizioni Ca'Foscari. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6969-077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6969-077-8"><bdi>978-88-6969-077-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965932920">965932920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reception+of+Sumerian+literature+in+the+western+periphery&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pub=Edizioni+Ca%27Foscari&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965932920&rft.isbn=978-88-6969-077-8&rft.aulast=Viano&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedizionicafoscari.unive.it%2Fit%2Fedizioni%2Flibri%2F978-88-7543-417-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlulim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alulim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-BīrūnīJuzjani1260a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani" title="Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani">Juzjani, Minhaj al-Siraj</a> (1260a) [c. 1259–1260 CE]. "Qānūn-al-mas'ūdī". In <a href="/wiki/Jason_Colavito" title="Jason Colavito">Colavito, Jason</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jasoncolavito.com/book-of-thousands.html"><i>طبقات ناصری</i></a> [<i>Tabaqat-i Nasiri</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Tabaqat-i_Nasiri" title="Tabaqat-i Nasiri">Tabaqat-i Nasiri</a> (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Raverty" title="Henry George Raverty">Raverty, Henry George</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Q%C4%81n%C5%ABn-al-mas%E2%80%98%C5%ABd%C4%AB&rft.btitle=%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C&rft.series=Tabaqat-i+Nasiri&rft.date=1260&rft.aulast=Al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+Ray%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft.au=Juzjani%2C+Minhaj+al-Siraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jasoncolavito.com%2Fbook-of-thousands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlulim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-BīrūnīJuzjani1260b" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani" title="Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani">Juzjani, Minhaj al-Siraj</a> (1260b) [c. 1259–1260 CE]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ar.lib.eshia.ir/10516/1/132">"Nasiri classes (History of Iran and Islam)"</a>. <i>The Library of the School of Jurisprudence</i> (in Persian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cunningham, Graham; Ebeling, Jarle; Flückiger-Hawker, Esther; <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Robson" title="Eleanor Robson">Robson, Eleanor</a>; Taylor, Jon; Zólyomi, Gábor (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.1.1&charenc=j#">"The Sumerian king list"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Oriental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Oriental Studies">Faculty of Oriental Studies</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Text_Corpus_of_Sumerian_Literature" title="Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature">Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature</a> (ETCSL)</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Thorkild_Jacobsen" title="Thorkild Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Thorkild Peter Rudolph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Glassner" title="Jean-Jacques Glassner">Glassner, Jean-Jacques</a>; Römer, Willem H. Ph.; Zólyomi, Gábor (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Text+Corpus+of+Sumerian+Literature+%28ETCSL%29&rft.atitle=The+Sumerian+king+list&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+Allen&rft.au=Baines%2C+John+Robert&rft.au=Dahl%2C+Jacob+L.&rft.au=Van+De+Mieroop%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fetcsl.cgi%3Ftext%3Dt.2.1.1%26charenc%3Dj%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlulim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sumer">King of Sumer</a> </b><br />(legendary) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alalngar" title="Alalngar">Alalngar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lugal" title="Lugal">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> </b><br />(legendary) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sumerian_King_List" title="Template:Sumerian King List"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sumerian_King_List" title="Template talk:Sumerian King List"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian_King_List" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian King List"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_in_the_Sumerian_King_List36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alulim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalngar" title="Alalngar">Alalngar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Bad-tibira" title="Bad-tibira">Bad-tibira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En-men-lu-ana" title="En-men-lu-ana">En-men-lu-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En-men-gal-ana" title="En-men-gal-ana">En-men-gal-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Larak_(Sumer)" title="Larak (Sumer)">Larak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En-sipad-zid-ana" title="En-sipad-zid-ana">En-sipad-zid-ana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En-men-dur-ana" title="En-men-dur-ana">En-men-dur-ana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubara-Tutu" title="Ubara-Tutu">Ubara-Tutu</a></li> <li><i>Then the flood swept over.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">First dynasty of Kish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshkiangasher" title="Meshkiangasher">Meshkiangasher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">First dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Fisherman" title="Dumuzid the Fisherman">Dumuzid the Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udul-kalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">La-ba'shum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">En-nun-tarah-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh-he" title="Mesh-he">Mesh-he</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melem-ana" title="Melem-ana">Melem-ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="First dynasty of Ur">First dynasty of Ur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">[...]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/...Lu" title="...Lu">[...]-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur-Ishshak" title="Kur-Ishshak">Kul[...]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Second dynasty of Kish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susuda" title="Susuda">Susuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadasig" title="Dadasig">Dadasig</a></li> <li>Mamagal</li> <li>Kalbum</li> <li>Tuge</li> <li>Men-nuna</li> <li>Lugalngu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadanish (page does not exist)">Hadanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Second dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Enshakushanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a></li> <li>Argandea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Second dynasty of Ur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanni</li> <li>Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu" title="Lugal-Anne-Mundu">Lugal-Anne-Mundu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Dynasty of Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anbu</li> <li>Anba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazi_(king)" title="Bazi (king)">Bazi</a></li> <li>Zizi</li> <li>Limer</li> <li>Sharrum-iter</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Third dynasty of Kish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubaba" title="Kubaba">Kubaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Dynasty of Akshak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Unzi</li> <li>Undalulu</li> <li>Urur</li> <li>Puzur-Nirah</li> <li>Ushi-Il</li> <li>Shu-Suen of Akshak</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Fourth dynasty of Kish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a></li> <li>Zimudar</li> <li>Usi-watar</li> <li>Eshtar-muti</li> <li>Ishme-Shamash</li> <li>Nanniya</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Third dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugal-zage-si</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Dynasty of Akkad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a></li> <li><i>Then who was king? Who was not king?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Fourth dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-ningin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a></li> <li>Kuda</li> <li>Puzur-ili</li> <li>Ur-Utu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkishush" title="Inkishush">Inkishush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarlagab" title="Sarlagab">Sarlagab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulme" title="Shulme">Shulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elulmesh" title="Elulmesh">Elulmesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inimabakesh" title="Inimabakesh">Inimabakesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igeshaush" title="Igeshaush">Igeshaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlagab" title="Yarlagab">Yarlagab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibate" title="Ibate">Ibate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarla" title="Yarla">Yarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurum" title="Kurum">Kurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apilkin" title="Apilkin">Apilkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irarum" title="Irarum">Irarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibranum" title="Ibranum">Ibranum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hablum" title="Hablum">Hablum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen_(Gutian_king)" title="Puzur-Suen (Gutian king)">Puzur-Suen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlaganda" title="Yarlaganda">Yarlaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Fifth dynasty of Uruk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipit-Ishtar" title="Lipit-Ishtar">Lipit-Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%ABr-S%C3%AEn" class="mw-redirect" title="Būr-Sîn">Būr-Sîn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-M%C4%81gir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sîn-Māgir">Sîn-Māgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist"> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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