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emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਫੋਂਟ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ, ਚੌਡ਼ਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਰੰਗ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲੋ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਦਿੱਖ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa" class=""><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ" class=""><span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਬਾਹਰ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਸਫ਼ੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" aria-label="ਸੰਪਾਦਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ"><span>ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ਯੋਗਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸ IP ਪਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਸੋਧਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ਆਰੰਭ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਆਰੰਭ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ਆਰੰਭ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਆਰੰਭ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਹਵਾਲੇ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ। 78 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme – ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pragmatisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="براغماتية – ਅਰਬੀ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براغماتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="براجماتيه – ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="براجماتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismu" title="Pragmatismu – ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pragmatismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praqmatizm" title="Praqmatizm – ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Praqmatizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پراقماتیزم – ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پراقماتیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Прагматызм – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прагматызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Прагматизъм – ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прагматизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="দরকারবাদ – ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দরকারবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizam" title="Pragmatizam – ਬੋਸਨੀਆਈ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pragmatizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ਬੋਸਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme – ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pragmatisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پراگماتیزم – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پراگماتیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismus" title="Pragmatismus – ਚੈੱਕ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pragmatismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ਚੈੱਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatiaeth" title="Pragmatiaeth – ਵੈਲਸ਼" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pragmatiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਲਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismus" title="Pragmatismus – ਜਰਮਨ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pragmatismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πραγματισμός – ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πραγματισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism – ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pragmatism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਸਪੇਨੀ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ਸਪੇਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism – ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pragmatism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਬਾਸਕ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="عمل‌گرایی – ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عمل‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismi" title="Pragmatismi – ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pragmatismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme – ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pragmatisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism – ਗੂਈਆਨੀਸ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਫਰੈਂਚ" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pragmatism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="ਗੂਈਆਨੀਸ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਫਰੈਂਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פרגמטיזם – ਹਿਬਰੂ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרגמטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ਹਿਬਰੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="व्यावहारिकतावाद – ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यावहारिकतावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizam" title="Pragmatizam – ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pragmatizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizmus" title="Pragmatizmus – ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pragmatizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Պրագմատիզմ – ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրագմատիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੁਆ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੁਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme – ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pragmatisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਇਡੂ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ਇਡੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagnhyggja" title="Gagnhyggja – ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gagnhyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="プラグマティズム – ਜਪਾਨੀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラグマティズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ਜਪਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatik" title="Pragmatik – ਜਾਵਾਨੀਜ਼" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pragmatik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਵਾਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პრაგმატიზმი – ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრაგმატიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Прагматизм – ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Прагматизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ವಾಸ್ತವಿಕವಾದ – ਕੰਨੜ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಸ್ತವಿಕವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ਕੰਨੜ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%9A%A9%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="실용주의 – ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실용주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmat%C3%AEzm" title="Pragmatîzm – ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pragmatîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Прагматизм – ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Прагматизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismus" title="Pragmatismus – ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pragmatismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizmas" title="Pragmatizmas – ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pragmatizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatisms" title="Pragmatisms – ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pragmatisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Прагматизам – ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прагматизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme – ਮਲਯ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pragmatisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਯ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="प्रयोजनवाद – ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रयोजनवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme – ਡੱਚ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pragmatisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ਡੱਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pragmatisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatyzm" title="Pragmatyzm – ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pragmatyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism – ਪੀਦਮੋਨਟੀਸ" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pragmatism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="ਪੀਦਮੋਨਟੀਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پراگماتيزم – ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پراگماتيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism – ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pragmatism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Прагматизм – ਰੂਸੀ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прагматизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism – ਸਕਾਟਸ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pragmatism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizam" title="Pragmatizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pragmatizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pragmatism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizmus" title="Pragmatizmus – ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pragmatizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizmi" title="Pragmatizmi – ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pragmatizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Прагматизам – ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прагматизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism – ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pragmatism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நடைமுறைவாதம் – ਤਮਿਲ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடைமுறைவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ਤਮਿਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizm" title="Pragmatizm – ਤੁਰਕੀ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pragmatizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Прагматизм – ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Прагматизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Прагматизм – ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прагматизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نتائجیت – ਉਰਦੂ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نتائجیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ਉਰਦੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatizm" title="Pragmatizm – ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pragmatizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_th%E1%BB%B1c_d%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Chủ nghĩa thực dụng – ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa thực dụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismo" title="Pragmatismo – ਵੈਰੇ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pragmatismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਰੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义 – ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="实用主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პრაგმატიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პრაგმატიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义 – ਚੀਨੀ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="实用主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dt-%C4%93ng-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Si̍t-ēng-chú-gī – ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Si̍t-ēng-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義 – ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="實用主義" 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class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pa" dir="ltr"><p><b>ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ</b> ਇੱਕ ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਪਰੰਪਰਾ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਵਿੱਚ 1870 ਦੇ ਆਲੇ-ਦੁਆਲੇ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ।<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇਸ ਦੀ ਉਤਪਤੀ ਅਕਸਰ ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕਾਂ ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਜੇਮਸ, ਜੌਨ ਡੇਵੀ ਅਤੇ ਚਾਰਲਸ ਸੈਂਡਰਜ਼ ਪਅਰਸ ਨਾਲ ਜੋੜੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਪਅਰਸ ਨੇ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੀ ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਕ ਮੈਗਜ਼ਿਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਦਾ ਵਰਣਨ ਕੀਤਾ: "ਆਪਣੀ ਧਾਰਨਾ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਸਤਾਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਵਹਾਰਕ ਸਿਟਿਆਂ ਤੇ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਕਰੋ, ਫਿਰ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਿਟਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਧਾਰਨਾ ਹੀ ਵਸਤ ਦੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਸਮੁਚੀ ਧਾਰਨਾ ਹੈ।"<sup id="cite_ref-Peirce1878_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peirce1878-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਭਵਿੱਖਬਾਣੀ, ਸਮੱਸਿਆ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਲਝਾਉਣ ਅਤੇ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਔਜਾਰ ਜਾਂ ਸੰਦ ਸਮਝਦਾ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਇਸ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਰੱਦ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਵਿਚਾਰਾਂ ਦਾ ਕਾਰਜ ਅਸਲੀਅਤ ਦਾ ਵਰਣਨ ਕਰਨਾ, ਮੁੜ-ਪੇਸ਼ ਕਰਨਾ ਜਾਂ ਪ੍ਰਤੀਬਿੰਬਤ ਕਰਨਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-Project_Gutenberg_(2015)_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Gutenberg_(2015)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਸਟ ਕਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਵਿਸ਼ਿਆਂ - ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਗਿਆਨ, ਭਾਸ਼ਾ, ਸੰਕਲਪਾਂ, ਅਰਥ, ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਕ੍ਰਿਤੀ - ਨੂੰ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਅਮਲੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਅਤੇ ਸਫਲਤਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਮਾਮਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੀ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵਧੀਆ ਢੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਦੇਖੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ ਦਾ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ "ਵਿਚਾਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਾਰਜਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਤਜ਼ਰਬਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਅਸਲ ਪਰਖ ਕਰਨ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਵਿਚਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੈਕਟੀਕਲ ਵਰਤੋਂ 'ਤੇ ਜ਼ੋਰ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ।"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ ਇੱਕ "ਬਦਲ ਰਹੇ ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ ਤੇ ਫ਼ੋਕਸ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਨਾ ਕਿ ਅਬਦਲ ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ ਤੇ, ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਆਦਰਸ਼ਵਾਦੀ, ਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਥੋਮਵਾਦੀ ਦਾਅਵਾ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ।"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਆਰੰਭ"><span id=".E0.A8.86.E0.A8.B0.E0.A9.B0.E0.A8.AD"></span>ਆਰੰਭ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE&action=edit&section=1" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਆਰੰਭ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Charles_Sanders_Peirce_theb3558.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_theb3558.jpg/220px-Charles_Sanders_Peirce_theb3558.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_theb3558.jpg/330px-Charles_Sanders_Peirce_theb3558.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_theb3558.jpg/440px-Charles_Sanders_Peirce_theb3558.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Charles Peirce (<span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">/<span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span>/</span><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:IPA/English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮਦਦ:IPA/English (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> like "purse"): the American polymath who first identified pragmatism</figcaption></figure> <p>1870 ਦੇ ਦਹਾਕੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਕ ਲਹਿਰ ਵਜੋਂ ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ਹੋਈ। ਚਾਰਲਸ ਸੈਂਡਰਜ਼ ਪਅਰਸ (ਅਤੇ ਉਸਦੇ ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਕ ਮੈਕਜ਼ਿਮ) ਨੂੰ ਇਸ ਦੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਲਈ ਕ੍ਰੈਡਿਟ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ,<sup id="cite_ref-HaackLane2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaackLane2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ 20 ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਦੇ ਬਾਅਦ ਦੇ ਫ਼ਿਲਾਸਫ਼ਰਾਂ, ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਜੇਮਸ ਅਤੇ ਜੌਹਨ ਡੇਵੀ ਨੇ ਯੋਗਦਾਨ ਪਾਇਆ।<sup id="cite_ref-BiestaBurbules_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiestaBurbules-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇਸ ਦੀ ਦਿਸ਼ਾ ਨੂੰ ਮੈਟਾਫਿਜ਼ੀਕਲ ਕਲੱਬ ਦੇ ਮੈਂਬਰਾਂ ਚਾਰਲਸ ਸੈਂਡਰਜ਼ ਪਅਰਸ, ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਅਤੇ ਚੌਂਸੀ ਰਾਈਟ, ਨਾਲ ਨਾਲ ਜੌਹਨ ਡੇਵੀ ਅਤੇ ਜੌਰਜ ਹਰਬਰਟ ਮੀਡ ਨੇ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ। </p><p>ਨਾਮ ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਿੰਟ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਉਪਯੋਗ 1898 ਵਿੱਚ ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ, ਜਿਸ ਨੇ ਪਅਰਸ ਨੂੰ 1870 ਦੇ ਅਰੰਭ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦੀ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਹਰਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ।<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਜੇਮਸ ਨੇ ਪਅਰਸ ਦੇ "ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੇ ਤਰਕ ਦੀ ਵਿਆਖਿਆ" ("Illustrations of the Logic of Science") ਲੜੀ ("ਦ ਫਿਕਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਨ ਆਫ ਬਿਲੀਫ" ਸਮੇਤ), ਅਤੇ ਖਾਸ ਕਰਕੇ "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/How_to_Make_Our_Ideas_Clear" class="extiw" title="wikisource:How to Make Our Ideas Clear">ਸਾਡੇ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਸਪਸ਼ਟ ਕੀਤੇ ਜਾਣ</a>" (How to Make Our Ideas Clear) (1878) ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ ਦੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦ ਸਮਝਦਾ ਸੀ।<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਪਅਰਸ ਨੇ 1906 ਵਿੱਚ ਲਿਖਿਆ ਸੀ<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਕਿ ਨਿਕੋਲਸ ਸੇਂਟ ਜੌਨ ਗ੍ਰੀਨ ਨੇ ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਬਾਇਨ ਦੀ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਦੀ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਨੂੰ ਲਾਗੂ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਮਹੱਤਤਾ ਤੇ ਜ਼ੋਰ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਨਿਭਾਈ ਸੀ, ਇਹ ਸੀ " ਉਹ ਜਿਸ ਤੇ ਬੰਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਤਿਆਰ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।"। ਪਅਰਸ ਨੇ ਲਿਖਿਆ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਇਸ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਤੋਂ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਲੱਗਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ ਦਾ ਦਾਦਾ ਸੀ।" ਜੌਨ ਸ਼ੁਕ ਨੇ ਕਿਹਾ ਹੈ, " ਚੌਂਸੀ ਰਾਈਟ ਵੀ ਕ੍ਰੈਡਿਟ ਦਾ ਖਾਸਾ ਹੱਕਦਾਰ ਹੈ,ਜਿਵੇਂ ਪਅਰਸ ਅਤੇ ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਯਾਦ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਇਹ ਰਾਈਟ ਹੀ ਸੀ ਜਿਸਨੇ ਤਰਕਸ਼ੀਲ ਅਟਕਲਪਨਾ ਦੇ ਵਿਕਲਪ ਵਜੋਂ ਇੱਕ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵਰਤਾਰਾਵਾਦੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵਰਤਾਰਾਵਾਦੀ</a> ਅਤੇ ਖ਼ਤਾਵਾਦੀ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਅਨੁਭਵਵਾਦ">ਅਨੁਭਵਵਾਦ</a> ਦੀ ਮੰਗ ਕੀਤੀ।"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span id=".E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B2.E0.A9.87"></span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE&action=edit&section=2" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r636460">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2013_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r765793">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/"><i>Pragmatism</i></a>. 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatism&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpragmatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peirce1878-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Peirce1878_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peirce, C. S. (1878), "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/How_to_Make_Our_Ideas_Clear" class="extiw" title="wikisource:How to Make Our Ideas Clear">How to Make Our Ideas Clear</a>", <i>Popular Science Monthly</i>, v. 12, 286–302. Reprinted often, including <i>Collected Papers</i> v. 5, paragraphs 388–410 and <i>Essential Peirce</i> v. 1, 124–41. See end of §II for the pragmatic maxim. See third and fourth paragraphs in §IV for the discoverability of truth and the real by sufficient investigation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Project_Gutenberg_(2015)-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Project_Gutenberg_(2015)_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_James1909" class="citation book cs1">William James (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5117/5117-h/5117-h.htm"><i>The Meaning of Truth</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Truth&rft.date=1909&rft.au=William+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F5117%2F5117-h%2F5117-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFGutek2014" class="citation book cs1">Gutek, Gerald (2014). <i>Philosophical, Ideological, and Theoretical Perspectives On Education</i>. New Jersey: Pearson. pp. 76, 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/978-0-13-285238-8" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/978-0-13-285238-8"><bdi>978-0-13-285238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical%2C+Ideological%2C+and+Theoretical+Perspectives+On+Education&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=76%2C+100&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-13-285238-8&rft.aulast=Gutek&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaackLane2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HaackLane2006_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_HaackRobert_Edwin_Lane2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Haack (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Susan Haack</a>; Robert Edwin Lane (11 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pragmatismoldnew0000unse"><i>Pragmatism, old & new: selected writings</i></a>. Prometheus Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pragmatismoldnew0000unse/page/18">18</a>–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/978-1-59102-359-3" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/978-1-59102-359-3"><bdi>978-1-59102-359-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatism%2C+old+%26+new%3A+selected+writings&rft.pages=18-67&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-359-3&rft.au=Susan+Haack&rft.au=Robert+Edwin+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpragmatismoldnew0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiestaBurbules-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BiestaBurbules_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biesta, G.J.J. & Burbules, N. (2003). <i>Pragmatism and educational research</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James, William (1898), "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results", delivered before the Philosophical Union of the University of California at Berkeley, August 26, 1898, and first printed in the <i>University Chronicle</i> 1, September 1898, pp. 287–310. <i>Internet Archive</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophicalcon00jameuoft#page/n4/mode/1up">Eprint</a>. On <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophicalcon00jameuoft#page/290/mode/1up">p. 290</a>:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See James (1897), <i>Will to Believe</i> (which James dedicated to Peirce), see p. 124 and footnote via <i>Google Books</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRMXL4uYEegC&pg=PA124">Eprint</a>:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to James's lectures and publications on pragmatist ideas (<i>Will to Believe</i> 1897, etc.) wherein he credited Peirce, James also arranged for two paid series of lectures by Peirce, including the 1903 Harvard lectures on pragmatism. See pp. 261–4, 290–2, & 324 in Brent, Joseph (1998), <i>Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life</i>, 2nd edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peirce, C. S., "The Founding of Pragmatism", manuscript written 1906, published in <i>The Hound & Horn: A Harvard Miscellany</i> v. II, n. 3, April–June 1929, pp. 282–5, see 283–4, reprinted 1934 as "Historical Affinities and Genesis" in <i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_bibliography%23CP">Collected Papers</a></i> v. 5, paragraphs 11–13, see 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shook, John (undated), "The Metaphysical Club", the <i>Pragmatism Cybrary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pragmatism.org/research/metaphysical_club.htm">Eprint</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ&oldid=615597">https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ਪ੍ਰੈਗਮੈਟਿਜ਼ਮ&oldid=615597</a>" ਤੋਂ ਲਿਆ</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ">ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ">ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">ਲੁਕਵੀਂ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਸੋਧ 29 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2022 ਨੂੰ 19:57 ਵਜੇ ਹੋਈ।</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">ਇਹ ਲਿਖਤ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0</a> ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ; 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