CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e8362e39-b35f-4c85-ba5f-53a428649821","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham","wgTitle":"John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham","wgCurRevisionId":1247511363,"wgRevisionId":1247511363,"wgArticleId":603521,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from November 2017","Use dmy dates from November 2017","1756 births","1835 deaths","Children of prime ministers of Great Britain","British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars","Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain","Knights of the Garter", "Lord Presidents of the Council","Lords Privy Seal","British Army generals","Lords of the Admiralty","Governors of Jersey","Governors of Gibraltar","Burials at Westminster Abbey","Scots Guards officers","Pitt family"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham","wgRelevantArticleId":603521,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q335642","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1644"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1096"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="877"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-John_Pitt_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham rootpage-John_Pitt_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Member of Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First Lord of the Admiralty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Demotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_of_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Defence of Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later military career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walcheren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walcheren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Walcheren</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Walcheren-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Walcheren subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Walcheren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Inquiry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gibraltar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gibraltar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Gibraltar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gibraltar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitt,_2._hrab%C4%9B_z_Chathamu" title="John Pitt, 2. hrabě z Chathamu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Pitt, 2. hrabě z Chathamu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitt,_2ail_Iarll_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2ail Iarll Chatham – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Pitt, 2ail Iarll Chatham" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitt,_2._Earl_of_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2. Earl of Chatham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Pitt, 2. Earl of Chatham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DA%86%D8%AA%D9%85" title="جان پیت، دومین ارل چتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان پیت، دومین ارل چتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitt" title="John Pitt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Pitt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitt,_II_conte_di_Chatham" title="John Pitt, II conte di Chatham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Pitt, II conte di Chatham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AA_(%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89)" title="جون پيت (عسكرى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون پيت (عسكرى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitt" title="John Pitt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Pitt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD,_2-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Питт, Джон, 2-й граф Четэм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Питт, Джон, 2-й граф Четэм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&oldid=1247511363" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=John_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&id=1247511363&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=John_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335642" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British soldier and politician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl of Chatham</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Earl_of_Chatham_(Colourised).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg/220px-Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg/330px-Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg/440px-Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><i>John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham</i> <br /> after <a href="/wiki/John_Hoppner" title="John Hoppner">John Hoppner</a>, 1799</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 January 1820 – 28 February 1835</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">The Duke of Kent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_George_Woodford" title="Alexander George Woodford">Sir Alexander Woodford</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 1807 – May 1810</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Earl of Moira</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">The Earl of Mulgrave</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 1801 – February 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Marquess Cornwallis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Earl of Moira</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 September 1796 – 30 July 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Murray,_2nd_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield">The Earl of Mansfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 July 1794 – 14 February 1798</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">The Earl Spencer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Fane,_10th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland">The Earl of Westmorland</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 1788 – December 1794</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">The Earl Howe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">The Earl Spencer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">9 October 1756<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Hayes,_Bromley" title="Hayes, Bromley">Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 24, 1835<span style="display:none">(1835-09-24)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pitt,_Countess_of_Chatham" title="Mary Pitt, Countess of Chatham">Hon. Mary Elizabeth Townshend</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1783; died 1821)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hester_Pitt,_Countess_of_Chatham" title="Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham">Hester Grenville</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1774–1835</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland">Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <b>John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham</b>, also <b>2nd Viscount Pitt</b> and <b>2nd Baron Chatham</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (9 October 1756 – 24 September 1835) was a British soldier and politician. He spent a lengthy period in the cabinet but is best known for commanding the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a> of 1809. </p><p>Chatham was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a>. He was two and a half years older than his famous brother <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, the future prime minister. After serving as a junior officer in the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, he succeeded his father as <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chatham" title="Earl of Chatham">Earl of Chatham</a> in 1778. Politically he was a close supporter of his brother during the following decade, leading to his appointment as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> in 1788. Despite overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s victory at the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> in 1794, he faced criticism for his handling of the Admiralty and was demoted to the comparatively unimportant post of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a>. Although he continued to serve in William's cabinet, the relationship between the two brothers never fully recovered after this point. </p><p>After serving in the 1799 <a href="/wiki/Helder_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Helder Campaign">Helder Campaign</a>, he was promoted to be <a href="/wiki/Master_General_of_the_Ordnance" class="mw-redirect" title="Master General of the Ordnance">Master General of the Ordnance</a> in 1801. This became a key role in the next few years when a <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">French invasion</a> appeared imminent, and he helped oversee Britain's defences including the construction of a series of <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">martello towers</a>. He grew increasingly independent from his brother and did not resign from the cabinet when William Pitt left office in 1801. He held this post under <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a> and when his brother returned to office again in 1804. Following his brother's death in 1806, he briefly went into opposition against the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents" title="Ministry of All the Talents">Ministry of All the Talents</a> before returning as Master General in the new <a href="/wiki/Tory_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory Party">Tory</a> government of 1807. He also continued his military career, being promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a> and appointed to several commands in charge of home defence. </p><p>Considered on at least two occasions as a possible prime minister, Chatham rejected these approaches due to poor health of his wife. He also turned down the prospect of commanding British troops in Portugal in 1808 at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, a command that instead went to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>. In 1809 he did accept command of an expedition to the island of <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a>, as part of a plan to strike at a French fleet being assembled in nearby <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. Despite overseeing the largest force Britain had despatched abroad during the war, the expedition became bogged down on the island and began suffering heavy casualty rates due to disease. Chatham was recalled and was subject to an inquiry that largely placed the blame on him. </p><p>After a number of years in the political wilderness, in 1820 Chatham was made <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a>. Although Europe was at peace by this time, Gibraltar remained a key strategic post, and he oversaw improvements to the defences while also dealing with a difficult diplomatic relationship with neighbouring Spain which was going through a period of <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">political turbulence</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Pitt was born on 9 October 1756 at <a href="/wiki/Hayes,_Bromley" title="Hayes, Bromley">Hayes Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, the home of his father <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the Elder">William Pitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the second child and eldest son of Pitt and his wife <a href="/wiki/Hester_Pitt,_Countess_of_Chatham" title="Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham">Hester Grenville</a>. In his early years, his father was <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Secretary of State</a> at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, winning great popularity with the public due to a string of victories over the French – particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis of 1759">Annus Mirabilis of 1759</a> – until his dramatic resignation in 1761. At the age of five, John became heir to a peerage when his mother was made <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Chatham" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Chatham">Baroness Chatham</a>. In 1766 his father returned to office as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, taking the title of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chatham" title="Earl of Chatham">Earl of Chatham</a> which John also became heir to styled as <b>Viscount Pitt</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a child he was often in poor health, suffering frequent <a href="/wiki/Fevers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fevers">fevers</a>. His parents chose not to send him to <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>, which his father had hated. Instead, he was educated at the family homes in Hayes and <a href="/wiki/Burton_Pynsent_House" title="Burton Pynsent House">Burton Pynsent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutor">tutor</a>. By 1761 he had four siblings, two sisters <a href="/wiki/Hester_Stanhope,_Viscountess_Mahon" title="Hester Stanhope, Viscountess Mahon">Hester</a> and Harriet and two brothers <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William</a> and James.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was emotionally very close to his brothers and disliked whenever he was separated from them. He grew up to be something of a <a href="/wiki/Dandy" title="Dandy">dandy</a> in his dress and greatly enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already, however, despite his natural intelligence, he was beginning to show signs of laziness that were later to be sharply criticised during his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the delight of his father, Pitt began showing interest in pursuing a military career.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/320px-The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/480px-The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/640px-The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham" title="The Death of the Earl of Chatham">The Death of the Earl of Chatham</a></i>. Pitt is shown in military uniform to his father's left, while his brothers are also both portrayed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chatham joined the army as an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/47th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="47th Regiment of Foot">47th Regiment of Foot</a> on 14 March 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">General Guy Carleton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec">Quebec</a>, where they made preparations to resist a <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">planned invasion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American</a> forces. In October 1775 he departed for London carrying dispatches, missing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec</a> that took place at the end of the year where Carleton successfully defended the city.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back in Britain, under strong family pressure, Pitt resigned his commission in early 1776 in protest against the war with America, to which his father was vehemently opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-TaylorPringle1839_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylorPringle1839-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 421–422">: 421–422 </span></sup> He became effective head of the family due to his father's ill health, and took an increasing interest in politics. It was rumoured, at one point, that he might stand for Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He only returned to the army in March 1778, this time as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/39th_(Dorsetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot">39th Foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TaylorPringle1839_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylorPringle1839-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 511">: 511 </span></sup> France had entered the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> the previous month, meaning that he was now able to serve without fighting against the Americans. He was due to sail to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant governor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Boyd (British Army officer)">Colonel Robert Boyd</a>. On 7 April he and his younger brothers were in attendance when their father rose in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> to give a speech, in which he called for defiance against the French. Shortly after finishing his speech, their father collapsed and died a few weeks later. In <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a>'s painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham" title="The Death of the Earl of Chatham">The Death of the Earl of Chatham</a></i>, Pitt is portrayed in military uniform at his father's side.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's last words at Hayes were reputedly "Leave your dying father, and go to the defence of your country".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having succeeded to the Earldom, Chatham spent the following year in Gibraltar before transferring to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> with a newly raised regiment, the <a href="/wiki/86th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Rutland_Regiment)" title="86th Regiment of Foot (Rutland Regiment)">86th Foot</a>. By the end of 1781 he was back in Britain and in 1782 obtained a <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">Captaincy</a> in the London-based <a href="/wiki/Scots_Guards" title="Scots Guards">3rd Regiment of Foot Guards</a>. Although he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> in October 1793 and <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> in February 1795, Chatham does not appear to have undertaken any military duties for nearly fifteen years after the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_American_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of American Independence">War of American Independence</a> in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-Philippart_1820_375–6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philippart_1820_375–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_Parliament">Member of Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg/230px-OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg/345px-OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg/460px-OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="3299" /></a><figcaption>Chatham's political career was eclipsed by that of his younger brother <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> who became Prime Minister in 1783.</figcaption></figure> <p>For much of the 1780s and 1790s Chatham focused on a political career. As heir to his father, he was poised to be a natural leader of his political supporters, the Chathamites. However, during the years that Chatham had devoted to his military career these followers were led by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Shelburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shelburne">Lord Shelburne</a> and then, increasingly, by Chatham's younger brother. Known as <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, to distinguish him from his father, he had entered Parliament in 1781 and the following year became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. By the time Chatham returned permanently to Britain, his brother was already the dominant political figure in the family.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their youngest brother James, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officer, died from <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> in 1780. </p><p>Already Chatham was struggling with debt, despite his inheritance, due both to his own overspending and the poor state their father had left the family finances in. Chatham often <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambled</a> and became involved in <a href="/wiki/Horsebreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsebreeding">horsebreeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horseracing" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseracing">racing</a>, which turned into expensive pursuits for him.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1783, he married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pitt,_Countess_Chatham" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Pitt, Countess Chatham">Mary</a>, the second daughter of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Thomas Townshend</a> who had been a political ally of his father. It was a love match, rather than an <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a>. Mary was known as attractive and very fashionable in <a href="/wiki/High_society_(social_class)" class="mw-redirect" title="High society (social class)">society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although she was to suffer from physical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> throughout their marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chatham joined with Pitt and Shelburne to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a> of 1783 but generally kept a low profile during these years. Pitt became prime minister in December 1783. Chatham supported his brother in the Lords but did not take office. In February 1784 on the way back from an event in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, the brothers were attacked by a mob likely organised by supporters of their rival <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>. In the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">1784 general election</a> Pitt won a decisive victory, securing his government's future. Due to his wife's severe illness, Chatham did not consider himself able to join his brother's government for the next few years, despite rumours linking him to various posts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Lord of the Admiralty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_arms_of_John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham,_KG,_PC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shield_of_arms_of_John_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham%2C_KG%2C_PC.png/220px-Shield_of_arms_of_John_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham%2C_KG%2C_PC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shield_of_arms_of_John_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham%2C_KG%2C_PC.png/330px-Shield_of_arms_of_John_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham%2C_KG%2C_PC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shield_of_arms_of_John_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham%2C_KG%2C_PC.png/440px-Shield_of_arms_of_John_Pitt%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham%2C_KG%2C_PC.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham, KG, PC</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1788 William offered Chatham the cabinet post of <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the First Lords of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>. 'I have had my doubts whether the public may not think this too much like monopoly,' Pitt confessed, 'but that doubt is not sufficient to counterbalance the personal comfort which will result from it and the general advantage to the whole of our system'.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanhope1861_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanhope1861-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt's cousin, <a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Wyndham Grenville</a>, explained the reason for the appointment in more detail: Chatham would connect 'the department of the Admiralty with the rest of the administration, which has never yet been the case under Pitt's government, even in the smallest degree'.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1790, Chatham oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Mobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilisation">mobilisation</a> of the navy during the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nookta Sound Crisis</a> with Spain. In gratitude for the successful resolution of the crisis in Britain's favour, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a> wanted to award the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> to the Prime Minister. Pitt declined the offer but suggested it be awarded to his brother instead. Chatham accepted the honour, and was immensely proud of it, incorporating the image into the design of his <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">crest</a>, which featured on his <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutlery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, Chatham's tenure as First Lord of the Admiralty was not especially distinguished. Important reforms were shelved and Chatham soon acquired a reputation for disorganisation and laziness.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporaries noted 'the inconvenience attending his laying in bed till the day is advanced, as officers &c were kept waiting'.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">first major campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> Chatham's Admiralty was blamed in part for the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1793)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1793)">Siege of Dunkirk</a> in 1793. Due to miscommunication between the Board of Ordnance and the Admiralty, the ships carrying siege weaponry and supplies for the besieging forces arrived two weeks late. Although in this instance Chatham does not seem to have been guilty of any neglect, his reputation was fatally compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further disappointment took place during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a>, in which the Allies suffered a defeat. It was around this time that he earned his nickname of 'the late Lord Chatham' due to his unpunctuality.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Admiralty was also criticised in the national press for the failure of the Royal Navy to engage in a major fleet engagement against the French during the opening months of the war until the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> in 1794. Even this was an ambivalent victory for Chatham, as the victorious British had been unable to prevent a major <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> arriving in France from West Indies, undermining the blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chatham had grown increasingly frustrated by the interference at the Admiralty by colleagues, particularly <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Dundas">Henry Dundas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demotion">Demotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martello_Tower_6_-_geograph.org.uk_-_360196.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martello_Tower_6_-_geograph.org.uk_-_360196.jpg/200px-Martello_Tower_6_-_geograph.org.uk_-_360196.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martello_Tower_6_-_geograph.org.uk_-_360196.jpg/300px-Martello_Tower_6_-_geograph.org.uk_-_360196.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martello_Tower_6_-_geograph.org.uk_-_360196.jpg/400px-Martello_Tower_6_-_geograph.org.uk_-_360196.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>As <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a> Chatham was sceptical about the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Martello_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Martello Tower">Martello Towers</a> but oversaw their construction as part of a response to the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">threat of French invasion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chatham had become a magnet for criticism of the government, something which his relationship to the Prime Minister did not help. After a further disagreement between Chatham and Dundas, Pitt was forced to choose between them. Dundas has become a trusted ally and advisor, and the Prime Minister chose to back him rather than his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1794 Pitt finally responded to pressure and moved his brother to the less responsible post of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chose to demote Chatham by letter rather than in person as this "must be unnecessarily distressing to us both".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chatham was furious about his dismissal and demanded to see Pitt in person, which eventually the Prime Minister reluctantly agreed to. Their meeting was not productive and Chatham considered refusing his new office, shattering the image of unity in the cabinet that Pitt wanted to project. Eventually, Pitt persuaded the King to make the offer directly which Chatham reluctantly accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that it would be thought that he had been removed from the Admiralty because the government had no confidence in his management of it. He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">Lord Spencer</a>. As he feared, almost immediately the opposition did launch attacks in the Commons on his alleged mismanagement.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After losing the Admiralty, Chatham's relationship with his brother never fully recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later Chatham was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was tempted to reject the offer, he accepted what was intended as an <a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">olive branch</a> by Pitt.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two publicly reconciled and Chatham visited Pitt at <a href="/wiki/Holwood_House" title="Holwood House">Holwood</a>. Nonetheless, there was a lack of the old warmth between them, and Chatham increasingly took an independent line in the cabinet where he had previously been a close supporter of Pitt.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_of_Britain">Defence of Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defence of Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Here he stayed, remaining in office after Pitt's resignation under <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington,_1st_Viscount_Sidmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth">Henry Addington</a>, until a cabinet reshuffle in June 1801 moved him to the post of <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued in this post until May 1810, with only a short interval out of office in 1806–1807. He became the General Officer in Command of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eastern Command (United Kingdom)">Eastern District</a> in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Amiens">Peace of Amiens</a> in 1803, the prospect of a <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">French invasion of Britain</a> by Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> seemed imminent. Chatham was closely involved in <a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_1803%E2%80%9305" title="British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–05">preparing Britain's defences</a>, particularly at likely landing points along the <a href="/wiki/South_coast_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="South coast of England">south coast of England</a>. </p><p>A major defensive innovation of the period was the <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a>, which British troops had first encountered in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_military_career">Later military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aftocht_Engelsen_Russen_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aftocht_Engelsen_Russen_1799.jpg/240px-Aftocht_Engelsen_Russen_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aftocht_Engelsen_Russen_1799.jpg/360px-Aftocht_Engelsen_Russen_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Aftocht_Engelsen_Russen_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Chatham commanded a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> in the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Helder_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Helder Campaign">Helder Campaign</a> of 1799. Seeing action for the first time he was wounded in the shoulder by a <a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">spent</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Musket ball">musket ball</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1798 Chatham returned to the army. He was appointed to command a brigade in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland">Helder campaign</a> in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an expedition sent by Britain to the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>, one of several attempts by Britain to liberate the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> during the war. Commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a>, a younger son of the King, the British struggled to co-operate with their <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> allies and faced unexpectedly heavy French resistance. </p><p>He was wounded by a spent ball at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castricum" title="Battle of Castricum">Battle of Castricum</a> on 6 October.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanhope1862_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanhope1862-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allied forces were evacuated following the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alkmaar" title="Convention of Alkmaar">Convention of Alkmaar</a>. After this he served as commander of various military districts, but for some reason was passed over in favour of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> for a command in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Walcheren">Walcheren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Walcheren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign">Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1809 the Secretary of State for War, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a>, offered Chatham the command of an amphibious assault aimed at destroying the French fleet and fortifications around Antwerp and the island of <a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chatham commanded the largest expeditionary force Britain had yet fielded in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard1999_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard1999-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite early success in taking the town of <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Flushing</a>, the campaign was an unmitigated disaster. The army made slow headway and the French immediately withdrew their fleet to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, a tactic that should have been foreseen by the politicians, admirals and generals planning the campaign from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Chatham quarrelled with the naval commander, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Strachan,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Strachan, 6th Baronet">Sir Richard Strachan</a>, as many as 8,000 British troops succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and other diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard2012_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201">: 201 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inquiry">Inquiry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inquiry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chatham was recalled in disgrace. His appearance before a parliamentary enquiry did him no favours, particularly when it emerged that he had presented the King with a private memorandum which ought to have gone to the Secretary of State for War first.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a>'s government withdrew its support from Chatham and he was forced to resign from the Ordnance in May 1810. </p><p> Chatham's political and military reputation was ruined. A poem circulated making fun of his inactivity and the lack of co-operation between the army and navy:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>The Earl of Chatham, with his sword drawn,<br /> Stood waiting for Sir Richard Strachan;<br /> Sir Richard, longing to be at 'em,<br /> Stood waiting for the Earl of Chatham.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard2012_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 217">: 217 </span></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_convent_in_Gibraltar_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_convent_in_Gibraltar_7.jpg/220px-The_convent_in_Gibraltar_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_convent_in_Gibraltar_7.jpg/330px-The_convent_in_Gibraltar_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_convent_in_Gibraltar_7.jpg/440px-The_convent_in_Gibraltar_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>In 1820 Chatham's career was revived when he was made <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a>, formally holding the position until 1835.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chatham did not serve actively again but was promoted to <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">full General</a> in January 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Philippart_1820_375–6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philippart_1820_375–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to hold various ceremonial positions such as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Colchester" title="High Steward of Colchester">High Steward of Colchester</a> to which he had been appointed back in 1807. He prepared a dossier, outlining a defence of his actions during the Walcheren campaign. </p><p>During these years Arthur Wellesley made a great success of the command that Chatham had turned down, leading Allied forces to victory in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> and invading southern France. Rewarded with a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Dukedom</a>, he became Britain's premier military commander and oversaw the Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815, with Chatham playing no part in any of these campaigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gibraltar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1820 he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Duke of Kent</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His predecessor, the father of the future <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, had not been on the Rock since a mutiny amongst his troops in 1803 and a series of acting Governors had performed duties on his behalf. Since 1814 this role had been performed by <a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">Sir George Don</a>. Chatham initially intended to also hold the post in absence, but following political pressure from the opposition he agreed to take personal command in Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a long illness his wife died in May 1821, and he finally sailed for the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> that October.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was more than forty years since Chatham had last visited Gibraltar as a junior officer. During that time it had survived a <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">major Franco-Spanish siege</a> and the civilian population had grown rapidly to over 13,000 living alongside a 4,000-strong garrison. Sir George Don, who had been acting command of the garrison for seven years, continued to serve as lieutenant governor under Chatham, and the two men enjoyed a good relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took over his post at a time when neighbouring Spain was undergoing severe turbulence as <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Spanish Liberal</a> opponents. </p><p>He died at his house in Charles Street, London, on 24 September 1835, aged 78.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chatham married The Hon. Mary Elizabeth Townshend, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">1st Baron Sydney</a>, on 10 July 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanhope1861_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanhope1861-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup> The couple had no children. Lady Chatham died on 21 May 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chatham did not remarry and on his death the Earldom of Chatham became extinct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Pitt was the namesake of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chatham_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chatham Island">Lord Chatham Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos</a>, now San Cristobal. The name was bestowed by <a href="/wiki/James_Colnett" title="James Colnett">Captain James Colnett</a> in 1793 while Pitt was still first lord of the Admiralty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988237_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988237-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODNBA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNBA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNBA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNBA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDoorne" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Doorne, Christopher. "Pitt, John, second earl of Chatham (1756–1835)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22330">10.1093/ref:odnb/22330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pitt%2C+John%2C+second+earl+of+Chatham+%281756%E2%80%931835%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22330&rft.aulast=Doorne&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter, Jacqueline. <i>The Late Lord: The Life of John Pitt–2nd Earl of Chatham</i>. Pen & Sword, 2017. p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TaylorPringle1839-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TaylorPringle1839_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaylorPringle1839_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor_and_Pringle1839" class="citation book cs1">Taylor and Pringle (1839). <i>Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham</i>. Vol. 4. John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondence+of+William+Pitt%2C+Earl+of+Chatham&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1839&rft.au=Taylor+and+Pringle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Jeremy Black</a>, <i>Pitt the Elder</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philippart_1820_375–6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philippart_1820_375–6_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philippart_1820_375–6_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippart1820" class="citation book cs1">Philippart, J. (1820). <i>The royal military calendar</i>. Vol. 1. T. Egerton. pp. 375–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+royal+military+calendar&rft.pages=375-6&rft.pub=T.+Egerton&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Philippart&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanhope1861-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanhope1861_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanhope1861_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl_Stanhope1861" class="citation book cs1">Earl Stanhope, Philip Henry (1861). <i>Life of the Rt. Hon. William Pitt</i>. Vol. 1. J. Murray. p. 376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+the+Rt.+Hon.+William+Pitt&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Earl+Stanhope&rft.aufirst=Philip+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2004" class="citation book cs1">Rodger, N.A.M. (2004). <i>The command of the ocean</i>. Allen Lane. p. 363.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+command+of+the+ocean&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1969" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, John (1969). <i>The Younger Pitt: the years of acclaim</i>. Dutton. pp. 316–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt%3A+the+years+of+acclaim&rft.pages=316-7&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreig1922" class="citation book cs1">Greig, James (1922). <i>The diary of Joseph Farington</i>. Vol. 1. Hutchinson & Co. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+diary+of+Joseph+Farington&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Greig&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1976" class="citation journal cs1">Duffy, Michael (July 1976). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Particular Service': The British Government and the Dunkirk Expedition of 1793". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>91</b> (360). Oxford University Press: 529–54, 552–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fxci.ccclx.529">10.1093/ehr/xci.ccclx.529</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/566625">566625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=%27A+Particular+Service%27%3A+The+British+Government+and+the+Dunkirk+Expedition+of+1793&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=360&rft.pages=529-54%2C+552-4&rft.date=1976-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fxci.ccclx.529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F566625%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWraxall1836" class="citation book cs1">Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel (1836). <i>Posthumous memoirs of my own time</i>. Vol. 3. R. Bentley. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Posthumous+memoirs+of+my+own+time&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=R.+Bentley&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Wraxall&rft.aufirst=Sir+Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 59–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbourne1898" class="citation book cs1">Ashbourne, Lord (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pittsomechapters00ashb"><i>Pitt: some chapters of his life and times</i></a>. Longmans, Green & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pittsomechapters00ashb/page/172">172</a>–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pitt%3A+some+chapters+of+his+life+and+times&rft.pages=172-3&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Ashbourne&rft.aufirst=Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpittsomechapters00ashb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 69–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 70–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHague2004" class="citation book cs1">Hague, William (2004). <i>William Pitt the Younger</i>. HarperCollins. pp. 382–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Pitt+the+Younger&rft.pages=382-3&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 71–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellew1847" class="citation book cs1">Pellew, George (1847). <i>The life of Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth</i>. Vol. 1. J. Murray. p. 410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Henry+Addington%2C+1st+Viscount+Sidmouth&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Pellew&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alwayswantedtobeareiter.wordpress.com/2015/09/19/lord-chathams-aides-de-camp-at-walcheren-1809/">"Lord Chatham's aides-de-camp at Walcheren, 1809"</a>. 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Chatham%27s+aides-de-camp+at+Walcheren%2C+1809&rft.date=2015-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falwayswantedtobeareiter.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F09%2F19%2Flord-chathams-aides-de-camp-at-walcheren-1809%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1996" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, John (1996). <i>The Younger Pitt: the consuming struggle</i>. Constable. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt%3A+the+consuming+struggle&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanhope1862-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanhope1862_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl_Stanhope1862" class="citation book cs1">Earl Stanhope, Philip Henry (1862). <i>The life of the Rt. Hon. William Pitt</i>. Vol. 3. J. Murray. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+the+Rt.+Hon.+William+Pitt&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Earl+Stanhope&rft.aufirst=Philip+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard2012-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2012_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2012_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2012_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2012" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Martin R. (2012). <i>Walcheren 1809: the scandalous destruction of a British army</i>. Pen and Sword.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walcheren+1809%3A+the+scandalous+destruction+of+a+British+army&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Martin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquis_of_Londonderry1851" class="citation book cs1">Marquis of Londonderry, Charles William Vane (1851). <i>Memoirs and correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, 2nd series</i>. Vol. 6. William Shoberl. p. 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+and+correspondence+of+Viscount+Castlereagh%2C+2nd+series&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=William+Shoberl&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Marquis+of+Londonderry&rft.aufirst=Charles+William+Vane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard1999-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard1999_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1999" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, M. R (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127097">"Walcheren 1809: a medical catastrophe"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>319</b> (7225): 1642–1645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.319.7225.1642">10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1642</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127097">1127097</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600979">10600979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Walcheren+1809%3A+a+medical+catastrophe&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=7225&rft.pages=1642-1645&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1127097%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10600979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.319.7225.1642&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=M.+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1127097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1981" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Carl A. (1981). "The Royal Navy and the Walcheren campaign of 1809". In Symonds, Craig L. (ed.). <i>New Aspects of Naval History</i>. Naval Institute Press. pp. 190–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+the+Walcheren+campaign+of+1809&rft.btitle=New+Aspects+of+Naval+History&rft.pages=190-200&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1963" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Denis (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spencerpercevale00gray"><i>Spencer Perceval: the Evangelical prime minister</i></a></span>. Manchester University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spencerpercevale00gray/page/299">299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spencer+Perceval%3A+the+Evangelical+prime+minister&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspencerpercevale00gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 216–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 219–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiter pp. 222–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gentleman's Magazine, volume 4 (1835), p. 546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, volume IX (April–August 1821), p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988237-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988237_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwen1988">McEwen (1988)</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwen1988" class="citation cs2">McEwen, Alec (July 1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/633849">"The English Place-Names of the Galápagos"</a>, <i>The Geographical Journal</i>, vol. 154, London: Royal Geographical Society, pp. 234–242, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F633849">10.2307/633849</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/633849">633849</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+English+Place-Names+of+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos&rft.btitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=234-242&rft.pub=Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.date=1988-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F633849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F633849%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F633849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Pitt%2C+2nd+Earl+of+Chatham" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">The Viscount Howe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> </b><br />1788–1794 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">The Earl Spencer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">The Earl Spencer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1794–1798 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Fane,_10th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland">The Earl of Westmorland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Murray,_2nd_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield">The Earl of Mansfield</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> </b><br />1796–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Marquess Cornwallis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a> </b><br />1801–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Earl of Moira</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Lennox" title="Lord George Lennox">Lord George Lennox</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Plymouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Plymouth">Governor of Plymouth</a> </b><br />1805–1807 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">The Viscount Lake</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Earl of Moira</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a> </b><br />1807–1810 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">The Lord Mulgrave</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Morrison_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Morrison (British Army officer)">George Morrison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/4th_(The_King%27s_Own)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot">4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot</a> </b><br />1799–1835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hodgson_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Hodgson (British Army officer)">John Hodgson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Townshend,_1st_Marquess_Townshend" title="George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend">The Marquess Townshend</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Jersey">Governor of Jersey</a> </b><br />1807–1821 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Beresford,_1st_Viscount_Beresford" title="William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford">The Viscount Beresford</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">Sir George Don</a> <br /> <small> (acting) </small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a> </b><br />1820–1825 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">Sir George Don</a> <br /> <small> (acting) </small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chatham" title="Earl of Chatham">Earl of Chatham</a> </b><br />1778–1835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hester_Pitt,_Countess_of_Chatham" title="Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham">Hester Pitt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Chatham" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Chatham">Baron Chatham</a> </b><br />1803–1835 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Gibraltar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Gibraltar" title="Template:Governors of Gibraltar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Gibraltar" title="Template talk:Governors of Gibraltar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Gibraltar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Gibraltar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Gibraltar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governors of Gibraltar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Castilian_and_Spanish_rule_(1462–1704)" title="History of Gibraltar">Spanish period (1462–1704)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Salinas" title="Diego de Salinas">De Salinas</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">occupation (1704)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nugent" title="Henry Nugent">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shrimpton" title="John Shrimpton">Shrimpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Elliott_(governor)" title="Roger Elliott (governor)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanwix" title="Thomas Stanwix">Stanwix</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht (1713)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Colyear,_1st_Earl_of_Portmore" title="David Colyear, 1st Earl of Portmore">Portmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kane" title="Richard Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Clayton" title="Jasper Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sabine_(British_Army_officer)" title="Joseph Sabine (British Army officer)">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hargrave" title="William Hargrave">Hargrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bland" title="Humphrey Bland">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fowke" title="Thomas Fowke">Fowke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Hara,_2nd_Baron_Tyrawley" title="James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley">Tyrawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Home,_8th_Earl_of_Home" title="William Home, 8th Earl of Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Irwin_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Irwin (British Army officer)">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Boyd (British Army officer)">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">Eliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Boyd (British Army officer)">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rainsford" title="Charles Rainsford">Rainsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O%27Hara" title="Charles O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Fox" title="Henry Edward Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Hew_Dalrymple,_1st_Baronet,_of_High_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hew Dalrymple, 1st Baronet, of High Mark">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cradock,_1st_Baron_Howden" title="John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden">Cradock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(British_Army_officer,_born_1754)" title="Colin Campbell (British Army officer, born 1754)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">Don</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">Don</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony (1830)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Houston,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Houston, 1st Baronet">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_George_Woodford" title="Alexander George Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(British_Army_officer,_born_1777)" title="Robert Wilson (British Army officer, born 1777)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gardiner_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Gardiner (British Army officer)">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Fergusson (British Army officer)">Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Codrington_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Codrington (British Army officer)">Codrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Airey,_1st_Baron_Airey" title="Richard Airey, 1st Baron Airey">Airey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Williams,_1st_Baronet,_of_Kars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Kars">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Napier of Magdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miller_Adye" title="John Miller Adye">Adye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Hardinge" title="Arthur Edward Hardinge">Hardinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Smyth" title="Leicester Smyth">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian_Nicholson" title="Lothian Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Biddulph_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Biddulph (British Army officer)">Biddulph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)" title="George White (British Army officer)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forestier-Walker" title="Frederick Forestier-Walker">Forestier-Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hunter" title="Archibald Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Miles" title="Herbert Miles">Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Smith-Dorrien" title="Horace Smith-Dorrien">Smith-Dorrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Monro,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet">Monro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Godley" title="Alexander Godley">Godley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harington_(British_Army_officer,_born_1872)" title="Charles Harington (British Army officer, born 1872)">Harington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Gerard_Liddell" title="Clive Gerard Liddell">Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">Gort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Mason-Macfarlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Noel Mason-Macfarlane">Mason-Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Eastwood" title="Ralph Eastwood">Eastwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_MacMillan" title="Gordon MacMillan">MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Redman" title="Harold Redman">Redman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keightley" title="Charles Keightley">Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dudley_Ward" title="Alfred Dudley Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lathbury" title="Gerald Lathbury">Lathbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varyl_Begg" title="Varyl Begg">Begg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grandy" title="John Grandy">Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Jackson (British Army officer)">Jackson</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British dependent territory (1981)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Williams_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="David Williams (Royal Navy officer)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Terry" title="Peter Terry">Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Reffell" title="Derek Reffell">Reffell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapple_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Chapple (British Army officer)">Chapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_White" title="Hugo White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Luce,_Baron_Luce" title="Richard Luce, Baron Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Durie" title="David Durie">Durie</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory (2002)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Richards_(diplomat)" title="Francis Richards (diplomat)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="Robert Fulton (Royal Marines officer)">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Johns" title="Adrian Johns">Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dutton_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="James Dutton (Royal Marines officer)">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Davis_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="Ed Davis (Royal Marines officer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="David Steel (Royal Navy officer)">Steel</a></li></ul> <p>^ <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bathurst" title="Ben Bathurst">Ben Bathurst</a> </p> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/100px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/150px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/200px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" title="Template:First Lords of the Admiralty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" title="Template talk:First Lords of the Admiralty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Lords of the Admiralty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lords of the Admiralty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">of England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">The Earl of Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bertie,_1st_Earl_of_Lindsey" title="Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey">The Earl of Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon, Bishop of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_10th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland">The Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">The Lord Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Capell,_Baron_Capell_of_Tewkesbury" title="Henry Capell, Baron Capell of Tewkesbury">Sir Henry Capell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_2nd_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham">The Earl of Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Torrington" title="Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington">The Earl of Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">The Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_3rd_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis">The Lord Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cary,_5th_Viscount_Falkland" title="Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland">The Viscount Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford">The Earl of Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton,_3rd_Earl_of_Bridgewater" title="John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater">The Earl of Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">The Earl of Pembroke</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">of Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford">The Earl of Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leake" title="John Leake">Sir John Leake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford_(1672%E2%80%931739)" title="Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1672–1739)">The Earl of Strafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford">The Earl of Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Berkeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Berkeley" title="James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley">The Earl of Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington">The Viscount Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wager" title="Charles Wager">Sir Charles Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_8th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea">The Earl of Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">The Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">The Earl of Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">The Lord Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville-Temple,_2nd_Earl_Temple" title="Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple">The Earl Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_8th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea">The Earl of Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">The Lord Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">The Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">The Earl of Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Perceval,_2nd_Earl_of_Egmont" title="John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont">The Earl of Egmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Saunders_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Charles Saunders (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Charles Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke,_1st_Baron_Hawke" title="Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke">Sir Edward Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">The Earl of Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel" title="Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel">The Viscount Keppel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">The Viscount Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel" title="Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel">The Viscount Keppel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">The Viscount Howe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Earl of Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">The Earl Spencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">of the United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent" title="John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent">The Earl of St Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">The Viscount Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Middleton,_1st_Baron_Barham" title="Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham">The Lord Barham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Viscount Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grenville" title="Thomas Grenville">Thomas Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">The Lord Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Yorke" title="Charles Philip Yorke">Charles Philip Yorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dundas,_2nd_Viscount_Melville" title="Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville">The Viscount Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">The Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dundas,_2nd_Viscount_Melville" title="Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville">The Viscount Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Sir James Graham, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Lord Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Grey,_2nd_Earl_de_Grey" title="Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey">The Earl de Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Lord Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_2nd_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hamilton,_9th_Earl_of_Haddington" title="Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of Haddington">The Earl of Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">The Earl of Ellenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Earl of Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Sir Francis Baring, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_4th_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Sir James Graham, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Sir Charles Wood, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pakington,_1st_Baron_Hampton" title="John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton">Sir John Pakington, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_St_Maur,_12th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward St Maur, 12th Duke of Somerset">The Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pakington,_1st_Baron_Hampton" title="John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton">Sir John Pakington, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lowry-Corry_(1803%E2%80%931873)" title="Henry Lowry-Corry (1803–1873)">Henry Lowry-Corry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Hugh Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">George Ward Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">William Henry Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">The Earl of Northbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">The Earl Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Palmer,_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne" title="William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne">The Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Campbell,_3rd_Earl_Cawdor" title="Frederick Campbell, 3rd Earl Cawdor">The Earl Cawdor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Marjoribanks,_2nd_Baron_Tweedmouth" title="Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd Baron Tweedmouth">The Lord Tweedmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Geddes" title="Eric Geddes">Sir Eric Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Long,_1st_Viscount_Long" title="Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long">Walter Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee,_1st_Viscount_Lee_of_Fareham" title="Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham">The Viscount Lee of Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">The Viscount Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">The Viscount Bridgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Sir Austen Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Eyres-Monsell,_1st_Viscount_Monsell" title="Bolton Eyres-Monsell, 1st Viscount Monsell">The Viscount Monsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">The Earl Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Bracken" title="Brendan Bracken">Brendan Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hall,_1st_Viscount_Hall" title="George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall">The Viscount Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Lord Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas,_1st_Viscount_Cilcennin" title="James Thomas, 1st Viscount Cilcennin">Viscount Cilcennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">The Viscount Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Douglas-Hamilton,_10th_Earl_of_Selkirk" title="George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk">The Earl of Selkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">The Lord Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jellicoe,_2nd_Earl_Jellicoe" title="George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe">The Earl Jellicoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335642#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335642#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335642#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000084533015">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73412247">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/272464/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt3RYf6fjmbDTkpPk6Yfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1134909462">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90013783">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p323848702">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61z4pq0">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&oldid=1247511363">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&oldid=1247511363</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1756_births" title="Category:1756 births">1756 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1835_deaths" title="Category:1835 deaths">1835 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_prime_ministers_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Children of prime ministers of Great Britain">Children of prime ministers of Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Army_commanders_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Category:British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars">British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earls_in_the_Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain">Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Garter" title="Category:Knights of the Garter">Knights of the Garter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lord_Presidents_of_the_Council" title="Category:Lord Presidents of the Council">Lord Presidents of the Council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lords_Privy_Seal" title="Category:Lords Privy Seal">Lords Privy Seal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Army_generals" title="Category:British Army generals">British Army generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lords_of_the_Admiralty" title="Category:Lords of the Admiralty">Lords of the Admiralty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Jersey" title="Category:Governors of Jersey">Governors of Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:Governors of Gibraltar">Governors of Gibraltar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Westminster_Abbey" title="Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey">Burials at Westminster Abbey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scots_Guards_officers" title="Category:Scots Guards officers">Scots Guards officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pitt_family" title="Category:Pitt family">Pitt family</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_cite_ODNB_with_id_parameter" title="Category:Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter">Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_November_2017" title="Category:EngvarB from November 2017">EngvarB from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2017">Use dmy dates from November 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 September 2024, at 16:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-slzgr","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.127","walltime":"1.404","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24249,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":154922,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":37838,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":121161,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1253.190 1 -total"," 31.88% 399.520 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 18.26% 228.801 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.63% 183.368 8 Template:Succession_box"," 11.70% 146.625 47 Template:Main_other"," 10.72% 134.349 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 7.30% 91.475 2 Template:Navbox"," 7.29% 91.367 1 Template:Cite_ODNB"," 7.16% 89.668 1 Template:Marriage"," 7.05% 88.291 1 Template:Governors_of_Gibraltar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.573","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12387344,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAshbourne1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoorne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarl_Stanhope1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarl_Stanhope1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreig1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHague2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquis_of_Londonderry1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEwen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellew1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippart1820\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor_and_Pringle1839\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWraxall1836\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Chatham, John Pitt, 2nd Earl Of\"] = 1,\n [\"Dda\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"First Lords of the Admiralty\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Governors of Gibraltar\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Postnom\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-gov\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 8,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-62m5q","timestamp":"20241125172839","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q335642","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q335642","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-18T05:39:43Z","dateModified":"2024-09-24T16:27:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5a\/Earl_of_Chatham_%28Colourised%29.jpg","headline":"British Army general (1756-1835)"}</script> </body> </html>