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.elementor-element.elementor-element-347d27a{--width:75%;}.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77923f7{--width:8%;}}@media(max-width:1200px) and (min-width:768px){.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d48266c{--content-width:100%;}.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-151331c{--width:20%;}.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-347d27a{--width:68%;}.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77923f7{--width:12%;}}@media(max-width:1024px) and (min-width:768px){.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d48266c{--content-width:98%;}.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-151331c{--width:20%;}.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-347d27a{--width:60%;}.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-77923f7{--width:20%;}}/* Start custom CSS for nav-menu, class: .elementor-element-0c04371 */@media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0c04371 svg { margin-left: 20px; } .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0c04371 .sub-arrow { margin-right: -15px; } .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0c04371 .elementor-sub-item { background-color: #3549CC12; } }/* End custom CSS */ /* Start custom CSS for nav-menu, class: .elementor-element-33fc5fe */@media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-33fc5fe svg { margin-left: 20px; } .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-33fc5fe .sub-arrow { margin-right: -15px; } .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-33fc5fe .elementor-sub-item { background-color: #3549CC12; } }/* End custom CSS */ /* Start custom CSS for social-icons, class: .elementor-element-8a9948c */.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8a9948c .elementor-icon.elementor-social-icon.elementor-social-icon-.elementor-repeater-item-324209f svg { width: 14px; } .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8a9948c .elementor-social-icons-wrapper.elementor-grid a { transition-duration: 500ms; }/* End custom CSS */ /* Start custom CSS for shortcode, class: .elementor-element-d44ce56 */.elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d44ce56 .trp-ls-shortcode-current-language, .trp-language-switcher.trp-language-switcher-container .trp-ls-shortcode-language { border-bottom-left-radius: 13px; border-bottom-right-radius: 13px; } @media screen and (min-width: 1124px) { .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d44ce56 .elementor-shortcode .trp-ls-shortcode-current-language, .elementor-shortcode .trp-ls-shortcode-language { width: 40% !important; border-top-width: 0px; padding: 4px 8px; height: 40px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 1124px) { .elementor-32 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d44ce56 .elementor-shortcode .trp-ls-shortcode-current-language, .elementor-shortcode .trp-ls-shortcode-language { width: 55px !important; border-top-width: 0px; padding: 0px; } 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.elementor-widget-container{text-align:left;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2f05c1b > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2f05c1b .elementor-social-icon{background-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );--icon-padding:0.2em;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2f05c1b .elementor-social-icon i{color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2f05c1b .elementor-social-icon svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2f05c1b .elementor-social-icon:hover{background-color:var( --e-global-color-99d9f41 );}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2f05c1b .elementor-social-icon:hover i{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2f05c1b .elementor-social-icon:hover svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-331 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.elementor-item:focus{color:#B6CA67;fill:#B6CA67;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f6e6d7d .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.elementor-item-active{color:#B6CA67;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c389552{width:100%;max-width:100%;text-align:left;color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );font-family:"Open Sans", Sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;font-weight:400;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c389552 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px -91px 0px 124px;}.elementor-theme-builder-content-area{height:400px;}.elementor-location-header:before, .elementor-location-footer:before{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}@media(max-width:1200px){.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9ef7121{--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:15px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8bf4e7d{--container-widget-width:220px;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;width:var( 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-6757b79 .elementor-icon{font-size:35px;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6757b79 .elementor-icon svg{height:35px;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8bf4e7d > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8bf4e7d .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:0.975rem;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f6e6d7d > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:10px 0px 0px 0px;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f6e6d7d .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:0.975rem;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c389552 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c389552{--container-widget-width:331px;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;width:var( --container-widget-width, 331px );max-width:331px;text-align:center;font-size:0.875rem;}}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7a9f242{--content-width:1000px;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9ef7121{--width:33%;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b5da41d{--width:33%;}.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c7bea4f{--width:33%;}}@media(max-width:1024px) and (min-width:768px){.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7a9f242{--content-width:700px;}}/* Start custom CSS for social-icons, class: .elementor-element-2f05c1b */.elementor-icon.elementor-social-icon.elementor-social-icon-.elementor-repeater-item-324209f svg { width: 18px; }/* End custom CSS */ /* Start custom CSS for icon, class: .elementor-element-6757b79 */.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6757b79 svg:hover circle { fill: #B6CA67; transition: 0.4s; } .elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6757b79 { opacity: 0.7; }/* End custom CSS */ /* Start custom CSS for nav-menu, class: .elementor-element-8bf4e7d */a { color: inherit; }/* End custom CSS */ /* Start custom CSS for nav-menu, class: .elementor-element-f6e6d7d */a { color: inherit; }/* End custom CSS */ /* Start custom CSS for text-editor, class: .elementor-element-c389552 */.elementor-331 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c389552 a { color: #B6CA67 !important; }/* End custom CSS */ .elementor-2905 .elementor-element.elementor-element-818f67d{--display:flex;--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;--z-index:2;}.elementor-2905 .elementor-element.elementor-element-818f67d:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-2905 .elementor-element.elementor-element-818f67d > 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class="elementor-shortcode"><div class="trp_language_switcher_shortcode"><div class="trp-language-switcher trp-language-switcher-container" data-no-translation ><div class="trp-ls-shortcode-current-language"> <a href="#" class="trp-ls-shortcode-disabled-language trp-ls-disabled-language" title="French" onclick="event.preventDefault()"> <img loading="lazy" class="trp-flag-image" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/plugins/translatepress-multilingual/assets/images/flags/fr_FR.png" width="18" height="12" alt="fr_FR" title="French"> </a></div><div class="trp-ls-shortcode-language"> <a href="#" class="trp-ls-shortcode-disabled-language trp-ls-disabled-language" title="French" onclick="event.preventDefault()"> <img loading="lazy" class="trp-flag-image" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/plugins/translatepress-multilingual/assets/images/flags/fr_FR.png" width="18" height="12" alt="fr_FR" title="French"> </a> <a href="https://www.bgene.fr/en/la-fermentation-la-plus-moderne-des-techniques-ancestrales/" title="English"> <img loading="lazy" class="trp-flag-image" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/plugins/translatepress-multilingual/assets/images/flags/en_GB.png" width="18" height="12" alt="en_GB" title="English"> </a></div> <script type="application/javascript">// need to have the same with set from JS on both divs. Otherwise it can push stuff around in HTML var trp_ls_shortcodes = document.querySelectorAll('.trp_language_switcher_shortcode .trp-language-switcher'); if ( trp_ls_shortcodes.length > 0) { // get the last language switcher added var trp_el = trp_ls_shortcodes[trp_ls_shortcodes.length - 1]; var trp_shortcode_language_item = trp_el.querySelector( '.trp-ls-shortcode-language' ) // set width var trp_ls_shortcode_width = trp_shortcode_language_item.offsetWidth + 16; trp_shortcode_language_item.style.width = trp_ls_shortcode_width + 'px'; trp_el.querySelector( '.trp-ls-shortcode-current-language' ).style.width = trp_ls_shortcode_width + 'px'; // We're putting this on display: none after we have its width. trp_shortcode_language_item.style.display = 'none'; }</script> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-elementor-type="single-post" data-elementor-id="2905" class="elementor elementor-2905 elementor-location-single post-2355 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-non-classe" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-818f67d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="818f67d" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_motion_fx_motion_fx_scrolling":"yes","background_background":"gradient","background_motion_fx_devices":["desktop","tablet_extra","tablet","mobile"]}"><div class="e-con-inner"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-56a54a4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="56a54a4" data-element_type="container"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-994a932 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="994a932" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"_animation":"fadeInUp"}" data-widget_type="heading.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">La fermentation : découvrez la plus moderne des techniques ancestrales</h1></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-204fbe4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="204fbe4" data-element_type="container"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-97336e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="97336e1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><p>Par :</p></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d21244d elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info" data-id="d21244d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="post-info.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><ul class="elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info"><li class="elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e43192e elementor-inline-item" itemprop="author"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author"> Alexia Chandor </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3b65805 elementor-align-center elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info" data-id="3b65805" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="post-info.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><ul class="elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info"><li class="elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e43192e elementor-inline-item" itemprop="datePublished"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date"> <span class="elementor-post-info__item-prefix">Publié le : </span> <time>20 mars 2023</time> </span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4926786 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="4926786" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" width="1536" height="1024" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Cuves-de-fermentation-1536x1024.jpg" class="attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536 wp-image-2357" alt="La fermentation est la plus ancienne des biotechnologies." srcset="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Cuves-de-fermentation-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Cuves-de-fermentation-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Cuves-de-fermentation-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Cuves-de-fermentation-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Cuves-de-fermentation-18x12.jpg 18w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Cuves-de-fermentation.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-40935a0 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-absolute elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="40935a0" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"_position":"absolute","motion_fx_motion_fx_mouse":"yes","motion_fx_mouseTrack_effect":"yes","motion_fx_mouseTrack_speed":{"unit":"px","size":0.3,"sizes":[]},"motion_fx_tilt_effect":"yes","motion_fx_tilt_direction":"negative","motion_fx_tilt_speed":{"unit":"px","size":0.5,"sizes":[]}}" data-widget_type="image.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" width="800" height="651" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/illus-12-1024x833.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-8594" alt="" srcset="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/illus-12-1024x833.png 1024w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/illus-12-300x244.png 300w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/illus-12-768x625.png 768w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/illus-12-15x12.png 15w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/illus-12.png 1264w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c4bfc44 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-view-default elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon" data-id="c4bfc44" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"_animation":"fadeInUp"}" data-widget_type="icon.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-icon-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-icon" href="#scroll"> <svg 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data-settings="{"_position":"absolute","motion_fx_motion_fx_mouse":"yes","motion_fx_mouseTrack_effect":"yes","motion_fx_mouseTrack_speed":{"unit":"px","size":0.5,"sizes":[]},"motion_fx_tilt_effect":"yes","motion_fx_tilt_direction":"negative","motion_fx_tilt_speed":{"unit":"px","size":3.4,"sizes":[]}}" data-widget_type="image.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"> <img loading="lazy" width="212" height="179" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/12-1.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-6274" alt="" srcset="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/12-1.png 212w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/12-1-14x12.png 14w" sizes="(max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px" /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-71a9eb9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="71a9eb9" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"gradient"}"><div class="e-con-inner"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ec7844f elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content" data-id="ec7844f" data-element_type="widget" id="scroll" data-settings="{"_animation":"fadeIn"}" data-widget_type="theme-post-content.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><p>L’histoire de la fermentation remonte à des milliers d’années, quand les humains ont commencé à stocker de la nourriture pour survivre aux périodes de disette. Depuis lors, et grâce aux progrès de la science, différentes formes de fermentation ont été développées.</p><p>Quels sont les différents types de fermentation et leurs utilisations ? La fermentation ne sert-elle qu’à brasser la bière ? Comment cette technique traditionnelle a-t-elle évolué pour devenir une technique de pointe ? Et comment BGene utilise la fermentation pour développer des ingrédients innovants et respectueux de l’environnement ?</p><p>Venez le découvrir avec nous.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation à travers l’histoire.</h2><p>La fermentation est probablement la plus ancienne des <a href="https://bgene.fr/biotechnologies-bgene-vous-dit-tout/">biotechnologies</a>. A l’origine, l’humain l’a utilisée pour se nourrir. Mais aujourd’hui, ses champs d’application sont beaucoup plus vastes. Petit rappel historique.</p><h3 class="wp-block-heading">Du néolithique à nos jours : conservation et transformation.</h3><p>Ce sont les Sumériens qui, <strong>il y a environ 8000 ans</strong>, ont été les premiers à utiliser la fermentation de manière régulière. Ensuite, au fil des siècles, l’humain a appris à maîtriser la fermentation, souvent de manière empirique, pour <strong>conserver les aliments</strong>, <strong>fabriquer du fromage</strong> ou encore <strong>transformer</strong> les viandes, les fruits et les légumes.</p><p>Cette technique est toujours très répandue : au début des années 2000, on comptait à travers le monde <strong>plus de 5000 aliments fabriqués grâce à la fermentation</strong> : boissons avec ou sans alcool (kombucha, kimchi, bière, vin), produits laitiers (kéfir, yaourts), spécialités à base de viande (comme le saucisson), choucroute, vinaigre, etc. Elle est aujourd’hui bien ancrée dans notre quotidien et l’on semble même en redécouvrir ses vertus.</p><h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pasteur et la découverte du principe scientifique de la fermentation.</h3><p>Lorsqu’il a débuté ses recherches sur le processus de fermentation, le chimiste et microbiologiste français Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) avait comme premier objectif de <strong>contester la théorie dominante, celle de la génération spontanée</strong>. Avant lui, on croyait que la fermentation était causée par la simple décomposition des matières organiques, qu’en laissant faire les choses sous certaines conditions de température, de lumière ou d’humidité, la fermentation se produirait toute seule.</p><p><strong>En 1857, Pasteur a réfuté cette théorie</strong> et a montré que les micro-organismes à l’origine de la fermentation ne se développaient pas par génération spontanée, mais plutôt grâce aux spores présentes dans l’air et sur les aliments.</p><p>En produisant de l’alcool à partir du sucre, il a aussi démontré que <strong>certains micro-organismes comme les levures étaient les responsables de la fermentation</strong>. Pasteur a également découvert que les levures pouvaient vivre sans oxygène, en anaérobie, affirmant que « La fermentation, c’est la vie sans air ».</p><h3 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation après Pasteur.</h3><p>Si les travaux de Pasteur sur la fermentation ont essentiellement amené des avancées dans le domaine de l’alimentation, les progrès scientifiques du XXe siècle ont permis d’<strong>étendre ses applications aux domaines de la chimie, du médicament et même de l’industrie</strong>.</p><p>Nous reviendrons sur ces différents aspects plus tard dans cet article.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Les ferments, les déclencheurs de la fermentation.</h2><p>Les micro-organismes évoqués à l’instant sont aussi connus sous le nom de ferments. Ils sont de 3 sortes :</p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li><strong>Les bactéries</strong> : pour fermenter, certaines ont besoin d’oxygène alors que d’autres ne le supportent pas. Les plus connues sont les bactéries lactiques comme les lactobacilles (<em>Lactobacillus</em>) que l’on retrouve dans la charcuterie, les fromages ou les légumes lacto-fermentés. Parmi les bactéries, on utilise aussi de plus en plus des microalgues appelées cyanobactéries, en particulier pour la production de biocarburants.</li><li><strong>Les levures</strong> : elles peuvent se développer avec ou sans oxygène et servent le plus souvent à la panification ou à la fermentation alcoolique.</li><li><strong>Les moisissures</strong> : ce sont des champignons qui ont besoin d’oxygène et trouvent leur origine dans le sol. Elles sont faciles à cultiver et servent bien sûr à affiner certains fromages comme le Roquefort mais aussi à la fabrication d’antibiotiques. Les moisissures sont aussi utilisées en biotechnologie pour produire des arômes alimentaires.</li></ul><p>Les ferments ont tous besoin d’eau et de températures pouvant aller de 4°C à 75°C pour se développer. Ils ont des propriétés qui leurs sont propres et qui conduiront à des types de fermentations différents.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Les différentes formes de fermentation.</h2><p>Selon qu’elle est initiée à partir de bactéries, de levures ou de moisissures, la fermentation produit différents effets. En voici quelques utilisations.</p><h3 class="wp-block-heading">Dans l’industrie alimentaire.</h3><p>Dans la lignée de premières expérimentations du néolithique, et grâce aux travaux de Pasteur, l’humain maîtrise de nombreuses techniques de fermentation.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation lactique.</h4><p>Elle est obtenue grâce à des bactéries et est <strong>la plus utilisée pour transformer et conserver plus longtemps</strong> certaines matières premières alimentaires comme le lait ou la viande. En effet, l’acide lactique produit par ce type de fermentation stoppe le processus naturel de putréfaction. Les ferments lactiques permettent de produire des fromages, des yaourts, de la charcuterie et des légumes lactofermentés. Ces techniques de fermentation sont désormais accessibles chez soi, grâce à des yaourtières ou des kits de préparation de choucroute, pickles, etc.</p><div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="682" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Le-chou-fermente-devient-de-la-choucroute-1024x682.jpg" alt="La fermentation permet de transformer les aliments et de mieux les conserver." class="wp-image-2358" srcset="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Le-chou-fermente-devient-de-la-choucroute-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Le-chou-fermente-devient-de-la-choucroute-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Le-chou-fermente-devient-de-la-choucroute-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Le-chou-fermente-devient-de-la-choucroute-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Le-chou-fermente-devient-de-la-choucroute-18x12.jpg 18w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Le-chou-fermente-devient-de-la-choucroute.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation alcoolique.</h4><p>Cette fermentation <strong>provient essentiellement des levures</strong>. Et contrairement à ce que l’on croit, elle n’est pas réservée à la production de boissons comme la bière ou le vin. En effet, elle sert aussi à fabriquer… du pain !</p><p>Quand on fait du pain, on le laisse « pousser » à l’air libre. Les levures se nourrissent du glucose contenu dans la farine et le transforment en CO<sub>2</sub> qui fait gonfler la pâte et libèrent de l’énergie. Il y a bien une production d’alcool mais elle se traduit seulement par un développement des arômes.</p><p>Concernant la fermentation du vin et de la bière, les vignerons et les brasseurs choisissent les levures selon les parfums et le degré d’alcool qu’ils souhaitent donner à leur boisson.</p><p>Dans ce secteur, les <a href="https://bgene.fr/biotechnologies-blanches-qui-sont-elles/">biotechnologies blanches</a> sont à l’origine d’avancées importantes : en permettant <strong>la sélection et la culture de levures spécifiques</strong>, les rendements ont pu être améliorés et les productions, protégées des bactéries nuisibles.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation acétique.</h4><p>Cette technique sert à <strong>fabriquer le vinaigre</strong> et a aussi été mise en lumière par Pasteur, en 1864. Le vinaigre peut être issu de différentes matières premières comme le raisin, le riz, les pommes, les fruits rouges (framboises en particulier), les grains et les céréales (blé, maïs, etc.), le petit lait ou encore le miel.  </p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation propionique.</h4><p>C’est une autre <strong>fermentation bactérienne utilisée dans l’industrie laitière</strong>, en particulier pour les fromages à trous comme le gruyère. En effet, le CO<sub>2</sub> produit lors de la fermentation propionique donne naissance aux fameux trous caractéristiques de ces fromages.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation malolactique.</h4><p>La fermentation malolactique est un processus biologique qui permet de désacidifier le vin grâce à l’action de bactéries. Elle est essentielle pour obtenir une <strong>stabilité microbiologique dans la plupart des vins rouges</strong>. Elle enrichit par ailleurs le vin avec des arômes issus des co-produits générés.</p><h3 class="wp-block-heading">Dans les autres industries.</h3><p>Si les premières utilisations de la fermentation servaient uniquement à conserver ou à transformer les aliments, elles se sont petit à petit étendues à d’autres domaines.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation dans la chimie.</h4><p>Dans ce secteur, la fermentation a de nombreux usages. Par exemple :</p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li><strong>Production de solvants</strong> tels que le butanol et l’acétone qui seront intégrés à des peintures, des encres ou des vernis.</li><li><strong>Production d’enzymes</strong> (cellulase, pectinase, etc.) qui entrent dans la composition de papiers et de textiles.</li><li><strong>Fabrication de polymères biodégradables</strong> pour des emballages plus écologiques.</li></ul><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation dans le secteur de la santé.</h4><p>La fermentation aide à <strong>produire des hormones</strong> telles que l’insuline et l’hormone de croissance ou <strong>des antibiotiques</strong> tels que la pénicilline et la streptomycine. On s’en sert aussi pour cultiver des souches de <strong>probiotiques</strong> qui seront utilisées dans les aliments pour animaux et les compléments alimentaires.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation en agriculture.</h4><p>La fermentation est un processus clé dans le secteur de l’agriculture, où elle est utilisée depuis très longtemps pour :</p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li>La production d’<strong>engrais organiques</strong> tels que le compost et le fumier. Ces engrais sont plus durables que les engrais chimiques et ont un effet positif sur la santé des sols et des cultures.</li><li>La <strong>conservation des fourrages</strong>, avec la technique de l’enrubannage.</li><li>La <strong>production de biopesticides et d’insecticides naturels</strong>, pour éviter d’avoir recours à des produits de chimie lourde ou de synthèse.</li></ul><h4 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation dans le secteur de l’environnement.</h4><p>Certains produits issus de la fermentation sont directement pensés avec l’objectif de protéger l’environnement, d’épargner les ressources naturelles ou de se passer d’énergies fossiles. Voici quelques exemples :</p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Les <strong>biocarburants</strong> tels que l’éthanol et le biodiesel sont produits à partir de matières premières renouvelables fermentées comme le maïs, la canne à sucre ou la betterave. Ce domaine d’utilisation reste cependant sujet à controverse, car les cultures dédiées aux biocarburants sont dans le même temps très consommatrices d’eau, d’engrais de pesticides et utilisent des sols à des fins non alimentaires.</li><li>Le <strong>biogaz</strong> est une source d’énergie renouvelable qui peut être utilisée pour produire de l’électricité et de la chaleur. Il provient de la fermentation des déchets organiques tels que les déchets alimentaires et les déchets agricoles.</li><li>Pour <strong>traiter les eaux usées</strong>, on fait fermenter les polluants organiques qui sont alors transformés en produits plus simples qui pourront être facilement éliminés ou recyclés. Par exemple, le méthane issu de cette fermentation sera réutilisé comme biogaz dans des centrales de production d’électricité.</li><li>La <strong>bioremédiation</strong>, qui recourt à des microorganismes spécialistes des produits polluants pour assainir des sites et sols pollués. Ainsi, les lits à roseaux en bordure d’autoroute, grâce aux bactéries présentes aux racines, dégradent les résidus d’hydrocarbures. De nouvelles techniques de bioremédiation sont aussi en cours de développement pour aider à dégrader le plastique présent dans les océans.</li></ul><div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="682" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Bioethanol-produit-a-partir-du-mais-1024x682.jpg" alt="Le bioéthanol est un carburant issu de la fermentation du maïs." class="wp-image-2356" srcset="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Bioethanol-produit-a-partir-du-mais-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Bioethanol-produit-a-partir-du-mais-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Bioethanol-produit-a-partir-du-mais-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Bioethanol-produit-a-partir-du-mais-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Bioethanol-produit-a-partir-du-mais-18x12.jpg 18w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Bioethanol-produit-a-partir-du-mais.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div><h2 class="wp-block-heading">BGene et la fermentation.</h2><p>Chez BGene, dans notre laboratoire baptisé « La Brasserie » (évidemment !), nos expert.e.s en bio-procédés utilisent la fermentation appliquée à des sucres de deuxième génération. Nous adaptons spécifiquement le génome de certaines levures et bactéries et optimisons leur environnement de croissance afin de produire à grande échelle des composés cosmétiques comme des fragrances ou des arômes.</p><p>Cette technique complexe s’appelle la fermentation de précision. Elle nous permet de proposer des ingrédients cosmétiques respectueux de l’environnement en économisant les ressources naturelles :</p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li><strong>Des déchets d’origine lignocellulosiques</strong> (par exemple du carton, du papier ou des produits issus d’exploitations forestières françaises) sont collectés et transformés en sucres alternatifs et non-alimentaires pouvant être assimilés par nos micro-organismes.</li><li>Nous n’utilisons <strong>pas de dérivés du pétrole ou de la pétrochimie</strong>.</li><li>Nous utilisons <strong>nettement moins d’eau et de terres agricoles</strong> que les productions classiques de plantes destinées à l’industrie cosmétique.</li><li>Nous contrôlons notre production de gaz à effet de serre et tendons vers la <strong>neutralité carbone</strong> de nos activités.</li></ul><h3 class="wp-block-heading">Principe de la fermentation de précision.</h3><p>Le principe de la fermentation est simple. Dans la nature ou en laboratoire, un micro-organisme, comme tout être vivant, mange pour se développer et augmenter sa population. Il produit de manière annexe des molécules pour s’adapter à son environnement, faire des réserves de nourriture ou se défendre contre d’autres micro-organismes.</p><p>Les antibiotiques sont une bonne illustration de ce dernier point.</p><p>En 1928, après quelques jours de vacances, le médecin et biologiste <strong>Alexander Fleming</strong> s’aperçoit que ses cultures de staphylocoques (des micro-organismes pouvant être très dangereux pour l’humain) ont été contaminées par le champignon microscopique <em>Penicillium notatum</em>, étudié dans un laboratoire voisin. Avant de jeter ses cultures devenues inutiles, Fleming prend le temps de les observer de près. Il remarque que les staphylocoques ne se développent pas à côté du champignon.</p><p>Cette observation le conduit à formuler l’hypothèse selon laquelle le champignon, pour se protéger, produit une substance qui inhibe la croissance de la bactérie. Il nomme cette substance « pénicilline ».</p><p><strong>Dans ce cas précis, si le champignon se multiplie et crée donc plus de matière, la molécule annexe d’intérêt est la pénicilline. Un co-produit qui aura alors une valeur ajoutée bien plus importante que celle du micro-organisme dont il est issu.</strong></p><div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-medium"><img decoding="async" width="297" height="300" src="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/BGene-produit-des-molecules-a-haute-valeur-ajoutee-297x300.png" alt="La fermentation de précision produit des molécules à haute valeur ajoutée." class="wp-image-2548" srcset="https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/BGene-produit-des-molecules-a-haute-valeur-ajoutee-297x300.png 297w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/BGene-produit-des-molecules-a-haute-valeur-ajoutee-1014x1024.png 1014w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/BGene-produit-des-molecules-a-haute-valeur-ajoutee-768x776.png 768w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/BGene-produit-des-molecules-a-haute-valeur-ajoutee-12x12.png 12w, https://www.bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/BGene-produit-des-molecules-a-haute-valeur-ajoutee.png 1258w" sizes="(max-width: 297px) 100vw, 297px" /></figure></div><h3 class="wp-block-heading">La fermentation de précision dans l’industrie.</h3><p>La fermentation de précision s’attache donc à <strong>favoriser la production de ces molécules annexes, car elles sont intéressantes pour certains marchés humains.</strong></p><p>Cependant, la production à grande échelle de molécules d’intérêt ne peut pas suivre les mêmes procédés que ceux utilisés par Fleming il y a un siècle. En effet, même si les médecins de l’époque comprirent rapidement comment cultiver les micro-organismes responsables de la production de pénicilline en laboratoire, la fabriquer en quantité suffisante pour répondre aux besoins de la population nécessita d’<strong>adapter le matériel et les techniques de culture</strong>.</p><p>Aujourd’hui, utiliser la fermentation de précision comme mode de production implique de :</p><ul class="wp-block-list"><li><strong>Comprendre le mode de vie des micro-organismes, leurs besoins, leurs zones de confort ou de stress</strong>, c’est-à-dire les environnements où ils se développent bien et ceux où ils sont fortement perturbés). Il s’agira ensuite de créer les meilleurs environnements de culture afin que les micro-organismes donnent le meilleur de leurs capacités.</li><li><strong>Identifier ce que ces micro-organismes sont capables de produire, à quelle vitesse, dans quelles quantités</strong>.</li><li><strong>Orienter les compétences des micro-organismes</strong> en travaillant sur la qualité et la quantité de nutriments apportés (la nourriture qu’ils vont consommer) et faire en sorte qu’ils acceptent certaines conditions environnementales de culture (température, pH, taux d’oxygénation, etc.).</li></ul><p>Cela permet d’augmenter la quantité de <a href="https://bgene.fr/bgene-un-acteur-majeur-de-la-bioeconomie/">biomasse</a> (nombre de cellules de micro-organismes) et donc d’accélérer les processus biologiques à l’œuvre lors de la fermentation. L’objectif est de <strong>rendre le procédé viable économiquement et industriellement, pour répondre aux besoins du marché en molécules d’intérêt visées.</strong></p><p>Chez BGene, nous concentrons notre savoir-faire sur la fabrication de molécules odorantes pouvant entrer dans la composition de parfums, de savons, de shampooing, de bougies ou de produits cosmétiques. Nous proposons ainsi <strong>une alternative aux composés issus de la pétrochimie tout </strong><a href="https://bgene.fr/eco-conception/"><strong>en économisant les ressources naturelles</strong></a><strong> de la planète</strong>.</p><div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" src="https://bgene.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/BGene-produit-des-molecules-respectueuses-de-lenvironnement-1024x682.jpg" alt="La fermentation de précision aide à protéger l’environnement" class="wp-image-2368"/></figure></div><h3 class="wp-block-heading">La méthode BGene.</h3><p>Dans les laboratoires de BGene, pour aboutir à la fermentation de précision, nous créons une synergie entre les compétences de nos chercheurs·euses et biologistes en biotechnologies et en <a href="https://bgene.fr/bioinformatique/">bio-informatique</a> et le potentiel des micro-organismes capables de produire les molécules d’intérêt. </p><p><strong>Nous avons la volonté d’écoconcevoir nos procédés de fabrication en agissant sur le fonctionnement naturel des micro-organismes sans les dénaturer.</strong></p><p>La fermentation de précision se déroule dans des cuves en verre ou en inox instrumentées pour <strong>mesurer et contrôler toutes les variables de l’environnement de culture</strong> (pH, température, oxygène). Nous utilisons des équipements de mesure externe pour suivre la consommation des substrats en entrée (sucres de deuxième génération) et la production finale des molécules d’intérêt comme celles des molécules moins utiles pour l’humain.</p><p>Nous contrôlons et optimisons toutes les étapes du cycle de production. En effet, lors de la fermentation de précision, il y a toujours un équilibre entre production de biomasse (les micro-organismes se reproduisent et leur population augmente) et de molécules annexes (celles qui ont de la valeur pour nous, comme les parfums). Nous cherchons à déplacer cet équilibre vers la production de molécules d’intérêt, pour un meilleur rendement, mais aussi pour <strong>limiter la quantité de produits non désirés qu’il faudra éliminer ou recycler à un moment ou à un autre du </strong><a href="https://bgene.fr/downstream-process-la-purete-et-le-rendement-au-coeur-de-cette-etape-essentielle-aux-produits-bgene/"><strong>processus de purification</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p><div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"><div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://bgene.fr/biotechnologies/">Découvrez notre expertise en biotechnologies</a></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8fac46d elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="8fac46d" data-element_type="widget" 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