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vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shina people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eina_(xalq)" title="Şina (xalq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şina (xalq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%98%EC%A1%B1" title="시나족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시나족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ina" title="Šina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Shina" title="Suku Shina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Shina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_(popolo)" title="Shina (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shina (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Шина (халық) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шина (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0inai" title="Šinai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šinai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="シナー人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シナー人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_(xalq)" title="Shina (xalq) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shina (xalq)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Шина (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шина (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_people" title="Shina people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shina people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Шина (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шина (народ)" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Shina people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Local_Dardi_shina_people_of_kargil_Ladakh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Local_Dardi_shina_people_of_kargil_Ladakh.jpg/220px-Local_Dardi_shina_people_of_kargil_Ladakh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Local_Dardi_shina_people_of_kargil_Ladakh.jpg/330px-Local_Dardi_shina_people_of_kargil_Ladakh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Local_Dardi_shina_people_of_kargil_Ladakh.jpg/440px-Local_Dardi_shina_people_of_kargil_Ladakh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Shina people in <a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,178,400</span> including Kohistani, Shina<sup id="cite_ref-Shina_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shina-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shina,_Kohistani_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shina,_Kohistani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,146,000 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-Shina_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shina-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shina,_Kohistani_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shina,_Kohistani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32,247 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> <br /><span style="font-size:90%;"><i> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, serving as the lingua franca and widely understood as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-CPS2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPS2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shina</b> (<a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a>: ݜݨیاٗ, <span title="Shina-language romanization"><i lang="scl-Latn">Ṣiṇyaá</i></span>) or <b>Gilgitis</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a><sup id="cite_ref-HastingsSelbie1917_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HastingsSelbie1917-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily residing in <a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kohistan_District,_Pakistan" title="Kohistan District, Pakistan">Indus Kohistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kishenganga_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishenganga Valley">Kishenganga Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurez" title="Gurez">Gurez</a>) in the northern region of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They speak an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> and their geographic area of predominance is referred to as Shenaki. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shina_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pakistan, the Shina, who are also known as Gilgitis there, is the major ethnic group of Gilgit-Baltistan and the Shina language is spoken by an estimated 600,000 people living mainly in <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kohistan_District,_Pakistan" title="Kohistan District, Pakistan">Kohistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People belonging to the Shina community people are also settled in the upper <a href="/wiki/Neelum_District" title="Neelum District">Neelum Valley</a> in Pakistan, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a>, in the far north of the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outliers of Shina such as <a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a> speakers are found in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a> speakers in <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushojo</a> speakers in the <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a> speakers in <a href="/wiki/Dir,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dir, Pakistan">Dir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Shina people have also migrated to <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> for employment, carrying out business, and education purposes, and many of them have permanently settled in these cities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shina_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shina expanded to the Gilgit region from their homeland in <a href="/wiki/Shinkari" title="Shinkari">Shinkari</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kohistan_District,_Pakistan" title="Kohistan District, Pakistan">Kohistan</a> region on the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> sometime around the 9th or 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the Shina began settling in <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Valley" title="Nagar Valley">Nagar Valley</a>, and as far as <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shina people historically practised <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1880Biddulph_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1880Biddulph-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'LearyRensch1992_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'LearyRensch1992-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HastingsSelbie1917_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HastingsSelbie1917-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPS2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPS2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CPS2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPS2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1880Biddulph_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1880Biddulph-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hattaway2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hattaway2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both Hinduism and Buddhism were regulated to being the religion of the ruling and upper class although Hinduism had more success among the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their chief peculiarity was their feeling towards the cow, which they held in abhorrence and was considered by them as unclean.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the majority of the ethnic group's conversion to Islam, orthodox Shins would continue to neither eat beef, drink cow's milk nor touch any vessel containing it, because a dead cow or a suckling calf is considered especially unclean, so that purification was necessary even if the garments touched it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gilgit, <a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza</a> and Nagar, the Hindu Shins formerly practised sati, which ceased before A.D. 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddulph1880_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddulph1880-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1877, in that region, marked the last year that Shina men underwent Hindu <a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">cremation rites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddulph1880_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddulph1880-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shina were exposed to Islam around the 12th century. Waves of conversions occurred during the 14th, 16th and 17th centuries. By the late 19th century, most Shina were adherents of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many castes of the Shina people, such as the Açar'îta caste, converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the 19th century coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> and this faith is now observed by the majority of the ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-SchmidtKohistani2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtKohistani2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small minority of related ethnic groups, chiefly the <a href="/wiki/Brokpa" title="Brokpa">Brokpa</a> community, continue to practice Buddhism and Hinduism, though the majority of them are adherents to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-CPS2016_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPS2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hattaway2004_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hattaway2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shina_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mah Noor <i>et al.</i> (2019) found west Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> in 89% (8/9) of Shina samples, which included 11.1% (one sample each) from the following <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroups</a>, H14a, T1a, H2a, T2, U7, U5b and HV2. Besides, 11.1% (1/9) of the samples belonged to haplogroup M54, which is of South Asian origin. The obtained mtDNA sequences of Shina were compared with surrounding north-western Pakistani population groups. The haplogroups frequencies, phylogenetic tree and network analysis identified the west Eurasian ancestral origin of Shina group with nearby maternal ancestral relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a> population. However, no close genetic relationship of Shina was depicted with nearby residing <a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a> population group.<sup id="cite_ref-genetics_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genetics-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shina_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shina festival of <i>Chili</i> marks the commencement of wheat sowing, as with other celebrations in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sakranti" class="mw-redirect" title="Makar Sakranti">Makar Sakranti</a>. <i>Chilli</i> also formerly had a connection with the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar wood">cedar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cedar worship is prevalent among historic the Hindu communities of <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, from the Hindu Kush region to <a href="/wiki/Himachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Himachal">Himachal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>. It is known as <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_deodara" title="Cedrus deodara">Deodar</a>, which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <i>Devadaru</i>, which means "wood of the gods" and is a compound of the words <i>deva</i> (god) and <i>dāru</i> (wood, etym. tree). The Cedar is also sacred in <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shina_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Raheem" title="Hasan Raheem">Hasan Raheem</a>, singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_Wazeer" title="Usman Wazeer">Usman Wazeer</a>, International Boxer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shina_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Scouts" title="Gilgit Scouts">Gilgit Scouts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shina_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shina-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shina_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shina_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606010248/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl">"Shina"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl">the original</a> on 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Shina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fscl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shina,_Kohistani-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shina,_Kohistani_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shina,_Kohistani_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/plk">"Shina, Kohistani"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Shina%2C+Kohistani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fplk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abstract+of+speakers%27+strength+of+languages+and+mother+tongues+-+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pssr.org.pk/issues/v4/3/the-impact-of-dominant-languages-on-regional-languages-a-case-study-of-english-urdu-and-shina.pdf">"The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. September 2020. <q>The researchers have observed that like every living language, Shina is rapidly changing due to its contact with Urdu and English. In schools and colleges of Gilgit-Baltistan, the medium of instruction is either Urdu or English from primary level to the higher level in universities, so the students have to learn both English and Urdu from the beginning. Moreover, Urdu is used as a lingua franca in the entire region as people from different linguistic backgrounds like Balti, <a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a>, Wakhi and Brushashki communicate with each other in Urdu. Urdu is also used for trade purposes and by tourists from other parts of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Dominant+Languages+on+Regional+Languages%3A+A+Case+Study+of+English%2C+Urdu+and+Shina&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpssr.org.pk%2Fissues%2Fv4%2F3%2Fthe-impact-of-dominant-languages-on-regional-languages-a-case-study-of-english-urdu-and-shina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddrussZiaDegener2012" class="citation book cs1">Buddruss, Georg; Zia, Mohammad Amin; Degener, Almuth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isdistribution.com/DocumentRender.aspx?aId=40415&asId=1"><i>The Meeting Place: Radio Features in the Shina Language of Gilgit by Mohammad Amin Zia : Text, Interlinear Analysis and English Translation with a Glossary</i></a>. Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06673-0"><bdi>978-3-447-06673-0</bdi></a>. <q>Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group which is spoken in several dialect groups in Northern Pakistan. The variety spoken in the fertile valley of the Gilgit River is known as Gilgiti Shina, as the greatest number of speakers live in and around Gilgit town. While Gilgit is a multicultural and multilingual place, Shina is the language used in the homes of the majority of the inhabitants. Most speakers use Shina as a spoken language, especially for private purposes, while Urdu is the first choice as a medium for writing and as a lingua franca current throughout Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meeting+Place%3A+Radio+Features+in+the+Shina+Language+of+Gilgit+by+Mohammad+Amin+Zia+%3A+Text%2C+Interlinear+Analysis+and+English+Translation+with+a+Glossary&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06673-0&rft.aulast=Buddruss&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Zia%2C+Mohammad+Amin&rft.au=Degener%2C+Almuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isdistribution.com%2FDocumentRender.aspx%3FaId%3D40415%26asId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPS2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPS2016_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPS2016_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPS2016_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPS2016_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/12/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxiii-jk.html?m=1">"Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST — Scheduled Tribes of northwest India: Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a>. 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Notwithstanding the roots of these tribes in the Hindu antiquity and persistence of that memory in their language and ritual, they have been all converted to Islam perhaps a few centuries ago. Of 48.4 thousand Brokpa, etc., counted in 2011, 45.1 thousand are Muslim. Of the rest, 3,144 are Buddhist and 133 Hindu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+Data+of+Census+2011%3A+XXXIII+JK-HP-ST+%E2%80%94+Scheduled+Tribes+of+northwest+India%3A+Jammu+%26+Kashmir+and+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.pub=Centre+for+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2016-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.cpsindia.org%2F2016%2F12%2Freligion-data-of-census-2011-xxxiii-jk.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (30 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfnWCQAAQBAJ&dq=shina+gilgitis&pg=PA243"><i>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-07696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-07696-1"><bdi>978-0-313-07696-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Shins (Shina), or Gilgitis, are the largest of several distinct ethnic groups in Gilgit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+Around+the+World+A-Z+%5B4+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002-05-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-07696-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfnWCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dshina%2Bgilgitis%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HastingsSelbie1917-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HastingsSelbie1917_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HastingsSelbie1917_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastingsSelbie1917" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James; Selbie, John Alexander (1917). <i>Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Mundas-Phrygians</i>. <a href="/wiki/C._Scribner%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Scribner's Sons">C. Scribner's Sons</a>. p. 606. <q>But the Shins have the characteristic Hindu aversion to eating the flesh of milk (or even <i>ghī</i> made from the milk) of the cow, and eschew fowls and fish. The former language of the people was Sanskrit, and the dialect now in use is called Shina. The basic element in the people is thus probably Indo-Aryan, and their festivals preserve many traces of Hindu beliefs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics%3A+Mundas-Phrygians&rft.pages=606&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Selbie%2C+John+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PT1018"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79710-2"><bdi>978-1-135-79710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=1018&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79710-2&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUHfBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dshina%2Bgilgit%2Bladakh%26pg%3DPT1018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (30 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfnWCQAAQBAJ&dq=shina+gilgitis&pg=PA243"><i>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-07696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-07696-1"><bdi>978-0-313-07696-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Shins (Shina), or Gilgitis, are the largest of several distinct ethnic groups in Gilgit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+Around+the+World+A-Z+%5B4+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002-05-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-07696-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfnWCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dshina%2Bgilgitis%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxenaBorin2008" class="citation book cs1">Saxena, Anju; Borin, Lars (22 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8DAmULPQU0C&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PA137"><i>Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019778-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019778-5"><bdi>978-3-11-019778-5</bdi></a>. <q>Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser-Known+Languages+of+South+Asia%3A+Status+and+Policies%2C+Case+Studies+and+Applications+of+Information+Technology&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019778-5&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=Anju&rft.au=Borin%2C+Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8DAmULPQU0C%26dq%3Dshina%2Bgilgit%2Bladakh%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606010248/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl">"Shina"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl">the original</a> on 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Shina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fscl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pssr.org.pk/issues/v4/3/the-impact-of-dominant-languages-on-regional-languages-a-case-study-of-english-urdu-and-shina.pdf">"The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Dominant+Languages+on+Regional+Languages%3A+A+Case+Study+of+English%2C+Urdu+and+Shina&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpssr.org.pk%2Fissues%2Fv4%2F3%2Fthe-impact-of-dominant-languages-on-regional-languages-a-case-study-of-english-urdu-and-shina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaus2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolaus, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199">"Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh"</a>. <i>Iran & the Caucasus</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 201–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20150302">10.1163/1573384X-20150302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199">43899199</a>. <q>It seems quite evident that the Shin expanded to the north from Shinkari, the Land of the Shin, which has been identified as the Kohistan region on the Indus River. However, the homeland of the Shin (the old Shinkari region) must have covered also parts of the present Gilgit Division, in particular the district of Diamer. As of yet, the period during which this conquest took place has not been de-termined. However, an educated guess would place it somewhere within the 9th and 10th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Residues+of+Ancient+Beliefs+among+the+Shin+in+the+Gilgit-Division+and+Western+Ladakh&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-264&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43899199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20150302&rft.aulast=Nicolaus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43899199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaus2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolaus, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199">"Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh"</a>. <i>Iran & the Caucasus</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 201–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20150302">10.1163/1573384X-20150302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199">43899199</a>. <q>From their new stronghold, in Gilgit and the adjacent valleys, the Shin continued pushing further to the west (areas in Chitral), the north (Lower Hunza Valley) and the southeast. The furthest southeastern expansion reached the Ganoks River in Baltistan and the Purig region in Ladakh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Residues+of+Ancient+Beliefs+among+the+Shin+in+the+Gilgit-Division+and+Western+Ladakh&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-264&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43899199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20150302&rft.aulast=Nicolaus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43899199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1880Biddulph-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1880Biddulph_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1880Biddulph_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Biddulph1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Biddulph" title="John Biddulph">John Biddulph</a> (1880). <i>Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh</i>. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. 39, 115. <q>In Nager there is a caste called Shoto, which exists nowhere else; they work in leather, and rank below the Doms, who take daughters from them without giving in return ... like the Shins they have come from the south to settle in these valleys. The names of many of the rules and of a number of places, not only in the Indus and Gilgit Valleys, but also in the Chitral Valley, point to a Hindu origin. Amongst the names of places may be mentioned <i>Seo</i> (Siva, <i>or</i> Mahadeo), <i>Shogram</i> (Siva's village), <i>Shogoor</i> (Siva's priest), and <i>Swami</i> ... some form of Hinduism was introduced by the Shins into the Gilgit Valley, and, to a greater or less degree, wherever their rule extended. In valleys in which they were outnumbered by the former inhabitants, the result was, doubtless, a mixture of Buddhism and Hindooism, grafted on a form of demon-worship existing in the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribes+of+the+Hindoo+Koosh&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=39%2C+115&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing&rft.date=1880&rft.au=John+Biddulph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'LearyRensch1992-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'LearyRensch1992_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'LearyRenschDecker1992" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin Ross; Decker, Sandra J. (1992). <i>Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral</i>. National Institute of Pakistan Studies at Quaid-i-Azam University. <q>Phalura had previously been Hindus like the Shin. He referred to the area around Chilas, south of Gilgit, as Dangaristan and discussed how the term Dangarik has been applied to the Shina-speaking people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Survey+of+Northern+Pakistan%3A+Languages+of+Chitral&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Pakistan+Studies+at+Quaid-i-Azam+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Clare+F.&rft.au=Rensch%2C+Calvin+Ross&rft.au=Decker%2C+Sandra+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hattaway2004-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hattaway2004_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hattaway2004_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattaway2004" class="citation book cs1">Hattaway, Paul (2004). <i>Peoples of the Buddhist World</i>. William Carey Library. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878083619" title="Special:BookSources/9780878083619"><bdi>9780878083619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Buddhist+World&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780878083619&rft.aulast=Hattaway&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaus2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolaus, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199">"Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh"</a>. <i>Iran & the Caucasus</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 201–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20150302">10.1163/1573384X-20150302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199">43899199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Residues+of+Ancient+Beliefs+among+the+Shin+in+the+Gilgit-Division+and+Western+Ladakh&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-264&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43899199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20150302&rft.aulast=Nicolaus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43899199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgU3AQAAMAAJ"><i>Military Report and Gazetteer of the Gilgit Agency and the Independent Territories of Tangir and Darel</i></a>. Government Monotype Press. 1909. p. 16. <q>Their chief peculiarity is their feeling towards the cow, which is esteemed by them unclean. They will never eat beef, drink cow's milk nor touch any vessel containing it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Report+and+Gazetteer+of+the+Gilgit+Agency+and+the+Independent+Territories+of+Tangir+and+Darel&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Government+Monotype+Press&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgU3AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakshi1997" class="citation book cs1">Bakshi, S. R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONDsQCO9yTQC&dq=cow+shins&pg=PA131"><i>Kashmir Through Ages (5 Vol)</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85431-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85431-71-0"><bdi>978-81-85431-71-0</bdi></a>. <q>Drew notices that they hold the cow in abhorrence. They will not drink cow's milk, nor will they burn cow-dung, the universal fuel of the East, and in a pure Shin village no one will eat fowls or touch them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+Through+Ages+%285+Vol%29&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-85431-71-0&rft.aulast=Bakshi&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DONDsQCO9yTQC%26dq%3Dcow%2Bshins%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Th3Mu-_RwjQC&q=cow+was+unclean+for+shins&pg=PA406"><i>A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: L.-Z</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1997. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85297-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85297-70-5"><bdi>978-81-85297-70-5</bdi></a>. <q>The most remarkable characteristic of the Shins is their feeling with regard to the cow, a point to which Drew first called attention. In spite to their conversion to Islam this feeling is still maintained in Nagar, Gilgit, Astor, and the Indus valley above Bunji. In that valley below Astor the feeling has died out, but in the places mentioned orthodox Shins will not eat beef, drink milk or touch a vessel containing it. A sucking calf, or any portion of a dead animal, is especially unclean, so that purification is necessary if even the garments chance to touch it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+the+Tribes+and+Castes+of+the+Punjab+and+North-West+Frontier+Province%3A+L.-Z&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-85297-70-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTh3Mu-_RwjQC%26q%3Dcow%2Bwas%2Bunclean%2Bfor%2Bshins%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biddulph1880-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biddulph1880_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddulph1880_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Biddulph1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Biddulph" title="John Biddulph">John Biddulph</a> (1880). <i>Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh</i>. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 114. <q>Women's urns are readily distinguished by a number of wooden spindle whorls, mixed with the bones. ... in Gilgit, Gor, Hunza, and Nager, that suttee was formerly practiced. The dead man, with his finest clothes and his weapons girded on him was placed on the pyre, and as the fire burnt up, the woman arrayed in her jewellery and her richest clothes, leaped into the flames. The burning of the dead ceased to be practised more than sixty years ago. ... in 1877, a very old man in Darel scandalised his neighbours by calling his sons to him on his death bed, and after having his arms and valuables brought to him, desiring to be burnt with them when dead ... He and a man of Gor, who died twenty years ago, are known to have always refused to be circumcised, or to call themselves Mahommedans. They were probably the very last Hindus in Dangaristan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribes+of+the+Hindoo+Koosh&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing&rft.date=1880&rft.au=John+Biddulph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchmidtKohistani2008-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtKohistani2008_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtKohistani2008" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Ruth Laila; Kohistani, Razwal (2008). <i>A Grammar of the Shina Language of Indus Kohistan</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447056762" title="Special:BookSources/9783447056762"><bdi>9783447056762</bdi></a>. <q>The Açar'îta themselves told Strand that they have been living in Ashret for "for these approximately eight of nine hundred years as the Shina tribe... We are still making our lives in this homeland, and our language is Shina. We are one people from Chilas; originally, we are from Chilas." ... Biddulph mentions that many Muslims Shins had the surname "Sing". It is also a ruling class name, and the earlier form <i>siṃha</i> is a frequent element in the colophons of the Gilgit Manuscripts (dateable to probably not later than the 9th century C.E.). Bota/bôTâ appears to be a cognate with Bóṭi. The conversion to Islam among the Açar'îta appears to have taken place, according to Strand, between 1820-1840 C.E.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Shina+Language+of+Indus+Kohistan&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783447056762&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Laila&rft.au=Kohistani%2C+Razwal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrand2000" class="citation web cs1">Strand, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuristan.info/IndoAryan/Indus/Atsaret/AtsaretCulture/Atsaretgen.html">"Genealogy of the People of Açharê't"</a>. <i>Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nuristan%3A+Hidden+Land+of+the+Hindu+Kush&rft.atitle=Genealogy+of+the+People+of+A%C3%A7har%C3%AA%27t&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Strand&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuristan.info%2FIndoAryan%2FIndus%2FAtsaret%2FAtsaretCulture%2FAtsaretgen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genetics-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genetics_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumtazIhsanAzizHizbullah2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mumtaz, Mah Noor; Ihsan, Haleema; Aziz, Shahid; Hizbullah; Afridi, Sahib Gul; Shams, Sulaiman; Khan, Asifullah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7710323">"The genetic composition of Shina population from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan based on mtDNA analyses"</a>. <i>Mitochondrial DNA Part B</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 3802–3808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23802359.2019.1682474">10.1080/23802359.2019.1682474</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7710323">7710323</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33366198">33366198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+Part+B&rft.atitle=The+genetic+composition+of+Shina+population+from+Gilgit-Baltistan%2C+Pakistan+based+on+mtDNA+analyses&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3802-3808&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7710323%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33366198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23802359.2019.1682474&rft.aulast=Mumtaz&rft.aufirst=Mah+Noor&rft.au=Ihsan%2C+Haleema&rft.au=Aziz%2C+Shahid&rft.au=Hizbullah&rft.au=Afridi%2C+Sahib+Gul&rft.au=Shams%2C+Sulaiman&rft.au=Khan%2C+Asifullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7710323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShina+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The making of a frontier Five years' experiences and adventures in Gilgit By Algernon George Arnold Durand Page 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The making of a frontier Five years' experiences and adventures in Gilgit By Algernon George Arnold Durand Page 209</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Pakistan" title="Americans in Pakistan">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Pakistan" title="Canadians in Pakistan">Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Pakistan" title="Armenians in Pakistan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Chinese</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Uyghurs</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Pakistan" title="Filipinos in Pakistan">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Pakistan" title="Indonesians in Pakistan">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Pakistan" title="Iranians in Pakistan">Iranians</a></li> <li>Japanese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Pakistan" title="Kurds in Pakistan">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_Pakistan" title="Tajiks in Pakistan">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Pakistan" title="Kyrgyz in Pakistan">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_in_Pakistan" title="Turkmen in Pakistan">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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