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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="محمد شكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد شكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Xukri" title="Mohamed Xukri – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mohamed Xukri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="محمد شكري – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="محمد شكري" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mohamed Choukri" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Chukri" title="Mohammed Chukri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mohammed Chukri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Xukri" title="Mohamed Xukri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mohamed Xukri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mohamed Choukri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mohamed Choukri" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D5%89%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Մուհամեդ Չուքրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուհամեդ Չուքրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mohamed Choukri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mohamed Choukri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מוחמד שוכרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד שוכרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89" title="محمد شكرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد شكرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohamed Choukri" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mohamed Choukri" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Szukri" title="Muhammad Szukri – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Szukri" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mohamed Choukri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шукри Мухаммад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шукри Мухаммад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Shukri" title="Muhammed Shukri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muhammed Shukri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5mmad_Cukri" title="Muḥmmad Cukri – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Muḥmmad Cukri" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5emmed_Cikri" title="Muḥemmed Cikri – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Muḥemmed Cikri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%83%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7_%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89" title="ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335436#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Moroccan author (1935–2003)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Mohamed Choukri</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar">محمد شكري</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1935-07-15</span>)</span>15 July 1935<br />Ayt Chiker, <a href="/wiki/Nador" title="Nador">Nador</a>, Morocco</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">15 November 2003<span style="display:none">(2003-11-15)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, Morocco</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Marshan cemetery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist, autobiographer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan literature</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/For_Bread_Alone" title="For Bread Alone">For Bread Alone</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Moroccan_writers" title="List of Moroccan writers">List of writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Moroccan_women_writers" title="List of Moroccan women writers">Women writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Tamazight</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Moroccan writers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_novelists" title="Category:Moroccan novelists">Novelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Moroccan dramatists and playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_poets" title="Category:Moroccan poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_essayists" title="Category:Moroccan essayists">Essayists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_historians" title="Category:Moroccan historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_travel_writers" title="Category:Moroccan travel writers">Travel writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_Sufi_writers" title="Category:Moroccan Sufi writers">Sufi writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_novels" title="Category:Moroccan novels">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_poets" title="Category:Moroccan poets">Poetry</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Criticism and awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_literary_critics" title="Category:Moroccan literary critics">Critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moroccan_literary_awards" title="Category:Moroccan literary awards">Literary prizes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderrahman_El_Majdoub" class="mw-redirect" title="Abderrahman El Majdoub">El Majdoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Awzal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Awzal">Awzal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahar_Ben_Jelloun" title="Tahar Ben Jelloun">Ben Jelloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Zafzaf" title="Mohamed Zafzaf">Zafzaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Amran_El_Maleh" title="Edmond Amran El Maleh">El Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driss_Chra%C3%AFbi" title="Driss Chraïbi">Chraîbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatema_Mernissi" title="Fatema Mernissi">Mernissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Kha%C3%AFr-Eddine" title="Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine">Khaïr-Eddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachir_Qamari" title="Bachir Qamari">Qamari</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moroccan_literature" title="Template:Moroccan literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moroccan_literature" title="Template talk:Moroccan literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moroccan_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moroccan literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mohamed Choukri</b> (Arabic: <b>محمد شكري</b>, <a href="/wiki/Amazigh_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh languages">Amazigh</a><b>: ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴻⴷ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ</b>) (15 July 1935 – 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 2003) was a Moroccan author and novelist who is best known for his internationally acclaimed autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/For_Bread_Alone" title="For Bread Alone">For Bread Alone</a></i> (<i>al-Khubz al-Hafi</i>), which was described by the American playwright <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> as "a true document of human desperation, shattering in its impact". </p><p>Choukri was born in 1935 in Ayt Chiker (Ayt Chiker, hence his adopted family name: <b>Choukri</b> / <b>Chikri</b>), a small village in the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> mountains in the <a href="/wiki/Nador" title="Nador">Nador</a> province, Morocco. He was raised in a very poor family. He ran away from his tyrannical father and became a homeless child living in the poor neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, surrounded by misery, prostitution, violence and drug abuse. At the age of 20, he decided to learn how to read and write and later became a schoolteacher. His family name Choukri is connected to the name Ayt Chiker which is the <a href="/wiki/Amazigh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh people">Amazigh</a> tribe cluster he belonged to before fleeing hunger to Tangier. It is most likely that he adopted this name later in Tangier because in the rural Rif family names were rarely registered. </p><p>In the 1960s, in the cosmopolitan Tangier, he met <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>. Choukri's first writing was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Adab" title="Al Adab">Al Adab</a></i> (monthly review of Beirut) in 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a story entitled "Al-Unf ala al-shati" ("Violence on the Beach"). International success came with the English translation of <i>Al-khoubz Al-Hafi</i> (<i>For Bread Alone</i>, Telegram Books) by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a> in 1973. The book was translated into French by <a href="/wiki/Tahar_Ben_Jelloun" title="Tahar Ben Jelloun">Tahar Ben Jelloun</a> in 1980 (Éditions Maspero), published in Arabic in 1982 and censored in Morocco from 1983 to 2000. The book was later translated into 30 languages. </p><p>His main works are his autobiographical trilogy, beginning with <i>For Bread Alone</i>, followed by <i>Zaman Al-Akhtaâ aw Al-Shouttar</i> (<i>Time of Mistakes</i> or <i>Streetwise</i>, Telegram Books) and finally <i>Faces</i>. He also wrote collections of short stories in the 1960s/1970s (<i>Majnoun Al-Ward</i>, <i>The Flower Freak</i>, 1980; <i>Al-Khaima</i>, <i>The Tent</i>, 1985). Likewise, he is known for his accounts of his encounters with the writers Paul Bowles, Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams (<i>Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams in Tangier</i>, 1992, <i>Jean Genet in Tangier</i>, 1993, <i>Jean Genet, Suite and End</i>, 1996, <i>Paul Bowles: Le Reclus de Tanger</i>, 1997). See also <i>In Tangier</i>, Telegram Books, 2008, for all three in one volume. </p><p>Choukri died of cancer on 15 November 2003 at the military hospital of <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>. He was buried on 17 November at the Marshan cemetery in Tangier, with the audience of the minister of culture, numerous government officials, personalities and the spokesman of the king of Morocco. Before he died, Choukri created a foundation, Mohamed Choukri (president, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Achaari" title="Mohammed Achaari">Mohamed Achaâri</a>), owning his copyrights, his manuscripts and personal writings. Before his death, he provided for his servant of almost 22 years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mohamed Choukri was born to a poor family in Had, Bni Chiker in the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> region of Morocco, during a famine. He was one of many children and had an abusive, violent father. His mother tongue was <a href="/wiki/Riffian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian language">Riffian</a>, a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Amazigh</a> language. Fleeing poverty, his family migrated to the city of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a> and then to Tangier. Through his adolescent years, Choukri worked many jobs to survive, including serving a French family in the Rif of French Algeria, and guiding sailors who arrived in Tangier, managing to learn Spanish that way. He found himself in the company of prostitutes, thieves and smugglers. The situation at home didn't improve however, his father was a cruel despot, and Choukri accused him of murdering his wife and his younger brother Kader. After a family dispute, he left them at 11 years old, living on the streets of Tangier, pilfering to survive, and occasionally resorting to smuggling and prostitution. At the age of 20, he'd met someone willing to teach him to read and write. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning_how_to_read_and_write">Learning how to read and write</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Learning how to read and write"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He met someone willing to help him learn to read and write in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a>, a strange language for him and to many who weren't formally educated, because what was spoken day to day was <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan vernacular Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Darija</a>, which is not readily intelligible with Standard Arabic. In 1956 (the year of Morocco's independence) he left for <a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>, enrolling in a primary school at the age of 21. At some point he became a schoolteacher through the <i>Ecole Normale.</i> Returning to Tangier in the 1960s, he continued to frequent bars and brothels, and began to write his story in Arabic, forthrightly and showing no reserve when detailing sexual experiences, which was utterly at odds with the mores of Morocco and the Arab world at the time, being met with harsh censure from religious and conservative forces in Morocco and elsewhere. </p><p>Despite the criticism, Choukri's daring and exceedingly frank style won him literary fame. He had an association with the writer and composer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a>, an American expat who lived in Tangier, for decades. They worked on the translation of Choukri's semi-autobiographical work <i>For Bread Alone</i> in 1973, and Bowles arranged for the novel to be published in the United Kingdom through <a href="/wiki/Peter_Owen_Publishers" title="Peter Owen Publishers">Peter Owen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship_of_For_Bread_Alone">Censorship of <i>For Bread Alone</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Censorship of For Bread Alone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/For_Bread_Alone" title="For Bread Alone">For Bread Alone</a></i> became an international success when published in English, but the book also caused a furor in the Arab world. When the Arabic edition emerged, it was prohibited in Morocco, on the authority of the Interior Minister, <a href="/wiki/Driss_Basri" title="Driss Basri">Driss Basri</a>, following the advice of the religious authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was said to have offended by its references to teenage sexual experiences and drug abuse. This censorship ended in 2000, and <i>For Bread Alone</i> was finally published in Morocco. In 1999, <i>For Bread Alone</i> was removed from the syllabus of a modern Arabic literature course at the American University in Cairo taught by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Samia_Mehrez" title="Samia Mehrez">Samia Mehrez</a> due to some sexually explicit passages, prompting some observers to criticize the "ban" and blame government censorship. The incident was preceded by the removal by order of <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, president of Egypt, of <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Rodinson" title="Maxime Rodinson">Maxime Rodinson</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_(book)" title="Muhammad (book)">Muhammad</a></i>. While some blamed "intimidation from <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> militants, which the government does little to prevent," in fact, the Egyptian government engaged in book banning in that period on a wide scale. Dr. Mehrez was threatened with sexual harassment proceedings and expulsion, the book <i>For Bread Alone</i> was examined by parliament, and the academic and literary community largely supported her use of the novel through a letter-writing campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Choukri believed he had secured that which was most important to him: a posthumous home for his literary work. </p><p>His last will and testament, in which he left his entire estate to a foundation that was to be run jointly by five presidents: "After Choukri's death, this document disappeared without a trace," says Roberto de Hollanda, who was the author's literary agent for many years. </p><p>Securing his literary legacy was of the utmost importance to Choukri, but the promises that were made to him were not kept: "The decision was whether to give it to a European or an American university or whether to entrust it to a Moroccan institution," the literary agent explains. </p><p>Choukri chose the Moroccan option. For one thing, he was afraid that the government might stop funding his expensive cancer treatment if he gave away the rights to his work to a foreign entity. On the other hand, it would have been particularly shameful to have given them to one of the countries that had formerly colonized and oppressed Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>For Bread Alone</i> was adapted to film by <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Benhadj" title="Rachid Benhadj">Rachid Benhadj</a>, in an Italian-French-Algerian production in 2004. It starred <a href="/wiki/Said_Taghmaoui" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Taghmaoui">Said Taghmaoui</a>. The film premiered at the first edition of the Festival of Casablanca in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations">Quotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When I arrived, there were two Tangier: the colonialist and international Tangier and the Arabic Tangier, made of misery and ignorance. At these times, to eat, I combed the garbage. The European ones preferably, because they were richer.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I cannot write about the milk of birds, the gentle stranglehold of the angelic beauty, grasps of dew, the cascade of lions, the heavy breast of females. I cannot write with a crystal's paintbrush. For me, writing is a protest, not a parade.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> I saw that writing could also be a way to expose, to protest against those who have stolen my childhood, my teenage hood and a piece of my youthfulness. At that moment, my writing became committed.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There's, in the Moroccan society, a more conservative faction. Those people judge my works as depraved. In my books, there's nothing against the regime. I don't talk about politics or religion. But, what annoys the conservatives, is to notice I criticize my father. The father is sacred in the Arabic-Muslim society.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>For Bread Alone</i>, 1973</li> <li><i>The Tent</i>, short stories, 1985</li> <li><i>Time of Errors</i>, also called "Streetwise" 1992</li> <li><i>Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams in Tanger</i>, 1992</li> <li><i>Jean Genet in Tanger</i>, 1993</li> <li><i>Madman of the Roses</i>, Short stories 1979</li> <li><i>Jean Genet, Suite and End</i>, 1996</li> <li><i>Zoco Chico</i>, 1997</li> <li><i>Faces</i>, 2000</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internal_Market_(novel)" title="The Internal Market (novel)">The Internal Market</a></i>, 1997</li> <li><i>Paul Bowles, le Reclus de Tanger</i>, 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilations_in_English">Compilations in English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compilations in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tales of Tangier</i>, trans. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Elbousty" title="Jonas Elbousty">Jonas Elbousty</a> (Yale University Press, 2023)</li></ul> <ul><li>"Faces," Trans. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Elbousty" title="Jonas Elbousty">Jonas Elbousty</a> (Georgetown University Press, 2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2005/10/02/feature-02">"Moroccan writer Mohamed Choukri's rise from poverty to universal recognition"</a>, <i>Magharebia</i>, 2 October 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDaniella_Kuzmanovic,_Elisabeth_Özdalga2015" class="citation book cs1">Daniella Kuzmanovic, Elisabeth Özdalga (2015). <i>Novel and Nation in the Muslim World: Literary Contributions and National Identities</i>. Springer. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137477583" title="Special:BookSources/9781137477583"><bdi>9781137477583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novel+and+Nation+in+the+Muslim+World%3A+Literary+Contributions+and+National+Identities&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781137477583&rft.au=Daniella+Kuzmanovic%2C+Elisabeth+%C3%96zdalga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Choukri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127213857/http://moroccoboard.com/features/117-feature/1116-a-time-of-mistakes">"A Time of Mistakes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moroccoboard.com/features/117-feature/1116-a-time-of-mistakes">the original</a> on 27 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Time+of+Mistakes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoboard.com%2Ffeatures%2F117-feature%2F1116-a-time-of-mistakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohamed+Choukri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Choukri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tangier.free.fr/Documents/Mohamed-Choukri.htm"><i>Mohamed Choukri, 1935-2003</i>, Oussama Zekri</a>, (French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maduba.free.fr/Choukri.htm">"Le pain nu de Mohamed Choukri: une lecture plurielle", par Salah NATIJ, in website Ma'duba / Invitation à l'adab</a> (French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maduba.free.fr/pain_nu_traduction.htm"><i>Le pain nu de Mohamed Choukri et l'aventure de la traduction</i>, par Salah NATIJ, in website Ma'duba / Invitation à l'adab</a> (French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092305/http://www.babelmed.net/index.php?menu=218&cont=388&lingua=fr">Hassan Daoud, <i>L'homme qui savait ce qu'écrire veut dire</i></a>, (French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092108/http://www.babelmed.net/index.php?menu=218&cont=417&lingua=fr"><i>Le poète aux pieds nus</i>, Hanan Kassab-Hassan</a>, (French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222052446/http://www.babelmed.net/index.php?menu=218&cont=445&lingua=fr"><i>L'enfant terrible de la littérature arabe et écrivain maudit</i>, Hicham Raji</a>, (French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbowles.org/booksbest2.html"><i>Mohamed Choukri</i> Biography by Kenneth Lisenbee</a> (English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/665/cu4.htm"><i>Obituary, Mohamed Choukri, Madman of the roses</i>, November 2003</a>, (English)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13995446">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08968905?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/801530">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11903610X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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