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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_I—employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_I—employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Title I—employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_I—employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_II—public_entities_(and_public_transportation)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_II—public_entities_(and_public_transportation)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Title II—public entities (and public transportation)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_II—public_entities_(and_public_transportation)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_III—public_accommodations_(and_commercial_facilities)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_III—public_accommodations_(and_commercial_facilities)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Title III—public accommodations (and commercial facilities)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_III—public_accommodations_(and_commercial_facilities)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Service animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_aids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_aids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Auxiliary aids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_aids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_IV—telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_IV—telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Title IV—telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_IV—telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_V—miscellaneous_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_V—miscellaneous_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Title V—miscellaneous provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_V—miscellaneous_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drafting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drafting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lobbying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_and_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_and_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Support and opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_and_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_from_religious_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_from_religious_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Opposition from religious groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_from_religious_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_from_business_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_from_business_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Opposition from business interests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_from_business_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Capitol_Crawl"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Capitol_Crawl""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>"Capitol Crawl"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Capitol_Crawl"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Final passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ADA_Amendments_Act,_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADA_Amendments_Act,_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>ADA Amendments Act, 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADA_Amendments_Act,_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines,_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines,_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines,_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Societal attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Professional_plaintiffs"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Professional_plaintiffs""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>"Professional plaintiffs"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Professional_plaintiffs"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Case law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Case law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_v._State_of_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_v._State_of_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Green v. State of California</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_v._State_of_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Federation_of_the_Blind_v._Target_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Federation_of_the_Blind_v._Target_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Federation_of_the_Blind_v._Target_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barden_v._The_City_of_Sacramento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barden_v._The_City_of_Sacramento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span><i>Barden v. The City of Sacramento</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barden_v._The_City_of_Sacramento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bates_v._United_Parcel_Service,_Inc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bates_v._United_Parcel_Service,_Inc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span><i>Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bates_v._United_Parcel_Service,_Inc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spector_v._Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Ltd." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spector_v._Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Ltd."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span><i>Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spector_v._Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Ltd.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olmstead_v._L.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olmstead_v._L.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span><i>Olmstead v. L.C.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olmstead_v._L.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michigan_Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._The_University_of_Michigan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michigan_Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._The_University_of_Michigan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span><i>Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michigan_Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._The_University_of_Michigan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._Ellerbe_Becket_Architects_and_Engineers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._Ellerbe_Becket_Architects_and_Engineers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span><i>Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._Ellerbe_Becket_Architects_and_Engineers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing,_Kentucky,_Inc._v._Williams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing,_Kentucky,_Inc._v._Williams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span><i>Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing,_Kentucky,_Inc._v._Williams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_Airways,_Inc._v._Barnett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Airways,_Inc._v._Barnett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span><i>US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Airways,_Inc._v._Barnett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_Now_v._Southwest_Airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_Now_v._Southwest_Airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span><i>Access Now v. Southwest Airlines</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_Now_v._Southwest_Airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span><i>Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors_Guild_v._HathiTrust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_Guild_v._HathiTrust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span><i>Authors Guild v. HathiTrust</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors_Guild_v._HathiTrust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zamora-Quezada_v._HealthTexas_Medical_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zamora-Quezada_v._HealthTexas_Medical_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span><i>Zamora-Quezada v. HealthTexas Medical Group</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zamora-Quezada_v._HealthTexas_Medical_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campbell_v._General_Dynamics_Government_Systems_Corp." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campbell_v._General_Dynamics_Government_Systems_Corp."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span><i>Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campbell_v._General_Dynamics_Government_Systems_Corp.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennessee_v._Lane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennessee_v._Lane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span><i>Tennessee v. Lane</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennessee_v._Lane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_dysphoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_dysphoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.18</span> <span>Gender dysphoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_dysphoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_1990" title="قانون الأمريكيين ذوي الإعاقة لعام 1990 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الأمريكيين ذوي الإعاقة لعام 1990" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" title="Americans with Disabilities Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Americans with Disabilities Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Estadounidenses_con_Discapacidades_de_1990" title="Ley de Estadounidenses con Discapacidades de 1990 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de Estadounidenses con Discapacidades de 1990" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" title="Americans with Disabilities Act – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Americans with Disabilities Act" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(1990)" title="חוק האמריקאים עם מוגבלויות (1990) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק האמריקאים עם מוגבלויות (1990)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" title="Americans with Disabilities Act – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Americans with Disabilities Act" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3%E3%82%92%E6%8C%81%E3%81%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%95" title="障害を持つアメリカ人法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="障害を持つアメリカ人法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" 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#a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Americans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990%22">"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Americans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Americans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Americans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Americans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Americans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to establish a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">ADA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">July 26, 1990</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-104/pdf/STATUTE-104-Pg327.pdf">101-336</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">104 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-104-327">327</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-126">ch. 126</a> § 12101 et seq.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><span class="nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/senate-bill/933/actions">Legislative history</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/senate-bill/933">S. 933</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a>) on May 9, 1989</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Labor and Human Resources</a></li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on September 7, 1989 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1011/vote_101_1_00173.htm">76–8</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on May 22, 1990 (unanimous voice vote)</li><li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee</b> on July 12, 1990; <b>agreed to by the House</b> on July 12, 1990 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/1990/roll228.xml">377–28</a>) and by the <b>Senate</b> on July 13, 1990 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1012/vote_101_2_00152.htm">91–6</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> on July 26, 1990</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/ADA_Amendments_Act_of_2008" title="ADA Amendments Act of 2008">ADA Amendments Act of 2008</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Dept._of_Corrections_v._Yeskey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennsylvania Dept. of Corrections v. Yeskey (page does not exist)">Pennsylvania Dept. of Corrections v. Yeskey</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_524" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 524">524</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/206/">206</a> (1998)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bragdon_v._Abbott" title="Bragdon v. Abbott">Bragdon v. Abbott</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_524" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 524">524</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/624/">624</a> (1998)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wright_v._Universal_Maritime_Service_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wright v. Universal Maritime Service Corp. (page does not exist)">Wright v. Universal Maritime Service Corp.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_525" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 525">525</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/525/70/">70</a> (1999)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_v._Policy_Management_Systems_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleveland v. Policy Management Systems Corp. (page does not exist)">Cleveland v. Policy Management Systems Corp.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_526" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 526">526</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/526/795/">795</a> (1999)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sutton_v._United_Air_Lines,_Inc." title="Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc.">Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_527" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 527">527</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/527/471/">471</a> (1999)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy_v._United_Parcel_Service,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy v. United Parcel Service, Inc. (page does not exist)">Murphy v. United Parcel Service, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_527" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 527">527</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/527/516/">516</a> (1999)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albertson%27s,_Inc._v._Kirkingburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albertson's, Inc. v. Kirkingburg (page does not exist)">Albertson's, Inc. v. Kirkingburg</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_527" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 527">527</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/527/555/">555</a> (1999)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._L.C." title="Olmstead v. L.C.">Olmstead v. L.C.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_527" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 527">527</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/527/581/">581</a> (1999)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">531</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/356/">356</a> (2001)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour,_Inc._v._Martin" title="PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin">PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_532" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 532">532</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/532/661/">661</a> (2001)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing,_Kentucky,_Inc._v._Williams" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams">Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_534" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 534">534</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/534/184/">184</a> (2002)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=EEOC_v._Waffle_House,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc. (page does not exist)">EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_534" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 534">534</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/534/279/">279</a> (2002)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/US_Airways,_Inc._v._Barnett" title="US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett">US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_535" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 535">535</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/535/391/">391</a> (2002)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chevron_U.S.A._Inc._v._Echazabal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal (page does not exist)">Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_536" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 536">536</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/536/73/">73</a> (2002)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnes_v._Gorman" title="Barnes v. Gorman">Barnes v. Gorman</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_536" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 536">536</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/536/181/">181</a> (2002)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clackamas_Gastroenterology_Associates,_P.C._v._Wells" title="Clackamas Gastroenterology Associates, P.C. v. Wells">Clackamas Gastroenterology Associates, P.C. v. Wells</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_538" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 538">538</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/538/440/">440</a> (2003)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raytheon_Co._v._Hernandez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez (page does not exist)">Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_540" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 540">540</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/540/44/">44</a> (2003)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Lane" title="Tennessee v. Lane">Tennessee v. Lane</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_541" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 541">541</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/541/509/">509</a> (2004)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spector_v._Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Ltd." title="Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.">Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_545" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 545">545</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/545/119/">119</a> (2005)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Georgia" title="United States v. Georgia">United States v. Georgia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_546" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 546">546</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/546/151/">151</a> (2006)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hosanna-Tabor_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_%26_School_v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_565" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 565">565</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/565/171/">171</a> (2012)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_San_Francisco_v._Sheehan" class="mw-redirect" title="City and County of San Francisco v. Sheehan">City and County of San Francisco v. Sheehan</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/575/13-1412/">13-1412</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_575" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 575">575</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2015)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acheson_Hotels,_LLC_v._Laufer" title="Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer">Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/601/22–429/">22–429</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_601" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 601">601</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2023)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._City_of_Sanford" title="Stanley v. City of Sanford">Stanley v. City of Sanford</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/604/23-997/">23-997</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_604" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 604">604</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2025)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</b> or <b>ADA</b> (<a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12101">§ 12101</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> law that prohibits <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>. It affords similar protections against discrimination to <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with disabilities">Americans with disabilities</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which made discrimination based on <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_origin" title="National origin">national origin</a>, and other characteristics illegal, and later <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>. In addition, unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires covered employers to provide <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodations</a> to employees with disabilities, and imposes <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> requirements on <a href="/wiki/Public_accommodations_in_the_United_States" title="Public accommodations in the United States">public accommodations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Disability" title="National Council on Disability">National Council on Disability</a> had recommended the enactment of an Americans with Disabilities Act and drafted the first version of the bill which was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> in 1988. A broad bipartisan coalition of legislators supported the ADA, while the bill was opposed by business interests (who argued the bill imposed costs on business) and conservative evangelicals (who opposed protection for individuals with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final version of the bill was <a href="/wiki/Signed_into_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed into law">signed into law</a> on July 26, 1990, by President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. It was later <a href="/wiki/ADA_Amendments_Act_of_2008" title="ADA Amendments Act of 2008">amended in 2008</a> and signed by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> with changes effective as of January 1, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disabilities_included">Disabilities included</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Disabilities included"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="April 28, 1988"A Bill to establish a prohibition of discrimination on the basis of handicap." Authored by Senator Tom Harkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_1988.jpg/220px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_1988.jpg/330px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_1988.jpg/440px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Americans with Disabilities Act of 1988, S. 2346, Page 1<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990,_page_two.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_two.jpg/220px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_two.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_two.jpg/330px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_two.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_two.jpg/440px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_two.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="4470" /></a><figcaption>Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Page 52<sup id="cite_ref-catalog.archives.gov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalog.archives.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990,_page_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_1.jpg/220px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_1.jpg/330px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_1.jpg/440px-Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990%2C_page_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="4470" /></a><figcaption>Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Page 1<sup id="cite_ref-catalog.archives.gov_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalog.archives.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Conditions classed as disabilities under the ADA include both mental and physical conditions. A condition does not need to be severe or permanent to be a disability.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deafness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobility_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobility impairment">mobility impairments</a> requiring a wheelchair, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD), <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD), and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mental or physical health conditions also may be disabilities, depending on what the individual's symptoms would be in the absence of "mitigating measures" such as medication, therapy, assistive devices, or other means of restoring function, during an "active episode" of the condition (if the condition is episodic).<sup id="cite_ref-FR_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain specific conditions that are widely considered <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">anti-social</a>, or tend to result in illegal activity, such as <a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">kleptomania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">exhibitionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeurism</a>, etc. are excluded under the definition of "disability" in order to prevent abuse of the statute's purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-42USC12102_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42USC12102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PL110325_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL110325-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, sexual orientation is no longer considered a disorder and is also excluded from the definition of "disability".<sup id="cite_ref-PL110325_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL110325-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42USC12211_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42USC12211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit</a> stated that the ADA covers individuals with <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>, which may aid <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people in accessing legal protections they otherwise may be unable to.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_I—employment"><span id="Title_I.E2.80.94employment"></span>Title I—employment <span class="anchor" id="Title_I"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Title I—employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See also <a href="/wiki/US_labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="US labor law">US labor law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12111">§§ 12111</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12117">12117</a>.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_H_W_Bush_Signing_of_the_ADA_(Americans_with_Disabilities_Act)_Bill_1990.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/President_George_H_W_Bush_Signing_of_the_ADA_%28Americans_with_Disabilities_Act%29_Bill_1990.gif/220px-President_George_H_W_Bush_Signing_of_the_ADA_%28Americans_with_Disabilities_Act%29_Bill_1990.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/President_George_H_W_Bush_Signing_of_the_ADA_%28Americans_with_Disabilities_Act%29_Bill_1990.gif/330px-President_George_H_W_Bush_Signing_of_the_ADA_%28Americans_with_Disabilities_Act%29_Bill_1990.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/President_George_H_W_Bush_Signing_of_the_ADA_%28Americans_with_Disabilities_Act%29_Bill_1990.gif/440px-President_George_H_W_Bush_Signing_of_the_ADA_%28Americans_with_Disabilities_Act%29_Bill_1990.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Speech cards used by President George H. W. Bush at the signing ceremony of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on July 26, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-ada90_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ada90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The ADA states that a "<a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act" title="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act">covered entity</a>" shall not discriminate against "a qualified individual with a disability".<sup id="cite_ref-12112a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12112a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This applies to <a href="/wiki/Application_for_employment" title="Application for employment">job application</a> procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. "Covered entities" include employers with 15 or more employees, as well as <a href="/wiki/Employment_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment agencies">employment agencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor organizations">labor organizations</a>, and joint <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">labor-management</a> committees.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are strict limitations on when a covered entity can ask job applicants or employees disability-related questions or require them to undergo medical examination, and all medical information must be kept confidential.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prohibited discrimination may include, among other things, firing or refusing to hire someone based on a real or perceived disability, segregation, and harassment based on a disability. Covered entities are also required to provide <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodations</a> to job applicants and employees with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reasonable accommodation is a change in the way things are typically done that the person needs because of a disability, and can include, among other things, special equipment that allows the person to perform the job, scheduling changes, and changes to the way work assignments are chosen or communicated.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An employer is not required to provide an accommodation that would involve <a href="/wiki/Undue_hardship" title="Undue hardship">undue hardship</a> (excessive difficulty or expense), and the individual who receives the accommodation must still perform the essential functions of the job and meet the normal performance requirements. An employee or applicant who currently engages in the illegal use of drugs is not considered qualified when a covered entity takes adverse action based on such use.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of Title I was found unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> as it pertains to states in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></i> as violating the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> rights of the several states as specified by the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. The Court determined that state employees cannot sue their employer for violating ADA rules. State employees can, however, file complaints at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a>, who can sue on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_II—public_entities_(and_public_transportation)"><span id="Title_II.E2.80.94public_entities_.28and_public_transportation.29"></span>Title II—public entities (and public transportation) <span class="anchor" id="Title_II"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Title II—public entities (and public transportation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12131">§§ 12131</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12165">12165</a>.</div> <p>Title II prohibits disability discrimination by all public entities at the local level, e.g., school district, municipal, city, or county, and at state level. Public entities must comply with Title II regulations by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>. These regulations cover access to all programs and services offered by the entity. Access includes physical access described in the ADA Standards for Accessible Design and programmatic access that might be obstructed by discriminatory policies or procedures of the entity. </p><p>Title II applies to public transportation provided by public entities through regulations by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a>. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">National Railroad Passenger Corporation</a> (Amtrak), along with all other commuter authorities. This section requires the provision of <a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">paratransit</a> services by public entities that provide fixed-route services. ADA also sets minimum requirements for space layout in order to facilitate wheelchair securement on public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Title II also applies to all state and local public housing, housing assistance, and housing referrals. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Housing_and_Equal_Opportunity" title="Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity">Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity</a> is charged with enforcing this provision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_III—public_accommodations_(and_commercial_facilities)"><span id="Title_III.E2.80.94public_accommodations_.28and_commercial_facilities.29"></span>Title III—public accommodations (and commercial facilities) <span class="anchor" id="Title_III"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Title III—public accommodations (and commercial facilities)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12181">§§ 12181</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12189">12189</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drano_Lake_accessible_fishing_platform_signage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Drano_Lake_accessible_fishing_platform_signage.jpg/220px-Drano_Lake_accessible_fishing_platform_signage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Drano_Lake_accessible_fishing_platform_signage.jpg/330px-Drano_Lake_accessible_fishing_platform_signage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Drano_Lake_accessible_fishing_platform_signage.jpg/440px-Drano_Lake_accessible_fishing_platform_signage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>The ADA sets standards for construction of accessible public facilities. Shown is a sign indicating an accessible fishing platform at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drano_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drano Lake (page does not exist)">Drano Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Title III, no individual may be discriminated against on the basis of disability with regards to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases, or operates a place of public accommodation. Public accommodations include most places of lodging (such as inns and hotels), recreation, transportation, education, and dining, along with stores, care providers, and places of public displays. </p><p>Under Title III of the ADA, all new construction (construction, modification or alterations) after the effective date of the ADA (approximately July 1992) must be fully compliant with the Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)<sup id="cite_ref-ada90_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ada90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> at 28 C.F.R., Part 36, Appendix <i>A</i>. </p><p>Title III also has applications to existing facilities. One of the definitions of "discrimination" under Title III of the ADA is a "failure to remove" architectural barriers in existing facilities. See <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12182#b_2_A_iv">§ 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv)</a></span>. This means that even facilities that have not been modified or altered in any way after the ADA was passed still have obligations. The standard is whether "removing barriers" (typically defined as bringing a condition into compliance with the ADAAG) is "readily achievable", defined as "...easily accomplished without much difficulty or expense". </p><p>The statutory definition of "readily achievable" calls for a <a href="/wiki/Balancing_test" title="Balancing test">balancing test</a> between the cost of the proposed alteration and the wherewithal of the business and/or owners of the business. Thus, what might be "readily achievable" for a sophisticated and financially capable corporation might not be readily achievable for a small or local business. </p><p>There are exceptions to this title; many private clubs and religious organizations may not be bound by Title III. With regard to historic properties (those properties that are listed or that are eligible for listing in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, or properties designated as historic under state or local law), those facilities must still comply with the provisions of Title III of the ADA to the "maximum extent feasible" but if following the usual standards would "threaten to destroy the historic significance of a feature of the building" then alternative standards may be used. </p><p>Under 2010 revisions of Department of Justice regulations, newly constructed or altered swimming pools, wading pools, and spas must have an accessible means of entrance and exit to pools for disabled people. However, the requirement is conditioned on whether providing access through a fixed lift is "readily achievable". Other requirements exist, based on pool size, include providing a certain number of accessible means of entry and exit, which are outlined in Section 242 of the standards. However, businesses are free to consider the differences in the application of the rules depending on whether the pool is new or altered, or whether the swimming pool was in existence before the effective date of the new rule. Full compliance may not be required for existing facilities; Section 242 and 1009 of the 2010 Standards outline such exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Service_animals">Service animals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Service animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ADA provides explicit coverage for <a href="/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">service animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guidelines protect persons with disabilities and indemnify businesses from damages related to granting access to service animals. Businesses are allowed to ask if the animal is a service animal and ask what tasks it is trained to perform, but are not allowed to ask the service animal to perform the task nor ask for an animal ID. They cannot ask what the person's disabilities are. A person with a disability cannot be removed from the premises unless one of two things happen: the animal is out of control and its owner cannot control it (e.g., a dog barking uncontrollably), or the animal is a direct threat to someone's health and safety. Allergies and fear of animals are not considered to be such a threat. </p><p>Businesses that prepare or serve food must allow service animals and their owners on the premises even if state or local health laws otherwise prohibit animals. Businesses that prepare or serve food are not required to provide care, food, a relief area for service animals. Extra fees for service animals are forbidden. They cannot be discriminated against, such as by isolation from people at a restaurant. </p><p>People with disabilities cannot be treated as "less than" other customers. However, if a business normally charges for damages caused by the person to property, damage caused by a service animal can also require compensation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auxiliary_aids">Auxiliary aids <span class="anchor" id="Auxiliary_aid"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Auxiliary aids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Auxiliary aid" redirects here. For the concept of auxiliary aid in United Kingdom law, see <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law#Disability_claims" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">United Kingdom employment equality law § Disability claims</a>.</div> <p>The ADA provides explicit coverage for auxiliary aids.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ADA says that "a public accommodation shall take those steps that may be necessary to ensure that no individual with a disability is excluded, denied services, segregated or otherwise treated differently than other individuals because of the absence of auxiliary aids and services, unless the public accommodation can demonstrate that taking those steps would fundamentally alter the nature of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations being offered or would result in an undue burden, i.e., significant difficulty or expense."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "auxiliary aids and services" includes:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Qualified interpreters on-site or through <a href="/wiki/Video_remote_interpreting" title="Video remote interpreting">video remote interpreting</a> (VRI) services; notetakers; real-time computer-aided transcription services; written materials; exchange of written notes; telephone handset amplifiers; assistive listening devices; assistive listening systems; telephones compatible with hearing aids; <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed caption</a> decoders; open and closed captioning, including real-time captioning; voice, text, and video-based telecommunications products and systems, including text telephones (TTYs), videophones, and captioned telephones, or equally effective telecommunications devices; videotext displays; accessible electronic and information technology; or other effective methods of making aurally delivered information available to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing;</li> <li>Qualified readers; taped texts; audio recordings; Brailled materials and displays; screen reader software; magnification software; optical readers; secondary auditory programs (SAP); large print materials; accessible electronic and information technology; or other effective methods of making visually delivered materials available to individuals who are blind or have low vision;</li> <li>Acquisition or modification of equipment or devices; and</li> <li>Other similar services and actions.</li></ol> <p>Captions are considered one type of auxiliary aid. Since the passage of the ADA, the use of captioning has expanded. Entertainment, educational, informational, and training materials are captioned for deaf and hard-of-hearing audiences at the time they are produced and distributed. The <b>Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990</b> requires that all televisions larger than 13 inches sold in the United States after July 1993 have a special built-in decoder that enables viewers to watch closed-captioned programming. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 directs the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to adopt rules requiring closed captioning of most television programming. The FCC's rules on closed captioning became effective January 1, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_IV—telecommunications"><span id="Title_IV.E2.80.94telecommunications"></span>Title IV—telecommunications <span class="anchor" id="Title_IV"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Title IV—telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title IV of the ADA amended the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> primarily by adding section <a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 47 of the United States Code">47 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/225">§ 225</a>. This section requires that all telecommunications companies in the U.S. take steps to ensure functionally equivalent services for consumers with disabilities, notably those who are deaf or hard of hearing and those with speech impairments. When Title IV took effect in the early 1990s, it led to the installation of public <a href="/wiki/Teletypewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletypewriter">teletypewriter</a> (TTY) machines and other TDD (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Device_for_the_Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Device for the Deaf">telecommunications devices for the deaf</a>). Title IV also led to the creation, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, of what was then called dual-party relay services and now are known as <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Relay_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Relay Services">Telecommunications Relay Services</a> (TRS), such as <a href="/wiki/STS_relay" title="STS relay">STS relay</a>. Today, many TRS-mediated calls are made over the Internet by consumers who use broadband connections. Some are <a href="/wiki/Video_Relay_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Relay Service">Video Relay Service</a> (VRS) calls, while others are text calls. In either variation, communication assistants translate between the signed or typed words of a consumer and the spoken words of others. In 2006, according to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC), VRS calls averaged two million minutes a month. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_V—miscellaneous_provisions"><span id="Title_V.E2.80.94miscellaneous_provisions"></span>Title V—miscellaneous provisions <span class="anchor" id="Title_V"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Title V—miscellaneous provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12201">§§ 12201</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12213">12213</a>.</div> <p>Title V includes technical provisions. It discusses, for example, the fact that nothing in the ADA amends, overrides or cancels anything in <a href="/wiki/Section_504" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 504">Section 504</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sec12187_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sec12187-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Title V includes an anti-retaliation or coercion provision. The <i>Technical Assistance Manual</i> for the ADA explains this provision: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>III-3.6000 Retaliation or coercion. Individuals who exercise their rights under the ADA, or assist others in exercising their rights, are protected from retaliation. The prohibition against retaliation or coercion applies broadly to any individual or entity that seeks to prevent an individual from exercising his or her rights or to retaliate against him or her for having exercised those rights ... Any form of retaliation or coercion, including threats, intimidation, or interference, is prohibited if it is intended to interfere.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ADA has roots in <a href="/wiki/Section_504_of_the_Rehabilitation_Act" title="Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act">Section 504</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drafting">Drafting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADA_Development_of_Administration_Disability_Policy_042189_Page_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ADA_Development_of_Administration_Disability_Policy_042189_Page_1.jpg/220px-ADA_Development_of_Administration_Disability_Policy_042189_Page_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ADA_Development_of_Administration_Disability_Policy_042189_Page_1.jpg/330px-ADA_Development_of_Administration_Disability_Policy_042189_Page_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ADA_Development_of_Administration_Disability_Policy_042189_Page_1.jpg/440px-ADA_Development_of_Administration_Disability_Policy_042189_Page_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Development of George H. W. Bush Administration Disability Policy. White House Memo. April 21, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The law began in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> in 1985 as the Virginians with Disabilities Act—supported by <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Stambaugh" title="Warren G. Stambaugh">Warren G. Stambaugh</a>—which was passed by the state <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. It is the first iteration of the Americans with Disabilities Act.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the National Council on Disability (NCD), an independent federal agency, issued a report, Towards Independence, in which the Council examined incentives and disincentives in federal laws towards increasing the independence and full integration of people with disabilities into U.S. society. Among the disincentives to independence the Council identified was the existence of large remaining gaps in civil rights coverage for people with disabilities in the United States. A principal conclusion of the report was to recommend the adoption of comprehensive civil rights legislation, which became the ADA.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of federal legislation enhancing and extending civil rights legislation to millions of Americans with disabilities gained bipartisan support in late 1988 and early 1989. In early 1989 both Congress and the newly inaugurated Bush White House worked separately, then jointly, to write legislation capable of expanding civil rights without imposing undue harm or costs on those already in compliance with existing rules and laws.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying">Lobbying</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lobbying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, key activists and advocates played an important role in lobbying members of the U.S. Congress to develop and pass the ADA, including <a href="/wiki/Justin_Whitlock_Dart_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Whitlock Dart Jr.">Justin Whitlock Dart Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrisha_Wright" title="Patrisha Wright">Patrisha Wright</a> and others. </p><p>Wright is known as "the General" for her work in coordinating the campaign to enact the ADA.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dredf.org_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dredf.org-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is widely considered the main force behind the campaign lobbying for the ADA.<sup id="cite_ref-tmc.edu_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmc.edu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_and_opposition">Support and opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Support and opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Support">Support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> was a supporter and advocate for the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_from_religious_groups">Opposition from religious groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Opposition from religious groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservative evangelicals opposed the ADA because the legislation protected individuals with HIV, which they associated with homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate over the Americans with Disabilities Act led some religious groups to take opposite positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawton_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Christian_Schools_International" title="Association of Christian Schools International">Association of Christian Schools International</a> opposed the ADA in its original form,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily because the ADA labeled religious institutions "public accommodations" and thus would have required churches to make costly structural changes to ensure access for all.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost argument advanced by ACSI and others prevailed in keeping religious institutions from being labeled as "public accommodations".<sup id="cite_ref-Sec12187_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sec12187-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church groups such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a> testified against the ADA's Title I employment provisions on grounds of religious liberty. The NAE believed the regulation of the internal employment of churches was "... an improper intrusion [of] the federal government."<sup id="cite_ref-Lawton_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_from_business_interests">Opposition from business interests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition from business interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many companies, corporations, and business groups opposed the Americans with Disabilities Act, arguing that the legislation would impose costs on businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testifying before Congress, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Bus_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyhound Bus Lines">Greyhound Bus Lines</a> stated that the act had the potential to "deprive millions of people of affordable intercity public transportation and thousands of rural communities of their only link to the outside world." The <a href="/wiki/US_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="US Chamber of Commerce">US Chamber of Commerce</a> argued that the costs of the ADA would be "enormous" and have "a disastrous impact on many small businesses struggling to survive."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">National Federation of Independent Business</a>, an organization that lobbies for small businesses, called the ADA "a disaster for small business".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro-business conservative commentators joined in opposition, writing that the Americans with Disabilities Act was "an expensive headache to millions" that would not necessarily improve the lives of people with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Capitol_Crawl""><span id=".22Capitol_Crawl.22"></span>"Capitol Crawl"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Capitol Crawl""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before the act was passed, <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability rights">disability rights</a> activists with <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical disabilities</a> coalesced in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a>, shed their crutches, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powerchair" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerchair">powerchairs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Assistive_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistive device">assistive devices</a>, and immediately proceeded to crawl and pull their bodies up all 100 of the Capitol's front steps, without warning.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the activists did so, many of them chanted "ADA now", and "Vote, Now". Some activists who remained at the bottom of the steps held signs and yelled words of encouragement at the "Capitol Crawlers". Jennifer Keelan, a second grader with <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, was videotaped as she pulled herself up the steps, using mostly her hands and arms, saying "I'll take all night if I have to." This <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> is reported to have "inconvenienced" several senators and to have pushed them to approve the act. While there are those who do not attribute much overall importance to this action, the "Capitol Crawl" of 1990 is seen by some present-day disability activists in the United States as a central act for encouraging the ADA into law.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_passage">Final passage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Final passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg/250px-Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg/375px-Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Bush_signs_in_ADA_of_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>President Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act into law.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_House_1990_ADA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/United_States_House_1990_ADA.svg/220px-United_States_House_1990_ADA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/United_States_House_1990_ADA.svg/330px-United_States_House_1990_ADA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/United_States_House_1990_ADA.svg/440px-United_States_House_1990_ADA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_House_1990_ADA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_House_1990_ADA.svg/220px-US_House_1990_ADA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_House_1990_ADA.svg/330px-US_House_1990_ADA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_House_1990_ADA.svg/440px-US_House_1990_ADA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>House vote and Senate vote</figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a>) authored what became the final bill and was its chief sponsor in the Senate. Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language, saying it was so his deaf brother could understand.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, on signing the measure on July 26, 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I know there may have been concerns that the ADA may be too vague or too costly, or may lead endlessly to litigation. But I want to reassure you right now that my administration and the United States Congress have carefully crafted this Act. We've all been determined to ensure that it gives flexibility, particularly in terms of the timetable of implementation; and we've been committed to containing the costs that may be incurred.... Let the shameful wall of exclusion finally come tumbling down.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:George_HW_Bush_Americans_with_Disabilities_Act.ogg" title="File:George HW Bush Americans with Disabilities Act.ogg">Remarks on the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (July 26, 1990)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1093" data-mwtitle="George_HW_Bush_Americans_with_Disabilities_Act.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/George_HW_Bush_Americans_with_Disabilities_Act.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/George_HW_Bush_Americans_with_Disabilities_Act.ogg/George_HW_Bush_Americans_with_Disabilities_Act.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGeorge_HW_Bush_Americans_with_Disabilities_Act.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>'s July 26, 1990, Remarks on the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ADA_Amendments_Act,_2008"><span id="ADA_Amendments_Act.2C_2008"></span>ADA Amendments Act, 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ADA Amendments Act, 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ADA defines a covered disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a history of having such an impairment, or being regarded as having such an impairment. The <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC) was charged with interpreting the 1990 law with regard to discrimination in employment. The EEOC developed regulations limiting an individual's impairment to one that "severely or significantly restricts" a major life activity. The ADAAA directed the EEOC to amend its regulations and replace "severely or significantly" with "substantially limits", a more lenient standard.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 25, 2008, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/ADA_Amendments_Act_of_2008" title="ADA Amendments Act of 2008">ADA Amendments Act of 2008</a> (ADAAA) into law. The amendment broadened the definition of "disability", thereby extending the ADA's protections to a greater number of people.<sup id="cite_ref-BLR_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ADAAA also added to the ADA examples of "major life activities" including, but not limited to, "caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working" as well as the operation of several specified "major bodily functions".<sup id="cite_ref-BLR_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act overturned a <a href="/wiki/Sutton_v._United_Air_Lines,_Inc." title="Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc.">1999 US Supreme Court case</a> that held that an employee was not disabled if the impairment could be corrected by mitigating measures; it specifically provides that such impairment must be determined without considering such ameliorative measures. It also overturned the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing,_Kentucky,_Inc._v._Williams" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams">court's finding</a> that an impairment that substantially limits one major life activity must also limit others to be considered a disability.<sup id="cite_ref-BLR_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Education_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Education and Labor">United States House Committee on Education and Labor</a> stated that the amendment "makes it absolutely clear that the ADA is intended to provide broad coverage to protect anyone who faces discrimination on the basis of disability."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the ADAAA led to broader coverage of impaired employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines,_2019"><span id="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines.2C_2019"></span>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, 2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2019, the Supreme Court declined to resolve a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_split" title="Circuit split">circuit split</a> as to whether websites are covered by the ADA. The Court turned down an appeal from <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino's Pizza">Domino's Pizza</a> and let stand a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals</a> ruling which held that the Americans with Disabilities Act protects access not just to brick-and-mortar public accommodations, but also to the websites and apps of those businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ADA led to significant improvements in terms of access to public services, <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>, and societal understanding of disability.<sup id="cite_ref-nejm2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Accessibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: there's been more research since 2005.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Between 1991 (after the enactment of the ADA) and 1995, the employment rate of men with disabilities dropped by 7.8% regardless of age, educational level, or type of disability, with the most affected being young, less-educated and intellectually disabled men.<sup id="cite_ref-deleire_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deleire-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While no causal link between the ADA and that trend has been definitively identified,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some researchers have characterized the ADA as ineffectual and argued that it caused this decline by raising the cost of doing business for employers, who quietly avoid hiring people with disabilities for fear of lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-r594_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r594-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-q460_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q460-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To these employers, hiring people with disabilities became too expensive as they had to spend extra on assistive technology. </p><p>In 2001, for men of all working ages and women under 40, <a href="/wiki/Current_Population_Survey" title="Current Population Survey">Current Population Survey</a> data showed a sharp drop in the employment of disabled workers, leading at least two economists to attribute the cause to the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, a study in 2003 found that while the Act may have led to short term reactions by employers, in the long term, there were either positive or neutral consequences for wages and employment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the rate of employment among disabled people increased to 45% of the population of disabled people.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societal_attitudes">Societal attitudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Societal attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Professional_plaintiffs""><span id=".22Professional_plaintiffs.22"></span>"Professional plaintiffs"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: "Professional plaintiffs""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since enforcement of the act began in July 1992, it has quickly become a major component of employment law. The ADA allows private plaintiffs to receive only <a href="/wiki/Injunctive_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Injunctive relief">injunctive relief</a> (a court order requiring the public accommodation to remedy violations of the accessibility regulations) and attorneys' fees, and does not provide monetary rewards to private plaintiffs who sue non-compliant businesses. Unless a state law, such as the California <a href="/wiki/Unruh_Civil_Rights_Act" title="Unruh Civil Rights Act">Unruh Civil Rights Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-time_ada_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time_ada-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides for monetary damages to private plaintiffs, persons with disabilities do not obtain direct financial benefits from suing businesses that violate the ADA. </p><p>The attorneys' fees provision of Title III does provide incentive for lawyers to specialize and engage in serial ADA litigation, but a disabled plaintiff does not obtain a financial reward from attorneys' fees unless they act as their own attorney, or as mentioned above, a disabled plaintiff resides in a state that provides for minimum compensation and court fees in lawsuits. Moreover, there may be a benefit to these <a href="/wiki/Private_attorney_general" title="Private attorney general">private attorneys general</a> who identify and compel the correction of illegal conditions: they may increase the number of public accommodations accessible to persons with disabilities. "Civil rights law depends heavily on private enforcement. Moreover, the inclusion of penalties and damages is the driving force that facilitates voluntary compliance with the ADA."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courts have noted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a result, most ADA suits are brought by a small number of private plaintiffs who view themselves as champions of the disabled. For the ADA to yield its promise of equal access for the disabled, it may indeed be necessary and desirable for committed individuals to bring serial litigation advancing the time when public accommodations will be compliant with the ADA.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv/220px--Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="98" data-mwtitle="Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv/Gavin_Newsom_on_30th_anniversary_of_the_ADA.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>California Governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> speaking about the ADA on the 30th anniversary in 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>However, in states that have enacted laws that allow private individuals to win monetary awards from non-compliant businesses (as of 2008, these include California, Florida, Hawaii, and Illinois), "professional plaintiffs" are typically found. At least one of these plaintiffs in California has been barred by courts from filing lawsuits unless he receives prior court permission.<sup id="cite_ref-time_ada_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time_ada-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the end of fiscal year 1998, 86% of the 106,988 ADA charges filed with and resolved by the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a>, were either dropped or investigated and dismissed by EEOC but not without imposing opportunity costs and legal fees on employers.<sup id="cite_ref-deleire_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deleire-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Ideologically-driven and heavily biased publication (February 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_law">Case law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been some notable cases regarding the ADA. For example, a major hotel room marketer (<a href="/wiki/Hotels.com" title="Hotels.com">Hotels.com</a>) with their business presence on the Internet was sued because their customers with disabilities could not reserve hotel rooms through their website without substantial extra efforts that persons without disabilities were not required to perform.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such lawsuits represent a major potential expansion of the ADA in that they (known as "bricks vs. clicks"), seek to expand the ADA's authority to <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>, where entities may not have actual physical facilities that are required to comply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_v._State_of_California"><i>Green v. State of California</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Green v. State of California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_v._State_of_California,_No._S137770_(Cal._August_23,_2007)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green v. State of California, No. S137770 (Cal. August 23, 2007) (page does not exist)">Green v. State of California, No. S137770 (Cal. August 23, 2007)</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a case in which the California Supreme Court was faced with deciding whether an employee suing the state is required to prove they are able to perform "essential" job duties, regardless of whether or not there was "reasonable accommodation", or if the employer must prove the person suing was unable to do so. The court ruled the burden was on the employee, not the employer, and reversed a disputed decision by the lower courts. Plaintiff attorney David Greenberg<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought forth considerations of the concept that, even in the state of California, employers do not have to employ a worker who is unable to perform "essential job functions" with "reasonable accommodation". Forcing employers to do so "would defy logic and establish a poor public policy in employment matters." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Federation_of_the_Blind_v._Target_Corporation"><i>National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind_v._Target_Corp." title="National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.">National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind_v._Target_Corp." title="National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.">National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a case where a major retailer, <a href="/wiki/Target_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Target Corp.">Target Corp.</a>, was sued because their web designers failed to design its website to enable persons with low or no vision to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett"><i>Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> case about <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress's</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">enforcement powers</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>. It decided that Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act was unconstitutional insofar as it allowed private citizens to sue states for <a href="/wiki/Money_damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Money damages">money damages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barden_v._The_City_of_Sacramento"><i>Barden v. The City of Sacramento</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Barden v. The City of Sacramento"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barden_v._The_City_of_Sacramento_(case)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barden v. The City of Sacramento (case) (page does not exist)">Barden v. The City of Sacramento</a></i>, filed in March 1999, claimed that the City of Sacramento failed to comply with the ADA when, while making public street improvements, it did not bring its sidewalks into compliance with the ADA. Certain issues were resolved in federal court. One issue, whether sidewalks were covered by the ADA, was appealed to the <a href="/wiki/9th_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Circuit Court of Appeals">9th Circuit Court of Appeals</a>, which ruled that sidewalks were a "program" under the ADA and must be made accessible to persons with disabilities. The ruling was later appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to hear the case, letting stand the ruling of the 9th Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bates_v._United_Parcel_Service,_Inc"><span id="Bates_v._United_Parcel_Service.2C_Inc"></span><i>Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bates_v._United_Parcel_Service,_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc (page does not exist)">Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc</a> (UPS;</i> begun in 1999) was the first <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity_employment" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal opportunity employment">equal opportunity employment</a> class action brought on behalf of Deaf and Hard of Hearing workers throughout the country concerning workplace discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It established legal precedent for these employees to be fully covered under the ADA. Key findings included: </p> <ol><li>UPS failed to address communication barriers and to ensure equal conditions and opportunities for deaf employees;</li> <li>Deaf employees were routinely excluded from workplace information, denied opportunities for promotion, and exposed to unsafe conditions due to lack of accommodations by UPS;</li> <li>UPS also lacked a system to alert these employees as to emergencies, such as fires or chemical spills, to ensure that they would safely evacuate their facility; and</li> <li>UPS had no policy to ensure that deaf applicants and employees actually received effective communication in the workplace.</li></ol> <p>The outcome was that UPS agreed to pay a $5.8 million award and agreed to a comprehensive accommodations program that was implemented in their facilities throughout the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spector_v._Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Ltd."><i>Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spector_v._Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Ltd." title="Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.">Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Spector_v._Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Ltd." title="Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.">Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a case that was decided by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in 2005. The defendant argued that as a vessel flying the flag of a foreign nation it was exempt from the requirements of the ADA. This argument was accepted by a federal court in Florida and, subsequently, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. However, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the ruling of the lower courts on the basis that Norwegian Cruise Lines was a business headquartered in the United States whose clients were predominantly Americans and, more importantly, operated out of port facilities throughout the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olmstead_v._L.C."><i>Olmstead v. L.C.</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Olmstead v. L.C."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._L.C." title="Olmstead v. L.C.">Olmstead v. L.C.</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._United_States" title="Olmstead v. United States">Olmstead v. United States</a>, 277 U.S. 438 (1928), a case regarding wiretapping.</div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._L.C." title="Olmstead v. L.C.">Olmstead v. L.C.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Olmstead_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmstead-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a case before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in 1999. The two plaintiffs, <a href="/wiki/Lois_Curtis" title="Lois Curtis">Lois Curtis</a> and E.W., were institutionalized in Georgia for diagnosed "mental retardation" and schizophrenia. Clinical assessments by the state determined that the plaintiffs could be appropriately treated in a community setting rather than the state institution. The plaintiffs sued the state of Georgia and the institution for being inappropriately treated and housed in the institutional setting rather than being treated in one of the state's community-based treatment facilities. </p><p>The Supreme Court decided under Title II of the ADA that mental illness is a form of disability and therefore covered under the ADA, and that unjustified institutional isolation of a person with a disability is a form of discrimination because it "...perpetuates unwarranted assumptions that persons so isolated are incapable or unworthy of participating in community life." The court added, "Confinement in an institution severely diminishes the everyday life activities of individuals, including family relations, social contacts, work options, economic independence, educational advancement, and cultural enrichment." </p><p>Therefore, under Title II no person with a disability can be unjustly excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of services, programs or activities of any public entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Olmstead_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmstead-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michigan_Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._The_University_of_Michigan"><i>Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._The_University_of_Michigan" title="Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan">Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._The_University_of_Michigan" title="Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan">Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan</a></i> was a case filed before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. It was filed on behalf of the Michigan <a href="/wiki/Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America" title="Paralyzed Veterans of America">Paralyzed Veterans of America</a> against the University of Michigan claiming that <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Stadium" title="Michigan Stadium">Michigan Stadium</a> violated the Americans with Disabilities Act in its $226-million renovation by failing to add enough seats for disabled fans or accommodate the needs for disabled restrooms, concessions and parking. Additionally, the distribution of the accessible seating was at issue, with nearly all the seats being provided in the end-zone areas. The U.S. Department of Justice assisted in the suit, which was settled in March 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement required the stadium to add 329 wheelchair seats throughout the stadium by 2010, and an additional 135 accessible seats in clubhouses to go along with the existing 88 wheelchair seats. This case was significant because it set a precedent for the uniform distribution of accessible seating and gave the DOJ the opportunity to clarify previously unclear rules.<sup id="cite_ref-wolffe_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolffe-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement now is a blueprint for all stadiums and other public facilities regarding accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._Ellerbe_Becket_Architects_and_Engineers"><i>Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._Ellerbe_Becket_Architects_and_Engineers" title="Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers">Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers</a></div> <p>One of the first major ADA lawsuits, <i><a href="/wiki/Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._Ellerbe_Becket_Architects_and_Engineers" title="Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers">Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers</a></i> (PVA 1996) was focused on the wheelchair accessibility of a stadium project that was still in the design phase, MCI Center (now known as <a href="/wiki/Capital_One_Arena" title="Capital One Arena">Capital One Arena</a>) in Washington, D.C. Previous to this case, which was filed only five years after the ADA was passed, the DOJ was unable or unwilling to provide clarification on the distribution requirements for accessible wheelchair locations in large assembly spaces. While Section 4.33.3 of ADAAG makes reference to lines of sight, no specific reference is made to seeing over standing patrons. The MCI Center, designed by <a href="/wiki/Ellerbe_Becket" title="Ellerbe Becket">Ellerbe Becket</a> Architects & Engineers, was designed with too few wheelchair and companion seats, and the ones that were included did not provide sight lines that would enable the wheelchair user to view the playing area while the spectators in front of them were standing. This case<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another related case<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established precedent on seat distribution and sight lines issues for ADA enforcement that continues to present day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing,_Kentucky,_Inc._v._Williams"><span id="Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing.2C_Kentucky.2C_Inc._v._Williams"></span><i>Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing,_Kentucky,_Inc._v._Williams" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams">Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing,_Kentucky,_Inc._v._Williams" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams">Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Toyota_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toyota-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a case in which the US Supreme Court interpreted the meaning of the phrase "substantially impairs" as used in the Americans with Disabilities Act. It reversed a Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decision to grant partial <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a> in favor of the respondent, Ella Williams, that classified her inability to perform manual job-related tasks as a disability. The Court held that the "major life activity" definition for evaluating the performance of manual tasks focuses the inquiry on whether Williams was unable to perform a range of tasks central to most people in carrying out the activities of daily living, not whether Williams was unable to perform her specific job tasks. Therefore, the determination of whether an impairment rises to the level of a disability is not limited to activities in the workplace solely, but rather to manual tasks in life in general. When the Supreme Court applied this standard, it found that the Court of Appeals had incorrectly determined the presence of a disability because it relied solely on her inability to perform specific manual work tasks, which was insufficient in proving the presence of a disability. The Court of Appeals should have taken into account the evidence presented that Williams retained the ability to do personal tasks and household chores, such activities being the nature of tasks most people do in their daily lives, and placed too much emphasis on her job disability. Since the evidence showed that Williams was performing normal daily tasks, it ruled that the Court of Appeals erred when it found that Williams was disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-Toyota_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toyota-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-workerrights_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workerrights-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruling has since been legislatively overturned by the <a href="/wiki/ADA_Amendments_Act_of_2008" title="ADA Amendments Act of 2008">ADA Amendments Act of 2008</a> (ADAAA). In fact, Congress explicitly cited <i>Toyota v. Williams</i> in the text of the ADAAA itself as one of its driving influences for passing the ADAAA.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Airways,_Inc._v._Barnett"><span id="US_Airways.2C_Inc._v._Barnett"></span><i>US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/US_Airways,_Inc._v._Barnett" title="US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett">US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Special:EditPage/Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/US_Airways,_Inc._v._Barnett" title="US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett">US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett</a></i> was decided by the US Supreme Court in 2002. This case<sup id="cite_ref-USABARN_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USABARN-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held that even requests for accommodation that might seem reasonable on their face, e.g., a transfer to a different position, can be rendered unreasonable because it would require a violation of the company's seniority system. While the court held that, in general, a violation of a seniority system renders an otherwise reasonable accommodation unreasonable, a plaintiff can present evidence that, despite the seniority system, the accommodation is reasonable in the specific case at hand, e.g., the plaintiff could offer evidence that the seniority system is so often disregarded that another exception would not make a difference. </p><p>Importantly, the court held that the defendant need not provide proof that this particular application of the seniority system should prevail, and that, once the defendant showed that the accommodation violated the seniority system, it fell to Barnett to show it was nevertheless reasonable. </p><p>In this case, Barnett was a US Airways employee who injured his back, rendering him physically unable to perform his cargo-handling job.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invoking seniority, he transferred to a less-demanding mailroom job, but this position later became open to seniority-based bidding and was bid on by more senior employees. Barnett requested the accommodation of being allowed to stay on in the less-demanding mailroom job. US Airways denied his request, and he lost his job. </p><p>The Supreme Court decision invalidated both the approach of the district court, which found that the mere presence and importance of the seniority system was enough to warrant a summary judgment in favor of US Airways, as well as the circuit court's approach that interpreted 'reasonable accommodation' as 'effective accommodation.' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_Now_v._Southwest_Airlines"><i>Access Now v. Southwest Airlines</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Access Now v. Southwest Airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Access_Now,_Inc._v._Southwest_Airlines_Co." title="Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co.">Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co.</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Access_Now,_Inc._v._Southwest_Airlines_Co." title="Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co.">Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co.</a></i> was a 2002 case where the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District Court</a> decided that the website of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> was not in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, because the ADA is concerned with things with a physical existence and thus cannot be applied to cyberspace. Judge <a href="/wiki/Patricia_A._Seitz" title="Patricia A. Seitz">Patricia A. Seitz</a> found that the "virtual ticket counter" of the website was a virtual construct, and hence not a "public place of accommodation". As such, "To expand the ADA to cover 'virtual' spaces would be to create new rights without well-defined standards."<sup id="cite_ref-CLR_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLR-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc."><i>Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc." title="Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.">Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc." title="Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.">Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.</a></i> (2011) held that a mere online presence does not subject a website to the ADA guidelines. Thus <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> were not liable for a dyslexic man's inability to navigate the site regardless of how impressive the "online theater" is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors_Guild_v._HathiTrust"><i>Authors Guild v. HathiTrust</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Authors Guild v. HathiTrust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._HathiTrust" title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust">Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild_v._HathiTrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Authors Guild v. HathiTrust">Authors Guild v. HathiTrust</a></i> was a case in which the District Court decided that the <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a> digital library was a transformative, fair use of copyrighted works, making a large number of written text available to those with <a href="/wiki/Print_disability" title="Print disability">print disability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17usc501b_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17usc501b-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zamora-Quezada_v._HealthTexas_Medical_Group"><i>Zamora-Quezada v. HealthTexas Medical Group</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Zamora-Quezada v. HealthTexas Medical Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamora-Quezada_v._HealthTexas_Medical_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamora-Quezada v. HealthTexas Medical Group (page does not exist)">Zamora-Quezada v. HealthTexas Medical Group</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (begun in 1998) was the first time this act was used against <a href="/wiki/Health_maintenance_organization" title="Health maintenance organization">HMOs</a> when a novel lawsuit<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was filed by Texas attorney <a href="/wiki/Robert_Provan" title="Robert Provan">Robert Provan</a> against five HMOs for their practice of revoking the contracts of doctors treating disabled patients. In 1999, these HMOs sought to dismiss Provan's lawsuit, but a federal court ruled against them, and the case was settled out of court. Many decisions relating to Provan's unique lawsuit against these HMOs have been cited in other court cases since.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (November 2024)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campbell_v._General_Dynamics_Government_Systems_Corp."><i>Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._General_Dynamics_Government_Systems_Corp." title="Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.">Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._General_Dynamics_Government_Systems_Corp." title="Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.">Campbell v. General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.</a></i> (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concerned the enforceability of a mandatory arbitration agreement contained in a dispute resolution policy linked to an e-mailed company-wide announcement, insofar as it applies to employment discrimination claims brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennessee_v._Lane"><i>Tennessee v. Lane</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Tennessee v. Lane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Lane" title="Tennessee v. Lane">Tennessee v. Lane</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Lane" title="Tennessee v. Lane">Tennessee v. Lane</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 541 U.S. 509 (2004), was a case in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> involving <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress's</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">enforcement powers</a> under section 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>. George Lane was unable to walk after a 1997 car accident in which he was accused of driving on the wrong side of the road. A woman was killed in the crash, and Lane faced misdemeanor charges of reckless driving. The suit was brought about because he was denied access to appear in criminal court because the courthouse had no elevator, even though the court was willing to carry him up the stairs and then willing to move the hearing to the first floor. He refused, citing he wanted to be treated as any other citizen, and was subsequently charged with failure to appear, after appearing at a previous hearing where he dragged himself up the stairs.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court ruled that Congress did have enough evidence that disabled people were being denied those fundamental rights that are protected by the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and had the enforcement powers under section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. It further ruled that "reasonable accommodations" mandated by the ADA were not unduly burdensome and disproportionate to the harm.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Gender dysphoria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit</a> stated that the ADA covers individuals with <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>, which may aid transgender people in accessing legal protections they otherwise may be unable to.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADA_Compliance_Kit" title="ADA Compliance Kit">ADA Compliance Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADA_Signs" title="ADA Signs">ADA Signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Disability_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Disability rights movement">American Disability rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">Developmental disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Accessibility_Act" title="European Accessibility Act">European Accessibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_rights_advocate" title="Individual rights advocate">Individual rights advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_accommodation_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive accommodation process">Interactive accommodation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Accommodation_Network" title="Job Accommodation Network">Job Accommodation Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-discrimination_acts" title="List of anti-discrimination acts">List of anti-discrimination acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_discrimination_act" title="Disability discrimination act">Disability discrimination act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act of 1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_rights_activists" title="List of disability rights activists">List of disability rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_management" title="Stigma management">Stigma management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_disability_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of disability rights in the United States">Timeline of disability rights in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Access_Board" title="United States Access Board">United States Access Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Wheelchair ramp</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125033337/http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21">"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21"</a>. <i>findUSlaw</i>. 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"Examining the Opposition to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: "Nothing More than Bad Quality Hogwash"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Policy History</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">505–</span>528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030622000185">10.1017/S0898030622000185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-0306">0898-0306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251956132">251956132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=Examining+the+Opposition+to+the+Americans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990%3A+%22Nothing+More+than+Bad+Quality+Hogwash%22&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251956132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0898-0306&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030622000185&rft.aulast=Milden&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205192712/http://hr.blr.com/news.aspx?id=78926">"President Bush Signs ADA Changes into Law"</a>. HR.BLR.com. September 25, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hr.blr.com/news.aspx?id=78926">the original</a> on February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Bush+Signs+ADA+Changes+into+Law&rft.pub=HR.BLR.com&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhr.blr.com%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D78926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the George H.W. Bush Presidential Records of the George Bush Presidential Library. Folder Title: Fact Sheet on ADA [Americans of Disabilities Act]. Unrestricted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catalog.archives.gov-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catalog.archives.gov_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catalog.archives.gov_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6037488"><i>Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</i></a>. Series: C. Boyden Gray's Subject Files, January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993. National Archives and Records Administration. July 26, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717020011/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6037488">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Equal+Employment+Opportunity+Commission&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet+on+the+EEOC%27s+Final+Regulations+Implementing+the+ADAAA&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeoc.gov%2Flaws%2Fregulations%2Fadaaa_fact_sheet.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FR-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FR_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FR_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2011/03/25/2011-6056/regulations-to-implement-the-equal-employment-provisions-of-the-americans-with-disabilities-act-as">"Regulations To Implement the Equal Employment Provisions of the Americans With Disabilities Act, as Amended"</a>. Federal Register. March 25, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822130008/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2011/03/25/2011-6056/regulations-to-implement-the-equal-employment-provisions-of-the-americans-with-disabilities-act-as">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ADA.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094708/https://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm#12102">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2016</span>. <q>The event, known as the 'Capitol Crawl', was an image that legislators couldn't ignore, Bauer said. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Americans+with+Disabilities+Act%3A+July+26%2C+1990&rft.pub=U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FHistoricalHighlight%2FDetail%2F36831%3Fret%3DTrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060419075839/http://www.eeoc.gov/ada/bushspeech.html">"The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regulation&rft.atitle=The+Unintended+Consequences+of+the+Americans+with+Disabilities+Act&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=DeLeire&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fserials%2Ffiles%2Fregulation%2F2000%2F4%2Fdeleire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicker" class="citation web cs1">Picker, Les. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/digest/nov04/w10528.html">"Did the ADA Reduce Employment of the Disabled?"</a>. <i>nber.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228193140/http://www.nber.org/digest/nov04/w10528.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>109</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">915–</span>957. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.321.1338">10.1.1.321.1338</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F322836">10.1086/322836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F63433">1721.1/63433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15460395">15460395</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522153518/http://economics.mit.edu/files/17">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Consequences+of+Employment+Protection%3F+The+Case+of+the+Americans+with+Disabilities+Act&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E915-%3C%2Fspan%3E957&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F63433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15460395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.321.1338%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F322836&rft.aulast=Acemoglu&rft.aufirst=Daron&rft.au=Angrist%2C+Joshua+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomics.mit.edu%2Ffiles%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Kruse and Lisa Schur, 'Employment of People with Disabilities Following the ADA' (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-232X.00275/full">42(1) Industrial Relations 31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828095901/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-232X.00275/full">Archived</a> August 28, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p70-131.pdf">"US Census 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025154610/https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p70-131.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2012pubs%2Fp70-131.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time_ada-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_ada_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_ada_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStateman,_Alison2008" class="citation news cs1">Stateman, Alison (December 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1866666,00.html">"Lawsuits by the Disabled: Abuse of the System?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315151852/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1866666,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Lawsuits+by+the+Disabled%3A+Abuse+of+the+System%3F&rft.date=2008-12-29&rft.au=Stateman%2C+Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1866666%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parr v. L & L Drive-Inn Restaurant (D. Hawaii 2000) 96 F.Supp.2d 1065, 1082, citing and quoting, Committee Print, Vol. II, 101st Cong., 2d Sess., at 1481–82 (1990); <a href="/wiki/Title_42_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 42 of the United States Code">42 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12101">§ 12101</a>(b)(2); S.Rep. No. 101-116, at 15 (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Molski v. Evergreen Dynasty Corp.</i>, (9th Cir. 2007) 500 F.3d 1047, 1062; <i>D'Lil v. Best Western Encina Lodge & Suites</i> (9th Cir. 2008) 538 F.3d 1031, 1040.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dralegal.org/cases/private_business/Smith_v_Hotels_com.php">Smith v. Hotels.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122142738/http://www.dralegal.org/cases/private_business/Smith_v_Hotels_com.php">Archived</a> November 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Disability Rights Advocates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Green v. State of California</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2007/s137770.html">452 F.Supp.2d 946</a> (N.D. Cal. 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128072334/https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2007/s137770.html">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenbergrubylaw.com/our-team/attorney-profile">"David Greenberg"</a>. ADA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117094745/https://www.greenbergrubylaw.com/our-team/attorney-profile/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Greenberg&rft.pub=ADA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenbergrubylaw.com%2Four-team%2Fattorney-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind_v._Target_Corp." title="National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.">National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/20061398452fsupp2d94611322">452 F.Supp.2d 946</a> (N.D. Cal. 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012136/https://www.leagle.com/decision/20061398452fsupp2d94611322">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dralegal.org/cases/private_business/nfb_v_target.php">National Federation for the Blind v. Target</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705103922/http://www.dralegal.org/cases/private_business/nfb_v_target.php">Archived</a> July 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Disability Rights Advocates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. 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General Dynamics Government Systems Corp.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/407/546/635288/">407 F.3d 546</a> (1st Cir. 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070242/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/407/546/635288/">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Lane" title="Tennessee v. Lane">Tennessee v. Lane</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_541" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 541">541</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/541/509/">509</a> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMears" class="citation news cs1">Mears, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/01/13/scotus.disabled/">"CNN.com – Court debates disabled access liability – Jan. 13, 2004"</a>. <i>www.cnn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804005901/https://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/01/13/scotus.disabled/">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN.com+%E2%80%93+Disabled+win+victory+in+ruling+over+access+to+government+buildings+%E2%80%93+May+17%2C+2004&rft.aulast=Mears&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FLAW%2F05%2F17%2Fscotus.disabled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcemoglu,_Daron_&_Angrist,_Joshua_D.2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Acemoglu, Daron</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Angrist, Joshua D.</a> (2001). "Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>109</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">915–</span>957. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.510.623">10.1.1.510.623</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F322836">10.1086/322836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F63433">1721.1/63433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15460395">15460395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Consequences+of+Employment+Protection%3F+The+Case+of+the+Americans+with+Disabilities+Act&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E915-%3C%2Fspan%3E957&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F63433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15460395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.510.623%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F322836&rft.au=Acemoglu%2C+Daron+%26+Angrist%2C+Joshua+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush, George H. W.</a>, <i>Remarks of President George Bush at the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act</i>. Available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060419075839/http://www.eeoc.gov/ada/bushspeech.html">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennard_J._Davis" title="Lennard J. Davis">Davis, Lennard J.</a> <i>Enabling Acts. The Hidden Story of How the Americans with Disabilities Act Gave the Largest US Minority Its Rights</i>. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLeire_Thomas2000" class="citation journal cs1">DeLeire Thomas (2000). "The Wage and Employment Effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act". <i>Journal of Human Resources</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>715. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F146368">10.2307/146368</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/146368">146368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Resources&rft.atitle=The+Wage+and+Employment+Effects+of+the+Americans+with+Disabilities+Act&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E715&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F146368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F146368%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=DeLeire+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmericans+with+Disabilities+Act+of+1990" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fielder, J. F. <i>Mental Disabilities and the Americans with Disabilities Act</i>. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2004.</li> <li>Hamilton Krieger, Linda, ed., <i>Backlash Against the ADA: Reinterpreting Disability Rights</i> Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.</li> <li>Johnson, Mary. (2000). <i>Make Them Go Away: <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a> & the Case Against Disability Rights</i>. Louisville, KY: The Advocado Press.</li> <li>Mayer, Arlene. (1992). <i>The History of the Americans with Disabilities Act: A Movement Perspective</i>. Available online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dredf.org/news/publications/the-history-of-the-ada/">Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_O%27Brien_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth O'Brien (political scientist)">O'Brien, Ruth</a>, ed. <i>Voices from the Edge: Narratives about the Americans with Disabilities Act</i>. New York: Oxford, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515687-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515687-0">0-19-515687-0</a></li> <li>Pletcher, David and Ashlee Russeau-Pletcher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601171408/http://aabss.org/Perspectives2008/AABSS2008Article5DisabilityHistory.pdf">History of the Civil Rights Movement for the Physically Disabled</a></li> <li>Switzer, Jacqueline Vaughn. <i>Disabled Rights: American Disability Policy and the Fight for Equality</i>. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2003.</li> <li>Weber, Mark C. <i>Disability Harassment</i>. 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W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1989)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1989)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1990)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1991)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1991)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)#January_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">January 1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#The_Gulf_War_and_Bush's_formulation" title="New world order (politics)">New world order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement#Negotiation_and_U.S._ratification" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">Vomiting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_broccoli_comments" title="George H. W. Bush broccoli comments">Broccoli comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_horseshoe_pit" title="White House horseshoe pit">White House horseshoe pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26O_desk" title="C&O desk">Oval Office desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush#Administration" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_George_H._W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="1989 George H. W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#1980_presidential_election" title="George H. W. Bush">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">"a thousand points of light"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"Read my lips: no new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Clinton transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Public_image" title="George H. W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of George H. W. Bush">Saturday Night Live parodies</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a></i> (2010 short film)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear" title="The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear">The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_It_Takes:_The_Way_to_the_White_House" title="What It Takes: The Way to the White House">What It Takes: The Way to the White House</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Bush:_The_Life_of_a_Lone_Star_Yankee" title="George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee">George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_(film)" title="George H.W. Bush (film)">George H.W. Bush</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_for_Democracy" title="Bad for Democracy">Bad for Democracy</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_and_Power" title="Destiny and Power">Destiny and Power</a></i> (2015 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials,_honors,_and_awards_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials, honors, and awards of George H. W. Bush">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Reagan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS <i>George H.W. Bush</i> (CVN-77)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Bush Coyne</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Bush">Pierce Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Walker Bush">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Bush</a> (great-great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millie_(dog)" title="Millie (dog)">Millie</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully_(dog)" title="Sully (dog)">Sully (service dog)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">← Ronald Reagan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">← Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:George H. W. Bush">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disability381" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_navbox" title="Template talk:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disability381" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" title="Bodymind (disability studies)">Bodymind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_(disability_term)#Crip_theory" title="Crip (disability term)">Crip as verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory" title="Neuroqueer theory">Neuroqueer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_anthropology" title="Disability anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_disability" title="Geography of disability">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies_in_education" title="Disability studies in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_studies_journals" title="List of disability studies journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Arts, media, culture, sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_children%27s_literature" title="Disability in children's literature">Disability in children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability in horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disability" title="Category:Disability">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disability-related_lists" title="Category:Disability-related lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deaf_rights_movement113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deaf_rights_movement" title="Template:Deaf rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deaf_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Deaf rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deaf_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deaf rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deaf_rights_movement113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf rights movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Topics<br /> and events<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_International_Congress_on_Education_of_the_Deaf" title="Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf">Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf</a>/The Milan Conference (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act" title="Education for All Handicapped Children Act">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_President_Now" title="Deaf President Now">Deaf President Now</a> (1988)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_R._Newman" title="Lawrence R. Newman">Lawrence R. Newman</a> (b. 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Miner_Gallaudet" title="Edward Miner Gallaudet">Edward Miner Gallaudet</a> (b. 1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Miles" title="Dorothy Miles">Dorothy Miles</a> (b. 1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Association_for_Deaf_people" title="Royal Association for Deaf people">Royal Association for Deaf people</a> (est. 1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_the_Deaf_(United_States)" title="National Association of the Deaf (United States)">National Association of the Deaf (United States)</a> (est. 1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Association_of_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Hungarian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Hungarian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a> (est. 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_on_Hearing_Loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Action on Hearing Loss">The Royal National Institute for Deaf people (RNID)</a> (est. 1911, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Agency_for_the_Deaf" title="Italian National Agency for the Deaf">Italian National Agency for the Deaf</a> (est. 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Society_of_the_Deaf" title="Ukrainian Society of the Deaf">Ukrainian Society of the Deaf</a> (est. 1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_the_Deaf" title="Canadian Association of the Deaf">Canadian Association of the Deaf</a> (est. 1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Association_of_the_Deaf" title="Edmonton Association of the Deaf">Edmonton Association of the Deaf</a> (est. 1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Hard_of_Hearing_Young_People" title="International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People">International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People</a> (est. 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Hard_of_Hearing_People" title="International Federation of Hard of Hearing People">International Federation of Hard of Hearing People</a> (est. 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Deaf_Advocates" title="National Black Deaf Advocates">National Black Deaf Advocates</a> (est. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_the_Deaf" title="European Union of the Deaf">European Union of the Deaf</a> (est. 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Association_of_the_Deaf" title="Pakistan Association of the Deaf">Pakistan Association of the Deaf</a> (est. 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Deaf_Youth" title="Action Deaf Youth">Action Deaf Youth</a> (est. 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitato_Giovani_Sordi_Italiani" title="Comitato Giovani Sordi Italiani">Comitato Giovani Sordi Italiani</a> (est. 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Deaf_Federation_Nepal" title="National Deaf Federation Nepal">National Deaf Federation Nepal</a> (est. 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_the_Deaf_(India)" title="National Association of the Deaf (India)">National Association of the Deaf (India)</a> (est. 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Qatari_Center_of_Social_Cultural_for_the_Deaf" title="The Qatari Center of Social Cultural for the Deaf">The Qatari Center of Social Cultural for the Deaf</a> (est. 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_des_sourds_et_malentendants_socialistes" title="Section des sourds et malentendants socialistes">Section des sourds et malentendants socialistes</a> (est. 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Deaf<br /> institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_for_the_deaf" title="List of schools for the deaf">List of schools for the deaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111004#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/176397072">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1376298/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Americans With Disabilities Act"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4339448-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. 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