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For a former proposal that did not gain consensus, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computing_(failed_proposal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computing (failed proposal)">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computing (failed proposal)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text"> <div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"> <b>This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#guide" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> is a part of the English Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</b><br> <div style="font-size: 90%;"> It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a> may apply. Any <i>substantive</i> edit to this page should reflect <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Computer science">talk page</a>. </div> </div></td> <td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style> <div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"> <span id="MOS:CS"></span><span id="MOS:COMPSCI"></span> </div> <div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"> <div class="module-shortcutlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMOS:CS%26redirect%3Dno">MOS:CS</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMOS:COMPSCI%26redirect%3Dno">MOS:COMPSCI</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="sidebar-title"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-image"> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""> <form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"> <div class="cdx-text-input"> <input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"> </div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"><br><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"> </form> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> By topic area </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="sidebar-heading"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a> </div> <div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-below"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="sidebar-navbar"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template_talk:Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>This manual contains some suggestions which aim to contribute towards writing clear, pleasant looking, and hopefully interesting <b>computer science</b> articles. This guide is a complement to the general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Suggested structure of a computer science article</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Article_introduction"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Article introduction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Background_and_application"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Background and application</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Structuring different kinds of articles</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Algorithms_and_data_structures"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Algorithms and data structures</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classic_problems"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classic problems</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Design_patterns"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Design patterns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fields_of_study"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Fields of study</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formalisms"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Formalisms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Programming_constructs"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Programming constructs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Programming_languages"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Programming languages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Theorems_and_conjectures"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Theorems and conjectures</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tools"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Tools</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Concluding_matters"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Concluding matters</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Style_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Style guidelines</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Code_samples"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Code samples</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Algorithms"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Algorithms</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Example"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">General guidelines for writing pseudocode</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Low-level_pseudocode"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Low-level pseudocode</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#High-level_pseudocode"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">High-level pseudocode</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Including_references"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Including references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article" data-mw-thread-id="h-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span>Suggested structure of a computer science article<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Suggested structure of a computer science article" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span>  </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Probably the hardest part of writing any technical article is the difficulty of addressing the level of technical knowledge on the part of the reader. A general approach is to start simple, and then move toward more formal and technical statements as the article proceeds. The following structure is merely recommended; editorial discretion and consensus might find an alternative structure more appropriate for some subjects.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Article_introduction" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_introduction-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_introduction-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span>Article introduction<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_introduction-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Article introduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The article should start with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section"><i>lead section</i> of length appropriate to the article content</a>, which describes the subject in general terms and properly summarizes the article. This opening material should give the casual reader a quick understanding of the concept. Name the field(s) of computer science this concept belongs to and describe the context in which the term is used. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Format_of_the_first_sentence" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Write the <b>article title</b> and any alternative names in bold</a>. Include the historical motivation, provide some names and dates, etc. Here is an example:</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <b>communicating sequential processes</b> (<b>CSP</b>) is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formal_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formal language">formal language</a> for describing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pattern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pattern">patterns</a> of interaction in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concurrent_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent systems">concurrent systems</a>. It is a member of the family of mathematical theories of concurrency known as process algebras, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Process_calculus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Process calculus">process calculi</a>, based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Message_passing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Message passing">message passing</a> via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Channel_(programming)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Channel (programming)">channels</a>. CSP was highly influential in the design of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occam (programming language)">occam</a> programming language and also influenced the design of programming languages such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RaftLib?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Go_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crystal (programming language)">Crystal</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clojure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>'s core.async. CSP was first described in a 1978 article by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tony_Hoare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a>, but has since evolved substantially. CSP has been practically applied in industry as a tool for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formal_specification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formal specification">specifying and verifying</a> the concurrent aspects of a variety of different systems, such as the T9000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transputer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transputer">Transputer</a>, as well as a secure ecommerce system. The theory of CSP itself is also still the subject of active research, including work to increase its range of practical applicability (e.g., increasing the scale of the systems that can be tractably analyzed).</p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Background_and_application" data-mw-thread-id="h-Background_and_application-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Background_and_application-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span>Background and application<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Background_and_application-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Background and application" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Overview_and_motivation"></span> It is a good idea to begin the main part of the article with an informal introduction, commonly titled "Background" though "Overview" has also been used, that gives the non-technical reader a basic understanding of the fundamental concepts of the topic being presented. If the concept in question is somewhat theoretical, it is helpful to describe its <em>purpose</em> or <em>applied use(s)</em> toward the top of the article, either concisely in the lead section or in a post-lead introductory section. It is also useful to have some representative <em>examples</em>, which could serve both to expand on the concept in question and to provide some context as to <em>why</em> one might want to use that concept.</p> <p>A picture is a great way of bringing a point home, and often it could even precede the technical discussion of a concept. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_create_graphs_for_Wikipedia_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to create graphs for Wikipedia articles">WP:How to create graphs for Wikipedia articles</a> has some hints on how to create graphs and other pictures, and how to include them in articles.</p> <p>If not included in the introductory material, a section about the <em>history</em> of the concept is often useful and can provide additional insight. This often forms its own "History" section.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span>Structuring different kinds of articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Structuring different kinds of articles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Computer science is a broad field which encompasses a number of different kinds of ideas. The structure of the main part of an article will vary with the type of article. Here are some general guidelines for structuring a few different classes of computer science articles. Where possible, these guidelines include one or two examples of a "good" article, <i>i.e.</i> an article demonstrates the style we're aiming for in that particular class of article. Always keep in mind that these are <i>guidelines</i>, not hard-and-fast rules: some articles will need to deviate from this structure; some articles will be hard to classify; some won't fit into these classifications at all. Use common sense in applying these guidelines.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Algorithms_and_data_structures" data-mw-thread-id="h-Algorithms_and_data_structures-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Algorithms_and_data_structures-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Algorithms and data structures<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Algorithms_and_data_structures-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Algorithms and data structures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An article on an algorithm should generally consist of:</p> <ol> <li>A description of the algorithm (including pseudocode)</li> <li>A formal discussion of the algorithm's time and space complexity</li> <li>A discussion of any implementation and performance issues</li> </ol> <p>A good example is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binary_search_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary search algorithm">binary search algorithm</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">featured article</a>.</p> <p>An article on a data structure should consist of:</p> <ol> <li>A description of the structure, and any operations that can be performed on the structure</li> <li>An overview of the applications for the structure in question</li> <li>A discussion of any implementation and performance issues</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Classic_problems" data-mw-thread-id="h-Classic_problems-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Classic_problems-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Classic problems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Classic_problems-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Classic problems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An article describing a classic problem should generally consist of:</p> <ol> <li>A statement of the problem.</li> <li>A discussion of the relevance of the problem.</li> <li>A discussion of the history of the problem if notable.</li> <li>A description of solutions to the problem if any exist.</li> </ol> <p>An example is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dining_philosophers_problem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dining philosophers problem">dining philosophers problem</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Design_patterns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Design_patterns-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Design_patterns-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Design patterns<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Design_patterns-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Design patterns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The structure of an article describing a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Software_design_pattern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Software design pattern">software design pattern</a> or other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Design_pattern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Design pattern">design pattern</a> in computer science (including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creational_pattern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creational pattern">creational patterns</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structural_pattern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Structural pattern">structural patterns</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Behavioral_pattern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Behavioral pattern">behavioral patterns</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concurrency_pattern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concurrency pattern">concurrency patterns</a>) should draw on industry best-practice models provided by reliable sources on the subject. Some of these include:</p> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Design_Patterns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Design Patterns">Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software</a></i> by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides (the "Gang of Four" or GoT; 1994, Addison-Wesley / O'Reilly). Our article on the book at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Design_Patterns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Patterns_by_type" title="Design Patterns"><i>Design Patterns</i> § Patterns by type</a> links to a number of such design-pattern articles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/designpatternsfo00pree"><i>Design Patterns for Object-Oriented Software Development</i></a> by Wolfgang Pree (1995, Addison-Wesley)</li> <li>Various works on design patterns for specific languages and other applications are available for free reading via the Internet Archive Open Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/search?query%3D%2522design%2Bpatterns%2522">[1]</a>, and a variety of others are hosted on free websites.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Fields_of_study" data-mw-thread-id="h-Fields_of_study-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Fields_of_study-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Fields of study<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Fields_of_study-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fields of study" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An article describing a field of study within computer science should include:</p> <ol> <li>A brief overview of the history of the field</li> <li>A basic introduction to the key concepts around which the field revolves</li> <li>A description of the important principles, theorems, or results produced by the field</li> <li>A discussion of relationships with other fields of study (inside and outside CS)</li> <li>Some pointers to articles that describe particular aspects of the field in greater detail</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Formalisms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Formalisms-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Formalisms-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Formalisms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Formalisms-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Formalisms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An article describing some kind of formalism should contain:</p> <ol> <li>A brief outline of the history of the formalism (originator, major developments, etc.)</li> <li>An informal introduction to the basic concepts involved (preferably including some simple examples)</li> <li>A formal definition</li> <li>Discussion of important applications or implementations</li> <li>Description of major tools that support the formalism</li> <li>Brief overview of related or derived formalisms</li> </ol> <p>A good example is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lambda_calculus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Programming_constructs" data-mw-thread-id="h-Programming_constructs-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Programming_constructs-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Programming constructs<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Programming_constructs-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Programming constructs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An article describing a programming construct should generally include:</p> <ol> <li>A brief overview of what the construct is, and how it is used (perhaps including an informal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operational_semantics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operational semantics">operational semantics</a>)</li> <li>A listing of alternative names for the construct</li> <li>Pseudocode or a small code sample demonstrating the construct in use</li> <li>Description of any equivalences between the construct and other constructs</li> <li>A discussion of any variations in the semantics of the construct</li> <li>A discussion of any disadvantages to use of the construct</li> </ol> <p>Examples include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continuation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continuation">continuation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Closure (computer programming)">closure (computer programming)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exception_handling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Programming_languages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Programming_languages-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Programming_languages-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Programming languages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Programming_languages-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Programming languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An article describing a programming language should generally include at least:</p> <ol> <li>A brief outline of the history of the language</li> <li>An overview of the language features <ul> <li>Programming paradigm(s) that the language <i>supports</i>, and <i>how well</i> it supports them</li> <li>Style of type-checking, support for design by contract or other specification techniques</li> <li>Memory management style</li> </ul></li> <li>A basic introduction to the language syntax (including some code samples)</li> <li>An overview of the formal semantics of the language (if one exists)</li> <li>A list of available implementations and supported platforms</li> </ol> <p>A good example is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust (programming language)</a> article.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Theorems_and_conjectures" data-mw-thread-id="h-Theorems_and_conjectures-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Theorems_and_conjectures-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Theorems and conjectures<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Theorems_and_conjectures-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Theorems and conjectures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An article describing theorems or conjectures should generally contain at least:</p> <ol> <li>A brief informal description of the theorem or conjecture.</li> <li>A formal statement of the theorem or conjecture.</li> <li>A discussion of the history of the theorem or conjecture.</li> <li>A discussion of impacts, consequences, or implications of the theorem or conjecture.</li> </ol> <p>As many computer science theorems and conjectures are often stated informally in popular literature it may also be beneficial to provide some discussion of common misconceptions or misinterpretations of the theorem or conjecture.</p> <p>The names of such things <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">are not capitalized except where they contain a proper name</a> (e.g. a surname).</p> <p>Good examples include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halting_problem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halting problem">halting problem</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church%E2%80%93Turing_thesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church–Turing thesis">Church–Turing thesis</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Tools" data-mw-thread-id="h-Tools-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tools-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span>Tools<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tools-Structuring_different_kinds_of_articles"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tools" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An article describing a class of tools should generally contain:</p> <ol> <li>A brief overview of the purpose of the tool</li> <li>A brief history of the development of the class of tool</li> <li>Discussion of any major subclasses of the tool class</li> <li>Brief description of the key underlying algorithms or implementation techniques</li> </ol> <p>Examples include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compiler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compiler">compiler</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Text_editor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Text editor">text editor</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Automated theorem proving">automated theorem proving</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Concluding_matters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Concluding_matters-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Concluding_matters-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span>Concluding matters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Concluding_matters-Suggested_structure_of_a_computer_science_article"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Concluding matters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Standard_appendices_and_footers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">WP:Manual of Style/Layout § Standard appendices and footers</a> for use of "See also", "Notes", "References", "External links" sections, and navigation templates.</span></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Style_guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Style_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Style_guidelines"></span>Style guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Style_guidelines"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Style guidelines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span>  </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><span class="anchor" id="Style"></span><span class="anchor" id="STYLE"></span><span class="anchor" id="style"></span></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">WP:Manual of Style/Mathematics</a> has some good advice on how to discuss more theoretical topics, as well as when and how to include proofs of important theorems. It also includes guidance on how to typeset equations, logical expressions, and other mathematical notation.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Non-base-10_notations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Non-base-10 notations</a> gives advice on formatting e.g. binary or hexadecimal numbers and memory addresses.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Code_samples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Code_samples-Style_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Code_samples-Style_guidelines"></span>Code samples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Code_samples-Style_guidelines"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Code samples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"> <div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"> <span id="MOS:CODE"></span><span id="MOS:SOURCE"></span><span id="MOS:SYNTAX"></span> </div> <div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"> <div class="module-shortcutlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMOS:CODE%26redirect%3Dno">MOS:CODE</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMOS:SOURCE%26redirect%3Dno">MOS:SOURCE</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMOS:SYNTAX%26redirect%3Dno">MOS:SYNTAX</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Wikitext?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Text_formatting" title="Help:Wikitext">Help:Wikitext § Text formatting</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Wikitext?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pre" title="Help:Wikitext">Help:Wikitext § Pre</a> </div> <p>Samples of actual sources get included in articles for a variety of reasons, although the most typical reasons are to demonstrate the "look" of a particular language, to provide examples of language-specific constructs or features, and to provide examples of algorithms not easily expressed in pseudocode. While there's nothing inherently wrong with including sample code, excessive amounts of it can detract from the content of the article itself; avoid writing sample code unless it contributes significantly to a fundamental understanding of the encyclopedic content.</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> The Wikibook <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Algorithm Implementation">Algorithm Implementation</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation/Sorting/Bogosort" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Algorithm Implementation/Sorting/Bogosort">Bogosort</a></b></i> </div> </div> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:WWIN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WWIN">Wikipedia is not a source code repository</a>. Code that is not relevant to encyclopedic content should be moved out of Wikipedia. WikiBooks is the appropriate Wikimedia project for existing GFDL-compatible code; in particular <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Algorithm Implementation">Wikibooks:Algorithm Implementation</a>. The external <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://literateprograms.org/LiteratePrograms:Welcome">LiteratePrograms</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rosettacode.org/">Rosetta Code</a> wikis are appropriate places to put <i>new</i> sample implementations, along with descriptions of how those implementations work. <b>Important note:</b> existing implementations on Wikipedia <i>cannot</i> be transferred to the LiteratePrograms wiki because Wikipedia content is licensed under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GFDL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a> and/or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:CC-BY-SA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CC-BY-SA">CC-BY-SA</a>, while LiteratePrograms uses the more liberal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MIT/X11_license?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT/X11 license">MIT/X11 license</a>; relicensing existing code from GFDL/CC-BY-SA to MIT/X11 would require the permission of all copyright holders</p> <p>Some general guidelines on code samples:</p> <ul> <li>Sample implementations of algorithms are fine, but every algorithm article should include a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudocode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudocode">pseudocode</a> description of the core algorithm when possible, so that anyone can understand how the algorithm works. See below for guidelines on pseudocode.</li> <li>The sample should use a language that clearly illustrates the algorithm to a reader who is relatively unfamiliar with the language— even if you believe that the language is well-known. To remain language-neutral, choose languages based on clarity, not popularity. Languages that emphasize readability, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Python_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, are good choices. Avoid esoteric or language-specific operations.</li> <li>Source code implementations must be compatible with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GFDL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:CC-BY-SA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CC-BY-SA">CC-BY-SA</a> licenses (which are incompatible with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>).</li> <li>Multiple source code implementations are not appropriate unless they contrast specific aspects of the code <i>and</i> that contrast is important to the encyclopedic content of the article. If possible, accentuate differences by providing the alternate implementation in the same language as the original.</li> <li>All code samples should be marked up using one of the following methods: <ul> <li>Surrounding a <em>short, inline</em> code sample in <code class="nowrap" style=""><code>...</code></code> or <code><<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SyntaxHighlight" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight">syntaxhighlight</a> lang="<var style="padding-right: 1px;">x</var>" inline></code></li> <li>Surrounding a <em>block</em> of code in <code><syntaxhighlight lang="x"></code> or <code class="nowrap" style=""><pre>...</pre></code> tags</li> <li>Indenting each line of a <em>block</em> of code by one or more spaces (unlike the above method, this allows you to use basic text formatting like italic, bold, etc. in the sample) This typesets them in a monospaced typeface to ensure that spacing is preserved and provides additional information to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Screen_readers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen readers">screen readers</a> and users with customized CSS. Doing this is particularly important for languages where whitespace has syntactic significance— ideally we'd like people to be able to copy and paste sample code into a text editor or IDE. For example,</li> </ul></li> </ul> <pre>int main(void) { printf("hello, world\n"); return 0; } </pre> <ul> <li>Syntax highlighting may be obtained by using <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SyntaxHighlight" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight">SyntaxHighlight</a> MediaWiki tag instead of <code class="nowrap" style=""><pre>...</pre></code>, with a specific <code>lang</code> attribute specifying the language name (the value <code>wikitext</code> is used for MediaWiki markup). See <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi%23Supported_languages" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight GeSHi">Extension:SyntaxHighlight</a> for supported languages. The following is syntax-highlighted Java code, for example, using <code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SyntaxHighlight" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight">syntaxhighlight</a> lang="java"></code>:</li> </ul> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"> <pre><span></span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">HelloWorld</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello World!"</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Print "Hello World!"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre> </div> <ul> <li>Since code listings are not line-wrapped, and many people read Wikipedia in space-constrained environments, ensure that code listings have a maximum line length of 60 chars. Apply manual word wrap if necessary.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Algorithms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Algorithms-Style_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Algorithms-Style_guidelines"></span>Algorithms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Algorithms-Style_guidelines"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Algorithms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"> <div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"> <span id="MOS:ALGO"></span><span id="MOS:PSEUDOCODE"></span> </div> <div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"> <div class="module-shortcutlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMOS:ALGO%26redirect%3Dno">MOS:ALGO</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMOS:PSEUDOCODE%26redirect%3Dno">MOS:PSEUDOCODE</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p>There are no universally accepted standards for presenting algorithms on Wikipedia. A past attempt at standardized pseudocode is archived at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User:Dcoetzee/Wikicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="User:Dcoetzee/Wikicode">User:Dcoetzee/Wikicode</a>, though "[t]he author advises that such a proposal not be advanced again, as it is unlikely to gain consent". Within <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science">WikiProject Computer science</a>, the consensus has generally been that where possible, algorithms should be presented in pseudocode. The use of pseudocode is completely language agnostic, and is more NPOV with respect to programming languages in general. Pseudocode also provides far more flexibility with regard to the level of implementation detail, allowing algorithms to be presented at however high a level is required to focus on the algorithm and its core ideas, rather than the details of how it is implemented. Finally, suitably high-level pseudocode provides the most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_accessible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles accessible">accessible</a> presentation of an algorithm, particularly for non-programmers.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Example" data-mw-thread-id="h-Example-Algorithms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Example-Algorithms"></span>Example<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Example-Algorithms"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Example" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <pre><b>algorithm</b> ford-fulkerson <b>is</b> <b>input:</b> Graph <i>G</i> with flow capacity <i>c</i>, source node <i>s</i>, sink node <i>t</i> <b>output:</b> Flow <i>f</i> such that <i>f</i> is maximal from <i>s</i> to <i>t</i> <i>(Note that f<sub>(u,v)</sub> is the flow from node u to node v, and c<sub>(u,v)</sub> is the flow capacity from node u to node v)</i> <b>for each</b> edge (<i>u</i>, <i>v</i>) <b>in</b> <i>G</i><sub><i>E</i></sub> <b>do</b> <i>f</i><sub>(<i>u</i>, <i>v</i>)</sub> ← 0 <i>f</i><sub>(<i>v</i>, <i>u</i>)</sub> ← 0 <b>while</b> there exists a path <i>p</i> from <i>s</i> to <i>t</i> <b>in</b> the residual network <i>G</i><sub><i>f</i></sub> <b>do</b> let <i>c</i><sub><i>f</i></sub> be the flow capacity of the residual network <i>G</i><sub><i>f</i></sub> <i>c</i><sub><i>f</i></sub>(<i>p</i>) ← min{<i>c</i><sub><i>f</i></sub>(<i>u</i>, <i>v</i>) | (<i>u</i>, <i>v</i>) <b>in</b> <i>p</i>} <b>for each</b> edge (<i>u</i>, <i>v</i>) <b>in</b> <i>p</i> <b>do</b> <i>f</i><sub>(<i>u</i>, <i>v</i>)</sub> ← <i>f</i><sub>(<i>u</i>, <i>v</i>)</sub> + <i>c</i><sub><i>f</i></sub>(<i>p</i>) <i>f</i><sub>(<i>v</i>, <i>u</i>)</sub> ← −<i>f</i><sub>(<i>u</i>, <i>v</i>)</sub> <b>return</b> <i>f</i> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode" data-mw-thread-id="h-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode-Algorithms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode-Algorithms"></span>General guidelines for writing pseudocode<span data-mw-comment-end="h-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode-Algorithms"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: General guidelines for writing pseudocode" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Make sure the algorithm is understandable without having to read this page first.</li> <li>Try to focus on outlining the algorithm, and where possible keep discussion and explanation of the algorithm outside of the pseudocode.</li> <li>All assignment, comparison, and other mathematical operators should be rendered with proper mathematical symbols wherever possible:</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Symbols for use in pseudocode</span> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Operator</th> <th scope="col">Result</th> <th scope="col">Entity</th> <th scope="col">Example</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Assignment</th> <td>← or :=</td> <td>&larr;, :=</td> <td><code><i>c</i> ← 2π<i>r</i></code>, <code> <i>c</i> := 2π<i>r</i></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Comparison</th> <td>=, ≠, <, >, ≤, ≥</td> <td>=, &ne;, <, >, &le;, &ge;</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Arithmetic</th> <td>+, −, ×, /, mod</td> <td>+, &minus;, ×, /, mod</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Floor/ceiling</th> <td>⌊, ⌋, ⌈, ⌉</td> <td>&lfloor;, &rfloor;, &lceil;, &rceil;</td> <td><code><i>a</i> ← ⌊<i>b</i>⌋ + ⌈<i>c</i>⌉</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Logical</th> <td><b>and</b>, <b>or</b></td> <td>'''and''', '''or'''</td> <td><code><i>a</i> ≥ <i>b</i> <b>and</b> <i>a</i> ≤ <i>c</i></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sums</th> <td>∑ ∏</td> <td>&sum; &prod;</td> <td><code><i>h</i> ← ∑<sub><i>a</i>∈<i>A</i></sub> 1/<i>a</i></code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Low-level_pseudocode" data-mw-thread-id="h-Low-level_pseudocode-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Low-level_pseudocode-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode"></span>Low-level pseudocode<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Low-level_pseudocode-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Low-level pseudocode" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>All control structure keywords should be bolded, and comments should be in italics (in addition to whatever other manner for denoting comments is used).</li> <li>Try to keep the algorithm description sufficiently high level so as to avoid most implementation specific details.</li> <li>Try to avoid using structures or techniques that are idiomatic to a particular language or programming paradigm.</li> <li>If idiomatic structures or techniques are <i>unavoidable</i> try to present them in a generic high-level way in line with the style outlined below:</li> <li>The preferred conditional structure is</li> </ul> <pre><b>if</b> condition <b>then</b> <i>code path</i> <b>else if</b> condition <b>then</b> <i>code path</i> <b>else</b> <i>code path</i> <b>end if</b> </pre> <ul> <li>The preferred looping constructs are</li> </ul> <pre><b>while</b> condition <b>do</b> <i>code block</i> <b>repeat</b> </pre> <dl> <dd> and </dd> </dl> <pre><b>for</b> loop_control <b>do</b> <i>code block</i> <b>repeat</b> </pre> <dl> <dd> where <code>loop_control</code> is any suitable clause to control a for loop, such as <code>item in list</code> or <code>1 ≤ i ≤ n</code> etc. </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>The preferred function definition structure is</li> </ul> <pre><b>function</b> function_name <b>is</b> <i>code block</i> <b>return</b> variable <b>end function</b> </pre> <dl> <dd> where <code>function_name</code> is any reasonable format of function name and arguments. Alternatively, inputs and outputs can be specified within the function block: </dd> </dl> <pre><b>function</b> function_name <b>is</b> <b>input:</b> <i>description of inputs</i> <b>output:</b> <i>description of outputs</i> <i>code block</i> <b>return</b> variable <b>end function</b> </pre> <ul> <li>Code blocks should be indented. If sufficiently clear, block closing keywords (<b>end</b>, <b>repeat</b> etc.) may be omitted.</li> </ul> <p>An example of pseudocode roughly hewing to these guidelines is provided as the example on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Example" title="Algorithm">Algorithm</a> page, and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bucket_sort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bucket sort">Bucket sort</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topological_sort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological sort">Topological sort</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollard%27s_rho_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollard's rho algorithm">Pollard's rho algorithm</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="High-level_pseudocode" data-mw-thread-id="h-High-level_pseudocode-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-High-level_pseudocode-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode"></span>High-level pseudocode<span data-mw-comment-end="h-High-level_pseudocode-General_guidelines_for_writing_pseudocode"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: High-level pseudocode" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Algorithms that are most easily presented at a very high level, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buchberger%27s_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buchberger's algorithm">Buchberger's algorithm</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pohlig%E2%80%93Hellman_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pohlig–Hellman algorithm">Pohlig–Hellman algorithm</a> should be presented in the format</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <b>Inputs</b> <i>description of input arguments</i> </dd> <dd> <b>Output</b> <i>description of outputs</i> <ol> <li><i>(description of a step in the algorithm)</i></li> <li><i>(the next step in the algorithm)</i> <ol> <li><i>(substep)</i></li> </ol></li> <li><i>(etc.)</i></li> </ol> </dd> <dd> using markup: </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"> <pre><span></span><span class="k">:</span><span class="gs">'''Inputs'''</span> <span class="ge">''description of input arguments''</span> <span class="k">:</span><span class="gs">'''Output'''</span> <span class="ge">''description of outputs''</span> <span class="k">:#</span> <span class="ge">''(description of a step in the algorithm)''</span> <span class="k">:#</span> <span class="ge">''(the next step in the algorithm)''</span> <span class="k">:##</span> <span class="ge">''(substep)''</span> <span class="k">:#</span> <span class="ge">''(etc.)''</span> </pre> </div> <ul> <li>Descriptions of steps should be high level, and may simply be English sentences.</li> <li>Substeps of the algorithm, due to branch conditions or loop structures should be indented and subnumbered.</li> <li>Termination of the algorithm with a return value should be denoted using the keyword <b>return</b></li> </ul> <p>Examples of algorithms in this format include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buchberger%27s_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buchberger's algorithm">Buchberger's algorithm</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pohlig%E2%80%93Hellman_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pohlig–Hellman algorithm">Pohlig–Hellman algorithm</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itoh%E2%80%93Tsujii_inversion_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itoh–Tsujii inversion algorithm">Itoh–Tsujii inversion algorithm</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baby-step_giant-step?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baby-step giant-step">Baby-step giant-step</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollard%27s_p_%E2%88%92_1_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollard's p − 1 algorithm">Pollard's <i>p</i> − 1 algorithm</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Including_references" data-mw-thread-id="h-Including_references"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Including_references"></span>Including references<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Including_references"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Including references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span>  </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><span class="anchor" id="Including_literature_and_references"></span> It is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">essential for article content to be verifiable with reliable sources</a>, a well-chosen list of references and pointers to the literature. Any quotation, any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and any claim that involves a living person <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Responsibility_for_providing_citations" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><em>must</em></a> be supported by an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citation</a> to a reliable secondary source. Some additional reasons for citing high-quality sources are the following:</p> <ul> <li>Providing proper source citations enables other editors and our readers to verify the given information and evaluate the sources. This is especially important in any science topic, since the state of the art is always advancing.</li> <li>A reader may desire more details, but Wikipedia is not a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual,_guidebook,_textbook,_or_scientific_journal" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">substitute for a textbook</a> (that is what <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikibooks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a> is for). Many research papers and books of benefit to topical newcomers are now freely available online.</li> <li>Some notions are defined differently depending on context or author. Articles require references that support the given usage, and should identify conflicting usages (giving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">due weight</a> to the sources for them).</li> <li>Important algorithms, theorems, or definitions should cite the concept-originating papers as historical and technical information, in addition to later secondary reference works relied on for modern, applied context.</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Primary sources</a> must be used with care. They are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_or_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">generally permissible</a> for non-controversial and non-promotional claims about the subject or its author(s). Examples: referencing a blog post from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust programming language</a> development team is sufficient for a point about the internal architecture of the Rust compiler, or the motivation behind a specific decision about the Rust language design. However, such a source cannot be used for providing Rust benchmarks, or contrasting Rust's features versus those of another language, since such claims from the developers may have a promotional element and involve analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis of facts and evidence, which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:AEIS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AEIS">requires a secondary source</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia does not enforce a specific reference and citation style</a>; just use one consistently within a particular article.</p> <p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">WP:Citing sources</a> for how to cite sources properly.</span></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span>  </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science">Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSBPS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOSBPS">WP:MOSBPS</a> - style guide for data rates</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading" data-mw-thread-id="h-Further_reading"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Further_reading"></span>Further reading<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Further_reading"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span>  </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Zobel, Justin (2004). <i>Writing for Computer Science</i> (2nd ed.). Springer. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-802-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-802-4"><bdi>1-85233-802-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+for+Computer+Science&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85233-802-4&rft.aulast=Zobel&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FComputer+science" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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