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id="toc-Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Saints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_the_orixás" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_the_orixás"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Relationships with the orixás </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_the_orixás-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exus_and_caboclos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exus_and_caboclos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Exus and caboclos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exus_and_caboclos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_the_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_the_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Birth and the dead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_the_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Axé </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morality,_ethics,_and_gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morality,_ethics,_and_gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Morality, ethics, and gender roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morality,_ethics,_and_gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Houses_of_Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houses_of_Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Houses of Worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houses_of_Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Priesthood_and_congregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priesthood_and_congregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Priesthood and congregation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priesthood_and_congregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrines_and_otás" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrines_and_otás"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Shrines and otás </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrines_and_otás-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offerings_and_animal_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offerings_and_animal_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Offerings and animal sacrifice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offerings_and_animal_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Initiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Possession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Public festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Divination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healing_and_amulet_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healing_and_amulet_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Healing and amulet practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healing_and_amulet_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerals_and_the_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerals_and_the_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Funerals and the dead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerals_and_the_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Formation and early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 20th and 21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception and influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Candomblé</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كاندومبليه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاندومبليه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandomble" title="Kandomble – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kandomble" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AD" title="Καντομπλέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καντομπλέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandombleo" title="Kandombleo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kandombleo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B8%EB%8F%94%EB%B8%94%EB%A0%88" title="칸돔블레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칸돔블레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कांडम्ब्ले धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांडम्ब्ले धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Candombl%C3%A9" title="Gereja Candomblé – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קנדומבלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנדומבלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandombl%C3%A9" title="Kandomblé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kandomblé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC" title="カンドンブレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンドンブレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кандомбле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кандомбле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5" title="กังดงแบล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กังดงแบล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кандомбле – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кандомбле" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Candomblé" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandombl%C3%A9" title="Kandomblé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kandomblé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q752660#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Syncretic religion from Brazil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Batuque_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Batuque (disambiguation)">Batuque (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orix%C3%A1_Oba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Orix%C3%A1_Oba.jpg/220px-Orix%C3%A1_Oba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Orix%C3%A1_Oba.jpg/330px-Orix%C3%A1_Oba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Orix%C3%A1_Oba.jpg/440px-Orix%C3%A1_Oba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A practitioner dressed as the orixá Oba in Brazil; the possession of adherents by orixás is central to Candomblé</figcaption></figure> Candomblé (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Portuguese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[kɐ̃dõˈblɛ]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diasporic religion</a> that developed in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> during the 19th century. It arose through a process of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between several of the traditional religions of West and Central Africa, especially those of <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">the Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a>, coupled with influences from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>. There is no central authority in control of Candomblé, which is organized around autonomous terreiros (houses). Candomblé venerates spirits, known varyingly as <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">orixás</a>, inkice, or vodun, which are deemed subservient to a transcendent creator god, <a href="/wiki/Olorun" class="mw-redirect" title="Olorun">Oludumaré</a>. Deriving their names and attributes from traditional West African deities, the orixás are linked with Roman Catholic saints. Each individual is believed to have a tutelary orixá who has been connected to them since before birth and who informs their personality. An initiatory tradition, Candomblé's members usually meet in terreiros run by a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A3e-de-santo" title="Mãe-de-santo">mãe de santo</a> (priestess) or <a href="/wiki/Pai-de-santo" title="Pai-de-santo">pai de santo</a> (priest). A central ritual involves practitioners drumming, singing, and dancing to encourage an orixá to possess one of their members, with whom congregants can then interact. The orixás are given offerings such as fruit and <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificed animals</a>, while their will is deciphered through <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. Offerings may also be given to lesser spirits, including caboclos and the spirits of the dead, the egun. Healing rituals and the preparation of amulets and herbal remedies also play a prominent role. Candomblé developed among <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">Afro-Brazilian</a> communities amid the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Atlantic slave trade</a> of the 16th to 19th centuries. It arose through the blending of the traditional religions brought to Brazil by enslaved West and Central Africans, the majority of them <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a>, with the Roman Catholicism of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colonialists</a> who then controlled the area. It primarily coalesced in the <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> region during the 19th century. Following <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazil's independence</a> from Portugal, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1891" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1891">constitution of 1891</a> enshrined <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> in the country, although Candomblé remained marginalized by the Roman Catholic establishment, which typically associated it with criminality. In the 20th century, growing emigration from Bahia spread Candomblé both throughout Brazil and abroad, while also influencing the development of another religion, <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>, in the 1920s. Since the late 20th century, some practitioners have emphasized a re-Africanization process to remove Roman Catholic influences and create forms of Candomblé closer to traditional West African religion. The religion is divided into denominations, known as nations, based on which traditional African belief system has been its primary influence. The most prominent nations are the <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jeje</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Angola</a>. Candomblé is centred in Brazil although smaller communities exist elsewhere, especially in other parts of South America. Both in Brazil and abroad Candomblé has spread beyond its Afro-Brazilian origins and is practiced by individuals of various ethnicities. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_terminology">Definition and terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and terminology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mameto_Mukal%C3%AA_e_um_dos_caboclos_do_Terreiro_Matamba_Tombenci_Neto_Marinho_e_Goldman_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mameto_Mukal%C3%AA_e_um_dos_caboclos_do_Terreiro_Matamba_Tombenci_Neto_Marinho_e_Goldman_2020.jpg/220px-Mameto_Mukal%C3%AA_e_um_dos_caboclos_do_Terreiro_Matamba_Tombenci_Neto_Marinho_e_Goldman_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mameto_Mukal%C3%AA_e_um_dos_caboclos_do_Terreiro_Matamba_Tombenci_Neto_Marinho_e_Goldman_2020.jpg/330px-Mameto_Mukal%C3%AA_e_um_dos_caboclos_do_Terreiro_Matamba_Tombenci_Neto_Marinho_e_Goldman_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mameto_Mukal%C3%AA_e_um_dos_caboclos_do_Terreiro_Matamba_Tombenci_Neto_Marinho_e_Goldman_2020.jpg/440px-Mameto_Mukal%C3%AA_e_um_dos_caboclos_do_Terreiro_Matamba_Tombenci_Neto_Marinho_e_Goldman_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>Practitioners inside the Terreiro Matamba Tombenci Neto in <a href="/wiki/Ilh%C3%A9us" title="Ilhéus">Ilhéus</a>, Bahia.</figcaption></figure> Candomblé is a "neo-African"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks19972-1">[1]</a> or African American religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150-2">[2]</a> and more specifically an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilian</a> religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Voeks1997xivJohnson2002151,_202Sansi-Roca2005140Bahia2014340-3">[3]</a> It arose in 19th-century Brazil, where the imported <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional African religions</a> of enslaved West Africans had to adapt to a slave colony in which <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> was the official religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200241-4">[4]</a> It is thus one of several religions that emerged in the Americas through the interaction of West African and Roman Catholic traditions, and for this reason is considered a "sister religion" of Cuban <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20029Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007149-5">[5]</a> Candomblé's followers are called povo de santo (people of saint),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010292Selka2013405-6">[6]</a> or Candomblecistas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010291Engler201215-7">[7]</a> The term Candomblé itself probably derives from a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> word for dances, kandombele, which also developed into the term for a dance style in Argentina and Uruguay, <a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202-8">[8]</a> Another word sometimes applied to Candomblé is <a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">macumba</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769Capone2010155-9">[9]</a> this generic term can be applied to Afro-Brazilian religions as a whole but is especially associated with <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">sorcery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007284-10">[10]</a> and thus some Candomblécistas distance themselves from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007285–286-11">[11]</a> Candomblé is not institutionalised,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150–151-12">[12]</a> with no central authority to determine doctrine and orthodoxy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199157Johnson200250-13">[13]</a> and no central sacred text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990124Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007151-14">[14]</a> It is heterogenous,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia201616-15">[15]</a> displaying regional variation in its beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990103-16">[16]</a> Each lineage or community of practitioners is autonomous,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150-17">[17]</a> approaching the religion in ways informed by their tradition and the choices of their leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone20108-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orixa_Yemanja_Orossi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Orixa_Yemanja_Orossi.JPG/220px-Orixa_Yemanja_Orossi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Orixa_Yemanja_Orossi.JPG/330px-Orixa_Yemanja_Orossi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Orixa_Yemanja_Orossi.JPG/440px-Orixa_Yemanja_Orossi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A Candomblé ritual in 2008</figcaption></figure> Most Candomblecistas also practice Roman Catholicism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199115Voeks199761Johnson2002122–123-19">[19]</a>—some priests and priestesses of Candomblé refuse to initiate anyone who is not a <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> Roman Catholic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990112Voeks199761-20">[20]</a>—while other practitioners have also pursued <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestantism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010291-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> practices,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia201622-22">[22]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia201622-22">[22]</a> Sometimes these non-Candomblist elements have been directly integrated into Candomblé itself; there are reports of a Brazilian practitioner including a statue of the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhist</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Hotei</a> on their altar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199110-23">[23]</a> and of a Belgian Candomblé group that incorporated characters from <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythologies</a> in their practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014363-24">[24]</a> Candomblé has sometimes also been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a>, a French variant of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a>, although many Spiritists distinguish their religion from Afro-Brazilian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19915-25">[25]</a> Afro-Brazilian religions often mix with each other rather than existing in pure forms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201095-26">[26]</a> with many scholars viewing them on a continuum rather than as wholly discrete entities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone20108–9-27">[27]</a> Candomblé shares the names of its deities, the orixás, with <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200252-28">[28]</a> a religion formed in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010103-29">[29]</a> Umbandista groups exist on a spectrum from those emphasising connections to Spiritism to those stressing links with Afro-Brazilian religions like Candomblé;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19861-30">[30]</a> the anthropologist Diana Brown noted that the boundary separating Umbanda from Candomblé was largely "a matter of individual opinion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198688-31">[31]</a> Omolocô was founded in Rio de Janeiro as an intermediate religion between Candomblé and Umbanda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010105-32">[32]</a> with traditions merging these two systems sometimes labelled "Umbandomblé" by outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200252Capone20109,_260-33">[33]</a> There are also other Afro-Brazilian religions rooted largely in specific regions, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babassu%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babassuê (page does not exist)">Babassuê</a> in <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batuque_(religion)" title="Batuque (religion)">Batuque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a> and Pará.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngler201215-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nações">Nações</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nações">edit</a>]</div> Candomblé divides into traditions known as nações (nations).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199171Voeks199753-35">[35]</a> The three most prominent are <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Nagô or Ketu (Queto)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jeje (Gege) or Mina-Jeje</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Angola or Congo-Angola</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19915Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007157-36">[36]</a> others include the Ijexá (<a href="/wiki/Ijesha" title="Ijesha">Ijesha</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba</a>, Efan (<a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti</a>)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and Caboclo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754-37">[37]</a> Each derives influence from a different African language group; Ketu uses <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, Jeje adopts <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, and the Angola draws from the Bantu language group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19915-25">[25]</a> Informed by these ethno-linguistic origins, each Candomblé nation has its own lexicon, chants, deities, sacred objects, and traditional knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754-37">[37]</a> Although originating among ethnic differences, this has largely eroded over time, with members drawn to a nation for reasons other than ethnic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754-37">[37]</a> An initiate can transfer from one nation to another, a process referred to as trocar as águas ("to change the waters").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010267-39">[39]</a> Attitudes between nations can be negative; those groups which emphasise claims to "African purity" have often denigrated other nations they deem more syncretic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007298-40">[40]</a> with the Angola nation sometimes regarded as the most syncretic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991166-41">[41]</a> The Nagô nation is the largest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201219-42">[42]</a> reflecting how <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba traditional religion</a> became the dominant West African influence within Afro-Brazilian religions in the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199752-43">[43]</a> and even among nations other than the Nagô, Yoruba-derived terminology predominates widely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991125-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olorun_and_the_orixás">Olorun and the orixás</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Olorun and the orixás">edit</a>]</div> Candomblé teaches the existence of a supreme divinity called <a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Olorun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002125,_136-45">[45]</a> This entity is regarded as the creator of everything but is thought distant and unapproachable, and thus not specifically worshipped in Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_orixás">The orixás</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The orixás">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_11.jpg/220px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_11.jpg/330px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_11.jpg/440px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A statue depicting the orixá Xangô inside a Candomblé terreiro in São Paulo; he is distinguished by his double-headed axe, the oxê<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991167-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> Candomblé revolves around spirits termed orixás (orishas)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990108Voeks199754Johnson200214Brazeal2013105-47">[47]</a> or santos ("saints").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002205Sansi-Roca2005141Capone2010267-48">[48]</a> In the Angola tradition they are sometimes termed inkice,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199172Capone2010265-49">[49]</a> and in the Jeje tradition vodun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199172Capone2010268-50">[50]</a> The males are termed aborôs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195-51">[51]</a> the females iabás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991123,_199-52">[52]</a> Believed to mediate between humanity and Olorun,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200214Capone2010267-53">[53]</a> the orixás have been varyingly conceived as ancestral figures,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200236-54">[54]</a> or embodiments of forces of nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199756Johnson200214Schmidt2014142-55">[55]</a> Their names may differ according to nation; in Nagô they commonly possess Yoruba names, but in the Jeje nation they are instead given Fon names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199755-56">[56]</a> The orixás are deemed morally ambiguous, each with their own virtues and flaws,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014355-57">[57]</a> and are sometimes in conflict with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991128-58">[58]</a> Each orixá is associated with specific colours, foods, animals, and minerals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990119-59">[59]</a> favoring certain offerings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199757-60">[60]</a> Each orixá is associated with a particular day of the week;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990105Voeks199777-61">[61]</a> the priesthood also states that each year is governed by a specific orixá who will influence the events taking place within it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990105-62">[62]</a> Their personalities are informed by a key conceptual opposition in Candomblé, that of the cool versus the hot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199756-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxal%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxalá">Oxalá</a> is the chief orixá,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013114-64">[64]</a> depicted as a frail old man who walks with a pachorô sceptre as a walking stick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991124-65">[65]</a> Practitioners commonly believe that Olorun tasked him with creating humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002125-66">[66]</a> In some accounts, all of the junior orixás are the children of Oxalá and one of his two wives, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Buluku" title="Nana Buluku">Nanã</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iemanj%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Iemanjá">Iemanjá</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199184-67">[67]</a> This trio are associated with water; Oxalá with fresh water, Nanã with the rain, and Iemanjá with the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991123-68">[68]</a> Other accounts present this <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a> differently, for instance by claiming that Oxalá fathered all other orixás alone, having created the world from a <a href="/wiki/List_of_porridges#M" title="List of porridges">mingau</a> pudding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991126-69">[69]</a> An alternative claim among practitioners is that Nanã is the grandmother of Oxalá and the mother of Iemanjá, the latter becoming both mother and wife to Oxalá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991126-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escultura_Yemanj%C3%A1_Rio_Vermelho_Salvador_2018-0713.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Escultura_Yemanj%C3%A1_Rio_Vermelho_Salvador_2018-0713.jpg/220px-Escultura_Yemanj%C3%A1_Rio_Vermelho_Salvador_2018-0713.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Escultura_Yemanj%C3%A1_Rio_Vermelho_Salvador_2018-0713.jpg/330px-Escultura_Yemanj%C3%A1_Rio_Vermelho_Salvador_2018-0713.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Escultura_Yemanj%C3%A1_Rio_Vermelho_Salvador_2018-0713.jpg/440px-Escultura_Yemanj%C3%A1_Rio_Vermelho_Salvador_2018-0713.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Iemanjá in Salvador</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Xang%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Xangô">Xangô</a> is the orixá associated with thunder and lightning;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991203Voeks1997125Johnson2002205-70">[70]</a> one of his wives is <a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cba_(orisha)" title="Ọba (orisha)">Obá</a>, a warrior who has only one ear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002204-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ogum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogum">Ogum</a> is the orixá of battle and of iron, often depicted with a machete;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199124Johnson2002204-72">[72]</a> his companion is <a href="/wiki/Ox%C3%B3ssi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxóssi">Oxóssi</a>, the male orixá of the hunt and forest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199756,_126Johnson2002205-73">[73]</a> Obaluaiê or Omolu is the orixá associated with infectious disease and its cure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991113Voeks199779,_124Capone201082–83-74">[74]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Osanyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Osanyin">Osanyin</a> is associated with leaves, herbs, and herbal knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002204-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oya" class="mw-redirect" title="Oya">Oya</a> is the orixá of wind and storms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002205-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxumar%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxumaré">Oxumaré</a> is regarded as both male and female and is portrayed as a serpent or a rainbow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991126Voeks199759Johnson2002205-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxum">Oxum</a> is the orixá of love, beauty, wealth and luxury, and is associated with fresh water, fish, mermaids, and butterflies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19919Johnson2002205-77">[77]</a> She is married to Ifa, regarded as the orixá of divination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002125-66">[66]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo_(orix%C3%A1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tempo (orixá) (page does not exist)">Tempo</a> is the orixá of time;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991174-78">[78]</a> originating in the Angola nation, he is associated with trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991166-41">[41]</a> Due to the link with trees, he is sometimes equated with the Nagô orixá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loko_(or%C3%ADxa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loko (oríxa) (page does not exist)">Loko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991166-41">[41]</a> The orixá <a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Exú">Exú</a> is regarded as a capricious trickster;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997126Johnson200239Capone201035-79">[79]</a> as the guardian of entrances,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200249-80">[80]</a> he facilitates contact between humanity and the other orixá,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199775Capone2010133-81">[81]</a> thus usually being honoured and fed first in any ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Voeks199776Johnson200239Brazeal2013112-82">[82]</a> His ritual paraphernalia is often kept separate from that of other orixás,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19919-83">[83]</a> while the entrances to most terreiros will have a clay head, decorated with cowries or nails, that represents Exú and is given offerings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201046-84">[84]</a> The orixás are regarded as having different aspects, known as marcas ("types" or "qualities"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19919,_122-85">[85]</a> each of which may have an individual name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991122-86">[86]</a> Child forms of the orixás are termed erês.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991124Voeks199788Capone2010264-87">[87]</a> They are deemed the most uncontrollable spirits of all, associated with obscenities and pranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199163-88">[88]</a> The child forms of orixás have specific names; the erê of Oxalá is for instance called Ebozingo ("Little Ebô") and Pombinho ("Little Dove").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991124-65">[65]</a> The material image of an orixá is called an igbá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002116-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saints">Saints</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Saints">edit</a>]</div> Each orixá equates with a Roman Catholic saint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990111–112Wafer199156Voeks199759Paula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013290-90">[90]</a> For instance, Omolu, an orixa of sickness, is often equated with <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Saint Lazarus</a> the leper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199146-91">[91]</a> Oxalá has been conflated with <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Nosso_Senhor_do_Bonfim,_Salvador" title="Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim, Salvador">Our Lord of Bonfim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991126-69">[69]</a> Oxum with <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception">Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013291-92">[92]</a> and Ogum with <a href="/wiki/St_Anthony_of_Padua" class="mw-redirect" title="St Anthony of Padua">St Anthony of Padua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199124Voeks199760–61-93">[93]</a> Due to his association with time, Tempo is sometimes equated with the Christian idea of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991173-94">[94]</a> In Candomblé altars, the orixás are often represented with images and statues of Roman Catholic saints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990112-95">[95]</a> This process may have begun as a subterfuge to retain the worship of African deities under European rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199760-96">[96]</a> although such syncretisms could have already been occurring in Africa prior to the Atlantic slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199759-97">[97]</a> From the later 20th century, some practitioners have attempted to distance the orixás from the saints as a means of re-emphasising the religion's West African origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990113-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> Robert A. Voeks observed that it was the priesthood and more formally educated practitioners who preferred to distinguish the orixás from the saints, whereas less formally educated adherents tended not to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199761-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationships_with_the_orixás">Relationships with the orixás</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationships with the orixás">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oferenda_para_Yemanja.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oferenda_para_Yemanja.JPG/220px-Oferenda_para_Yemanja.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oferenda_para_Yemanja.JPG/330px-Oferenda_para_Yemanja.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oferenda_para_Yemanja.JPG/440px-Oferenda_para_Yemanja.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A statue of the orixá <a href="/wiki/Iemanj%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Iemanjá">Iemanjá</a> in Brazil, with offerings placed around it</figcaption></figure> In Candomblé, relationships are thought rooted in reciprocal obligations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010296-100">[100]</a> and Candomblecistas see the relationship between the orixás and humanity as being one of interdependence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990121Johnson2002136-101">[101]</a> Practitioners seek to build harmonious relationships with the orixás,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990125-102">[102]</a> thus securing their protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013106-103">[103]</a> Candomblé teaches that everyone links to a particular orixá,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990117Capone2010122-104">[104]</a> one that influences that individual's personality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990117Paula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013290-105">[105]</a> This is their dono da cabeça:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202-8">[8]</a> the owner or master of the person's head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990117Wafer199116Capone2010122-106">[106]</a> The gender of this tutelary orixá is not necessarily the same as their human's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199148Voeks199774-107">[107]</a> The identity of a person's orixá can be ascertained through divination,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990117-108">[108]</a> and failing to know one's orixá is sometimes interpreted as the cause of mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990118-109">[109]</a> Depending on the orixá in question, an initiate may choose to avoid or to engage in certain activities, such as avoiding specific foods or wearing specific colours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990119-59">[59]</a> Some practitioners also believe in further orixá linked to an individual; a second is known as the juntó,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991116Johnson2002203-110">[110]</a> while a third is called the adjuntó, the tojuntó, or the dijuntó.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991116-111">[111]</a> Some believe that a person can also have a fourth orixá, inherited from a deceased relative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199116-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exus_and_caboclos">Exus and caboclos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exus and caboclos">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_12.jpg/220px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_12.jpg/330px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_12.jpg/440px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A statue inside a Candomblé terreiro in São Paulo; it depicts a Native American spirit, a caboclo</figcaption></figure> Another spirit group in the Candomblé worldview are the exus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19919-83">[83]</a> sometimes termed exuas when female,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991198-113">[113]</a> or exu-mirims when children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991124,_198-114">[114]</a> Deemed closer to humanity than the orixás and thus more accessible,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199114-115">[115]</a> the exus are often regarded as the "slaves" of the orixás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199114,_198Hayes2007310-116">[116]</a> In common parlance they are often described as "devils",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199114,_198Brazeal2013106-117">[117]</a> although in Candomblé are not regarded as a force for absolute evil but rather thought capable of both good and bad acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199114-115">[115]</a> Practitioners believe that the exus can "open" or "close" the "roads" of fate in one's life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199115-118">[118]</a> bringing about both help and harm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013108-119">[119]</a> Candomblé teaches that the exus can be induced to do a practitioner's bidding,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199115-118">[118]</a> although need to be carefully controlled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013108-119">[119]</a> The exus are recorded as having been part of Candomblé since at least the 1930s and probably arose earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007311-120">[120]</a> Also present in Candomblé are the caboclos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199126Capone201012,_263Brazeal2013106-121">[121]</a> their name probably stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi language</a> term kari'boka ("deriving from the white").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199155-122">[122]</a> These spirits are typically those of indigenous Americans or of <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">boiadeiros</a> ("cowboys" or "backwoodsmen"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199155Brazeal2013106-123">[123]</a> although in rarer cases caboclos are portrayed as being from the sea or from foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199155-122">[122]</a> Almost exclusively male,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991106-124">[124]</a> the caboclos are believed to dwell in a forest land called Aruanda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199163,_83-125">[125]</a> and are characterised as smoking cigars and favoring beer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199127,_83-126">[126]</a> The caboclos are particularly important in the Candomblé de Caboclo nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199172-127">[127]</a> This tradition has long been denigrated as inferior by other Candomblecistas, especially from the Nagô tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007298-40">[40]</a> Many practitioners reject interaction with caboclos;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2014140-128">[128]</a> this is the case for those who have tried to "re-Africanize" Candomblé since the late 20th century and who tend reject the caboclos as being of non-African derivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199158-129">[129]</a> As a result, some Candomblecistas have venerated orixás in the terreiro but only engaged with lesser spirits like the caboclos in the home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010131-130">[130]</a> Where an individual has come to Candomblé via another Brazilian tradition like Umbanda, they are sometimes deemed to have brought caboclos or exus with them. In these instances, attempts are sometimes made to "Africanize" these spirits, ritually "seating" them in a material object, giving them an African-derived name, and then considering them a pledged slave of the orixás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010135–137-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_the_dead">Birth and the dead</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Birth and the dead">edit</a>]</div> Candomblé adopts its cosmology largely from Yoruba traditional religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199761,_63-132">[132]</a> The material world of humanity is called aiê (or aiye);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199763Johnson2002112,_201Capone2010263-133">[133]</a> the realm of the spirits is termed orun,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199763Johnson200238,_112,_204Capone2010267-134">[134]</a> and is divided into nine levels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199763-135">[135]</a> Death is personified in the figure of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iku_(Candombl%C3%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iku (Candomblé) (page does not exist)">Iku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002203-136">[136]</a> A person's inner head, in which their tutelary orixá is believed to reside, is called the ori.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002204-71">[71]</a> Spirits of the dead are called eguns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199763Johnson2002202Capone201080,_264Bahia2014335-137">[137]</a> The recently deceased are termed aparacá;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195-51">[51]</a> after they have been "educated" by receiving sacrifices they become babá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991196-138">[138]</a> After death, the egun can enter orun, although the level they reach depends on the spiritual growth they attained in life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199763-135">[135]</a> Sometimes, eguns will seek to help the living but inadvertently harm them;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991114-139">[139]</a> given this potential, Candomblé stresses precautions in dealing with these entities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013117-140">[140]</a> Contact with the egun is accompanied by rituals to neutralise their harmful power or pollution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010121-141">[141]</a> The contra-egun is an armband made of plaited raffia which is sometimes worn to ward off dead spirits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991197-142">[142]</a> Although thought possible, possession by eguns is considered rare,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991183-143">[143]</a> and is generally discouraged by Candomblé groups, who deem it spiritually polluting, a viewpoint that distinguishes Candomblé from Umbanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201012-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axé">Axé</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Axé">edit</a>]</div> Candomblé teaches the existence of a force called ashe or axé,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990123Johnson200214-145">[145]</a> a central concept in Yoruba-derived traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199773Afolabi2005108-146">[146]</a> The scholar Sheila Walker described axé as "the spiritual force of the universe",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990123-147">[147]</a> and the anthropologist Joana Bahia called it "sacred force."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia201623-148">[148]</a> Jim Wafer termed it "vital force",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199119-149">[149]</a> while Voeks favored "vital energy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199756-63">[63]</a> Scholar of religion Paul Johnson characterised it as "a creative spiritual force with real material effects."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200214-150">[150]</a> Practitioners believe axé can move,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199119-149">[149]</a> but can also concentrate in specific objects, such as leaves, roots, and specific body parts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199773-151">[151]</a> Blood in particular is deemed to contain axé in its most concentrated form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002136-152">[152]</a> Humans can accumulate axé, but also either lose or transfer it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990123Voeks199773-153">[153]</a> with this force expressed through songs, prayers, and speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfolabi2005110-154">[154]</a> Specific rituals and obligations are believed to maintain and enhance a person's axé,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199774-155">[155]</a> while other ritual acts are designed to attract or share this force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990124Johnson2002105–106-156">[156]</a> Dendê, a sacred palm oil used to cook ritual meals, is considered to be a materialized form of axé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarela2017102-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality,_ethics,_and_gender_roles">Morality, ethics, and gender roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Morality, ethics, and gender roles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obaluaye,_Sapata_no_Olubaje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obaluaye%2C_Sapata_no_Olubaje.jpg/220px-Obaluaye%2C_Sapata_no_Olubaje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obaluaye%2C_Sapata_no_Olubaje.jpg/330px-Obaluaye%2C_Sapata_no_Olubaje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obaluaye%2C_Sapata_no_Olubaje.jpg/440px-Obaluaye%2C_Sapata_no_Olubaje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Candomblé ritual in 2008</figcaption></figure> Candomblé generally has no fixed ethical precepts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010296-100">[100]</a> although its teachings influence the lives of Candomblecistas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990124-158">[158]</a> Rather than stressing a dichotomy between good and evil, emphasis is placed on achieving equilibrium between competing forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010296-100">[100]</a> Problems that arise in a person's life are often interpreted as resulting from a disharmony in an individual's relationship with their tutelary orixá;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990118-109">[109]</a> harmony is ensured by following the orixá's euó (taboos) regarding issues like food, drink, and colors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199776-159">[159]</a> Male/female polarity is a recurring theme throughout Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200243-160">[160]</a> Many roles within the religion are gendered. For instance, animal sacrifice and the shaving of an initiate's head are usually reserved for male practitioners, while women are typically responsible for domestic duties in maintaining the ritual space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201222-161">[161]</a> Such divisions mirror broader gender norms in Brazilian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201222-161">[161]</a> Restrictions are also placed on women while menstruating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007159-162">[162]</a> However, women can still wield significant power as the heads of the terreiros;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200248-163">[163]</a> most terreiros in Bahia are led by women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199751-164">[164]</a> Accordingly, it has been called a female-dominated religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007151-165">[165]</a> with scholarly debates taking place over whether it can be labelled matriarchal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201220Hartikainen2017366-166">[166]</a> There is evidence that Candomblé is more accepting of sexual and gender non-conformity than mainstream Brazilian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007160Allen201220-167">[167]</a> Many gay men are followers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201220-168">[168]</a>—in Rio de Janeiro many terreiros are integrated into the city's gay social network<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200255-169">[169]</a>—and a pervasive stereotype associates Candomblé with gay men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010297Allen201221-170">[170]</a> Homosexuals have described the religion as a more welcoming environment than Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010297Allen201220-171">[171]</a> and have cited stories of relationships between male orixás, such as Oxôssi and Ossain, as affirming same-sex attraction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201220-168">[168]</a> Some practitioners have involved themselves in political causes including <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">indigenous rights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLoachPetersen201045-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Practices">edit</a>]</div> Candomblé is a practice-oriented religion; <a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">ritual correctness is considered more important than belief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200212,_105-173">[173]</a> Rituals often focus on pragmatic issues regarding prosperity, health, love, and fecundity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769Johnson200236-174">[174]</a> Those engaging in Candomblé include various initiates of varying degrees and non-initiates who may attend events and approach initiates seeking help with various problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990116-175">[175]</a> Candomblé is an initiatory religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007157-176">[176]</a> one which is organized around a structured hierarchy based on initiatory status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002157Capone2010117Selka2010294-177">[177]</a> Knowledge about Candomblé's beliefs and practices is referred to as the fundamentos (foundations"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200231,_202Hartikainen2017369-178">[178]</a> and is guarded by practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017369-179">[179]</a> It makes use of secrecy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002146-180">[180]</a> and so Johnson has characterised it as a <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200227-181">[181]</a> African-derived terms are used in ritual contexts;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007156–157-182">[182]</a> in general, words of Yoruba origin predominate in the Nagô nation, those from Ewe-Fon languages in Jeje nations, and words from the Bantu languages in the Angola nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19915Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007161-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Houses_of_Worship">Houses of Worship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Houses of Worship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_09.jpg/220px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_09.jpg/330px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_09.jpg/440px-AX%C3%89_IL%C3%8A_OB%C3%81_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the Axé Ilê Obá terreiro in São Paulo, Brazil</figcaption></figure> Candomblé places of worship are called terreiros ("houses"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990104Wafer19914Johnson200213,_205Bahia201618-184">[184]</a> or ilês.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014334Johnson2002203-185">[185]</a> Each terreiro is independent and operates autonomously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997129Johnson200235Capone201031-186">[186]</a> They range in size from small houses to large compounds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990116-175">[175]</a> and also vary in terms of their wealth and fame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997133-187">[187]</a> A terreiro's importance is generally regarded as being proportional to the number of initiates and clients that it has;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201010-188">[188]</a> the greater the number of initiates, the greater its own axé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990123-147">[147]</a> Enmity often exists between terreiros,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991124-65">[65]</a> especially as they compete for members,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199124Voeks1997129Johnson200250-189">[189]</a> with defection of individuals from one to another being common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991149-190">[190]</a> A terreiro may be concealed, so as not to attract unwanted attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017369-179">[179]</a> The interior consists of a series of rooms, some off-limits to non-initiates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200249-80">[80]</a> They contain an altar to the deities, a space to perform ceremonies, and accommodation for the priests or priestesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990116-175">[175]</a> The bakisse is the "room of the saints", a storeroom containing both ritual paraphernalia and the assentamentos, or seated objects, of the orixás,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991112,_122-191">[191]</a> with most terreiros offering veneration to between twelve and twenty of these spirits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200237-192">[192]</a> Another room, the roncó ("retreat room") or camarinha, is used during initiations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991112Voeks199767Johnson2002124,_205-193">[193]</a> while the barracão ("big shed") is where public rituals, including divination, take place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199126,_196Voeks199767Johnson200249,_202Capone201057,_263-194">[194]</a> Terreiros lacking a barracão may use a yard for public rites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199126-195">[195]</a> The peji, or shrines to deities, will often be located around the perimeter of the barracão.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199767-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acentamento_de_Ogum,_Orossi..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Acentamento_de_Ogum%2C_Orossi..JPG/220px-Acentamento_de_Ogum%2C_Orossi..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Acentamento_de_Ogum%2C_Orossi..JPG/330px-Acentamento_de_Ogum%2C_Orossi..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Acentamento_de_Ogum%2C_Orossi..JPG/440px-Acentamento_de_Ogum%2C_Orossi..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The assamentos, or sacred objects in which the orixá lives, stored in a bakisse inside a terreiro</figcaption></figure> The floor of the terreiro is deemed sacred, consecrated to the tutelary orixá of the house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013115-197">[197]</a> The terreiro will often have a cumeeira, a central pole in the structure believed to link humanity's world with that of the orixás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991142Johnson2002112-198">[198]</a> This stands above the entoto ("foundation") of the terreiro,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991142-199">[199]</a> a space periodically "fed" with offerings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991132-200">[200]</a> An outdoor enclosure may have a tree dedicated to Tempo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991174–175-201">[201]</a> shrines to forest orixás like Oxossi and Ogun,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199147-202">[202]</a> and a balé, a place set aside for the souls of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991183,_196-203">[203]</a> Plants used in rituals may also be grown in this outdoor area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199147-202">[202]</a> Public ceremonies take place at the terreiros where both initiates and non-initiates can attend to celebrate the orixás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990121-204">[204]</a> Participants are expected to wear white; women wear skirts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199148Bahia201624-205">[205]</a> Ceremonies often begin long after the advertised starting time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002165-206">[206]</a> At these, food is offered to specific orixás while the rest is shared among participants, with the latter thereby gaining some of the axé of the orixás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990121-204">[204]</a> These public rites are both preceded and succeeded by a range of private ritual acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990121-204">[204]</a> Most of the rituals that take place at the terreiros are private and open only to initiates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990121-204">[204]</a> Walker believed that it was these that represented "the real core of the religious life of the Candomblé community."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990121-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Priesthood_and_congregation">Priesthood and congregation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Priesthood and congregation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-11-20_XXVIII_Encontro_dos_Tambores_-_Missa_dos_Quilombos_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2023-11-20_XXVIII_Encontro_dos_Tambores_-_Missa_dos_Quilombos_03.jpg/220px-2023-11-20_XXVIII_Encontro_dos_Tambores_-_Missa_dos_Quilombos_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2023-11-20_XXVIII_Encontro_dos_Tambores_-_Missa_dos_Quilombos_03.jpg/330px-2023-11-20_XXVIII_Encontro_dos_Tambores_-_Missa_dos_Quilombos_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2023-11-20_XXVIII_Encontro_dos_Tambores_-_Missa_dos_Quilombos_03.jpg/440px-2023-11-20_XXVIII_Encontro_dos_Tambores_-_Missa_dos_Quilombos_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A Candomblé ritual photographed in 2023</figcaption></figure> The community of a terreiro is called an egbé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202-8">[8]</a> This is regarded as a "family",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991146-207">[207]</a> its initiates being "brothers" and "sisters" in the orixás (irmãos de Santo or irmãs de santo).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991147Johnson2002109-208">[208]</a> Sexual or romantic relations between terreiro members is usually forbidden,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199184-67">[67]</a> although does happen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991141-209">[209]</a> Being initiated into a terreito connects an individual to the lineage of that house;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013111-210">[210]</a> this lineage is linked to the axé of the terreiro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200248-163">[163]</a> The founders of a terreiro are called essas and their names are evoked in the padê.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201059,_264-211">[211]</a> A priestess running a terreiro is a mâe de santo (mother of saints);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19916Voeks1997xviJohnson2002112,_203Bahia2014334-212">[212]</a> a priest who does so is a pai de santo (father of saints).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19916Voeks1997xviJohnson2002205Bahia2014334Bahia201617-213">[213]</a> Specific terms also indicate which nation a person belongs to;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007164-214">[214]</a> in Nagô Candomblé, a male priest is called a babalorixá,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199763Johnson2002201Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007163–164Capone2010263-215">[215]</a> a female priestess an iyalorixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199763Johnson2002203Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007163–164Capone2010263,_265-216">[216]</a> Serving as intermediaries between the orixás and humanity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990116-175">[175]</a> this priesthood is responsible for all important functions, including educating novices, adjudicating disputes, and providing healing and divination services,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199765-217">[217]</a> these latter services often being their primary income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199798-218">[218]</a> Not constrained by external religious authorities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200250-219">[219]</a> these "parents of saints" often exert considerable control over their initiates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199138-220">[220]</a> The latter are expected to submit to their authority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005142Brazeal2013106-221">[221]</a> and to prostrate before them in an act called an iká;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002203-136">[136]</a> however, conflicts between these "parents" and their initiates are common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005142-222">[222]</a> A terreiro will often disband when its chief priest or priestess dies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002159-223">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificio_para_Exu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sacrificio_para_Exu.JPG/220px-Sacrificio_para_Exu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sacrificio_para_Exu.JPG/330px-Sacrificio_para_Exu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sacrificio_para_Exu.JPG/440px-Sacrificio_para_Exu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A sacrifice to the orixá Exu</figcaption></figure> Assisting the mâe or pai de Santo is the iyakekerê ("little mother")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991131Johnson200250,_203Capone2010266-224">[224]</a> or mãe pequena,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199765Capone2010266-225">[225]</a> and the "little father".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991131-226">[226]</a> Other roles in the terreiro include the iyabase, who prepares food for the orixás,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002203-136">[136]</a> and the alabê (musical director).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200250-219">[219]</a> Initiates, called the filhos (sons) and filhas de santo (daughters of the saints), assist as cooks, cleaners, and gardeners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199765-217">[217]</a> Women initiates who do not enter trance but assist those who do are called ekedi; their male counterparts are termed ogan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202Conner2005155Capone2010264,_266-227">[227]</a> The ogã are male members, often not initiated, whose role is largely honorific, consisting largely of contributing financially.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199765-217">[217]</a> An individual who has taken steps toward initiation but not yet undergone this process is termed an abiã or abian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195Johnson2002201Capone2010263-228">[228]</a> An initiate of less than seven years is an iaô or iyawó;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200231Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007165Capone2010266-229">[229]</a> after seven years they may undergo the deká ceremony and thus be regarded as an ebomi, allowing them to open their own terreiro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010264-230">[230]</a> Those who have performed seven years of initiatory rituals are called ebomi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002109–110-231">[231]</a> or ebame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991198-113">[113]</a> At the end of the seven years, they "receive the decá" from their initiator, being given a tray of ritual objects; this enables them to go and form their own temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199116–17-232">[232]</a> If another such terreiro splinters off, it is believed that the axé of the mother-terreiro transfers to the new one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200248-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shrines_and_otás">Shrines and otás</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Shrines and otás">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Objeto_de_Orumila_If%C3%A1_Benin._Orossi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Objeto_de_Orumila_If%C3%A1_Benin._Orossi.JPG/220px-Objeto_de_Orumila_If%C3%A1_Benin._Orossi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Objeto_de_Orumila_If%C3%A1_Benin._Orossi.JPG/330px-Objeto_de_Orumila_If%C3%A1_Benin._Orossi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Objeto_de_Orumila_If%C3%A1_Benin._Orossi.JPG/440px-Objeto_de_Orumila_If%C3%A1_Benin._Orossi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The otás, sacred stones that are central to Candomblé altars</figcaption></figure> An altar to the orixás is called a peji.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002205-75">[75]</a> It contains an assemblage of objects termed the assentamento ("seat") or assento of the orixá;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199128Johnson2002201Sansi-Roca2005142-233">[233]</a> this is regarded as the house of the orixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005143-234">[234]</a> This usually consists of various items placed within an enamel, earthenware, or wooden vessel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991130Sansi-Roca2005142-235">[235]</a> itself often wrapped in a cloth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005143-234">[234]</a> The assentamento can be stored in the initiate's home,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991132-200">[200]</a> or inside the terreiro's bakisse room,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991122Johnson2002116-236">[236]</a> which is only opened by the priestess or priest in charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005143-234">[234]</a> There, the assentamentos of the initiates may be arranged on a multi-level altar decorated with ribbons, colored lights, and flowers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991130-237">[237]</a> The key part of the assentamento is a sacred stone known as an otá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199119,_130Voeks199777Sansi-Roca2005139-238">[238]</a> This otá possesses axé,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199119Johnson2002123-239">[239]</a> and thus requires feeding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002116–117-240">[240]</a> Each orixá is associated with a different kind of stone; those from the ocean or rivers are for instance linked to Oxum and Iemanjá, while those believed to have fallen from the sky are linked to Xangô.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005142-222">[222]</a> Practitioners are expected to find these stones, rather than buying them, after which they will be ritually consecrated, being washed, given offerings, and "seated" in their vessel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005142–143-241">[241]</a> Alongside the otás, these spirit-vessels may contain ferramentos, or metal objects associated with specific orixás,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991130Johnson2002117-242">[242]</a> cowrie shells,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005152-243">[243]</a> bracelets called idés,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005153-244">[244]</a> animal body parts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005153-244">[244]</a> hair from the initiate who keeps it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991132-200">[200]</a> statues of associated Roman Catholic saints,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991130-237">[237]</a> and a mix of water, honey, and herbal preparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002117-245">[245]</a> Objects used in ritual are often sanctified with a herbal infusion called amaci.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195-51">[51]</a> Ritual objects are regarded as loci and accumulators of axé, although the supply of this force needs replenishing at various intervals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990123-147">[147]</a> For this reason, they are given blood, to feed them with new axé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199119-149">[149]</a> In Brazil, various stores specialise in paraphernalia required in Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002162-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offerings_and_animal_sacrifice">Offerings and animal sacrifice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Offerings and animal sacrifice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Ibalecy_Salvador_Bahia_2018-1452.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Ibalecy_Salvador_Bahia_2018-1452.jpg/220px-Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Ibalecy_Salvador_Bahia_2018-1452.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Ibalecy_Salvador_Bahia_2018-1452.jpg/330px-Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Ibalecy_Salvador_Bahia_2018-1452.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Ibalecy_Salvador_Bahia_2018-1452.jpg/440px-Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Ibalecy_Salvador_Bahia_2018-1452.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3741" data-file-height="5612" /></a><figcaption>A Candomblé altar at the Ilê Axé Ibalecy in Salvador, Bahia</figcaption></figure> Offerings to spirits are known as ebós,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002136,_202Selka2010294Brazeal2013104Bahia201628-247">[247]</a> and can consist of food, drink, fowl, and money;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013109-248">[248]</a> when animal sacrifice is not involved, a food offering is termed a comida seca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202-8">[8]</a> These offerings are believed to generate axé which then gives an orixá the power to aid their worshippers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002136-152">[152]</a> When a ceremony starts, practitioners typically provide a padé, or propitiatory offering, to the orixá Exu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199776Johnson2002134,_205Capone2010267Brazeal2013112-249">[249]</a> As well as being offered in the terreiro, food is often placed at an appropriate landscape location; offerings to Oxum are for instance often deposited by a freshwater stream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200236-54">[54]</a> Specific foodstuffs are associated with each orixá;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002133-250">[250]</a> a mix of <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a> with rice or <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a> meal, known as amalá, is considered a favourite of Xangô, Obá, and Iansã.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002201-251">[251]</a> When placed in the terreiro, food is typically left in place for between one and three days, sufficient time for the orixá to consume the food's essence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200236-54">[54]</a> The ritual payment of money, often accompanying the sacrifices, is termed dinheiro do chão ("money for the floor"). As part of this, money is placed onto the floor and often splattered with blood, before being divided among the participants of the rite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013114-64">[64]</a> Candomblé entails animal sacrifice,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013116-252">[252]</a> which is called matanças.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199765-217">[217]</a> The individual performing the sacrifice is known as an axogun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199765Johnson200245,_201-253">[253]</a> (or axogum<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991130-237">[237]</a>) or sometimes as a faca (knife).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199765-217">[217]</a> Species typically used are chickens, guinea fowl, white doves, and goats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199781-254">[254]</a> The animal will often have its neck cut with a knife,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199142-255">[255]</a> or in the case of birds, its head severed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002121-256">[256]</a> After the animal is killed, its blood is spilled onto the altar; its organs are often removed and placed around the "seat" of the orixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013116-252">[252]</a> Following the sacrifice, is it common for divination to be performed to determine if the sacrifice has been accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199142-255">[255]</a> Other body parts will then be consumed by the rite's participants; the exception is if the sacrifice was for eguns, which is instead left to rot or placed in a river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013116-252">[252]</a> Some of the food may then be taken away, to be left in the forest, thrown into a body of water, or placed at a crossroads;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199142,_128Johnson2002130-257">[257]</a> this is referred to as "suspending a sacrifice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991203-258">[258]</a> Outside Brazil, practitioners have faced challenges in performing animal sacrifice; in Germany, for instance, it is banned by law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014362Bahia201622–23-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiation">Initiation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Initiation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fio_de_conta_038.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fio_de_conta_038.JPG/220px-Fio_de_conta_038.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fio_de_conta_038.JPG/330px-Fio_de_conta_038.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fio_de_conta_038.JPG/440px-Fio_de_conta_038.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>During their initiation, a person will be given a necklace associated with their tutelary orixá</figcaption></figure> Initiation is known as fazer cabeça ("to make the head")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202-8">[8]</a> or fazer o santo ("making the saint").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005141-260">[260]</a> This is usually very expensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010114-261">[261]</a> Initiates are known as filhos de santo ("children of the saints").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200213,_202-262">[262]</a> At their initiation, they are given a new name, the nome de santo (saint's name), which usually indicates the identity of their tutelary orixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007161–162-263">[263]</a> Many feel that an orixá has demanded their initiation, with it being their obrigação ("duty").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansi-Roca2005141-260">[260]</a> If a group of individuals are being initiated together, they are termed a barco ("boat").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991196Johnson2002202-264">[264]</a> The length of the initiatory process varies between Candomblé houses but usually lasts from a few weeks to a few months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990120-265">[265]</a> The initiate is first brought to the terreiro, where they are left for a period of relaxation, the descanso, so that they might become "cool".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002110–112,_202-266">[266]</a> They are dressed in white clothing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991122Johnson2002118-267">[267]</a> and they will be given a string of beads associated with their tutelary orixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990119-59">[59]</a> The necklace is colored according to the latter; white for Oxalá, dark blue for Ogum, or red and white for Xangô, for instance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991112Voeks199777Johnson2002108–109-268">[268]</a> Washed and sprinkled with the blood of a sacrificed animal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990119Wafer1991112-269">[269]</a> these beads are sometimes believed to protect the wearer from harm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990104-270">[270]</a> New initiates are secluded in a room in the terreiro called the roncô,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199012Johnson2002117–118-271">[271]</a> where they sleep on a straw mat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002115-272">[272]</a> eat only bland food,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002118-273">[273]</a> and are often forbidden to speak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002118-273">[273]</a> During this period they are taught about their tutelary orixá, such as its likes and dislikes and its associated drum rhythms and dances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990120-265">[265]</a> The time spent in isolation varies, although three weeks is typical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002119-274">[274]</a> They will be bathed in water mixed with herbs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990120Johnson2002117-275">[275]</a> before being taken to the altar room, where drumming and singing takes place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002119-274">[274]</a> Animals are sacrificed, including a four-legged animal, and blood may be touched on the initiate's body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991150Johnson2002119-276">[276]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inicia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9_um_rito_de_passagem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Inicia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9_um_rito_de_passagem.JPG/220px-Inicia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9_um_rito_de_passagem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Inicia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9_um_rito_de_passagem.JPG/330px-Inicia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9_um_rito_de_passagem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Inicia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9_um_rito_de_passagem.JPG/440px-Inicia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A9_um_rito_de_passagem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An initiation conducted in Bahia in 2008; the white clothes and white spots are worn at this ceremony<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991137-277">[277]</a></figcaption></figure> The initiate's head is then shaved and two cuts made into the apex of it with a razor, allowing the orixá entry into it; blood and herbs may be mixed into the wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991111Johnson2002119-278">[278]</a> A cone of wax, the adoxu, may be placed on the cut to stem the bleeding;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991137Johnson2002119-279">[279]</a> the head will then be wrapped in cloth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991121-280">[280]</a> Depending on the terreiro, cuts may also be made on the initiate's tongue, back, upper arms, thighs, buttocks, and the soles of their feet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991145–146-281">[281]</a> With the incisions made, the orixá is "seated" within the individual's head during the assentar o santo ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990119Johnson2002108-282">[282]</a> The new initiate may be presented to the rest of the community through the saida ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990122Wafer1991202-283">[283]</a> Along with their white clothes, their body will often be covered in white spots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991137,_142Johnson2002126-284">[284]</a> During this, they may be expected to give the name of the marca of their tutelary orixá, which they are supposed to have discovered via a dream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991123-68">[68]</a> In the panán, the initiate is symbolically re-taught mundane tasks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002121-256">[256]</a> a ritual sometimes followed by an auction in which the initiate is symbolically sold to their spouse or a member of their family, a reference to the era of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002121-256">[256]</a> On the following Friday, they attend mass in a Roman Catholic church,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991162Johnson2002121–122-285">[285]</a> and finally, a senior terreiro member will lead them back to their home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002121-256">[256]</a> Becoming an initiate implies a relationship of mutual responsibility between the individual and the orixás,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990116-175">[175]</a> with the tutelary orixá now forever inhabiting that individual's body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2014144-286">[286]</a>Over the course of the following year, the initiate may conduct further "obligations" to build their relationship with the orixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990122-287">[287]</a> Candomblé includes additional, graded initiations, expected to take place one year, three years, and seven years after the original initiatory ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200216-288">[288]</a> Over the course of this they are expected to learn to receive all of their tutelary orixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199117-289">[289]</a> In practice, many adherents cannot afford these ceremonies at the specified time and they instead take place years after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200216-288">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Possession">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candombl%C3%A9_Itaparica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Candombl%C3%A9_Itaparica.jpg/220px-Candombl%C3%A9_Itaparica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Candombl%C3%A9_Itaparica.jpg/330px-Candombl%C3%A9_Itaparica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Candombl%C3%A9_Itaparica.jpg/440px-Candombl%C3%A9_Itaparica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Candomblé ceremony on Itaparica Island in Bahia</figcaption></figure> Music and dance are fundamental elements of Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia201625-290">[290]</a> The drumming will often take place all night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia201624-291">[291]</a> In the Nagô tradition, three main types of drum are employed, the largest being the rum, the middle-sized being the rumpi, and the smallest being the lé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199188Johnson2002112,_203,_205-292">[292]</a> These drums are understood as living and need to be "fed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002112-293">[293]</a> The head drummer is the alabê.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991130–131,_195Johnson2002201-294">[294]</a> Many terreiros maintain that women should not be involved in this ritual drumming, although others reject this tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991136-295">[295]</a> In some rituals, practitioners will drink a concoction containing <a href="/wiki/Mimosa_tenuiflora" title="Mimosa tenuiflora">jurema</a>, a mildly hallucinogenic plant, sometimes mixed with the blood of sacrificed animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199179-296">[296]</a> Although it is usually a dancer who becomes possessed, sometimes spectators will too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199174-297">[297]</a> A possessed person is called a cavalo (horse);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010265-298">[298]</a> being possessed by the orixá is deemed a privilege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990120-265">[265]</a> The state of vertigo signalling the onset of trance is known as barravento.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991196-138">[138]</a> As the trance begins, practitioners often experience a body spasm termed the arrepio ("shiver").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195-51">[51]</a> Practitioners believe that when an individual is possessed by a spirit, they have no control over the latter's actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991102-299">[299]</a> A common way of referring to the possession is receber ("to receive").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199174Wafer1991101-300">[300]</a> As it entails being "mounted", being possessed is regarded as being a symbolically female role,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200244-301">[301]</a> and some Candomblecistas believe that becoming a cavalo can turn a man homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200245-302">[302]</a> Practitioners may fully prostrate themselves before the possessed;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991175-303">[303]</a> this is termed a dobalé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202-8">[8]</a> After an individual becomes possessed, they may be led into an anteroom to be dressed in clothes associated with the possessing orixá; this usually includes brightly colored dresses, regardless of the gender of those involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199149Voeks199786-304">[304]</a> Those possessed by Ogun are for instance often given a metal helmet and axe, while those possessed by Oxum wear a crowd and carry a sword and the abebé fan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199786-305">[305]</a> The style of speech adopted by the possessed will be influenced by the type of spirit believed to be possessing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199144-306">[306]</a> Those possessed by an orixá may rarely if ever speak,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199162Johnson2002175-307">[307]</a> refusing to eat, drink, or smoke to emphasise their aristocratic disposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199162-308">[308]</a> When they dance, it will often be stylized and controlled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199163-88">[88]</a> When they do speak, the person possessed by an orixá may deliver predictions and prophecies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991165-309">[309]</a> Those deemed to be possessed by caboclos will often smoke cigars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199164-310">[310]</a> while those possessed by the erês child spirits may roll around the floor and squabble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199184-311">[311]</a> Once the possessing spirit departs, it is expected that the possessed person will have no memory of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199149-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_festivals">Public festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public festivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offerings_for_Lemanj%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Offerings_for_Lemanj%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Offerings_for_Lemanj%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Offerings_for_Lemanj%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Offerings_for_Lemanj%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Offerings_for_Lemanj%C3%A1.jpg/440px-Offerings_for_Lemanj%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>On her festival day in February, offerings to Yemanja are placed on boats and taken out to be cast into the water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002137-313">[313]</a></figcaption></figure> Although details of the liturgical calendar vary among terreiros, Candomblé features a yearly cycle of festivals or feasts to the orixás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002137-313">[313]</a> These are sometimes private and sometimes open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014343-314">[314]</a> These are typically held on the Roman Catholic saint's day associated with the saint linked to a particular orixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199158-129">[129]</a> The main festival season begins in September, with the feast of Oxala, and continues through to February, when the feast of Iemanjá takes place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002137-313">[313]</a> In the Nagô nation, the Waters of Oxala ritual is performed at the start of the liturgical year; it involves bringing fresh water, sometimes from a well, to the terreiro to purify and replenish the assamentos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002137-313">[313]</a> In some cases, Candomblé festivals have become widely popular with the public, especially those of Oxala and Iemanjá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199145Voeks199781Johnson2002158-315">[315]</a> Hundreds of thousands of people congregate at the beach on Iemanjá's Day (2 February),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199781-254">[254]</a> where they often load offerings to her onto boats, which then take them out into the water and cast them overboard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199145Johnson2002145-316">[316]</a> Among terreiros that hold festivals for the caboclos, this usually happens on 2 July, the day which marks Bahia's independence from Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199153-317">[317]</a> Public festivals for exus are rarer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199144-306">[306]</a> The tone of the event differs depending on which spirit category is being honoured; those for the orixás have more of a fixed structure and a greater formality, while those for the caboclos are more spontaneous and have greater interaction between the spirits and the human participants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199145-318">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divination">Divination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Divination">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odu_%C3%AAjib%C3%A9_ou_Alafia_Merindilogun..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Odu_%C3%AAjib%C3%A9_ou_Alafia_Merindilogun..JPG/220px-Odu_%C3%AAjib%C3%A9_ou_Alafia_Merindilogun..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Odu_%C3%AAjib%C3%A9_ou_Alafia_Merindilogun..JPG/330px-Odu_%C3%AAjib%C3%A9_ou_Alafia_Merindilogun..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Odu_%C3%AAjib%C3%A9_ou_Alafia_Merindilogun..JPG/440px-Odu_%C3%AAjib%C3%A9_ou_Alafia_Merindilogun..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A divinatory tray used for dilogun</figcaption></figure> Initiates engage in <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>, often as a key source of income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199789–90-319">[319]</a> The most common form of divination employed is the dilogun or jogo dos buzios ("shell game"), which is performed by both men and women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199789Johnson200212,_203Capone201043,_264-320">[320]</a> This entails throwing cowrie shells and drawing interpretation from their landing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991113–114-321">[321]</a> 16 shells are commonly thrown, with a further four to confirm the answer provided by the first throwing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991114Voeks199790-322">[322]</a> Each configuration of shells is associated with certain odu, or mythological stories,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199790-323">[323]</a> then interpreted as having pertinence for the client's situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199791-324">[324]</a> Another common divinatory practice involves slicing an onion in two and dropping the pieces to the ground, drawing conclusions from the face onto which they fall;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199142,_46-325">[325]</a> alternatively a kola nut may be cut into quarters and read in the same way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013112-326">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a> is another Yoruba divinatory system, however by the start of the 21st century this was characterised as either extinct,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201043-327">[327]</a> or very rare in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002125,_203-328">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healing_and_amulet_practices">Healing and amulet practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Healing and amulet practices">edit</a>]</div> Healing forms an important part of Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLoachPetersen201044-329">[329]</a> Priests and priestesses may offer healing for conditions ranging from obesity and hair loss to pneumonia and cancer;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997102-330">[330]</a> in this capacity they are often called <a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">curandeiros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199797-331">[331]</a> In the Candomblé worldview, a person's problems may be caused by their disequilibrium with the spirit world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199770-332">[332]</a> because they are lacking in axé and thus have an "open" body vulnerable to harmful influences,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002126-333">[333]</a> or because they are being punished by orixás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199789-334">[334]</a> Alternatively, a person may be suffering because the spirit of a deceased person has attached itself to them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997113–114-335">[335]</a> or because another human has wished them ill,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002126-333">[333]</a> either inadvertently, through the mau-olhado (<a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199797,_105-336">[336]</a> or through witchcraft and cursing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199770-332">[332]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terreiro_de_Candombl%C3%A9_Jiribatuba_Vera_Cruz_Bahia_Brazil_2018-0486.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terreiro_de_Candombl%C3%A9_Jiribatuba_Vera_Cruz_Bahia_Brazil_2018-0486.jpg/220px-Terreiro_de_Candombl%C3%A9_Jiribatuba_Vera_Cruz_Bahia_Brazil_2018-0486.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terreiro_de_Candombl%C3%A9_Jiribatuba_Vera_Cruz_Bahia_Brazil_2018-0486.jpg/330px-Terreiro_de_Candombl%C3%A9_Jiribatuba_Vera_Cruz_Bahia_Brazil_2018-0486.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terreiro_de_Candombl%C3%A9_Jiribatuba_Vera_Cruz_Bahia_Brazil_2018-0486.jpg/440px-Terreiro_de_Candombl%C3%A9_Jiribatuba_Vera_Cruz_Bahia_Brazil_2018-0486.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="6240" /></a><figcaption>Altar at the Terreiro de Candomblé in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiribatuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiribatuba (page does not exist)">Jiribatuba</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia_de_Jiribatuba" class="extiw" title="pt:Praia de Jiribatuba">pt</a>], <a href="/wiki/Vera_Cruz,_Bahia" title="Vera Cruz, Bahia">Vera Cruz</a> </figcaption></figure> People with a problem often approach a priest or priestess, who will then use divination to ascertain the cause and the remedy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013105-337">[337]</a> A common first step in the healing process is the limpeza, or spiritual cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199791-324">[324]</a> This often entails an offering to a particular orixá or lesser spirit; a sacudimento (leaf whipping), whereby leaves are wiped over the patient's body; or an abô (leaf bath), during which they are washed in water infused with various herbs and other ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199791Brazeal2013-338">[338]</a> If the individual's general health needs boosting, they may undergo the bori ceremony, in which food is placed on the patient's head to feed their tutelary orixá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990122-287">[287]</a> If an egum is thought to be troubling the person, they will often undergo the "cleansing of the body" rite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991143-339">[339]</a> In the troca da cobeça rite, the sickness is transferred to another, especially a bird that may be wiped over the patient before being killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19917Voeks1997114Brazeal2013116-340">[340]</a> Healing may also necessitate the patient's initiation into the religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013105-337">[337]</a> Staying healthy is then ensured by maintaining a state of equilibrium with the orixás, avoiding excess, and following lessons imparted in mythological tales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199770-332">[332]</a> In addition to offering these treatments, a Candomblé healer may also recommend that the patient seek help from a medical professional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199795–97-341">[341]</a> Candomblé healers are often well versed in <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199797-331">[331]</a> in which case they may be called a mâo de ofá.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199765-217">[217]</a> Herbs are deemed to contain axé which needs to be appropriately awakened:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199794-342">[342]</a> leaves should be fresh, not dried,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199794-342">[342]</a> and picked late at night or early in the morning to ensure maximum potency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199794-342">[342]</a> If taken from the forest, permission should be sought from the overseeing orixá and offerings left, such as coins, honey, or tobacco;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199794-342">[342]</a> alternatively, healers often purchase them from the casas de folhas ("houses of leaves") in markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997134-343">[343]</a> Leaves may then be rubbed directly on the patient or brewed into a tea or other medicinal concoction;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199799-344">[344]</a> practitioners may also produce pó (powder), which may have a variety of uses, from healing to harming or attracting someone's romantic attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997112–113-345">[345]</a> Candomblecistas often wear <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997107Hartikainen2017369–370-346">[346]</a> Common examples include horns or the figa, a fist with the thumb in inserted between the index and middle finger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997107-347">[347]</a> A patuá consists of a small cloth pouch containing various objects, plant parts, and texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997107-347">[347]</a> Sprigs of the <a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">arruda</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bitter_orange" title="Bitter orange">laranja-da-terra</a> plants may also be carried to protect against the evil eye.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997106-348">[348]</a> Specific plants, associated with a particular orixá, are often kept by doorways to prevent the entry of negative forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997106-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funerals_and_the_dead">Funerals and the dead</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Funerals and the dead">edit</a>]</div> Following a senior initiate's death, their terreiro will conduct the axexé rituals; these transform the deceased into an ancestral spirit of the terreiro's own pantheon and ensures the dead person does not become a dangerous wandering spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013104–105-349">[349]</a> Offerings, including sacrificed animals, are given to the deceased and to accompanying orixás during the axexé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013110-350">[350]</a> A Roman Catholic mass will also be performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013118-351">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Candombl%C3%A9" title="History of Candomblé">History of Candomblé</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Slavery was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa#West_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">widespread in West Africa</a>; most slaves were prisoners of war captured in conflicts with neighbouring groups, others were criminals or those in debt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastilloParés20103-352">[352]</a> Enslaved Africans first arrived in Brazil in the 1530s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200261-353">[353]</a> These 16th-century arrivals came largely from the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea coast</a>, but by the 17th century Angola and Congo populations had become dominant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997148-354">[354]</a> Then, between 1775 and 1850, the majority of slaves were Yoruba and Dahomean, coming from the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Gulf of Benin</a>, largely in what is now Benin and Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997149Johnson200262-355">[355]</a> After declaring itself <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independent from Portugal</a> in 1822,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200277-356">[356]</a> Brazil <a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">abolished the slave trade</a> in 1850,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200277-356">[356]</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">emancipated all slaves</a> in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997153Johnson200277Capone201097-357">[357]</a> In total, around four million Africans were transported to Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997148Johnson200262-358">[358]</a> more than to any other part of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200261Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007149Desplande2008x-359">[359]</a> In Brazil, they were concentrated predominantly in Bahia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201219-42">[42]</a> On arriving in Brazil, slaves were divided into "nations" based largely on their port of embarkation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200264-360">[360]</a> This meant that Africans of different cultural backgrounds, regions, and religions were included together under a unifying term;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200266-361">[361]</a> those from the Bight of Benin were for instance called "Nagô".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200264-360">[360]</a> As the Yoruba and Dahomean people made up the last wave of slaves, they became numerically dominant among Afro-Brazilians and their traditional cosmology became ascendant over that of longer established communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997150-362">[362]</a> The process of enslavement broke up the traditional links between African deities and specific regions, while also mixing deities from different peoples into a singular pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200266–67-363">[363]</a> Of the thousands of orishas venerated in West Africa, far fewer continued to be worshipped in Brazil;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754-37">[37]</a> orisha associated with agriculture were abandoned, for instance, as slaves had little reason to protect the harvests of slave-owners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199755–56-364">[364]</a> By the 18th century, accounts of African-derived rituals performed in Brazil were common,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199746–47-365">[365]</a> at which point they were referred to generically as calundu, a term of Bantu origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201071-366">[366]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial Brazil</a>, enslaved Africans were expected to give up their traditional religions for Roman Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199144-367">[367]</a> The Roman Catholic nature of Brazilian colonial society, which allowed for a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of saints">cult of saints</a>, may have permitted greater leeway for the survival of traditional African religions than were available in Protestant-dominant areas of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199142Johnson200270-368">[368]</a> Many of the slaves learned to classify their orixás in relation to the Roman Catholic saints and the calendar of saints' days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997157Johnson200270-369">[369]</a> There is no evidence that the slaves simply used the cult of saints to conceal orixá worship, but rather that devotees understood the two pantheons as comprising similar figures with similar abilities to fix certain problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200273-370">[370]</a> Some in the Roman Catholic Church saw the syncretisation as a positive step in the process of converting the Africans to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200271-371">[371]</a> The Christian teaching provided to enslaved Africans was often rudimentary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997156-372">[372]</a> Slave owners often believed that allowing the slaves to keep their traditional customs would expend energies that might otherwise be directed toward rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200275-373">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_early_history">Formation and early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Formation and early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il%C3%A9_Ax%C3%A9_Iya_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1_Casa_Branca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Il%C3%A9_Ax%C3%A9_Iya_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1_Casa_Branca.JPG/220px-Il%C3%A9_Ax%C3%A9_Iya_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1_Casa_Branca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Il%C3%A9_Ax%C3%A9_Iya_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1_Casa_Branca.JPG/330px-Il%C3%A9_Ax%C3%A9_Iya_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1_Casa_Branca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Il%C3%A9_Ax%C3%A9_Iya_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1_Casa_Branca.JPG/440px-Il%C3%A9_Ax%C3%A9_Iya_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1_Casa_Branca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká in Salvador, as photographed in 2008; according to tradition, it is the oldest Candomblé terreiro, founded in 1830</figcaption></figure> Although African religions had been present in Brazil since the 16th century, the "organized, structured liturgy and community of practice called Candomblé" only arose later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200273-370">[370]</a> The earliest terreiros appeared in Bahia in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199751Johnson200255-374">[374]</a> According to what the scholar Stefania Capone called "the founding myth of Candomblé",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010214-375">[375]</a> the first terreiro was the <a href="/wiki/Il%C3%AA_Ax%C3%A9_Iy%C3%A1_Nass%C3%B4_Ok%C3%A1" title="Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká">Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká</a> (also known as the Casa Branca or Engenho Velho), founded in Salvador in 1830, and from which the Nagô tradition descends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200275Capone2010178,_213CastilloParés20101,_18-376">[376]</a> Various emancipated Yoruba began trading between Brazil and West Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks1997154-377">[377]</a> and a significant role in the creation of Candomblé were several African freemen who were affluent and sent their children to be educated in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastilloParés201018-378">[378]</a> Brazil's republican <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1891" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1891">Constitution of 1891</a> enshrined <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200281-379">[379]</a> However, Afro-Brazilian religious traditions continued to face legal issues; the Penal Code of 1890 included prohibitions on Spiritism, talismans, and much herbal medicine, impacting Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200282–83Hayes2007291Capone2010178-380">[380]</a> The authorities continued to shut down terreiros, claiming they were a threat to public health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200290-381">[381]</a> The late 19th century saw the first terreiros open in Rio de Janeiro, a city then seeing a rapid expansion in its population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200281-379">[379]</a> The period also saw various upper-class white Brazilians seeking out Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200291-382">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menininha_Gantois_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Menininha_Gantois_1902.jpg/220px-Menininha_Gantois_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Menininha_Gantois_1902.jpg/330px-Menininha_Gantois_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Menininha_Gantois_1902.jpg/440px-Menininha_Gantois_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>A group of practitioners photographed in 1902</figcaption></figure> Candomblé became increasingly public in the 1930s, partly because Brazilians were increasingly encouraged to perceive themselves as part of a multi-racial, mixed society in the midst of President <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200280-383">[383]</a> Vargas' Law Decree 1202 recognized the legitimacy of terreiros, while the Penal Code of 1940 offered them additional protections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200295-384">[384]</a> The 1930s saw a proliferation of academic studies on Candomblé by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Nina_Rodrigues" title="Raimundo Nina Rodrigues">Raimundo Nina Rodrigues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edison_Carneiro" title="Edison Carneiro">Edison Carneiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Landes" title="Ruth Landes">Ruth Landes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200280–81-385">[385]</a> most focusing on the Nagô tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007297-386">[386]</a> The growing literature, both scholarly and popular, helped document Candomblé while contributing to its greater standardisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002161-387">[387]</a> The religion spread during the 20th century. Growing Afro-Brazilian migration to São Paulo brought the rapid rise of Candomblé there; from virtually no terreiros until the 1960s, it had over 4000 by the century's end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002156-388">[388]</a> Some practitioners became increasingly well known; the priestess <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A3e_Menininha_do_Gantois" title="Mãe Menininha do Gantois">Mãe Menininha do Gantois</a> became nationally recognised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002158Capone2010109-389">[389]</a> Various organizations emerged to represent the terreiros, notably the Bahian Federation of the Afro-Brazilian Cults, the National Institute and Supreme Sacerdotal Organ of Afro-Brazilian Culture and Tradition, and the Conference of the Tradition and Culture of the Orixás.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002159-223">[223]</a> Candomblé federations emerged in most Brazilian states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19914-390">[390]</a> representing practitioners in their dealings with the government and society more broadly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991199-391">[391]</a> Growing links were also established with other African diasporic and West African religions. Brazilians took part in the first International Congress of Orisha Tradition and Culture in <a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ifẹ</a>, Nigeria in 1981; the second was held in Salvador in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010233–234-392">[392]</a> The late 20th century saw some practitioners—most famously Mãe Stella Azevedo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199156Johnson200271Capone2010247Hartikainen2017374-393">[393]</a>—try to "re-Africanise" Candomblé by removing Roman Catholic elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990114–115Capone2010246-394">[394]</a> This was an effort to attract prestige,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010229-395">[395]</a> and proved popular among white middle-class practitioners who had little standing with the predominantly Afro-Brazilian Bahian Candomblé establishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002176-396">[396]</a> Other practitioners rejected this approach, deeming Roman Catholic influences an important part of Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1986223BrownBick198787Johnson200272-397">[397]</a> Candomblé was increasingly respectable by the late 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990106Voeks1997105-398">[398]</a> a situation fuelled by well-educated Afro-Brazilians embracing their cultural heritage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990108-399">[399]</a> by increased Brazilian trade with West Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010108–109-400">[400]</a> and by the growing number of intellectual and white initiates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199144Capone201011-401">[401]</a> By the early 21st century, tourist literature increasingly portrayed Candomblé as an intrinsic part of Brazilian culture;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200233-402">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varig_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Varig Airlines">Varig Airlines</a> used the tagline "Fly with Axé."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200233,_158-403">[403]</a> Conversely, the 2000s saw growing Evangelical Protestant opposition, including physical attacks on practitioners and terreiros,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017371–372-404">[404]</a> to which Candomblecistas responded with protest marches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017360,_375–377-405">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Minist%C3%A9rio_da_Cultura_-_IL%C3%8A_AX%C3%89_OPO_AFONJ%C3%81_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flickr_-_Minist%C3%A9rio_da_Cultura_-_IL%C3%8A_AX%C3%89_OPO_AFONJ%C3%81_%2823%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Minist%C3%A9rio_da_Cultura_-_IL%C3%8A_AX%C3%89_OPO_AFONJ%C3%81_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flickr_-_Minist%C3%A9rio_da_Cultura_-_IL%C3%8A_AX%C3%89_OPO_AFONJ%C3%81_%2823%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Minist%C3%A9rio_da_Cultura_-_IL%C3%8A_AX%C3%89_OPO_AFONJ%C3%81_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flickr_-_Minist%C3%A9rio_da_Cultura_-_IL%C3%8A_AX%C3%89_OPO_AFONJ%C3%81_%2823%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Minist%C3%A9rio_da_Cultura_-_IL%C3%8A_AX%C3%89_OPO_AFONJ%C3%81_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>A gathering of practitioners at the Terreiro de São Gonçalo do Retiro in Salvador in 2010</figcaption></figure> One census report indicated that around 1.3 percent of Brazil's population identified as Candomblé followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010294-406">[406]</a> This likely reflects only the number of initiates, with a larger body of non-initiates sometimes attending ceremonies or consulting initiates for healing and other services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010294-406">[406]</a> Candomblé is centred largely in and around the city of Salvador,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991197Hartikainen2017357-407">[407]</a> sometimes referred to as "Black Rome,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2013404-408">[408]</a> and regarded by some followers as a holy city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990103-16">[16]</a> A 1997 census by the Bahian Federation of Afro-Brazilian Religions recorded 1,144 terreiros in Salvador.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone20106-409">[409]</a> Practitioners in Rio de Janeiro and Sâo Paulo often regard Bahian terreiros as being more authentic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002137-313">[313]</a> Candomblé has also spread to other parts of South America like Argentina and Uruguay, as well as to European countries like Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014329-410">[410]</a> In Brazil, Candomblé is a largely urban phenomenon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150-2">[2]</a> generally found among the poor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199195Walker199143Marouan2007121-411">[411]</a> with most followers being black women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150-2">[2]</a> Membership is more diverse in southern Brazil, where there are large numbers of white and middle-class followers;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017357-412">[412]</a> there are also followers among <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">Brazil's Japanese minority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010160,_295-413">[413]</a> Women predominate in the Ketu nation, although men dominate the Angola and Jeje nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199763-135">[135]</a> Many Candomblecistas have a family link to the tradition, with their parents or other relatives being initiates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200255-169">[169]</a> Others convert to the movement without such connections, sometimes having already explored Pentecostalism, Spiritism, or Umbanda;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200254-414">[414]</a> some Umbandistas feel that they can go "deeper" by moving towards Candomblé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002156-388">[388]</a> Many describe having been ill or plagued with misfortune prior to being initiated into Candomblé, having determined through divination that their ailments would cease if they did so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200254–55-415">[415]</a> It has been argued that Candomblé offers a sense of empowerment to the socially marginalised,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007167-416">[416]</a> and has appeal for those who identify strongly with an African heritage;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200255-169">[169]</a> some <a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">black people in Germany</a>, for instance, have been attracted to it because they feel it is more authentically African than Christianity or Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014355-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_influence">Reception and influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reception and influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Objetos_do_candombl%C3%A9_MN_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Objetos_do_candombl%C3%A9_MN_02.jpg/220px-Objetos_do_candombl%C3%A9_MN_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Objetos_do_candombl%C3%A9_MN_02.jpg/330px-Objetos_do_candombl%C3%A9_MN_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Objetos_do_candombl%C3%A9_MN_02.jpg/440px-Objetos_do_candombl%C3%A9_MN_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1859" /></a><figcaption>Objects pertaining to Candomblé on display in a Brazilian museum</figcaption></figure> Candomblé has been described as a much maligned religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazeal2013108-119">[119]</a> Practitioners have often encountered intolerance and religious discrimination:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017369-179">[179]</a> their religion is given the negative label macumba,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769Selka2010296-417">[417]</a> terreiro leaders are often stereotyped as greedy and conniving,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010297-418">[418]</a> and terreiros have been attacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010298Selka2013410-419">[419]</a> More extreme hostile views of Candomblé have regarded it as devil worship, while milder critical views see it as <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> that attracts the simple-minded and desperate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769-420">[420]</a> Brazil's Roman Catholics have mixed opinions of Candomblé and the attendance of its practitioners at mass,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002122-421">[421]</a> while Evangelical and Pentecostal groups more uniformly target Candomblecistas as part of their "spiritual war" against <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200253Contins2010228Hartikainen2017372-422">[422]</a> Candomblé has elsewhere been seen as "a treasured symbol of Brazilian cultural identity and an icon of African Diaspora culture and politics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale200948-423">[423]</a> Various academics have sought to portray it in the best light possible to counter racist stereotypes about Afro-Brazilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200216-288">[288]</a> Academic studies have in turn influenced the way that the religion is practiced, helping to establish "correct practice" among divergent groups;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200211-424">[424]</a> many terreiros own copies of academic studies about the religion, sometimes to convey an image of authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200211,_160-425">[425]</a> Since the 1960s, Candomblé has featured in films such as The Given Word (1962) and The Amulet of Ogum (1974), as well as documentaries like <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Sarno" title="Geraldo Sarno">Geraldo Sarno</a>'s Iaô (1974).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002163-426">[426]</a> It has also influenced novelists, appearing in works by writers like <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990106-427">[427]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarouan2007111,_118-428">[428]</a> References to the religion also appeared in Brazilian popular music. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Beth%C3%A2nia" title="Maria Bethânia">Maria Bethânia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gal_Costa" title="Gal Costa">Gal Costa</a>'s song "Prayer to Mãe Menininha" made it into the country's chart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013292-429">[429]</a> Objects associated with Candomblé first went on display in police museums but as the religion gained greater acceptance such material also begun to appear in museums devoted to folklore and Afro-Brazilian culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013288–289-430">[430]</a> From the 1990s, practitioners began establishing their own museums within their terreiros.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013289-431">[431]</a> For instance, the bedroom of Mãe Menininha do Gantois, located in her Bahia terreiro, was converted into a memorial in 1992 and then formally recognised as a heritage site in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013284–285-432">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks19972-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks19972_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007">Álvarez López & Edfeldt 2007</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Voeks1997xivJohnson2002151,_202Sansi-Roca2005140Bahia2014340-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Voeks1997xivJohnson2002151,_202Sansi-Roca2005140Bahia2014340_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. xiv; <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, pp. 151, 202; <a href="#CITEREFSansi-Roca2005">Sansi-Roca 2005</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFBahia2014">Bahia 2014</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200241-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200241_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20029Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007149-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson20029Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007149_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007">Álvarez López & Edfeldt 2007</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010292Selka2013405-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelka2010292Selka2013405_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelka2010">Selka 2010</a>, p. 292; <a href="#CITEREFSelka2013">Selka 2013</a>, p. 405. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010291Engler201215-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelka2010291Engler201215_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelka2010">Selka 2010</a>, p. 291; <a href="#CITEREFEngler2012">Engler 2012</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002202_8-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769Capone2010155-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769Capone2010155_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007284-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2007284_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2007">Hayes 2007</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007285–286-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2007285–286_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2007">Hayes 2007</a>, pp. 285–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150–151-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150–151_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007">Álvarez López & Edfeldt 2007</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199157Johnson200250-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer199157Johnson200250_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990124Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007151-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1990124Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007151_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1990">Walker 1990</a>, p. 124; <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007">Álvarez López & Edfeldt 2007</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia201616-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahia201616_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBahia2016">Bahia 2016</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990103-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1990103_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1990103_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1990">Walker 1990</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007150_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007">Álvarez López & Edfeldt 2007</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone20108-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone20108_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199115Voeks199761Johnson2002122–123-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer199115Voeks199761Johnson2002122–123_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990112Voeks199761-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1990112Voeks199761_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1990">Walker 1990</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010291-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelka2010291_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelka2010">Selka 2010</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia201622-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahia201622_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahia201622_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBahia2016">Bahia 2016</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199110-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer199110_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014363-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahia2014363_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBahia2014">Bahia 2014</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19915-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19915_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19915_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201095-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone201095_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone20108–9-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone20108–9_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200252-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200252_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010103-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010103_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19861-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19861_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1986">Brown 1986</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198688-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198688_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1986">Brown 1986</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010105-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010105_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200252Capone20109,_260-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200252Capone20109,_260_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, pp. 9, 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngler201215-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngler201215_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngler2012">Engler 2012</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199171Voeks199753-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinto199171Voeks199753_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto1991">Pinto 1991</a>, p. 71; <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19915Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007157-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19915Álvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007157_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007">Álvarez López & Edfeldt 2007</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199754_37-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFryer2000" class="citation book cs1">Fryer, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Rhythms_of_Resistance/Pj3i3t1xliUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Yoruba+sash&pg=PA16&printsec=frontcover">Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil</a>. Pluto Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0731-2"><bdi>978-0-7453-0731-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythms+of+Resistance%3A+African+Musical+Heritage+in+Brazil&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0731-2&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FRhythms_of_Resistance%2FPj3i3t1xliUC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3DYoruba%2Bsash%26pg%3DPA16%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010267-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010267_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007298-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2007298_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2007298_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2007">Hayes 2007</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991166-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991166_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991166_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991166_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201219-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201219_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201219_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2012">Allen 2012</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199752-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199752_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991125-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991125_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002125,_136-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002125,_136_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, pp. 125, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991167-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991167_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990108Voeks199754Johnson200214Brazeal2013105-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1990108Voeks199754Johnson200214Brazeal2013105_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1990">Walker 1990</a>, p. 108; <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 54; <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFBrazeal2013">Brazeal 2013</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002205Sansi-Roca2005141Capone2010267-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002205Sansi-Roca2005141Capone2010267_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 205; <a href="#CITEREFSansi-Roca2005">Sansi-Roca 2005</a>, p. 141; <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199172Capone2010265-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinto199172Capone2010265_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto1991">Pinto 1991</a>, p. 72; <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinto199172Capone2010268-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinto199172Capone2010268_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto1991">Pinto 1991</a>, p. 72; <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991195_51-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991123,_199-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991123,_199_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, pp. 123, 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200214Capone2010267-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200214Capone2010267_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 14; 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<a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200249-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200249_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200249_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199775Capone2010133-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199775Capone2010133_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Voeks199776Johnson200239Brazeal2013112-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19914Voeks199776Johnson200239Brazeal2013112_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFBrazeal2013">Brazeal 2013</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19919-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19919_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19919_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201046-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone201046_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer19919,_122-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer19919,_122_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, pp. 9, 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991122-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991122_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991124Voeks199788Capone2010264-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991124Voeks199788Capone2010264_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 124; 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<a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200233-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200233_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200233,_158-403"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200233,_158_403-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, pp. 33, 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017371–372-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017371–372_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartikainen2017">Hartikainen 2017</a>, pp. 371–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017360,_375–377-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017360,_375–377_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartikainen2017">Hartikainen 2017</a>, pp. 360, 375–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010294-406">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelka2010294_406-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelka2010294_406-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelka2010">Selka 2010</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer1991197Hartikainen2017357-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer1991197Hartikainen2017357_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 197; <a href="#CITEREFHartikainen2017">Hartikainen 2017</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2013404-408"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelka2013404_408-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelka2013">Selka 2013</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone20106-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone20106_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahia2014329-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahia2014329_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBahia2014">Bahia 2014</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWafer199195Walker199143Marouan2007121-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWafer199195Walker199143Marouan2007121_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWafer1991">Wafer 1991</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFWalker1991">Walker 1991</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFMarouan2007">Marouan 2007</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017357-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartikainen2017357_412-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartikainen2017">Hartikainen 2017</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010160,_295-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010160,_295_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, pp. 160, 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200254-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200254_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200254–55-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200254–55_415-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007167-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007167_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007">Álvarez López & Edfeldt 2007</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769Selka2010296-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769Selka2010296_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFSelka2010">Selka 2010</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010297-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelka2010297_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelka2010">Selka 2010</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelka2010298Selka2013410-419"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelka2010298Selka2013410_419-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelka2010">Selka 2010</a>, p. 298; <a href="#CITEREFSelka2013">Selka 2013</a>, p. 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoeks199769_420-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoeks1997">Voeks 1997</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002122-421"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002122_421-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200253Contins2010228Hartikainen2017372-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200253Contins2010228Hartikainen2017372_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 53; <a href="#CITEREFContins2010">Contins 2010</a>, p. 228; <a href="#CITEREFHartikainen2017">Hartikainen 2017</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale200948-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale200948_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHale2009">Hale 2009</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200211-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200211_424-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200211,_160-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200211,_160_425-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, pp. 11, 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002163-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002163_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1990106-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1990106_427-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1990">Walker 1990</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarouan2007111,_118-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarouan2007111,_118_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarouan2007">Marouan 2007</a>, pp. 111, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013292-429"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013292_429-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013">Paula Adinolfi & Van de Port 2013</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013288–289-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013288–289_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013">Paula Adinolfi & Van de Port 2013</a>, pp. 288–289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013289-431"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013289_431-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013">Paula Adinolfi & Van de Port 2013</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013284–285-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013284–285_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaula_AdinolfiVan_de_Port2013">Paula Adinolfi & Van de Port 2013</a>, pp. 284–285. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfolabi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Afolabi, Niyi (2005). "Axé: Invocation of Candomblé and Afro-Brazilian Gods in Brazilian Cultural Production". In Patrick Bellegarde-Smith (ed.). Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp. 108–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07205-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07205-5"><bdi>978-0-252-07205-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ax%C3%A9%3A+Invocation+of+Candombl%C3%A9+and+Afro-Brazilian+Gods+in+Brazilian+Cultural+Production&rft.btitle=Fragments+of+Bone%3A+Neo-African+Religions+in+a+New+World&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07205-5&rft.aulast=Afolabi&rft.aufirst=Niyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Andrea Stevenson (2012). ""Brides" without Husbands: Lesbians in the Afro-Brazilian Religion Candomblé". Transforming Anthropology. 20 (1): 17–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-7466.2011.01141.x">10.1111/j.1548-7466.2011.01141.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144349076">144349076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transforming+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%22Brides%22+without+Husbands%3A+Lesbians+in+the+Afro-Brazilian+Religion+Candombl%C3%A9&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-7466.2011.01141.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144349076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Andrea+Stevenson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez_LópezEdfeldt2007" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez López, Laura; Edfeldt, Chatarina (2007). "The Role of Language in the Construction of Gender and Ethnic-Religious Identities in Brazilian-Candomblé Communities". In Allyson Jule (ed.). Language and Religious Identity: Women in Discourse. Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 149–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230517295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230517295"><bdi>978-0230517295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Language+in+the+Construction+of+Gender+and+Ethnic-Religious+Identities+in+Brazilian-Candombl%C3%A9+Communities&rft.btitle=Language+and+Religious+Identity%3A+Women+in+Discourse&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230517295&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Edfeldt%2C+Chatarina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahia2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bahia, Joana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1809-43412014000200012">"Under the Berlin Sky: Candomblé on German Shores"</a>. Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology. 11 (2). Translated by Christiano S. do V. Silva: 327–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1809-43412014000200012">10.1590/S1809-43412014000200012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vibrant%3A+Virtual+Brazilian+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Under+the+Berlin+Sky%3A+Candombl%C3%A9+on+German+Shores&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1809-43412014000200012&rft.aulast=Bahia&rft.aufirst=Joana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS1809-43412014000200012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahia2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bahia, Joana (2016). "Dancing with the Orixás: Music, Body and the Circulation of African Candomblé Symbols in Germany". African Diaspora. 9: 15–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18725465-00901005">10.1163/18725465-00901005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152159342">152159342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Diaspora&rft.atitle=Dancing+with+the+Orix%C3%A1s%3A+Music%2C+Body+and+the+Circulation+of+African+Candombl%C3%A9+Symbols+in+Germany&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18725465-00901005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152159342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bahia&rft.aufirst=Joana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazeal2013" class="citation book cs1">Brazeal, Brian (2013). "Coins for the Dead, Money on the Floor: Mortuary Ritual in Bahian Candomblé". In Roger Sansi-Roca (ed.). Economies of Relation: Money and Personhood in the Lusophone World. Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies. Tagus Press at the University of Massachusetts. pp. 103–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933227146" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933227146"><bdi>978-1933227146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coins+for+the+Dead%2C+Money+on+the+Floor%3A+Mortuary+Ritual+in+Bahian+Candombl%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Economies+of+Relation%3A+Money+and+Personhood+in+the+Lusophone+World&rft.series=Portuguese+Literary+and+Cultural+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Tagus+Press+at+the+University+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1933227146&rft.aulast=Brazeal&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1986" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Diana DeG. 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Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8357-1556-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8357-1556-6"><bdi>0-8357-1556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umbanda%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Urban+Brazil&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=UMI+Research+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8357-1556-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Diana+DeG.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownBick1987" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Diana De G.; Bick, Mario (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1987.14.1.02a00050">"Religion, Class, and Context: Continuities and Discontinuities in Brazilian Umbanda"</a>. American Ethnologist. 14 (1): 73–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1987.14.1.02a00050">10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Class%2C+and+Context%3A+Continuities+and+Discontinuities+in+Brazilian+Umbanda&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1987.14.1.02a00050&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Diana+De+G.&rft.au=Bick%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fae.1987.14.1.02a00050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapone2010" class="citation book cs1">Capone, Stefania (2010). Searching for Africa in Brazil: Power and Tradition in Candomblé. Translated by Lucy Lyall Grant. Durham and London: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4636-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4636-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4636-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Africa+in+Brazil%3A+Power+and+Tradition+in+Candombl%C3%A9&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4636-4&rft.aulast=Capone&rft.aufirst=Stefania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastilloParés2010" class="citation journal cs1">Castillo, Lisa Earl; Parés, Luis Nicolau (2010). 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Slavery & Abolition. 31 (1): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440390903481639">10.1080/01440390903481639</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143675040">143675040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+%26+Abolition&rft.atitle=Marcelina+da+Silva%3A+A+Nineteenth-Century+Candombl%C3%A9+Priestess+in+Bahia&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440390903481639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143675040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Castillo&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Earl&rft.au=Par%C3%A9s%2C+Luis+Nicolau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Conner, Randy P. 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Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp. 143–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07205-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07205-5"><bdi>978-0-252-07205-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rainbow%27s+Children%3A+Diversity+of+Gender+and+Sexuality+in+African-Diasporic+Spiritual+Traditions&rft.btitle=Fragments+of+Bone%3A+Neo-African+Religions+in+a+New+World&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07205-5&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Randy+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContins2010" class="citation journal cs1">Contins, Márcia (2010). 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The Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (8): 40–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pan+African+Studies&rft.atitle=African+Spiritual+Methods+of+Healing%3A+The+Use+of+Candombl%C3%A9+in+Traumatic+Response&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=DeLoach&rft.aufirst=Chant%C3%A9+D.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Marissa+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesplande2008" class="citation book cs1">Desplande, Michel (2008). Bastide on Religion: The Invention of Candomblé. Key Thinkers in the Study of Religion. London: Equinox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-366-3"><bdi>978-1-84553-366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bastide+on+Religion%3A+The+Invention+of+Candombl%C3%A9&rft.place=London&rft.series=Key+Thinkers+in+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84553-366-3&rft.aulast=Desplande&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngler2012" class="citation journal cs1">Engler, Steven (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcabc.ca/islandora/object/mru%3A69">"Umbanda and Africa"</a>. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 15 (4): 13–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2012.15.4.13">10.1525/nr.2012.15.4.13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio%3A+The+Journal+of+Alternative+and+Emergent+Religions&rft.atitle=Umbanda+and+Africa&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2012.15.4.13&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farcabc.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fmru%253A69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2009" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Lindsay (2009). 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History of Religions. 46 (4): 283–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F518811">10.1086/518811</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/518811">10.1086/518811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Black+Magic+and+the+Academy%3A+Macumba+and+Afro-Brazilian+%22Orthodoxies%22&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F518811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F518811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Kelly+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2002" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Paul Christopher (2002). 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Journal of Material Culture. 10 (2): 139–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1359183505053072">10.1177/1359183505053072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144497398">144497398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Material+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Life+of+Stones%3A+Historicity%2C+Materiality+and+the+Value+of+Candombl%C3%A9+Objects+in+Bahia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1359183505053072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144497398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sansi-Roca&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Bettina E. (2014). "Spirit Possession in Brazil: The Perception of the (Possessed) Body". Anthropos. 109 (1): 135–147. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861689">43861689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=Spirit+Possession+in+Brazil%3A+The+Perception+of+the+%28Possessed%29+Body&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43861689%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Bettina+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelka2010" class="citation journal cs1">Selka, Stephen (2010). "Morality in the Religious Marketplace: Evangelical Christianity, Candomblé, and the Struggle for Moral Distinction in Brazil". American Ethnologist. 37 (2): 291–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-1425.2010.01256.x">10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01256.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Morality+in+the+Religious+Marketplace%3A+Evangelical+Christianity%2C+Candombl%C3%A9%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Moral+Distinction+in+Brazil&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-1425.2010.01256.x&rft.aulast=Selka&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelka2013" class="citation journal cs1">Selka, Stephen (2013). "Cityscapes and Contact Zones: Christianity, Candomblé, and African Heritage Tourism in Brazil". Religion. 43 (3): 403–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0048721X.2013.798163">10.1080/0048721X.2013.798163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143213938">143213938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Cityscapes+and+Contact+Zones%3A+Christianity%2C+Candombl%C3%A9%2C+and+African+Heritage+Tourism+in+Brazil&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0048721X.2013.798163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143213938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Selka&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoeks1997" class="citation book cs1">Voeks, Robert A. (1997). Sacred Leaves of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292787315" title="Special:BookSources/9780292787315"><bdi>9780292787315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Leaves+of+Candombl%C3%A9%3A+African+Magic%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Religion+in+Brazil&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780292787315&rft.aulast=Voeks&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWafer1991" class="citation book cs1">Wafer, Jim (1991). The Taste of Blood: Spirit Possession in Brazilian Candomblé. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1341-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-1341-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taste+of+Blood%3A+Spirit+Possession+in+Brazilian+Candombl%C3%A9&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1341-6&rft.aulast=Wafer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1990" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Sheila (1990). "Everyday and Esoteric Reality in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé". History of Religions. 30 (2): 103–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463217">10.1086/463217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062896">1062896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161240664">161240664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Everyday+and+Esoteric+Reality+in+the+Afro-Brazilian+Candombl%C3%A9&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161240664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463217&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1991" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Sheila (1991). "A Choreography of the Universe: The Afro-Brazilian Candomble as a Microcosm of Yoruba Spiritual Geography". Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly. 16 (2): 42–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fahu.1991.16.2.42">10.1525/ahu.1991.16.2.42</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+and+Humanism+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Choreography+of+the+Universe%3A+The+Afro-Brazilian+Candomble+as+a+Microcosm+of+Yoruba+Spiritual+Geography&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fahu.1991.16.2.42&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarela2017" class="citation book cs1">Varela, Sergio González (2017). Power in Practice: The Pragmatic Anthropology of Afro-Brazilian Capoeira. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785336355" title="Special:BookSources/9781785336355"><bdi>9781785336355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+Practice%3A+The+Pragmatic+Anthropology+of+Afro-Brazilian+Capoeira&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781785336355&rft.aulast=Varela&rft.aufirst=Sergio+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso2014" class="citation book cs1">Alonso, Miguel (2014). The Development of Yoruba Candomblé Communities in Salvador, Bahia, 1835 – 1986. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137485380" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137485380"><bdi>978-1137485380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Yoruba+Candombl%C3%A9+Communities+in+Salvador%2C+Bahia%2C+1835+%E2%80%93+1986&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1137485380&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramley1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Bramly" title="Serge Bramly">Bramley, Serge</a> (1979) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macumbateachings00bram">Macumba: The Teachings of Maria-José, Mother of the Gods</a>. Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Avon_(publisher)" title="Avon (publisher)">Avon</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-42317-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-42317-0"><bdi>978-0-380-42317-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macumba%3A+The+Teachings+of+Maria-Jos%C3%A9%2C+Mother+of+the+Gods&rft.place=Brazil&rft.pub=Avon&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-380-42317-0&rft.aulast=Bramley&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacumbateachings00bram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGóis_Dantas2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beatriz_G%C3%B3is_Dantas" title="Beatriz Góis Dantas">Góis Dantas, Beatriz</a> (2009). Nagô Grandma and White Papa: Candomblé and the Creation of Afro-Brazilian Identity. Translated by Stephen Berg. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1458761279" title="Special:BookSources/978-1458761279"><bdi>978-1458761279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nag%C3%B4+Grandma+and+White+Papa%3A+Candombl%C3%A9+and+the+Creation+of+Afro-Brazilian+Identity&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1458761279&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3is+Dantas&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2000" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Rachel (2000). A Refuge in Thunder: Candomblé and Alternative Spaces of Blackness. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253337054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253337054"><bdi>978-0253337054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Refuge+in+Thunder%3A+Candombl%C3%A9+and+Alternative+Spaces+of+Blackness&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0253337054&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1999" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Tina Gudrun (1999). "Discourses on Afro-Brazilian Religion: From de-Africanization to re-Africanization". In Christian Smith and Joshua Prokopy (ed.). Latin American Religion in Motion: A Documentary History. New York: Routledge. pp. 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570756795" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570756795"><bdi>978-1570756795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Discourses+on+Afro-Brazilian+Religion%3A+From+de-Africanization+to+re-Africanization&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Religion+in+Motion%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1570756795&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Tina+Gudrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Landes" title="Ruth Landes">Landes, Ruth</a> (1947). The City of Women. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1556-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1556-4"><bdi>978-0-8263-1556-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Women&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co.&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-1556-4&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatory2005" class="citation book cs1">Matory, James Lorand (2005). Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05943-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05943-3"><bdi>978-0-691-05943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Atlantic+Religion%3A+Tradition%2C+Transnationalism%2C+and+Matriarchy+in+the+Afro-Brazilian+Candombl%C3%A9&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05943-3&rft.aulast=Matory&rft.aufirst=James+Lorand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmari-Tunkara2005" class="citation book cs1">Omari-Tunkara, Mikelle S. (2005). Manipulating the Sacred: Yoruba Art, Ritual, and Resistance in Brazilian Candomble. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814328521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814328521"><bdi>978-0814328521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manipulating+the+Sacred%3A+Yoruba+Art%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Resistance+in+Brazilian+Candomble&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0814328521&rft.aulast=Omari-Tunkara&rft.aufirst=Mikelle+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParés2013" class="citation book cs1">Parés, Luis Nicolau (2013). The Formation of Candomblé: Vodun History and Ritual in Brazil. Translated by Richard Vernon. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469610924" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469610924"><bdi>978-1469610924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Candombl%C3%A9%3A+Vodun+History+and+Ritual+in+Brazil&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1469610924&rft.aulast=Par%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Luis+Nicolau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReis2001" class="citation book cs1">Reis, João José (2001). "Candomblé in Nineteenth-Century Bahia: Priests, Followers, Clients". In Mann, Kristina; Bay, Edna G. (eds.). Rethinking the African Diaspora: The Making of a Black Atlantic World in the Bight of Benin and Brazil. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714681580" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714681580"><bdi>978-0714681580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Candombl%C3%A9+in+Nineteenth-Century+Bahia%3A+Priests%2C+Followers%2C+Clients&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+African+Diaspora%3A+The+Making+of+a+Black+Atlantic+World+in+the+Bight+of+Benin+and+Brazil&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0714681580&rft.aulast=Reis&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouty2007" class="citation book cs1">Souty, Jérôme (2007). Pierre Fatumbi Verger: Du Regard Détaché à la Connaissance Initiatique. Maisonneuve et Larose. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1983-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1983-4"><bdi>978-2-7068-1983-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Fatumbi+Verger%3A+Du+Regard+D%C3%A9tach%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+Connaissance+Initiatique&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-7068-1983-4&rft.aulast=Souty&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Port2014" class="citation book cs1">van de Port, Mattijs (2014). Ecstatic Encounters: Bahian Candomblé and the Quest for the Really Real. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9089642981" title="Special:BookSources/978-9089642981"><bdi>978-9089642981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecstatic+Encounters%3A+Bahian+Candombl%C3%A9+and+the+Quest+for+the+Really+Real&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9089642981&rft.aulast=van+de+Port&rft.aufirst=Mattijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Verger" title="Pierre Verger">Verger, Pierre Fatumbi</a> (1995) [1954]. Dieux d'Afrique. Culte des Orishas et Vodouns à l'ancienne Côte des Esclaves en Afrique et à Bahia, la Baie de Tous les Saints au Brésil. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Revue_Noire_(magazine)" title="Revue Noire (magazine)">Revue Noire</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-909571-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-909571-13-3"><bdi>978-2-909571-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dieux+d%27Afrique.+Culte+des+Orishas+et+Vodouns+%C3%A0+l%27ancienne+C%C3%B4te+des+Esclaves+en+Afrique+et+%C3%A0+Bahia%2C+la+Baie+de+Tous+les+Saints+au+Br%C3%A9sil&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Revue+Noire&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-909571-13-3&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Fatumbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandombl%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candombl%C3%A9&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="commons:Candomblé">Candomblé</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/candomble/ataglance/glance.shtml">BBC article on Candomblé</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template talk:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora_religions99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arará (religion)">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Atheism in the African diaspora">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birongo" title="Birongo">Birongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA" title="Dominican Vudú">Dominican Vudú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_in_Cuba" title="Haitian Vodou in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Islam in the African diaspora">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lionza" title="María Lionza">María Lionza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Vodunu" title="Trinidadian Vodunu">Trinidadian Vodunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_male_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/30px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/45px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/60px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="676" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Traditional_African_and_Afro-American_religions" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedwardism" title="Bedwardism">Bedwardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_priest" title="Fetish priest">Fetish priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birongo" title="Birongo">Birongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokor" title="Bokor">Bokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houngan" class="mw-redirect" title="Houngan">Houngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambo (Vodou)">Mambo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromanti_dance" title="Kromanti dance">Kromanti dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">Macumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michari" title="Michari">Michari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_nights" title="Nine nights">Nine nights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Diverse roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Igbo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Americas">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Western occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu spirituality">Bantu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">Loa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemi" title="Zemi">Zemi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoruba_religion_(Orisa-Ifá)98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #93C572"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orisa-If%C3%A1" title="Template:Orisa-Ifá"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orisa-If%C3%A1" title="Template talk:Orisa-Ifá"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orisa-If%C3%A1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orisa-Ifá"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoruba_religion_(Orisa-Ifá)98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a> (Orisa-Ifá)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Supreme Creator (God)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orishas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion#Irunmole" title="Yoruba religion">Irunmole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elegua" title="Elegua">Elegua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%E1%B9%A3u" class="mw-redirect" title="Eṣu">Eṣu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọṣọọsi">Ọṣọọsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%E1%B9%A3un" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọṣun">Ọṣun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ori_(Yoruba)" title="Ori (Yoruba)">Ori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Crunmila" title="Ọrunmila">Ọrunmila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cbatala" title="Ọbatala">Ọbatala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganju" title="Aganju">Aganju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agemo_(deity)" title="Agemo (deity)">Agemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yem%E1%BB%8Dja" title="Yemọja">Yemọja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cya" title="Ọya">Ọya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọba">Ọba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Csanyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọsanyin">Ọsanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babalu_Aye" class="mw-redirect" title="Babalu Aye">Babalu Aye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokun" title="Olokun">Olokun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orisha_Oko" class="mw-redirect" title="Orisha Oko">Orisha Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinl%E1%BA%B9" title="Erinlẹ">Erinlẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshunmare" title="Oshunmare">Oshunmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibeji" title="Ibeji">Ibeji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yewa" title="Yewa">Yewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Countries of development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music#Folk_music" title="Yoruba music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Itan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_traditional_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba traditional art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogboni">Ogboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelede" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelede">Gelede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyami_Aje" title="Iyami Aje">Iyami Aje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Egungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">Babalawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyalawo" title="Iyalawo">Iyalawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letra_del_a%C3%B1o" title="Letra del año">Letra del año</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Sacred sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ile Ife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo_State" title="Oyo, Oyo State">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osun-Osogbo" title="Osun-Osogbo">Osun-Osogbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6699446899-zmdgf","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.006","walltime":"2.127","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33233,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":219426,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":31080,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":383892,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1837.371 1 -total"," 48.70% 894.868 429 Template:Sfn"," 10.22% 187.741 133 Template:Sfnm"," 9.45% 173.583 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.04% 166.007 24 Template:Cite_book"," 5.48% 100.770 434 Template:Main_other"," 5.43% 99.831 1 Template:IPA"," 4.23% 77.741 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.72% 68.270 3 Template:Navbox"," 3.55% 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