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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Provisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Provisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>New colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proclamation_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proclamation line</span> </div> </a> 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McIntosh</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnson_v._McIntosh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-250th_anniversary_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#250th_anniversary_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>250th anniversary celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-250th_anniversary_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Proclamation of 1763</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_1763" title="الإعلان الملكي لعام 1763 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإعلان الملكي لعام 1763" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamaci%C3%B3_reial_de_1763" title="Proclamació reial de 1763 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proclamació reial de 1763" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigliche_Proklamation_von_1763" title="Königliche Proklamation von 1763 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königliche Proklamation von 1763" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamaci%C3%B3n_real_de_1763" title="Proclamación real de 1763 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proclamación real de 1763" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_royale_de_1763" title="Proclamation royale de 1763 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proclamation royale de 1763" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1763%EB%85%84_%EC%84%A0%EC%96%B8" title="1763년 선언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1763년 선언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi_Kerajaan_1763" title="Proklamasi Kerajaan 1763 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proklamasi Kerajaan 1763" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclama_reale_del_1763" title="Proclama reale del 1763 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proclama reale del 1763" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_1763" title="ההכרזה המלכותית של 1763 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההכרזה המלכותית של 1763" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1763-as_kir%C3%A1lyi_proklam%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="1763-as királyi proklamáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1763-as királyi proklamáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengisytiharan_Diraja_1763" title="Pengisytiharan Diraja 1763 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengisytiharan Diraja 1763" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1763%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="1763年宣言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1763年宣言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kongelege_kunngjeringa_i_1763" title="Den kongelege kunngjeringa i 1763 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den kongelege kunngjeringa i 1763" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1763_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Королевская декларация 1763 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевская декларация 1763 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Royal Proclamation of 1763" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianproklamationen_1763" title="Indianproklamationen 1763 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indianproklamationen 1763" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_1763_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Королівська прокламація 1763 року – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівська прокламація 1763 року" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1763%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AC%E5%91%8A" title="1763年公告 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1763年公告" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209573#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Line&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Line">Indian Line</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British declaration outlining government for North American colonies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Indian Magna Carta" redirects here. This term has also been applied to the United States <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Proclamation_of_1763.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763.jpg/220px-Royal_Proclamation_of_1763.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763.jpg/330px-Royal_Proclamation_of_1763.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763.jpg/440px-Royal_Proclamation_of_1763.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Proclamation of 1763, <i><a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg/220px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg/330px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg/440px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>A portion of eastern North America; the 1763 "proclamation line" is the border between the red and the pink areas</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Template:Constitutional history of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Constitutional history of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional history of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Royal Proclamation of 1763</b> was issued by <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> on 7 October 1763. It followed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, which formally ended the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and transferred <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French territory</a> in North America to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Proclamation at least temporarily forbade all new settlements west of a line drawn along the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, which was delineated as an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exclusion from the vast region of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Appalachia" title="Trans-Appalachia">Trans-Appalachia</a> created discontent between Britain and colonial land speculators and potential settlers. The proclamation and access to western lands was one of the first significant areas of dispute between Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonies</a> and would become a contributing factor leading to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton19993–38[httpsarchiveorgdetailsforcedfoundersin00holtpage3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton19993–38[httpsarchiveorgdetailsforcedfoundersin00holtpage3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1763 proclamation line is more or less similar to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide" title="Eastern Continental Divide">Eastern Continental Divide</a>, extending from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> in the south to the divide's northern terminus near the middle of the north border of Pennsylvania, where it intersects the northeasterly <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River Divide">St. Lawrence Divide</a>, and extends further through <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. </p><p>The Royal Proclamation continues to be of legal importance to <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> in Canada, being the first legal recognition of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal title</a>, rights and freedoms. It is recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>, partly due to direct action by Indigenous peoples of Canada, known as the Constitution Express movement of 1980–1982.<sup id="cite_ref-IFUBC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFUBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_Express_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_Express-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background:_Treaty_of_Paris">Background: Treaty of Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background: Treaty of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_French_and_Indian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The French and Indian War">The French and Indian War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and its North American <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, ended with the 1763 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>. Under the treaty, all French colonial territory west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. In contrast, all French colonial territory east of the Mississippi River and south of Rupert's Land (save <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, which France kept) was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. Both Spain and Britain received some French islands in the Caribbean, while France kept <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_colonies">New colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png/220px-NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png/330px-NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png/440px-NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The Eastern watershed boundary in the southern areas (orange line) and the St. Lawrence watershed boundary in the northern regions (magenta line) of this map more or less defined the Royal Proclamation's western boundaries</figcaption></figure> <p>The Proclamation of 1763 dealt with managing former French territories in North America that Britain acquired following its victory over France in the French and Indian War and regulating colonial settlers' expansion. It established new governments for several areas: the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">province of Quebec</a>, the new colonies of <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a group of Caribbean islands, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tobago" title="History of Tobago">Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a>, collectively referred to as the British Ceded Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proclamation_line">Proclamation line</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proclamation line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthAmerica1762-83.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/220px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/330px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/440px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>New borders drawn by the Royal Proclamation of 1763</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outset, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 defined the jurisdictional limits of the British territories of North America, limiting British colonial expansion on the continent. What remained of the Royal Province of New France east of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, and south of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, was reorganised under the name "Quebec." The territory northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean_River_(Minganie)" title="Saint-Jean River (Minganie)">St. John River</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> coast was reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland Colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a> became <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">(British) Indian Territory</a>, barred to settlement from colonies east of the line.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the colonists and Native American lands but rather a temporary boundary that could be extended further west in an orderly, lawful manner.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also not designed as an uncrossable boundary; people could cross the line, but not settle past it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its contour was defined by the <a href="/wiki/Headwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwater">headwaters</a> that formed the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> along the Appalachians. All land with rivers that flowed into the Atlantic was designated for the colonial entities. In contrast, all the land with rivers that flowed into the Mississippi was reserved for the Native American populations. The proclamation outlawed the private purchase of Native American land, which had often created problems. Instead, all future land purchases were to be made by Crown officials "at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians". British colonials were forbidden to settle on native lands, and colonial officials were forbidden to grant ground or lands without royal approval. Organized land companies asked for land grants, but were denied by King George III.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1768_Boundary_Line_Map_Treaty_of_Ft_Stanwix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1768_Boundary_Line_Map_Treaty_of_Ft_Stanwix.jpg/220px-1768_Boundary_Line_Map_Treaty_of_Ft_Stanwix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1768_Boundary_Line_Map_Treaty_of_Ft_Stanwix.jpg/330px-1768_Boundary_Line_Map_Treaty_of_Ft_Stanwix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1768_Boundary_Line_Map_Treaty_of_Ft_Stanwix.jpg/440px-1768_Boundary_Line_Map_Treaty_of_Ft_Stanwix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>The Boundary Line Map of 1768 moved the boundary west</figcaption></figure> <p>British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary since the British government had already assigned land grants to them. Including the wealthy owners of the Ohio company, who protested the line to the governor of Virginia, as they had plans to settle the land to grow the business.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many settlements already existed beyond the proclamation line,<sup id="cite_ref-wood-22_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which had been temporarily evacuated during <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a>, and there were many already granted land claims yet to be settled. For example, George Washington and his Virginia soldiers had been granted lands past the boundary. Prominent American colonials joined with the land speculators in Britain to lobby the government to move the line further west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton19993–38[httpsarchiveorgdetailsforcedfoundersin00holtpage3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton19993–38[httpsarchiveorgdetailsforcedfoundersin00holtpage3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonists' demands were met and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalloway2007100_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalloway2007100-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two of these treaties were completed in 1768; the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix">Treaty of Fort Stanwix</a> adjusted the border with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois#Iroquois_Confederacy" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Confederacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hard_Labour" title="Treaty of Hard Labour">Treaty of Hard Labour</a> adjusted the border with the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> in the Carolinas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Hard Labour was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lochaber" title="Treaty of Lochaber">Treaty of Lochaber</a> in 1770, adjusting the border between Virginia and the Cherokee.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These agreements opened much of what is now <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> to British settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land granted by the Virginian and North Carolinian government heavily favored the land companies, seeing as they had more wealthy backers than the poorer settlers who wanted to settle west in hopes of gaining a fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_from_colonists">Response from colonists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Response from colonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many colonists disregarded the proclamation line and settled west, which created tension between them and the Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac's Rebellion">Pontiac's Rebellion</a> (1763–1766) was a war involving Native American tribes, primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> and the Ohio Country, who were dissatisfied with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the end of the Seven Years' War. They were able to take over a large number of the forts which commanded the waterways involved in trade within the region and export to Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proclamation line had been conceived before the onset of Pontiac's Rebellion, but the outbreak of this conflict hastened the process of making it law.<sup id="cite_ref-wood-22_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Canadian Aboriginal legacy: <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></div> <p>The Royal Proclamation continued to govern the cession of Indigenous land in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>. Upper Canada created a platform for treaty-making based on the Royal Proclamation. After loyalists moved into land after Britain's defeat in the American Revolution, the first impetus was created out of necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Colin Calloway, "scholars disagree on whether the proclamation recognized or undermined tribal sovereignty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalloway200793_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalloway200793-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some see the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a "fundamental document" for First Nations land claims and <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997155_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997155-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is "the first legal recognition by the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal rights">Aboriginal rights</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and imposes a <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary</a> duty of care on the Crown. The intent and promises made to the natives in the proclamation have been argued to be temporary, only meant to appease the Native peoples who were becoming increasingly resentful of "settler encroachments on their lands"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancisJonesSmith2009156_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisJonesSmith2009156-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were capable of becoming a serious threat to British colonial settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997158–159_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997158–159-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advice given by a <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Johnson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet">Sir William Johnson</a>, superintendent of Indian Affairs in North America, to the Board of Trade on 30 August 1764, expressed that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Indians all know we cannot be a Match for them in the midst of an extensive woody Country ... from whence I infer that if we are determined to possess Our Posts, Trade & ca securely, it cannot be done for a Century by any other means than that of purchasing the favour of the numerous Indian inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Anishinaabe jurist <a href="/wiki/John_Borrows" title="John Borrows">John Borrows</a> has written that "the Proclamation illustrates the British government's attempt to exercise sovereignty over First Nations while simultaneously trying to convince First Nations that they would remain separate from European settlers and have their jurisdiction preserved."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997160_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997160-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borrows further writes that the Royal Proclamation along with the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Treaty of Fort Niagara">Treaty of Niagara</a>, provide for an argument that "discredits the claims of the Crown to exercise <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over First Nations"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997164_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997164-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and affirms Aboriginal "powers of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> in, among other things, allocating lands".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997165_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997165-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnson_v._McIntosh"><i>Johnson v. McIntosh</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Johnson v. McIntosh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The functional content of the proclamation was reintroduced into American law by the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._McIntosh" title="Johnson v. McIntosh">Johnson v. McIntosh</a></i> (1823).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="250th_anniversary_celebrations">250th anniversary celebrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 250th anniversary celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2013, the 250th anniversary of the Royal Proclamation was celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> with a meeting of Indigenous leaders and Governor-General David Johnston.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aboriginal movement <a href="/wiki/Idle_No_More" title="Idle No More">Idle No More</a> held birthday parties for the document at various locations across Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Proclamation_of_1763_Silver_Medal_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/USA_Proclamation_of_1763_Silver_Medal_1970.jpg/220px-USA_Proclamation_of_1763_Silver_Medal_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/USA_Proclamation_of_1763_Silver_Medal_1970.jpg/330px-USA_Proclamation_of_1763_Silver_Medal_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/USA_Proclamation_of_1763_Silver_Medal_1970.jpg/440px-USA_Proclamation_of_1763_Silver_Medal_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>USA Proclamation of 1763 Silver Medal: Franklin Mint Issue 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> has been variously interpreted. Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a significant source of tension after 1768 since the aforementioned later treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement. Others have argued that colonial resentment of the proclamation contributed to the growing divide between the colonies and the mother country. Some historians say that even though the boundary was pushed west in subsequent treaties, the British government refused to permit new colonial settlements for fear of instigating a war with Native Americans, which angered colonial land speculators.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that the Royal Proclamation imposed a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was given 20,000 acres (81 km<sup>2</sup>) of land in the Ohio region for his services in the French and Indian War. In 1770, Washington took the lead in securing the rights of himself and his old soldiers in the French War, advancing money to pay expenses for the common cause and using his influence in the proper quarters. In August 1770, it was decided that Washington should personally make a trip to the western region, where he located and surveyed tracts for himself and military comrades. After some dispute, he was eventually granted a patent letter for tracts of land there. The lands involved were open to Virginians under terms of the Treaty of Lochaber of 1770, except for the lands located two miles (3.2 km) south of Fort Pitt, now known as Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ended with the American Revolutionary War because Great Britain ceded the land in question to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>. Afterward, the U.S. government faced difficulties preventing frontier violence and eventually adopted policies similar to the Royal Proclamation. The first in a series of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Intercourse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Intercourse Act">Indian Intercourse Acts</a> was passed in 1790, prohibiting unregulated trade and travel in Native American lands. In 1823, the U.S. Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._McIntosh" title="Johnson v. McIntosh">Johnson v. McIntosh</a></i> established that only the U.S. government, and not private individuals, could purchase land from Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Treaties">Halifax Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Indian barrier state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Caribbean" title="Territorial evolution of the Caribbean">Territorial evolution of the Caribbean</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFengeAldridge2015" class="citation book cs1">Fenge, Terry; Aldridge, Jim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSTCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>Keeping promises : the Royal Proclamation of 1763, aboriginal rights, and treaties in Canada</i></a>. McGill–Queen's University Press. pp. 4, 38, 51, 201, 212, 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9755-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-9755-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+promises+%3A+the+Royal+Proclamation+of+1763%2C+aboriginal+rights%2C+and+treaties+in+Canada&rft.pages=4%2C+38%2C+51%2C+201%2C+212%2C+257&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9755-6&rft.aulast=Fenge&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Aldridge%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSTCDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2007" class="citation book cs1">Middlekauff, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nya0ODz-B-cC&pg=PA58"><i>The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</i></a> (Revised Expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 58–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-6247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-6247-9"><bdi>978-0-1951-6247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58-60&rft.edition=Revised+Expanded&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-1951-6247-9&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnya0ODz-B-cC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton19993–38[httpsarchiveorgdetailsforcedfoundersin00holtpage3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton19993–38[httpsarchiveorgdetailsforcedfoundersin00holtpage3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolton19993–38[httpsarchiveorgdetailsforcedfoundersin00holtpage3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolton1999">Holton (1999)</a>, pp. 3–38, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/forcedfoundersin00holt/page/3">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFUBC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IFUBC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/constitution_express/">"Constitution Express"</a>. <i>indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>A group of activists led by George Manuel, then president of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs chartered two trains from Vancouver that eventually carried approximately one thousand people to Ottawa to publicize concerns that Aboriginal rights would be abolished in the proposed Canadian Constitution. When this large-scale peaceful demonstration did not initially alter the Trudeau government's position, delegations continued on to the United Nations in New York, and then to Europe to spread their message to an international audience. Eventually, the Trudeau government agreed to recognize Aboriginal rights within the Constitution. Contemporary activist Arthur Manuel calls the Constitution Express the most effective direct action in Canadian history, as it ultimately changed the Constitution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca&rft.atitle=Constitution+Express&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca%2Fconstitution_express%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_Express-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_Express_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb1980" class="citation news cs1">Robb, Jim (27 November 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ottawa-citizen-seventy-indian-bands/156692301/">"Seventy Indian bands demand hearing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. Ottawa: Southam News. p. 77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007062945/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ottawa-citizen-seventy-indian-bands/156692301/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Seventy+Indian+bands+demand+hearing&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1980-11-27&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-ottawa-citizen-seventy-indian-bands%2F156692301%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC&pg=PP1"><i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42539-3"><bdi>978-0-307-42539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42539-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFO2clqJCqMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2014" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Carrie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"Chapter 6: A Nation At War"</a>. <i>Empire's Crossroads: A History of the Caribbean from Columbus to the Present Day</i>. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9235-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9235-6"><bdi>978-0-8021-9235-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+A+Nation+At+War&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+the+Caribbean+from+Columbus+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Open+Road+%2B+Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-9235-6&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3UXRAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2013" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7satQEACAAJ&pg=PA144"><i>The History of Florida</i></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 144–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-6401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-6401-7"><bdi>978-0-8130-6401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=144-147&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-6401-7&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7satQEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiddrie1966" class="citation journal cs1">Niddrie, D. (December 1966). "Eighteenth-Century Settlement in the British Caribbean". <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i>. <b>40</b> (40): 67–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F621569">10.2307/621569</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/621569">621569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Institute+of+British+Geographers&rft.atitle=Eighteenth-Century+Settlement+in+the+British+Caribbean&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=67-80&rft.date=1966-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F621569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F621569%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Niddrie&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEccles1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Eccles" title="William J. Eccles">Eccles, W.J.</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bhyTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220"><i>France in America</i></a>. Harper & Row. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060111526" title="Special:BookSources/9780060111526"><bdi>9780060111526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+in+America&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780060111526&rft.aulast=Eccles&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbhyTAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosin1961" class="citation book cs1">Sosin, Jack M. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaMzwgEACAAJ&pg=PA146"><i>Whitehall and the wilderness: the Middle West in British colonial policy, 1760–1775</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whitehall+and+the+wilderness%3A+the+Middle+West+in+British+colonial+policy%2C+1760%E2%80%931775&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Sosin&rft.aufirst=Jack+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaMzwgEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitz1995" class="citation book cs1">Markowitz, Harvey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMuI_8J-ugAC&pg=PA633"><i>American Indians</i></a>. Salem Press. p. 633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89356-757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89356-757-6"><bdi>978-0-89356-757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indians&rft.pages=633&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89356-757-6&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMuI_8J-ugAC%26pg%3DPA633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorsey1966" class="citation book cs1">Vorsey, Louis De (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQwSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA39"><i>The Indian Boundary in the Southern Colonies, 1763–1775</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598365712" title="Special:BookSources/9780598365712"><bdi>9780598365712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Boundary+in+the+Southern+Colonies%2C+1763%E2%80%931775&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780598365712&rft.aulast=Vorsey&rft.aufirst=Louis+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQwSAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2017" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMtQMQAACAAJ&pg=PA61"><i>American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804</i></a>. W. W. Norton. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35476-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35476-8"><bdi>978-0-393-35476-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Revolutions%3A+A+Continental+History%2C+1750%E2%80%931804&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-393-35476-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuMtQMQAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Papa1975" class="citation journal cs1">Del Papa, Eugene M. (1975). "The Royal Proclamation of 1763: Its Effects Upon Virginia Land Companies". <i>The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>83</b> (4): 406–411. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247979">4247979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Proclamation+of+1763%3A+Its+Effects+Upon+Virginia+Land+Companies&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=406-411&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4247979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Del+Papa&rft.aufirst=Eugene+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapa1975" class="citation journal cs1">Papa, Eugene M. Del (1975). "The Royal Proclamation of 1763: Its Effect upon Virginia Land Companies". <i>The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>83</b> (4): 406–411. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6636">0042-6636</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247979">4247979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Proclamation+of+1763%3A+Its+Effect+upon+Virginia+Land+Companies&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=406-411&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4247979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0042-6636&rft.aulast=Papa&rft.aufirst=Eugene+M.+Del&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood-22-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wood-22_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood-22_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62pyqvDuDMUC&pg=PA22"><i>The American Revolution: A History</i></a>. Random House. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-158-5"><bdi>978-1-58836-158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+A+History&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-158-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62pyqvDuDMUC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For information about Pontiac's War, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2012" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpH7QyQ1V_YC&pg=PP1"><i>Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-86416-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-86416-3"><bdi>978-1-135-86416-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontiac%27s+War%3A+Its+Causes%2C+Course+and+Consequences&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-86416-3&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpH7QyQ1V_YC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalloway2007100-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalloway2007100_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalloway2007">Calloway (2007)</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix_(1768)">"Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)"</a>. <i>Ohio History Central</i>. Ohio Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Central&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Fort+Stanwix+%281768%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FTreaty_of_Fort_Stanwix_%281768%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffersonswest.unl.edu/archive/view_doc.php?id=jef.00089">"Treaty of Hard Labor with Cherokees"</a>. <i>Envisaging The West</i>. University of Nebraska–Lincoln<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Envisaging+The+West&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Hard+Labor+with+Cherokees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeffersonswest.unl.edu%2Farchive%2Fview_doc.php%3Fid%3Djef.00089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffersonswest.unl.edu/archive/view_doc.php?id=jef.00091">"Treaty of Lochaber 1770"</a>. <i>Envisaging The West</i>. University of Nebraska–Lincoln<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Envisaging+The+West&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Lochaber+1770&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeffersonswest.unl.edu%2Farchive%2Fview_doc.php%3Fid%3Djef.00091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2012" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, William J (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5_ACAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Speculators in Empire: Iroquoia and the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4710-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-4710-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speculators+in+Empire%3A+Iroquoia+and+the+1768+Treaty+of+Fort+Stanwix&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4710-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5_ACAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2005" class="citation journal cs1">Friend, Craig Thompson (2005). "Liberty Is Pioneering: An American Birthright". <i>OAH Magazine of History</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 16–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F19.3.16">10.1093/maghis/19.3.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-228X">0882-228X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161942">25161942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OAH+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Liberty+Is+Pioneering%3A+An+American+Birthright&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16-20&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0882-228X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25161942%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F19.3.16&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Craig+Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.state.gov/milestones/1751-1775/proclamation-line-1763">"Proclamation Line of 1763, Quebec Act of 1774 and Westward Expansion"</a>. <i>Office of the Historian</i>. United States Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Proclamation+Line+of+1763%2C+Quebec+Act+of+1774+and+Westward+Expansion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1751-1775%2Fproclamation-line-1763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2015" class="citation book cs1">McDonnell, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzepCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA209"><i>Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 209–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71418-5"><bdi>978-0-374-71418-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Empire%3A+Great+Lakes+Indians+and+the+Making+of+America&rft.pages=209-238&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-374-71418-5&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzepCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, J.R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9v3HZDKUlG4C&pg=PA10"><i>Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-making in Canada</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9741-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9741-5"><bdi>978-0-8020-9741-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compact%2C+Contract%2C+Covenant%3A+Aboriginal+Treaty-making+in+Canada&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9741-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9v3HZDKUlG4C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalloway200793-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalloway200793_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalloway2007">Calloway (2007)</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997155-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997155_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorrows1997">Borrows (1997)</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisJonesSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Douglas R.; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B. (2009). <i>Origins: Canadian History to Confederation</i> (6th ed.). Toronto: Nelson Education. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins%3A+Canadian+History+to+Confederation&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Nelson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Richard&rft.au=Smith%2C+Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisJonesSmith2009156-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancisJonesSmith2009156_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancisJonesSmith2009">Francis, Jones & Smith (2009)</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagg1981" class="citation report cs1">Stagg, Jack (1981). Anglo-Indian Relations In North America to 1763 and An Analysis of the Royal Proclamation of 7 October 1763 (Report). Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Research Branch. p. 356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Anglo-Indian+Relations+In+North+America+to+1763+and+An+Analysis+of+the+Royal+Proclamation+of+7+October+1763&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Indian+and+Northern+Affairs+Canada%2C+Research+Branch&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Stagg&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997158–159-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997158–159_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorrows1997">Borrows (1997)</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1990" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Bruce (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Or3K_lcesb0C&pg=PA81"><i>Native Liberty, Crown Sovereignty: The Existing Aboriginal Right of Self-Government in Canada</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0767-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0767-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-0767-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Liberty%2C+Crown+Sovereignty%3A+The+Existing+Aboriginal+Right+of+Self-Government+in+Canada&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0767-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOr3K_lcesb0C%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997160-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997160_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorrows1997">Borrows (1997)</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997164-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997164_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorrows1997">Borrows (1997)</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997165-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows1997165_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorrows1997">Borrows (1997)</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2013" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Leslie (6 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/royal-proclamation-of-1763-canada-s-indian-magna-carta-turns-250-1.1927667">"Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada's 'Indian Magna Carta,' turns 250"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Royal+Proclamation+of+1763%2C+Canada%27s+%27Indian+Magna+Carta%2C%27+turns+250&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Froyal-proclamation-of-1763-canada-s-indian-magna-carta-turns-250-1.1927667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2013" class="citation news cs1">Galloway, Gloria (7 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/royal-proclamations-250th-anniversary-has-first-nations-reflecting-on-their-rights/article14738038">"Royal Proclamation's 250th anniversary has First Nations reflecting on their rights"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Royal+Proclamation%27s+250th+anniversary+has+First+Nations+reflecting+on+their+rights&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Froyal-proclamations-250th-anniversary-has-first-nations-reflecting-on-their-rights%2Farticle14738038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton1994" class="citation journal cs1">Holton, Woody (August 1994). "The Ohio Indians and the Coming of the American Revolution in Virginia". <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 453–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2210989">10.2307/2210989</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210989">2210989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=The+Ohio+Indians+and+the+Coming+of+the+American+Revolution+in+Virginia&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-478&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2210989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2210989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Woody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1379594359150/1379594420080">"Royal Proclamation of 1763: Relationships, Rights and Treaties – Poster"</a>. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 27 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Proclamation+of+1763%3A+Relationships%2C+Rights+and+Treaties+%E2%80%93+Poster&rft.pub=Indigenous+and+Northern+Affairs+Canada&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca%2Feng%2F1379594359150%2F1379594420080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213347/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=WasFi03.xml&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=43&division=div1">"Letter from George Washington to George Mercer dated November 7, 1771, at Williamsburg"</a>. <i>The writings of George Washington from the original manuscript sources</i>. p. 68. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=WasFi03.xml&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=43&division=div1">the original</a> on 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+writings+of+George+Washington+from+the+original+manuscript+sources&rft.atitle=Letter+from+George+Washington+to+George+Mercer+dated+November+7%2C+1771%2C+at+Williamsburg&rft.pages=68&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.virginia.edu%2Fetcbin%2Ftoccer-new2%3Fid%3DWasFi03.xml%26images%3Dimages%2Fmodeng%26data%3D%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed%26tag%3Dpublic%26part%3D43%26division%3Ddiv1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_21" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 21">21</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> (8 <a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Wheat.</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/21/543/">543</a> (1823)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbernethy1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_Abernethy" title="Thomas Perkins Abernethy">Abernethy, Thomas Perkins</a> (1959) [1937]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mbunQEACAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Western Lands and the American Revolution</i></a>. New York: Russell & Russell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Lands+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Abernethy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Perkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mbunQEACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrows1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Borrows" title="John Borrows">Borrows, John</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~palys/Borrows-WampumAtNiagara.pdf">"Wampum at Niagara: The Royal Proclamation, Canadian Legal History, and Self-Government"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Asch" title="Michael Asch">Michael Asch</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aboriginaltreaty0000unse"><i>Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada</i></a></span>. Vancouver: UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0580-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0580-3"><bdi>0-7748-0580-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wampum+at+Niagara%3A+The+Royal+Proclamation%2C+Canadian+Legal+History%2C+and+Self-Government&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+and+Treaty+Rights+in+Canada&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7748-0580-3&rft.aulast=Borrows&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2F~palys%2FBorrows-WampumAtNiagara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span> –  Also <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGIzvRlb55YC&pg=PA155">Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada</a></i>, p. 155, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalloway2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_G._Calloway" title="Colin G. Calloway">Calloway, Colin G.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mYSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533127-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scratch+of+a+Pen%3A+1763+and+the+Transformation+of+North+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533127-1&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mYSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Holton" title="Woody Holton">Holton, Woody</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fV_qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"Land Speculators versus Indians and the Privy Council"</a>. <i>Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia</i>. UNC Press Books. pp. 3–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9986-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9986-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-9986-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Land+Speculators+versus+Indians+and+the+Privy+Council&rft.btitle=Forced+Founders%3A+Indians%2C+Debtors%2C+Slaves%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+American+Revolution+in+Virginia&rft.pages=3-38&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-9986-1&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Woody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfV_qCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Papa1975" class="citation journal cs1">Del Papa, Eugene M. (October 1975). "The Royal Proclamation of 1763: Its Effect upon Virginia Land Companies". <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Magazine_of_History_and_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Magazine of History and Biography">Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</a></i>. <b>83</b> (4): 406–411. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247979">4247979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Proclamation+of+1763%3A+Its+Effect+upon+Virginia+Land+Companies&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=406-411&rft.date=1975-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4247979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Del+Papa&rft.aufirst=Eugene+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Holton" title="Woody Holton">Holton, Woody</a> (August 1994). "The Ohio Indians and the Coming of the American Revolution in Virginia". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Southern History">Journal of Southern History</a></i>. <b>60</b> (3): 453–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2210989">10.2307/2210989</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210989">2210989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=The+Ohio+Indians+and+the+Coming+of+the+American+Revolution+in+Virginia&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-478&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2210989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2210989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Woody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1967" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Peter (October 1967). "Sir William Johnson and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Studies" title="Journal of American Studies">Journal of American Studies</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): 149–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875800007830">10.1017/S0021875800007830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146390607">146390607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Sir+William+Johnson+and+the+Treaty+of+Fort+Stanwix%2C+1768&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-179&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875800007830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146390607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2007" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpH7QyQ1V_YC&pg=PP1"><i>Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-86416-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-86416-3"><bdi>978-1-135-86416-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontiac%27s+War%3A+Its+Causes%2C+Course+and+Consequences&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-86416-3&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpH7QyQ1V_YC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosin1961" class="citation book cs1">Sosin, Jack M. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaMzwgEACAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Whitehall and the wilderness: the Middle West in British colonial policy, 1760–1775</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whitehall+and+the+wilderness%3A+the+Middle+West+in+British+colonial+policy%2C+1760%E2%80%931775&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Sosin&rft.aufirst=Jack+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaMzwgEACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span> –  The standard scholarly history of the proclamation and its effects.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1979" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Paul (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>The Indian Office: growth & development of American institution, 1865–1900</i></a>. UMI Research Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1079-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1079-4"><bdi>978-0-8357-1079-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Office%3A+growth+%26+development+of+American+institution%2C+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=UMI+Research+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8357-1079-4&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwkaAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashin1994" class="citation book cs1">Cashin, Edward J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EZr42KhjvoC&pg=PP1"><i>Governor Henry Ellis and the Transformation of British North America</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3125-6"><bdi>978-0-8203-3125-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governor+Henry+Ellis+and+the+Transformation+of+British+North+America&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3125-6&rft.aulast=Cashin&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EZr42KhjvoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengeAldridge2015" class="citation book cs1">Fenge, Terry; Aldridge, Jim, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSTCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Keeping Promises: The Royal Proclamation of 1763, Aboriginal Rights, and Treaties in Canada</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9755-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-9755-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+Promises%3A+The+Royal+Proclamation+of+1763%2C+Aboriginal+Rights%2C+and+Treaties+in+Canada&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9755-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSTCDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1989" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Philip (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfHaua8tlPUC&pg=PP1"><i>The Imperial Challenge: Quebec and Britain in the Age of the American Revolution</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1205-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1205-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-1205-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Challenge%3A+Quebec+and+Britain+in+the+Age+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1205-4&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfHaua8tlPUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2002" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Christopher F. (Fall 2002). "Without Treaty, without Conquest: Indigenous Sovereignty in Post-Delgamuukw British Columbia". <i><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo_%C5%A0a_Review" title="Wíčazo Ša Review">Wíčazo Ša Review</a></i>. <b>17</b> (2): 143–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwic.2002.0020">10.1353/wic.2002.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159931063">159931063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.atitle=Without+Treaty%2C+without+Conquest%3A+Indigenous+Sovereignty+in+Post-Delgamuukw+British+Columbia&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-165&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwic.2002.0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159931063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonechild1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stonechild, Blair A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WO9wmgEACAAJ&pg=PA277">"Indian-White Relations in Canada, 1763 to the Present"</a>. In Frederick E. Hoxie, D. L. Birchfield (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of North American Indians</i>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 277–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66921-1"><bdi>978-0-395-66921-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian-White+Relations+in+Canada%2C+1763+to+the+Present&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pages=277-281&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-395-66921-1&rft.aulast=Stonechild&rft.aufirst=Blair+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWO9wmgEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTousignant1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tousignant, Pierre (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/theme_essays.html?p=31">"The Integration of the Province of Quebec into the British Empire, 1763–91. Part 1: From the Royal Proclamation to the Quebec Act"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. 4. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Integration+of+the+Province+of+Quebec+into+the+British+Empire%2C+1763%E2%80%9391.+Part+1%3A+From+the+Royal+Proclamation+to+the+Quebec+Act&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Tousignant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Ftheme_essays.html%3Fp%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Proclamation+of+1763" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/PreConfederation/rp_1763.html">Complete text of the Royal Proclamation, 1763</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chickasaw.tv/history-timeline/document/royal-proclamation-of-1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> – Chickasaw.TV</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specific-claims-law.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12%3Aroyal-proclamation-1763&catid=5&Itemid=8">Complete text of the Royal Proclamation, 1763</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/proc63.htm">UShistory.org: Article about the proclamation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act, 1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Patriation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation#The_Kitchen_Accord" title="Patriation">Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 9 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16.1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 22 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 24 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 31 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 32 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_35.1_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 35.1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part III – Equalization and regional disparities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_36_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 36 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Part V – Procedure for amending Constitution of Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_38_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_39_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 39 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_40_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 40 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_41_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_42_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_43_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_44_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_45_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 45 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_46_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 46 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_47_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 47 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_48_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 48 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_49_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part VII – General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982">52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_53_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 53 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_54_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 54 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_55_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 55 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_56_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 56 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">56</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_57_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">57</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_58_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 58 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">59</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conventions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Conventions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">Cabinet collective responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">Disallowance and reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_repeal" title="Implied repeal">Implied repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">Individual ministerial responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(politics)" title="Interpellation (politics)">Interpellation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">Parliamentary privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">Reserve power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Constitutional_debate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_debate_in_Canada" title="Constitutional debate in Canada">Constitutional debate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_Canadian_Constitution" title="Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution">Other unsuccessful amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Interpretation_of_the_Constitution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Interpretation of the Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_and_substance" title="Pith and substance">Pith and substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Double aspect">Double aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_authenticity_rule" title="Equal authenticity rule">Equal authenticity rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramountcy_(Canada)" title="Paramountcy (Canada)">Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_tree_doctrine" title="Living tree doctrine">Living tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied Bill of Rights">Implied Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjurisdictional_immunity" title="Interjurisdictional immunity">Interjurisdictional immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_principle" title="Dialogue principle">Dialogue principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Provincial_constitutions_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provincial constitutions of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alberta" title="Constitution of Alberta">Constitution of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Quebec" title="Constitution of Quebec">Constitution of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_(British_Columbia)" title="Constitution Act (British Columbia)">Constitution Act (British Columbia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution:_writings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolution_origins" title="Template:American Revolution origins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolution_origins" title="Template talk:American Revolution origins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolution_origins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolution origins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution:_writings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>: writings</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>American resolves, declarations, petitions, essays and pamphlets prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (July 1776)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Following the<br /><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> (1765)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Resolves" title="Virginia Resolves">Virginia Resolves</a> (May 1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_Instructions" title="Braintree Instructions">Braintree Instructions</a> (September 1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a> (October 1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leedstown_Resolutions" title="Leedstown Resolutions">Leedstown Resolutions</a> (February 1766)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland#Colonial_rights_advocate,_An_Inquiry_into_the_Rights_of_the_British_Colonies" title="Richard Bland">An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies</a></i> (1766)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Following the<br /><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> (1767)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i> (1767, 1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a> (February 1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Occurrences" title="Journal of Occurrences">Journal of Occurrences</a> (1768, 1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a> (May 1769)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Pamphlet" title="Boston Pamphlet">Boston Pamphlet</a></i> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Declaration" title="Sheffield Declaration">Sheffield Declaration</a> (January 1773)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Following the<br /><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Coercive Acts</a> (1774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestertown_Tea_Party" title="Chestertown Tea Party">Chestertown Resolves</a> (May 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Resolves" title="Talbot Resolves">Talbot Resolves</a> (May 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Declaration" title="Bush Declaration">Bush River Resolution</a> (March 1775)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a> (September 1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangetown_Resolutions" title="Orangetown Resolutions">Orangetown Resolutions</a> (July 1774)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Vindication_of_the_Measures_of_Congress" title="A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress">A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress</a></i> (December 1774)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer_Refuted" title="The Farmer Refuted">The Farmer Refuted</a></i> (February 1775)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Resolves" title="Rowan Resolves">Rowan Resolves</a> (August 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_Tea_Party" title="Edenton Tea Party">Edenton Tea Party</a> (October 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_Resolves" title="Mecklenburg Resolves">Mecklenburg Resolves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence">Declaration</a> (May 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Point_Resolves" title="Liberty Point Resolves">Liberty Point Resolves</a> (June 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryon_Resolves" title="Tryon Resolves">Tryon Resolves</a> (August 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a> (April 1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Fairfax Resolves</a> (July 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fincastle_Resolutions" title="Fincastle Resolutions">Fincastle Resolutions</a> (January 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Resolves" title="Augusta Resolves">Augusta Resolves</a> (February 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Declaration" title="Augusta Declaration">Augusta Declaration</a> (May 1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a> (June 1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Resolves_of_the_First_Continental_Congress" title="Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress">Declaration and Resolves</a> (October 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> (October 1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a> (October 1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (July 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (July 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence#May_15_preamble" title="United States Declaration of Independence">May 15 preamble</a> (May 1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a> (July 1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays and pamphlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Colonies_Examined" title="The Rights of Colonies Examined">The Rights of Colonies Examined</a></i> (1764)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_Inhabitants_of_Canada" title="Letters to the Inhabitants of Canada">Letters to the Inhabitants of Canada</a>" (1774, 1775, 1776)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a></i> (1774)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novanglus" class="mw-redirect" title="Novanglus">Novanglus</a></i> (1775)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i> (January 1776)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_Government" title="Thoughts on Government">Thoughts on Government</a></i> (Spring, 1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Revolution" title="Category:American Revolution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&#124;link=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_British_laws_relating_to_the_American_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_law_and_the_American_Revolution" title="Template:British law and the American Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_law_and_the_American_Revolution" title="Template talk:British law and the 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">British laws</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Royal Proclamations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Acts of Parliament</a>, and other legal issues relating to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1763</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_Act_1698" title="Wool Act 1698">Wool Act</a> (1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_Act_1731" title="Hat Act 1731">Hat Act</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a> (1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron Act</a> (1750)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a><br />(1763–1765)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Act</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Act</a> (1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> (1765)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">Rockingham ministry</a><br />(1765–1766)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765#Repeal" title="Stamp Act 1765">Repeal Act</a> (March 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory Act</a> (March 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_1766" title="Revenue Act 1766">Revenue Act</a> (June 1766)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton</a><br />ministries (1766–1770)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> (1767)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a><br />(1770–1782)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts#Partial_repeal" title="Townshend Acts">Repeal Act</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a> (1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Coercive Acts</a> (1774: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_Act" title="Boston Port Act">Boston Port Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">Massachusetts Government Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Justice_Act_1774" title="Administration of Justice Act 1774">Administration of Justice Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts#Quartering_Act_1774" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a> (February 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining Acts</a> (March and April 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a> (August 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory Act</a> (December 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_of_Colonies_Act_1778" title="Taxation of Colonies Act 1778">Taxation of Colonies Act</a> (1778)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other legal issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_assistance" title="Writ of assistance">Writ of assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson%27s_Cause" title="Parson's Cause">Parson's Cause</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">Taxation without representation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_laws_relating_to_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:British laws relating to the American Revolution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br /> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br />international<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights"><b>Indigenous rights</b></a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Minority_rights" title="Category:Minority rights"><b>Minority rights</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Aboriginal title in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Aboriginal title in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal title in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Aboriginal title in the United States">Aboriginal title in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_statutes_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Aboriginal title statutes in the Thirteen Colonies">Colonial era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Freedoms_and_Exemptions" title="Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions">Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions</a> (1629 New Netherland)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> (British North America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Congress_Proclamation_of_1783" title="Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783">Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/150px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/225px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/300px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a> (1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Removal Act</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminishment" title="Diminishment">Diminishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898" title="Curtis Act of 1898">Curtis Act of 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Reorganization Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Land_Claims_Settlements" title="Indian Land Claims Settlements">Indian Land Claims Settlements</a> (1978–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Limitations_Act" title="Indian Claims Limitations Act">Indian Claims Limitations Act</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_Marshall_Court" title="Aboriginal title in the Marshall Court">Marshall Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._McIntosh" title="Johnson v. McIntosh">Johnson v. McIntosh</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_v._Georgia" title="Cherokee Nation v. Georgia">Cherokee Nation v. Georgia</a></i> (1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_Taney_Court" title="Aboriginal title in the Taney Court">Taney Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fellows_v._Blacksmith" title="Fellows v. Blacksmith">Fellows v. Blacksmith</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_ex_rel._Cutler_v._Dibble" title="New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble">New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble</a></i> (1858)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890—1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians_v._Christy" title="Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy">Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Santa_Fe_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.">United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warren Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tee-Hit-Ton_Indians_v._United_States" title="Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States">Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission_v._Tuscarora_Indian_Nation" title="Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation">Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Burger Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._County_of_Oneida" title="Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida">Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_v._Omaha_Indian_Tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe (page does not exist)">Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oneida_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_State" title="County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State">County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_v._Catawba_Indian_Tribe,_Inc." title="South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.">South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe</a></i> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rehnquist Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idaho_v._Coeur_d%27Alene_Tribe_of_Idaho" title="Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho">Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idaho_v._United_States" title="Idaho v. United States">Idaho v. United States</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_California" title="Aboriginal title in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_land_rights_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Indigenous land rights in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Indiana" title="Indian removals in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_Louisiana" title="Aboriginal title in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Tribal_Council_of_the_Passamaquoddy_Tribe_v._Morton" title="Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes_in_Michigan" title="Category:Native American tribes in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_New_Mexico" title="Aboriginal title in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_New_York" title="Aboriginal title in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Indian_reservations_in_Oklahoma" title="Former Indian reservations in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_land_claim" title="Narragansett land claim">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_v._Elliott" title="State v. Elliott">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Indigenous land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Aboriginal title</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">List of federally recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_recognition_of_Native_Hawaiians" title="United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians">Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status of Hawaii</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Aboriginal_and_Indigenous_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Aboriginal_and_Indigenous_law" title="Template:Canadian Aboriginal and Indigenous law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Aboriginal_and_Indigenous_law" title="Template talk:Canadian Aboriginal and Indigenous law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Aboriginal_and_Indigenous_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Aboriginal and Indigenous law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Aboriginal_and_Indigenous_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">Canadian Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous law</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: "Aboriginal law" refers to Canadian law dealing with Indigenous peoples; "Indigenous law" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a> of individual Indigenous groups.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_land_title_in_Canada" title="Aboriginal land title in Canada">Aboriginal land title in Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_91(24)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 (page does not exist)">Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples_Act_(Canada)" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (Canada)"><i>United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and <br />governmental relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a><br />(pre-1867)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Chain" title="Covenant Chain">Covenant Chain</a> (1670s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a> (1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty" title="Nanfan Treaty">Nanfan Treaty</a> (1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Treaties" title="Peace and Friendship Treaties">Peace and Friendship Treaties</a> (1725–1779)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaties_of_Fort_Niagara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaties of Fort Niagara (page does not exist)">Treaties of Fort Niagara</a> (1764–1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Treaties" title="Douglas Treaties">Douglas Treaties</a> (1850–54)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gradual_Civilization_Act" title="Gradual Civilization Act">Gradual Civilization Act</a></i> (1857–1869)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Upper_Canadatreaties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper Canada<br />treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Purchase" title="Toronto Purchase">Toronto Purchase</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetanguishene_Bay_Purchase" title="Penetanguishene Bay Purchase">Penetanguishene Bay Purchase</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Township_Treaty_No._6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Township Treaty No. 6 (page does not exist)">London Township Treaty No. 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sombra_Township_Treaty_No._7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sombra Township Treaty No. 7 (page does not exist)">Sombra Township Treaty No. 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe%E2%80%93Lake_Huron_Purchase" title="Lake Simcoe–Lake Huron Purchase">Lake Simcoe–Lake Huron Purchase</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huron_Tract_Purchase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huron Tract Purchase (page does not exist)">Huron Tract Purchase</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_45" title="Treaty 45">Treaty 45</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugeen_Tract_Agreement" title="Saugeen Tract Agreement">Saugeen Tract Agreement</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Treaties" title="Robinson Treaties">Robinson Treaties</a> (1850, 1854, 1859)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Confederation<br />(post-1867)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gradual_Enfranchisement_Act" title="Gradual Enfranchisement Act">Gradual Enfranchisement Act</a></i> (1869–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a> (1871–1921) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_1" title="Treaty 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_2" title="Treaty 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_3" title="Treaty 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_4" title="Treaty 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_5" title="Treaty 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_9" title="Treaty 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_10" title="Treaty 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_11" title="Treaty 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i> (1876–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_White_Paper" title="1969 White Paper">White Paper</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay_and_Northern_Quebec_Agreement" title="James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement">James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Land_Claims_Agreement" title="Nunavut Land Claims Agreement">Nunavut Land Claims Agreement</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">RCAP</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_Final_Agreement" title="Nisga'a Final Agreement">Nisga'a Final Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_des_Braves" title="Paix des Braves">Paix des Braves</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_to_consult_and_accommodate" title="Duty to consult and accommodate">Duty to consult and accommodate</a> (since 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%27s_Principle" title="Jordan's Principle">Jordan's Principle</a> (proposed 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous land claims in Canada">Land claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous specific land claims in Canada">specific claims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_First_Nations_treaties_in_British_Columbia" title="Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia">Ongoing treaty negotiations in British Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_(AG)_v_Lavell" title="Canada (AG) v Lavell">Attorney General of Canada v Lavell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Badger" title="R v Badger">R v Badger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calder_v_British_Columbia_(AG)" title="Calder v British Columbia (AG)">Calder v British Columbia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Sarnia_Band_v_Canada_(AG)" title="Chippewas of Sarnia Band v Canada (AG)">Chippewas of Sarnia Band v Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corbiere_v_Canada_(Minister_of_Indian_and_Northern_Affairs)" title="Corbiere v Canada (Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs)">Corbiere v Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniels_v_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniels v Canada">Daniels v Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delgamuukw_v_British_Columbia" title="Delgamuukw v British Columbia">Delgamuukw v British Columbia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Native_Women%27s_Assn_of_Canada_v_Canada" title="Native Women's Assn of Canada v Canada">Native Women's Assn of Canada v Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kruger_v_R" title="Kruger v R">Kruger v R</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Marshall;_R_v_Bernard" title="R v Marshall; R v Bernard">R v Marshall; R v Bernard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Marshall" title="R v Marshall">R v Marshall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v_MNR" title="Mitchell v MNR">Mitchell v MNR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v_British_Columbia_(Forest_Appeals_Commission)" title="Paul v British Columbia (Forest Appeals Commission)">Paul v British Columbia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulette_Caveat" title="Paulette Caveat">Paulette Caveat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powley_ruling" class="mw-redirect" title="Powley ruling">Powley ruling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Drybones" title="R v Drybones">R v Drybones</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Gladstone" title="R v Gladstone">R v Gladstone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Gladue" title="R v Gladue">R v Gladue</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladue_report" title="Gladue report">Gladue report</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Gonzales" title="R v Gonzales">R v Gonzales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Guerin" title="R v Guerin">R v Guerin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Jim" title="R v Jim">R v Jim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Pamajewon" title="R v Pamajewon">R v Pamajewon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Sparrow" title="R v Sparrow">R v Sparrow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Re_Eskimos" class="mw-redirect" title="Re Eskimos">Re Eskimos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Catharines_Milling_and_Lumber_Co_v_R" title="St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R">St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Van_der_Peet" title="R v Van der Peet">R v Van der Peet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%27in_Nation_v_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia">Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniels_v_Canada_(Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development)" title="Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)">Daniels v Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Restoule_v_Canada" title="Restoule v Canada">Restoule v Canada</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous customary law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Council (Miꞌkmaq)">Grand Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">Great Law of Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittailiniit" title="Pittailiniit">Pittailiniit</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wahkohtowin" title="Wahkohtowin">Wahkohtowin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Cree people">Plains Cree</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Indigenous_Canadians" title="Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians">Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209573#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209573#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209573#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/317023338">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2015056471">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&oldid=1261480605">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Proclamation_of_1763&oldid=1261480605</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1763_in_law" title="Category:1763 in law">1763 in law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1763_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:1763 in the Thirteen Colonies">1763 in the 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