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margin-bottom: 6px; } </style> <div id="infolayer"> <div id="textboundingbox"> <h1 id="textname">Flavius Josephus</h1> <div id="toprightad" style="float: right;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2665675471425577" data-ad-slot="8302713982"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <div id="ataglance" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0 px; width: 210px; border-style: groove; border-width: 4px; color: black; border-color: rgb( 174, 134, 64 ); background-color: rgb( 250, 240, 230 ); margin-top: 5px;"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;" class="info"> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;"><b>At a Glance</b></div> <div style="width: auto;" class="info"><div style="display: block; float: right; left: 0px; width: 75px;">Treatise</div> Genre: </div> <div style="width: auto;" class="info"><div style="display: block; float: right; left: 0px; width: 75px;">(4/5) ****</div> Reliability of Dating: </div> <div style="width: auto;" class="info"><div style="display: block; float: right; left: 0px; width: 75px;">(5/5) *****</div> Length of Text: </div> <div style="width: auto;" class="info"><div style="display: block; float: right; left: 0px; width: 75px;">Greek</div> Original Language: </div> <div style="width: auto;" class="info"> <div>Ancient Translations:</div> <div style="margin-left: 12px;"></div> </div> <div style="width: auto;" class="info"> <div>Modern Translations:</div> <div style="margin-left: 12px;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both; float: right; margin-top: 8px; width: 210px; text-align: center;'><img src='pic/josephus.gif' width="200" height="300"></div> </div> <p style="position: relative; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; margin-top: 5px;"></p> <h2>Estimated Range of Dating: 93 <span class="ce">A.D.</span></h2> <div><a href="index.html"><b>Chronological List of Early Christian Writings</b></a></div> <div>Discuss this text on the <a href="http://earlywritings.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=3">Early Writings forum</a>.</div> <h2>Text</h2> <ul style="margin-right: 220px;">  <li><a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+BJ+1.1">Perseus: Josephus' The Wars of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+1.1">Perseus: Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+Ap.+1.1">Perseus: Josephus' Against Apion</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+Vit.+1">Perseus: The Life of Flavius Josephus</a></li> </ul> <h2>Resources</h2> <ul style="margin-right: 220px;"> <li><a href="testimonium.html">The Testimonium Flavianum</a> by Peter Kirby</li> <li><a href="info/josephus-cathen.html">Catholic Encyclopedia: Flavius Josephus</a> by Karl Hoeber</li> </ul> <h2>Offsite Links</h2> <ul style="margin-right: 220px;"> <li><a href="http://jesuspuzzle.humanists.net/supp10.htm">Josephus Unbound: Reopening the Josephus Question</a> by Earl Doherty</li> <li><a href="http://www.bede.org.uk/Josephus.htm">Did Josephus Refer to Jesus?</a> by Christopher Price</li> <li><a href="http://www.mountainman.com.au/essenes/article_008.htm2">Eusebian Fabrication of the Testimonium</a> by Ken Olson</li> <li><a href="http://smithpp0.tripod.com/psp/id25.html">James in Josephus</a> by Paul Smith</li> <li><a href="http://pages.sbcglobal.net/zimriel/josephus.html">The Other Testimonium Flavianum</a> by David Ross</li> <li><a href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/gordon_stein/jesus.html">The Jesus of History: A Reply to Josh McDowell</a> by Gordon Stein</li> <li><a href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/jury/chap5.html#josephus">Josh McDowell's "Evidence" for Jesus: Is It Reliable?</a> by Jeffery Jay Lowder</li> <li><a href="http://www.tektonics.org/jesusexist/josephus.html">Josephus: A Double Dose of the Messiah</a> by J. P. Holding</li> <li><a href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/james_still/historical_jesus.html">The Pre-Canonical Synoptic Transmission: Who Was the Historical Jesus?</a> by James Still</li> <li><a href="http://jewishchristianlit.com/Topics/JewishJesus/josephus.html">Testimonium Flavianum</a> by Alan Humm</li> <li><a href="http://historical-jesus.info/appe.html">The Testimonium Flavianum</a> by Bernard Muller</li> <li><a href="http://josephus.org/">The Josephus Homepage</a> by G. J. Goldberg</li> <li><a href="http://josephus.org/testimonium.htm">Josephus' Account of Jesus: The Testimonium Flavianum</a> by G. J. Goldberg</li> <li><a href="http://josephus.org/testhist.htm">The Mystery of the Testimonium Flavianum</a> by Maria M. Oberg</li> <li><a href="http://josephus.org/eisler.htm">Extract from "The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist"</a> by Robert Eisler</li> <li><a href="http://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/whealey2000.pdf">The Testimonium Flavianum Controversy from Antiquity to the Present</a> by Alice Whealey</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020307084455/http://members.aol.com/ps418/dje.html">Extra-Biblical Evidence for the Existence Of Jesus?</a> by Patrick S. <li><a href="http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/historicus/jesus.html#ch5">Did Josephus Write It?</a> by Historicus</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110710154302/http://ptet.dubar.com/ecw/josephus.html">Did Josephus mention Jesus Christ?</a> by PTET</li> <li><a href="http://www.tektoonics.com/test/parody/pest/pestjosephus.htm">Did Josephus mention Jesus Christ?</a> by J. P. Holding</li> <li><a href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/scott_oser/hojfaq.html">Historicity of Jesus FAQ</a> by Scott Oser</li> <li><a href="http://www.virtualreligion.net/iho/jesus.html#testimonium">Jesus & Christians: Testimonium Flavianum</a> by Mahlon Smith</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010629015904/http://www.fireplug.net/~rshand/restricted/reflections/messiah/sources.html">Jesus Outside the New Testament</a> by R. Shand <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050306082632/http://www.courses.drew.edu/sp2000/BIBST189.001/sources.html">Searching for Jesus: Sources</a> by Darrell Doughty</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080518033636/http://home.inu.net/skeptic/exist.html">Did Jesus Ever Live?</a> by Louis W. Cable</li> <li><a href="http://www.ebonmusings.org/atheism/camel2.html">Choking on the Camel: Flavius Josephus</a> by Adam Marczyk</li> <li><a href="http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/marshall_gauvin/did_jesus_really_live.html">Did Jesus Christ Really Live?</a> by Marshall J. Gauvin</li> <li><a href="http://www.askwhy.co.uk/christianity/0090MissingRecords.php#Censorship">Christian Censorship in Josephus</a> by Michael Magee</li> <li><a href="http://www.bowness.demon.co.uk/marston2.htm">Josephus on Jesus</a> in an essay by Steven Carr</li> <li><a href="http://www.theistic-evolution.com/josephus.html">Josephus and Jesus Christ</a> by Carl Drews</li> <li><a href="http://religiousstudies.uncc.edu/people/jtabor/josephus-jesus.html">Josephus' Testimony to Jesus</a> by James D. Tabor</li> <li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030304125205/http://www.kwdavids.net/jesus_exist.html">Did Jesus Really Exist?</a> by Kevin Davids</li> <li><a href="http://life.liegeman.org/historymaker/extern3.html">Flavius Josephus</a> by Kevin King</li> <li><a href="http://www.frontline-apologetics.com/Testimonium_of_Josephus.html">Is There Really Evidence that Jesus Christ Lived?</a> by Mark McFall</li> <li><a href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/josephus/josephus.htm">Josephus in the Ante-Nicene Fathers: all the citations</a> by Roger Pearse</li> <li><a href="http://www.centuryone.com/josephus.html">The Credibility of Josephus</a> by Magen Broshi</li> <li><a href="http://pace.mcmaster.ca/york/york/index.htm">Scholarly Resources for the Study of Flavius Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.yorku.ca/smason/">Steve Mason's Homepage</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bible.org/docs/nt/topics/josephus.htm">Josephus' Writings and Their Relation to the New Testament</a></li> </ul> <h2>Books</h2> <ul style="margin-right: 220px;"> <li>Shaye Cohen, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0391041584/peterkirby">Josephus in Galilee and Rome</a> (Lieden: Brill 2002).</li> <li>Rebecca Gray, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/019507615X">Prophetic Figures in Late Second Temple Jewish Palestine: The Evidence from Josephus</a> (Oxford University Press 1997).</li> <li>Mireille Hadas-Lebel, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743217969/peterkirby">Flavius Josephus: Eyewitness to Rome's First-Century Conquest of Judea</a> (1993).</li> <li>Steve Mason, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0391041541/peterkirby">Flavius Josephus on the Pharisees</a> (Lieden: Brill 2001).</li> <li>Steve Mason, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943575990/peterkirby">Josephus and the New Testament</a> (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers 1993).</li> </ul> <div><a href="books.html"><b>Recommended Books for the Study of Early Christian Writings</b></a></div> <h2>Information on Flavius Josephus</h2> <P> Josephus is an invaluable source for the history of Judaism in the Second Temple period. <P> Louis H. Feldman offers the following comments on Josephus (<i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>, v. 3, pp. 981-982): <P> <blockquote> Josephus was born in 37 C.E. and was given the Hebrew name Joseph ben Mattathias. His mother was a descendant of the Hasmonean family that had ruled Jerusalem a century earlier, and by birthright he was a priest. In Jerusalem he received a superb education, and at the age of 27 (in 64 C.E.) he led a delegation to the court of the Roman emperor Nero. Two years later he was pressed to serve as the general of the Jewish forces in Galilee in the revolt against Rome. He was captured and afterwards became a Roman citizen and pensioner of the Flavian emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. He is most widely known by the Roman name he then acquired, Flavius Josephus (or simply "Josephus"). <P> In Rome Josephus resided in an apartment within the emperor's house and devoted much of his time to writing. In part his works were addressed to his fellow Jews, justifying to them not only Roman conduct during the Jewish War, but also his own personal conduct in switching loyalties. However, his writings were also designed to justify Jewish culture and religion to an interested and sometimes sympathetic Roman audience. The earliest of his extant writings is the <i>Bellum Judaicarum</i> (or <i>Jewish War</i>), which was apparently drafted initially in Aramaic and then translated into Greek 5 to 10 years after the 70 C.E. destruction of Jerusalem. His second work, <i>Antiquitates Judaicae</i> (or <i>Jewish Antiquities</i>), was published more than a decade later; it was much longer, and recounts Jewish history from creation to the Jewish War, and contains some valuable historical information. His last two works, probably published shortly before his death, include the <i>Vita</i> (or <i>Life</i>), an autobiography intended primarily to defend his conduct during the Jewish War 30 years earlier, and <i>Contra Apionem</i> (or <i>Against Apion</i>), an apologetic defense of Judaism against a wave of anti-Semitism emanating from Alexandria. Josephus probably died ca. 100 C.E., several years after Trajan had become emperor in Rome. His writings, while generally ignored by fellow Jews, were preserved by Christians not only because they chronicled generally and so well the "time between the testaments," but also because they contained specific references to John the Baptist, Jesus of Nazareth, and Jesus' brother James. </blockquote> <P> On the much-disputed matter of whether Josephus mentioned Jesus, see my essay on the <a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/testimonium.html">Testimonium Flavianum</a>. <P> Although a "Discourse to the Greeks on Hades" is present in Whiston's translation, few if any scholars today believe that Josephus wrote this work. This is why parallels with NT phrases have been italicized at Wheaton's on-line library (above). I am informed of the following by Stephen Carlson: <P> <blockquote> <P>After posting to Ioudaios, I received two replies (copied herein) that state that it is well-settled that Josephus did not write this discourse.</P> <P>Stephen</P> <P>======</P> <P>From: "Matthew A. Kraus" <Matthew.A.Kraus@williams.edu><BR> To: "First Century Judaism Discussion Forum" <ioudaios-l@Lehigh.EDU><BR> Subject: Re: IOU: "Josephus's" Discourse to the Greeks on Hades<BR> <BR> In fact the passage belongs to a work by Hippolytus of Rome entitled Against the Greeks and Plato on the Universe. The work is lost except for a rather lengthy fragment preserved in John of Damscus' Sacra Parallela which includes the excerpt on Hades and the comparison between Minos, Rhadamanthos, and Christ. The myth of Josephan authorship stems from Photius' Bibliotheca 48, which refers to a peri tou pantou of Josephus. However, Photius himself doubted the attribution to Josephus and cited a marginal note indicated a presbyter of Rome named Gaius as the author. As the marginal note claims that Gaius also wrote the Labyrinth which is another title for Hippolytus' Philosophumena, the gloss essentially got the authorship right, but confused the names Gaius and Hippolytus. The fragment is readily available on the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae cd-rom under Hippolytus, on the universe (around line 80).</P> <P>Matthew Kraus<BR> Assistant Professor of Classics<BR> Williams College</P> <P>[(XXX)XXX-XXXX]</P> <P> </P> <P>======</P> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943575990/peterkirby"><img src="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/pic/mason.jpg" width=93 height=148 border=0 alt="Josephus and the New Testament" align=right></a> <P>From Steve Mason <smason@yorku.ca><BR> To: "First Century Judaism Discussion Forum" <ioudaios-l@Lehigh.EDU><BR> Subject: Re: IOU: "Josephus's" Discourse to the Greeks on Hades</P> <P>Stephen Carlson asks for another:</P> <P>>>Does anyone know anything about the suggestion that the Discourse to the<BR> >>Greeks on Hades of "Josephus" is spurious?</P> <P>More than a suggestion: for just the reasons noted by your questioner. Whiston (early 18th cent) could only argue for authenticity by virtue of his premise that josephus was a Christian and became bishop of Jerusalem. That proposal has been thoroughly discredited; a fortiori....</P> <P>Steve Mason, Academic Director<BR> Centre for the Support of Teaching<BR> [address, etc., deleted]</P> </blockquote> <p>Thus we have Josephus' <i>Wars</i>, <i>Antiquities</i>, <i>Against Apion</i>, and <i>Life</i> as his extant works.</p> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 20px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2665675471425577" data-ad-slot="3495055140"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> <h2>Some Contemporary Texts</h2> <ul style="display: table;"> <li><a href="1john.html">1 John</a> (90-120 A.D.)</li> <li><a href="2john.html">2 John</a> (90-120 A.D.)</li> <li><a href="3john.html">3 John</a> (90-120 A.D.)</li> <li><a href="jude.html">Epistle of Jude</a> (90-120 A.D.)</li> <li><b>Flavius Josephus</b> (93 A.D.)</li> <li><a href="1timothy.html">1 Timothy</a> (100-150 A.D.)</li> <li><a href="2timothy.html">2 Timothy</a> (100-150 A.D.)</li> <li><a href="titus.html">Titus</a> (100-150 A.D.)</li> <li><a href="apocalypsepeter.html">Apocalypse of Peter</a> (100-150 A.D.)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> <hr width="50%"> <p style="text-align: center">Go to the <a href="index.html">Chronological List</a> of all Early Christian Writings</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script></p> <p style="text-align: center; font-size:135%;">Please <a href="http://earlywritings.com/buy/">buy the CD</a> to support the site, view it without ads, and get bonus stuff!</p> <div id="infoleft"></div> <div id="inforight"></div> <div id="footer"> <div id="footleft"></div> <div id="footright"></div> </div> <div id="whitebottomlayer"> <p id="copyrightnotice"><a href="index.html">Early Christian Writings</a> is copyright © <script language="JavaScript">  </script> Peter Kirby <code><<a href="http://www.peterkirby.com/">E-Mail</a>&gt</code>.</p> <iframe src="http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpages%2Fearlychristianwritingscom%2F121187514627340&send=false&layout=box_count&width=55&show_faces=true&action=like&colorscheme=light&font&height=65" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border:none; overflow:hidden; width:55px; height:65px; float: left; margin-left: 15px;" allowTransparency="true"></iframe> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">  <div class="g-plusone"></div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })(); </script> <div><a href="https://twitter.com/mrpeterkirby" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false" data-size="large" data-dnt="true">Follow @mrpeterkirby</a> <script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script></div> </div> <div id="buythecd"><a href="http://earlywritings.com/buy/"><img src="pic/textanim.gif" alt="Get the CD Now!" width="108" height="39"></a></div> <div style="width: 500px; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 8px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 50px;"><div style="position: absolute; width: 40px; height: 40px;"><b>MLA<br>Style</b></div><div style="position: relative; left: 40px;"><p>Kirby, Peter. 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