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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ribs (recordings)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ribs (enregistrements)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn%C3%A1mhcheol" title="Cnámhcheol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cnámhcheol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ABbra" title="Rëbra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rëbra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E9%AA%A8%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="肋骨レコード – Japanese" 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discarded X-ray prints in the USSR</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_on_Bones2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rock_on_Bones2.jpg/220px-Rock_on_Bones2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rock_on_Bones2.jpg/330px-Rock_on_Bones2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rock_on_Bones2.jpg/440px-Rock_on_Bones2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>"Rock on bones" Gramophone record (USSR, 1950s). Gallery "<a href="/wiki/Vinzavod" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinzavod">Vinzavod</a>", Moscow</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ribs</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">рёбра</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">translit.</a> <b>ryobra</b>), also known as <b>music on ribs</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Музыка на рёбрах</span></span>), <b>jazz on bones</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Джаз на костях</span></span>), <b>bones</b> or <b>bone music</b> (<i><b>roentgenizdat</b></i>), are improvised <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone recordings</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">X-ray films</a>. Mostly made through the 1950s and 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ribs were a <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> method of smuggling in and distributing music that was banned from broadcast in the Soviet Union. Banned artists included emigre musicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Leshchenko" title="Pyotr Leshchenko">Pyotr Leshchenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vertinsky" title="Alexander Vertinsky">Alexander Vertinsky</a>, and Western artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">Beach Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chubby_Checker" title="Chubby Checker">Chubby Checker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribs_(recordings)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical X-rays, purchased or picked out of the trash from hospitals and clinics, were used to create the recordings. The X-rays were cut into <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)#7-inch_format" title="Single (music)">7-inch discs</a><sup id="cite_ref-unglued_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unglued-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the center hole was burned into the disc with a cigarette.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Russian music critic and rock journalist <a href="/wiki/Artemy_Troitsky" title="Artemy Troitsky">Artemy Troitsky</a>, "grooves were cut [at 78rpm]<sup id="cite_ref-unglued_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unglued-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the help of special machines (made, they say, from old phonographs by skilled conspiratorial hands)"; he added that the "quality was awful, but the price was low, a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">ruble</a> or a ruble and a half."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disks could be played five to ten times.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribs_(recordings)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clandestine approach to circulating banned popular foreign music eventually led to a law being passed in 1958 that forbade the home-production of recordings of "a criminally hooligan trend".<sup id="cite_ref-unglued_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unglued-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "hooligan trend" refers to the <i><a href="/wiki/Stilyagi" title="Stilyagi">stilyagi</a></i> (from the word <i>stil</i> meaning style in Russian), a Soviet youth subculture known for embracing Western styles of dress and dance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_X-Ray_Audio_Project">The X-Ray Audio Project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribs_(recordings)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The X-Ray Audio Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While on tour with <a href="/wiki/The_Real_Tuesday_Weld" title="The Real Tuesday Weld">The Real Tuesday Weld</a> in Saint Petersburg, the English musician Stephen Coates came across an X-ray record at a market stall. Coates was inspired to launch <i>The X-Ray Audio Project</i>, an initiative to provide a resource of information about <i>roentgenizdat</i> recordings with visual images, audio recordings and interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2015, after several years of research and interviewing bone bootleggers, his book <i>X-Ray Audio: The Strange Story of Soviet Music on the Bone</i> was published by Strange Attractor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015, Coates gave a TED talk on the subject at TEDX Kraków.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and sound artist and researcher <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kolkowski" title="Aleksander Kolkowski">Aleksander Kolkowski</a> went on tour, telling the story of the Soviet X-ray bootleggers and cutting new X-ray records from live musical performances as a demonstration of the process. The touring exhibition Coates created with photographer Paul Heartfield was covered in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> and on BBC Radio 4's <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)" title="Today (BBC Radio 4)">Today</a></i> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2016, the pair released the long-form documentary <i>Roentgenizdat</i> featuring interviews with original Soviet-era bootleggers and archive footage. </p><p>In 2019, Coates wrote and presented <i>Bone Music</i>, a documentary based around interviews carried out in Russia for an edition of BBC Radio 3's <i>Between The Ears</i> series. The programme told the story of <a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">underground culture</a> of forbidden music in Cold War era Soviet Union and featured the Russian band <a href="/wiki/Mumiy_Troll" title="Mumiy Troll">Mumiy Troll</a> recording a <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Kozin" title="Vadim Kozin">Vadim Kozin</a> song cut straight to X-ray.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribs_(recordings)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexi_disc" title="Flexi disc">Flexi disc</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribs_(recordings)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRaleigh2006" class="citation book cs1">Raleigh, Donald J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2GtyBgNyzXEC&pg=PA69"><i>Russia's Sputnik Generation: Soviet Baby Boomers Talk about Their Lives</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21842-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21842-1"><bdi>978-0-253-21842-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Sputnik+Generation%3A+Soviet+Baby+Boomers+Talk+about+Their+Lives&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21842-1&rft.aulast=Raleigh&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2GtyBgNyzXEC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinor1995" class="citation book cs1">Minor, William (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_4G16GmDJkC&pg=PA2"><i>Unzipped Souls: A Jazz Journey Through the Soviet Union</i></a>. Temple University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-324-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-324-9"><bdi>978-1-56639-324-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unzipped+Souls%3A+A+Jazz+Journey+Through+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-324-9&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_4G16GmDJkC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1983" class="citation journal cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40257510">"The Rock Inundation"</a>. <i>The Wilson Quarterly</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 58–67. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40257510">40257510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Rock+Inundation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=58-67&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40257510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40257510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest,_Richard1965" class="citation news cs1">West, Richard (25 June 1965). "REDS LIKE ROCK AND ROLL---BUT NEED INTERPRETATION". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. 1 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=REDS+LIKE+ROCK+AND+ROLL---BUT+NEED+INTERPRETATION&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1965-06-25&rft.au=West%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unglued-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unglued_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unglued_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unglued_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanley1996" class="citation book cs1">Ganley, Gladys D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NeGfprIKbi0C&pg=PA11-IA7"><i>Unglued Empire: The Soviet Experience with Communications Technologies</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 4, 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56750-197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56750-197-1"><bdi>978-1-56750-197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unglued+Empire%3A+The+Soviet+Experience+with+Communications+Technologies&rft.pages=4%2C+10&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56750-197-1&rft.aulast=Ganley&rft.aufirst=Gladys+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNeGfprIKbi0C%26pg%3DPA11-IA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Wilson, Clare (9 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22830512-700-soviet-era-bootleg-music-recorded-on-discarded-x-ray-plates/">"Soviet-era bootleg music recorded on discarded X-ray plates"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. No. 3051. pp. 24–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Soviet-era+bootleg+music+recorded+on+discarded+X-ray+plates&rft.issue=3051&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22830512-700-soviet-era-bootleg-music-recorded-on-discarded-x-ray-plates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1989" class="citation book cs1">Easton, Paul (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUSvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">"The Rock Music Community"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/James_Riordan_(writer-sportsman)" title="James Riordan (writer-sportsman)">Riordan, James</a> (ed.). <i>Soviet youth culture</i>. Vol. 2. Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-46231-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-46231-9"><bdi>0-333-46231-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246807650">246807650</a>Available at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Indiana">University of Indiana</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rock+Music+Community&rft.btitle=Soviet+youth+culture&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246807650&rft.isbn=0-333-46231-9&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUSvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoganYrinaLebedev1992" class="citation journal cs1">Logan, Wendell; Yrina, Satrina; Lebedev, Victor (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/779443">"The Development of Jazz in the Former Soviet Union: An Interview with Victor Lebedev"</a>. <i>Black Music Research Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 227–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F779443">10.2307/779443</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/779443">779443</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Music+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Jazz+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union%3A+An+Interview+with+Victor+Lebedev&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-232&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F779443&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F779443%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Wendell&rft.au=Yrina%2C+Satrina&rft.au=Lebedev%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F779443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdele2002" class="citation journal cs1">Edele, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41050842">"Strange Young Men in Stalin's Moscow: The Birth and Life of the Stiliagi, 1945–1953"</a>. <i>Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 37–61. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41050842">41050842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+Osteuropas&rft.atitle=Strange+Young+Men+in+Stalin%27s+Moscow%3A+The+Birth+and+Life+of+the+Stiliagi%2C+1945%E2%80%931953&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-61&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41050842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Edele&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41050842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaphides2015" class="citation news cs1">Paphides, Peter (29 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/29/bone-music-soviet-bootleg-records-pressed-on-xrays">"Bone music: the Soviet bootleg records pressed on x-rays"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bone+music%3A+the+Soviet+bootleg+records+pressed+on+x-rays&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.aulast=Paphides&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Fjan%2F29%2Fbone-music-soviet-bootleg-records-pressed-on-xrays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2015" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Stephen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/x-ray-audio"><i>X-Ray Audio: The Strange Story of Soviet Music on the Bone</i></a>. Strange Attractor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907222-38-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907222-38-2"><bdi>978-1-907222-38-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=X-Ray+Audio%3A+The+Strange+Story+of+Soviet+Music+on+the+Bone&rft.pub=Strange+Attractor&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-907222-38-2&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fx-ray-audio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2015" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Coates, Stephen (6 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49aWAHqi200"><i>The story of X-Ray Audio: What would you risk for the sake of music?</i></a>. <i>TEDxKraków</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+story+of+X-Ray+Audio%3A+What+would+you+risk+for+the+sake+of+music%3F&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D49aWAHqi200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02hrdb3"><i>Hear the banned Soviet music recorded onto X-Rays</i></a> (Radio broadcast). <a href="/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)" title="Today (BBC Radio 4)">Today</a>. 27 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hear+the+banned+Soviet+music+recorded+onto+X-Rays&rft.pub=Today&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp02hrdb3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000bdjg/">"Bone Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Ears" title="Between the Ears">Between the Ears</a></i>. BBC. 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Between+the+Ears&rft.atitle=Bone+Music&rft.date=2019-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm000bdjg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribs_(recordings)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coates, Stephen (Ed.) (2015). <i>The strange story of Soviet music on the bone</i>. London: Strange Attractor Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907222-38-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907222-38-2">978-1-907222-38-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurchak1999" class="citation book cs1">Yurchak, Alexei (1999). "Gagarin and the Rave Kids". In Barker, Adele Marie (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consumingrussia00adel"><i>Consuming Russia: popular culture, sex, and society since Gorbachev</i></a></span>. Durham, N. C.: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consumingrussia00adel/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2313-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2313-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-2313-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185952345">185952345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gagarin+and+the+Rave+Kids&rft.btitle=Consuming+Russia%3A+popular+culture%2C+sex%2C+and+society+since+Gorbachev&rft.place=Durham%2C+N.+C.&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185952345&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2313-6&rft.aulast=Yurchak&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsumingrussia00adel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurchak2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Yurchak" title="Alexei Yurchak">Yurchak, Alexei</a> (2006). "Chapter 6: Imaginary West". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythingwasfor0000yurc"><i>Everything Was Forever Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Imaginary+West&rft.btitle=Everything+Was+Forever+Until+It+Was+No+More%3A+The+Last+Soviet+Generation&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Yurchak&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverythingwasfor0000yurc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARibs+%28recordings%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribs_(recordings)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x-rayaudio.squarespace.com/">X-Ray Audio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x-rayaudio.squarespace.com/boneblog/2014/10/16/bones-at-the-horse-hospital/">The Horse Hospital</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021013358/https://x-rayaudio.squarespace.com/boneblog/2014/10/16/bones-at-the-horse-hospital/">Archived</a> 21 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Roman Tschiedl: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oe1.orf.at/programm/432886">Bootlegs auf Röntgenfilm: Der illegale Sound des Kalten Krieges</a></i>, Radio <a href="/wiki/OE1" class="mw-redirect" title="OE1">OE1</a>, 2. April 2016 (German/English, Interviews with Stephen Coates, Aleksander Kolkowski and Masha Dabelka on Ribs recordings)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Audio recording format">audio recording formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box cylinder or disc</a> (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock#First_modern_cuckoo_clocks" title="Cuckoo clock">Mechanical cuckoo</a> (early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautogram</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone cylinder</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Perfected phonograph</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Ediphone</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Salon cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Stentor cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Le Céleste cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Gold moulded record</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible record</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Amberol record</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol record</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Paradis cylinder</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé disc</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond disc</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé Actuelle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Voicewriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Voicewriter (page does not exist)">Edison Voicewriter</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundScriber" title="SoundScriber">SoundScriber</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Audograph" title="Gray Audograph">Audograph</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">Long play</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_8ban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai 8ban (page does not exist)">Bandai 8ban</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved tape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefifon#1930s" title="Tefifon">Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">Photophone</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loose magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Textophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Textophon (page does not exist)">Lorenz Textophon</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Army_RD-11B/GNQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 (page does not exist)">US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Industries_MX-303A/ANQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 (page does not exist)">Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12875 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12875</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12877 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12877</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_265B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 265B (page does not exist)">Peirce 265B</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_330/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 330/360 (page does not exist)">Peirce 330/360</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P51 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P51</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P55 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P55</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_special&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon special (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon special</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzet-Jaeger_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge (page does not exist)">Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_magnetic_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken magnetic disc (page does not exist)">Telefunken magnetic disc</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermionic_Products_Recordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermionic Products Recordon (page does not exist)">Thermionic Products Recordon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_Maker_Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record Maker Pye (page does not exist)">Record Maker Pye</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_Synchrofax" title="Ricoh Synchrofax">Synchrofax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Audio High Density</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Loose (reel-to-reel)</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner#Career" title="Ludwig Blattner">Blattnerphone</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Reel-to-reel_¼"" title="Audio tape specifications">1/4" tape</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">1/2" tape</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Fullcoat magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Stripe magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Ampex's_original_8-track_recorder" title="History of multitrack recording">1" tape</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Large_format_analog_recorders" title="History of multitrack recording">2" tape</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3/4%22_tape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3/4" tape (page does not exist)">3/4" tape</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">3" tape</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)#Company_history" title="Loewe (electronics)">Optaphon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_Echo-matic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino Echo-matic (page does not exist)">Cousino Echo-matic</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Message_repeater_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Message repeater cartridge (page does not exist)">Mohawk Message repeater cartridge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Midgetape_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Midgetape RL (page does not exist)">Mohawk Midgetape RL</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Dictet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Dictet (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Dictet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediffusion_Reditune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediffusion Reditune (page does not exist)">Rediffusion Reditune</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Sabafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Sabafon (page does not exist)">Saba Sabafon</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3581 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3581</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Attach%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Attaché (page does not exist)">Protona Attaché</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_MR-9000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino MR-9000 (page does not exist)">Cousino MR-9000</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Magnabelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Magnabelt (page does not exist)">IBM Magnabelt</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Travel_master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Travel master (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Travel master</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Vity_cassette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Vity cassette (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Vity cassette</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_Cassette_LFH_0084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 (page does not exist)">Grundig Cassette LFH 0084</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrtronic_Tapette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrtronic Tapette (page does not exist)">Orrtronic Tapette</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape#Trade_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch Tape">3M Scotch</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cousino" title="Bernard Cousino">Cousino Echo-matic II</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3583 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3583</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_En3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig En3 (page does not exist)">Grundig En3</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabamobil" title="Sabamobil">Sabamobil</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo_Micro_Pack_35" title="Sanyo Micro Pack 35">Micro pack 35</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assmann-Stuzzi_Memocord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord (page does not exist)">Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_700" title="Cantata 700">Cantata 700</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-International" title="DC-International">DC-International</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Memo-call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Memo-call (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Memo-call</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayTape" title="PlayTape">PlayTape</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntz_Stereo_Mini-twin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntz Stereo Mini-twin (page does not exist)">Muntz Stereo Mini-twin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_DeJ614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig DeJ614 (page does not exist)">Grundig DeJ614</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyo_Tape_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyo Tape cartridge (page does not exist)">Sanyo Tape cartridge</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiPac" title="HiPac">HiPac</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno-Cassette" title="Steno-Cassette">Steno-Cassette</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette DL</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Records_Audiopak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Records Audiopak (page does not exist)">Capitol Records Audiopak</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_micro_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai micro cartridge (page does not exist)">Bandai micro cartridge</a> (late 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soundstream#Digital_Tape_Recorder" title="Soundstream">Soundstream</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProDigi" title="ProDigi">X80/ProDigi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">DASH</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DA-88" title="DA-88">DA-88/DTRS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_(cassette)" title="NT (cassette)">NT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">DD</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">CDS</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD-BGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD-BGM (page does not exist)">Philips CD-BGM</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCD" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCD">HDCD</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-Audio">BD-Audio</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">HFPA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA-CD</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Electronic circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (late 1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitClips" title="HitClips">HitClips</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaboom_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaboom Box (page does not exist)">Yaboom Box</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takara_E-kara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takara E-kara (page does not exist)">Takara E-kara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toymax_VJ_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toymax VJ Starz (page does not exist)">Toymax VJ Starz</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Media_storage_and_marketing" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#Music_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">MicroSD</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-cassette">Mini-cassette</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Artists_Compact_LaserDisc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc (page does not exist)">Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Timecode vinyl</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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