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Social and evolutionary biologists, psychologists, economists and philosophers alike have made many attempts at..." /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="upgrade-insecure-requests;block-all-mixed-content" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Altruism-FKJXENXYTJ" /> </head> <body class="gray-ultra-light--bg"> <div id="app"> <div><div class="header-splat no-padding"><nav class="row top-nav top-nav--slim"><div class="columns small-2 medium-1 hide-for-large-only hide-for-large-up full-height"><section class="navigation"><div class="nav-container"><nav><div class="nav-mobile"><a href="javascript:void(0);" role="button" aria-label="Hamburger menu" aria-expanded="false" id="nav-toggle" class="burger full-height vert-align-middle display-inline-block cursor-pointer position-relative bv-popup-parent" 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class="capitalize brand-primary">Home Page</a></li><li class="display-inline-block"><a href="https://www.bartleby.com/writing/" class="capitalize brand-primary">Research</a></li><li class="display-inline-block"><span class="ash-gray capitalize">Essay on Altruism</span></li></ul></nav></div><div class="rhino-slot center" id="essay_ad_top"></div><div class="row columns"></div><div class="row essay-preview-block"><div class="columns small-12 medium-8 large-8 no-padding"><div class="preview-header-row display-flex"><div class="columns small-5 medium-3 large-2 no-padding"><img src="//assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/essay_preview.png" width="100%" alt="preview"/></div><div class="columns small-7 medium-9 large-10 display-flex flex-flow-column"><h1 class="heading-s weight-700 no-margin ">Essay on Altruism</h1><div class="grade-essay-card grade-good-essays"><span>Good Essays</span></div><ul class="weight-700 padding-left-1 share-block "><li><span class="text-s">1083 Words</span></li><li><span class="text-s">5 Pages</span></li></ul><div class="margin-top-auto"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="button button--orange button--squarish text-m button--orange" id="ShowMoreButtonExtra" data-href="/writing/document/FKJXENXYTJ" rel="nofollow">Open Document</a></div></div></div></div></div><div id="divPreviewBlock" class="row essay-preview-block "><div class="columns large-8 paper-container paper-container--with-sidebar position-relative border-box-shadow margin-4 padding-2"><div class=""><div class="position-relative margin-4 text-xl"><div id="essay-body-heading-details"></div><script>if (typeof doShowProdHdr === 'function') { document.getElementById("essay-body-heading-details").style.display="none"; document.getElementById("essay-preview-premium-ribbon").style.display="none"; };</script><div class="document__body white-space--break-spaces break-word"><span class="document__preview text-l source-serif "><p>Why do we show altruism? Social and evolutionary biologists, psychologists, economists and philosophers alike have made many attempts at providing an explanation for altruism. As a result, many opposing theories have developed over the years. In this essay, I will attempt to explain altruism as the presence of an altruistic gene which is selected for by <a href='/topics/natural-selection' style='color:#3174a3'>natural selection</a> in terms of kin selection. I will explore evidence supporting this theory, as well as evidence pointing to psychological explanations such as reciprocal <a href='/topics/altruism' style='color:#3174a3'>altruism</a>, social norms and primitive sympathy.<br /> <br /> First, it is important to understand what altruism is. Altruism is any act carried out by an individual in order to benefit another individual. [1, 2] At first glance,<a data-href=/writing/document/FKJXENXYTJ class="document__middle white-space--normal source-serif text-l" rel="nofollow" style="cursor:pointer;white-space: normal;"> <i>…show more content…</i> </a></p></span><span class="document__preview text-l source-serif "><p class='text-ellipsis-after'>Nevertheless, one recent study suggests that genetic differences between our ancestors could have resulted in lethal intergroup competition which disfavoured non-altruists [6]. I will attempt to link this theory to what is known as kin selection. Kin selection explains altruism as an act increasing the probability of an individual’s genes being transmitted to the next generation. [3] We share half of our genes our siblings and parents, and a quarter with cousins, nephews and nieces. [1, 2] Therefore, altruistic behaviour towards these individuals would result in our genes passing on due to their higher probability of survival. This is known as increasing one’s inclusive fitness. [7] Since early human societies included members genetically related to one another, [6] kin selection between these individuals resulted in the societies growing in size. Thus, societies genetically predisposed in displaying co-operative, altruistic behaviour towards each other (through acts such as group hunting, mutually defending each other, and sharing food) are more capable of surviving, resulting in the altruistic gene surviving.[1] This, I believe, is the predominant explanation for altruism in humans today. The act of altruism is a genetic inheritance evolving through the basic instinct of survival and continuity of species. <br /> <br /> Other theorists however,</p></span></div><div class="paper__gradient paper__gradient--bottom"></div><div class="center paper__cta"><a class="button text-m button--orange" id="ShowMoreButton" rel="nofollow" data-href="/writing/document/FKJXENXYTJ">Get Access</a></div></div></div></div><div class="columns large-4 hide-for-medium-only hide-for-small-only"><div class="rhino-slot center" id="essay_ad_sidebar"></div><div class="rhino-slot center" id="essay_ad_sidebar_1"></div></div></div><div class="row essay-preview-block essay-related-block "><div class="columns large-12 padding-1 no-padding-large"><div class="columns large-12 paper--related-separator-new"><span class="paper--related-separator-word">Related</span></div><div class="rhino-slot center" id="essay_ad_related"></div><section class=""><ul id="RelatedDocumentCenter" class="unstyled"><li id="related-essay1"><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 large-12 card box-shadow card-grade-essay paper no-padding"><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 hide-for-large position-relative card-grade-essay-grade-col grade-decent-essays"><div><span>Decent Essays</span></div></div><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 position-relative hide-for-large card-grade-essay-words-col padding-left-1-imp"><a href="/essay/Analyzing-Lewis-Thomas-Essay-Altruism-95CC9DCB5B479756" class="hide-for-large"><h2 class="heading-s weight-700 brand-secondary">Analyzing Lewis Thomas 'Essay Altruism'</h2></a><ul><li>548 Words</li><li>3 Pages</li></ul></div><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 large-8 position-relative"><div class="card-grade-essay-preview-col show-for-large"><a href="/essay/Analyzing-Lewis-Thomas-Essay-Altruism-95CC9DCB5B479756" class="show-for-large"><h2 class="heading-s weight-700 brand-secondary">Analyzing Lewis Thomas 'Essay Altruism'</h2></a></div><p class="text-m break-word word-break text-ellipsis-after text-ellipsis-after">Altruism, despite the fact that a human conduct, needs extraordinary expressions to convey what needs be on all levels of unselfishness, for example, love and regard, since benevolence is regularly mistaken for any benevolent conduct made by living animals, and we should not utilize this general term to depict specific practices and behaviours.</p></div><div class="columns large-1-5 position-relative show-for-large card-grade-essay-words-col"><ul><li>548 Words</li><li>3 Pages</li></ul></div><div class="columns large-2 show-for-large position-relative card-grade-essay-grade-col grade-decent-essays"><div><span>Decent Essays</span></div></div><div class="small-12 medium-12 large-1-5 position-relative card-grade-essay-button-col"><a class="button text-m " href="/essay/Analyzing-Lewis-Thomas-Essay-Altruism-95CC9DCB5B479756">Read More</a></div></div></li><li id="related-essay2"><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 large-12 card box-shadow card-grade-essay paper no-padding"><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 hide-for-large position-relative card-grade-essay-grade-col grade-decent-essays"><div><span>Decent Essays</span></div></div><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 position-relative hide-for-large card-grade-essay-words-col padding-left-1-imp"><a href="/essay/Rand-Ethics-of-Altruism-FKC3JC4EJDMRA" class="hide-for-large"><h2 class="heading-s weight-700 brand-secondary">Rand Ethics of Altruism</h2></a><ul><li>1105 Words</li><li>4 Pages</li></ul></div><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 large-8 position-relative"><div class="card-grade-essay-preview-col show-for-large"><a href="/essay/Rand-Ethics-of-Altruism-FKC3JC4EJDMRA" class="show-for-large"><h2 class="heading-s weight-700 brand-secondary">Rand Ethics of Altruism</h2></a></div><p class="text-m break-word word-break text-ellipsis-after text-ellipsis-after">Altruism is a concept in which the individual sacrifices regard for themselves in the interest of another. The ethics of altruism state that a person should act in a matter where their self-sacrifice yields the greater well being on the whole. To put that statement in the form of a fundamental principle of rightness, an action is right if and only if (and because) the action brings a net-gain of well being to anyone except the individual performing the action. The altruistic mentality of an individual according to this moral theory means that any action that they undertake should be in the interest of others rather than themselves. The ethics of this concept also state that relationships of greater value to the individual carrying out an action should come second in priority to those they have with strangers since the close relationship has a much more meaningful connection to a person’s life. 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Hamilton’s theory of inclusive fitness (1964) appeared to mediate this problem. However, the theory does not explain altruistic acts towards non-kin in line with natural selection. Reciprocal altruism (Trivers, 1971), indirect altruism (Alexander, 1987) and strong reciprocity (Gintis, 2000) have been proposed to resolve this conflict. It is of note that behaviour in all theories has been noted in animals, but will not be discussed further. Instead, the essay will focus on which theories are most relevant when understanding human sociality, with the author explaining why no sole theory is seen to describe the phenomenon. 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Under this approach, the ultimate causes underlying the evolution of altruism, given some positive fitness costs and benefits” (Marshall).</p></div><div class="columns large-1-5 position-relative show-for-large card-grade-essay-words-col"><ul><li>2507 Words</li><li>11 Pages</li><li>9 Works Cited</li></ul></div><div class="columns large-2 show-for-large position-relative card-grade-essay-grade-col grade-best-essays"><div><span>Best Essays</span></div></div><div class="small-12 medium-12 large-1-5 position-relative card-grade-essay-button-col"><a class="button text-m " href="/essay/Altruism-Our-Desire-to-Help-Others-P3J6G9EZTC">Read More</a></div></div></li><li id="related-essay13"><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 large-12 card box-shadow card-grade-essay paper no-padding"><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 hide-for-large position-relative card-grade-essay-grade-col grade-decent-essays"><div><span>Decent Essays</span></div></div><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 position-relative hide-for-large card-grade-essay-words-col padding-left-1-imp"><a href="/essay/Altruism-And-The-Bystander-Effect-7620E42580768E99" class="hide-for-large"><h2 class="heading-s weight-700 brand-secondary">Altruism And The Bystander Effect</h2></a><ul><li>575 Words</li><li>3 Pages</li></ul></div><div class="columns small-12 medium-12 large-8 position-relative"><div class="card-grade-essay-preview-col show-for-large"><a href="/essay/Altruism-And-The-Bystander-Effect-7620E42580768E99" class="show-for-large"><h2 class="heading-s weight-700 brand-secondary">Altruism And The Bystander Effect</h2></a></div><p class="text-m break-word word-break text-ellipsis-after text-ellipsis-after">Why should students help pick up fellow classmate's books that he or she dropped? 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Because of the significant amount of genes we share with our kin, the survival of a family is prioritized equally to the survival of the individual. Each member of the family will therefore behave altruistically towards each other, due to the evolutionary drive for survival. The reason that parents behave this altruistically towards their offspring is because “parents (adults) are in a maximally favorable position to dispense inexpensive aid to offspring (eggs) that maximally resembles the parents genetically” (Alexander, 462). Even through altruism is perhaps highest between family members, people also feel more empathetic towards others who possess similar traits, as a large number of genes are share. As altruism “involves a loss of individual fitness, [it] can evolve only by group selection” (Nunney, 228). Therefore, we can see that nature’s force of the survival of the group is a primary driving factor for the appearance of altruism.</p></div><div class="columns large-1-5 position-relative show-for-large card-grade-essay-words-col"><ul><li>1152 Words</li><li>5 Pages</li><li>7 Works Cited</li></ul></div><div class="columns large-2 show-for-large position-relative card-grade-essay-grade-col grade-good-essays"><div><span>Good Essays</span></div></div><div class="small-12 medium-12 large-1-5 position-relative card-grade-essay-button-col"><a class="button text-m " href="/essay/The-Causes-of-Altruism-F3CREEQYVC">Read More</a></div></div></li></ul></section></div></div><div class="row columns"><section class="section no-padding padding-bottom-1 no-border--bottom gray-ultra-light--bg"><div class="container"><div class="row padding-top-1 margin-1"><div class="small-12 columns"><h3 class="heading-m black weight-500" id="show-related-topics-link">Related Topics</h3></div></div><div class="row" 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