CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913528d42bae87a8',cH: 'u9o3bLiQR5LHL9i9nSFc07Ad.VSyTf5aWJ0Gv9fVumE-1739788828-1.2.1.1-xvsVUIznSVY6m4lvJDtG9mzX.9Fu2gEPTT79R_KaHWU1G_i6Eu2PcY.MQAN9W0qC',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=subcritical%20flow&__cf_chl_tk=x8ypp0TRXgpMuGPVzs8TjXxFEnR_B50F.58JGYB99mo-1739788828-1.0.1.1-RHyhaZ2f.bClgFVnTrVFzwL6lLw8su0tIXNvMpIy5P4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788828',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=subcritical%20flow&__cf_chl_f_tk=x8ypp0TRXgpMuGPVzs8TjXxFEnR_B50F.58JGYB99mo-1739788828-1.0.1.1-RHyhaZ2f.bClgFVnTrVFzwL6lLw8su0tIXNvMpIy5P4",md: "XZIZuBP6ikqW8dFHY90LSvIWlj4.RBVc_Ye.cxkES_U-1739788828-1.2.1.1-BusSvSr1wLcTJ5s3KRaRqQUc5tGm6Vy.ghciLzKLxZr7QT2qDCBw5LVZYxNPAqfLqMmu2szH6jXLYr04uL98YvbFU.rFKoSGGL0c5vOQnUpm0hu76CQOIkfO7rczaGA5IIIL1skVYJLIZOVEgh13pUvswxxgNsF37AELLqE5B.mhYsaI6zB99w51yaK8CY0dDwigGJNdRr50ov9Oa7.548j8oKsCSfXYQFacLOQvST3sigkr6F3DTchUuKRwF42AWuMrIl9VjnqG5gRqT1BMz9H93TbtlbqvA7DYpUzq.0J1fQ7bqJEpaAkf9O1nE4djQtV3Ju.4geEC6LRGupXnj5f0jyFCNJRYGHz47DZPT5EKZ.YXiEMvVSxsqFCFp1cMcdI2iYpeDtpe2c9oNhezgQPV_Epn.RebbF_sgAcIHjdqth0Bi.esn1CdRbs5jOhQt8_cQ6QFv59HnF9T3TsL5Wc_XNnZulRobVkNNvvJfaBcdfIp4qOqtnrEbNekmDAJPGV3vgHF3TzQo8iO4AT2yQc3NyZG0kk7_UTJNzSVZcT1q298AQYcRGQ6CqVJvxDLjEv5m.4D_dagcn4O5QPSQLAE9Ymm7Nz64QCRRoEAWOnl9ROxv7YYKX17aSQZJEdm26UlxGGuxDzal0ShZEX4f.0QsHEYuKv4ttpwEIceSY8KdAm19w3D9z6fBc3GEeFBqjrrBaZxw.xGMCZU6Ga.3YrHy5e0cqFZQGJyBewCFgkzY33dcHCikdFSf4BSkfEjHnpe0F.NkIpIzy3qw1wDhq7BkQcaRg3oKGCjY5DXSGaMvhZi4TzQRIrs334Jfu1rTK9CvNBesiY9XtnlG6UtqwurDi_L29hOYrb15QlX_7_8BKUVOOSS63eM.Q.4n5Bh969XPjpJYpQ7lraauSZxLFmI6xVhOXvb2R7KLDhqP4LpuPkQQ5MfLZAQt8tDvDmXvWzd2riajuZ1wCiy6FppgQ5EKzZBMCHT_FvMUbl1WleNpzLYY_PB3hXl30eRVe6bO4kK8Ujx.OAtglYYAC7X_UbgrNp6g5PIrmFOATlyfNXrCPysO3WdpUusAt5z9AUxxB2H2og5yrLLN3TxTNQE_tlfb1HDauV2by9anVe7ZJpZVETeTlh3X4.KFERjgY4Ubv0UdYF7jV1037PBvN8dCAv8RNSNiqZVEzvdCEwqDhlhzq8iyV6Kg5pnkVHELBQjRVmpJZcIpUZwWrOqdlWHpeF2aKZKKYPQzHnlgCw.uRCPvuXa2FUOmj1QbtYGktopQ_3C7ue8Bz8PuOCiAYKSXXOaMn.5Zi56KTVsf8FFwBwstvDD_7Hy0VTutkdcjzFbKxdkT.8UV.Lic.2_skgJkhg7Whm9EmEIXHrSU8Sr_F_QOGIf6C3mzWUVBhilAxGhWeEFWL3b_YX56nu7iOTV61woYXkcSqIN_LBvJaI3Wt3kMBrzASGc88hhqOHPWxaXqIkMOxRvlXe5syB6Oj8vPNJadegid7aR.ay_IWE7keeTJHnoYlTjAoUJggdWr6a4maZ1fcAbArcESEb31dSVmxIHkZJbT3F168L_HyKzbz8Kq9bE.Pt2jpr7wvQi3Kx68y3iM8RTrGjGqm5fv5qiG8v1WStvc1hLO6otLjxHcItpQ8y5BuCIp2KwOJMnh7ARXXn6v06KaEj3l6P8D_2RUcl8GObE.vGqGz84dRpyFfeZpiSM8hS8zzepuI.r_OmafpxzGroU.xjzxe0BMis5Ijs46F3.lUbxmHcd4I9uDR17s_Hq_UmCCKCizZEifRgekuTVb.wOm8ug1hxjwExAzKnV860LzeIjiH.mzHsnygPGFeqqyE6b7vf_32Z8bWSVi11ZjPetdvia4cr5Lss2lYKKrmlqh20UDNEe41cM1hbTZ_TOeg.aR2fW1OOrbMEAB72bxGbgdb2XLpR719VaNMD5y2_.vBtADtdF.OA.gZ0",mdrd: "UhABIfnImhPfaSlMnBaG4NVnVdSHNT_YEtpHMnxadn4-1739788828-1.2.1.1-ijutrB_baH_epQmVYGHtjW2MTGW7CO1pHgLD.oROT8duzwPek3.chUPD98._MzS9ZEMKYOGdpRbKmJSr2dez656zvMTiQDdxLdPVHPQNZ3gdzKg.sTYQ1NChgAx22oxLyM61ce5qJhV717CezG5.mFVk86SB6B9WnpUtsMd_AX5ZMi3uoIBz7RGQjNMi_6btlfgqo97BvFTViR4_4BG_tKK058DF1Aukx_bUavCAGw.0uptBhvUj0I_QqeyaUBVuSFPxZKgTKDr9CTUya5IkdX2m2wCj.VHYxnnx6mMrXV3o5mDwOcWMuibBFK_LnJePNjS_30iF1Jk1ywjxvJP4I13npOx_jx52QkNuoMRZGKrlZAfIK07wpxgMmsg_VSwN8BIa_nDq8LI8zQnKVcEhSIc.8AU8l6M.Gk4tbx6RaEJ67J0tC3f_V4Bh5IVU3puZpKZCyphOUC.W.EL46rgMdPK7IvQ9gChiTrLdCSl4o78_cqV6PHJbwIZid5.UmBIUt1PcqRlgny2DVnUitc6tZ0geuBEmrslaB38YDubZpG9yToyhF_Xf_4cDx44bMHzBbMo85Yd60Cte1pILlF_WIPEPmOZNc2fDJDWPTapb7OsdA.sgVF7AwUenB.UCHSmHa21AfPqsTZzh4ihjOfUU2j8Uoj_4tBO1M6aMpTULpA13AS.A0Rg0f1DNEysOLtummt0Srv.atce9YG8YrlszyZlHxCj8mt.q95Fa1.f.aVbE_SOVInW8EK5xkGdrizyJG5C00KcTR8hMPQMJc4I2SfTVxT5p_au_YD1P_J6bmJKNNQt2V3c3La38qNb5Rp2B9b7UstMflRalulIFJaBmadbBxlqzZ6.rPofsL1jQD6icLvku7cR74tSFNxCJB.EX9D6HMVFhW.x8I1diT2WbHL2I0K_c77wcmZHISEki6Wn9fwDP64pB8eH.AnvGS7LcfYIvzfnIAPyO029nOf19saZWS.EQ.mAtz7aj.BR1WDZ8.fyDQTlhLpzwQ5jxEpgDMUEBeIuX2pc9zTpS0BMGZPQN2yVsh21NltxztI50GFRX4tZ_EsCUjoe1jeaF3nH9DCasefH26b7V.D4YzZETQJUNB3co5sAMWhp47UfdP8AEGouZQqF.tjucquFyVBk2Fl01j24bppXAahtqME9dfS.rKHj99xV1KZl2Or4sl_1Uy8CennPDSXaOBSf1nU07nPWZctzET5QdStBUvPGyPbItsNrzlcBj56LzqHqttzTdMzsHIQygMqVN03gTnLM4Q7J198guwJgdV1haPysPeQkiqDX7MZsgpe44v3uJ6DJtfhdkuOErbPZHBfUnfs1vA1JdhD27P.0YzNvzFs2YqBWaRVucZXboxKW0_KM926UhSj98iFdDXXCarXiN48pqz3_SST5qwImmTgh.dVp4x_REV.H9smSuSIisMlTobEMETh7vj1Y1Jf.lG6OWLCt8U6WflURlJcKTsfiNAAoUAdvemphoHYwT0sBpK6L2TJnTgCTWZ7cuDqDBgCONjwdXyJwzzRH6586EOTR3o_Igtqvmj1sYBGtSZgPXT22o7q_7B5c4Y6zY65VcVTqcUkh_1a0emPWXUXJ8sU74U7f1AFqpExv0xJteD34DZda2o85wPvb0v.8XpalxHelfYl7V39fkKahlY3Z2svnd5ZRQ.0cE60jeBOgTbfYhFbxwN.Z9YWPyFfepahowa0NOtRhvJTVZzBAZCxN8UliM1WZ.1pSNhBd0jVXmuI4UzR0OFNdJ8yTCKvX2vsGP_.IxrC3dJQiwqHV1ZUX0wpy4CQ0k4sqJ238ofLnyoXu26s3qnCd.twR7gAm7EiZsF4YAahcjOLOBdaKUGEhvydneWgtajc6iww8Y0PIpCXFzSZdyfHY8vbflWv3.QQAfwy84gQM2.RI8CutgrONCfMtSkvL2jW.Gu0MnHqR0nUloE2gV_bhkUW_eD5A4GYY6Uyk26dt9q_xcnu1MlNY3UHUc7IM2Jw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913528d42bae87a8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=subcritical%20flow&__cf_chl_rt_tk=x8ypp0TRXgpMuGPVzs8TjXxFEnR_B50F.58JGYB99mo-1739788828-1.0.1.1-RHyhaZ2f.bClgFVnTrVFzwL6lLw8su0tIXNvMpIy5P4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>